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Over the Edge and Into the Abyss: the Communication of Organizational Identity in an Outlaw Motorcycle Club William Lee Dulaney

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Over the Edge and Into the Abyss: the Communication of Organizational Identity in an Outlaw Motorcycle Club William Lee Dulaney Florida State University Libraries Electronic Theses, Treatises and Dissertations The Graduate School 2006 Over the Edge and into the Abyss: The Communication of Organizational Identity in an Outlaw Motorcycle Club William Lee Dulaney Follow this and additional works at the FSU Digital Library. For more information, please contact lib-ir@fsu.edu THE FLORIDA STATE UNIVERSITY COLLEGE OF COMMUNICATION OVER THE EDGE AND INTO THE ABYSS: THE COMMUNICATION OF ORGANIZATIONAL IDENTITY IN AN OUTLAW MOTORCYCLE CLUB By WILLIAM L. DULANEY A Dissertation submitted to the Department of Communication in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy Degree Awarded: Fall Semester, 2006 Copyright © 2006 William L. Dulaney All Rights Reserved The members of the Committee approve the dissertation of William L. Dulaney defended on October 17, 2006. _____________________________ Marilyn J. Young Professor Directing Dissertation _____________________________ Bruce Grindal Outside Committee Member _____________________________ Gary R. Heald Committee Member _____________________________ Philip J. Grise Committee Member Approved: _______________________________________________ Stephen McDowell, Chair, Department of Communication _______________________________________________ John K. Mayo, Dean, College of Communication The Office of Graduate Studies has verified and approved the above named committee members. ii This is dedicated to my best friend Tami Tomasello. Tami, if not for you, none of what is now a very happy life would be possible. You helped me see a different path, one that perhaps always lay before me, but one to which I was nonetheless blind. No words can express my gratitude, only actions. May I one day help another as you have me. With all my love and friendship, Will iii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Dr. Marilyn Young The work of this dissertation has been extensive and trying, but in the end exciting, instructive, and fun. Without help, support, and encouragement from many people, I would never have been able to finish this work. First of all, I would like to thank you, Dr. Young, for your inspiring and encouraging way of guiding me to a deeper understanding of historical research. Your invaluable comments during the whole work with this dissertation have made all the difference. Your many comments and suggestions have made this dissertation something I can be proud of. Dr. Bruce Grindal Thank you for co-directing this work and for believing in the project from the beginning. Your many words of encouragement and prodding kept me going when I was ready to quit. You’ve helped me see things in other people that I wasn’t able to before. In short, you’ve made me a better researcher and writer – which really was quite a task. I would like to express my sincere gratitude for your support, patience, and encouragement throughout my graduate studies. Dr. Gary Heald “He who feels like the outside committee member on this project”. Nothing could be further from the truth. What I learned from you while a student has shaped the way I think, act, and teach. Working under you as a supervised teacher helped bring a sense of rigid organization to the data collection and field note-taking during this study. Your valuable and critical comments during the defense helped hone this work into something people might actually want to read. Dr. Heald, you are the quintessential scholar and gentleman. Dr. Phil Grise Your many encouragements via email, phone, and in person kept me going – right from the beginning. There was a time when I allowed others to convince me that this project wasn’t worthy of serious study. You helped me see through that narrow vision of what communication research can be. You believed in me when I did not – and I shall never forget it. iv Dr. Tait “YBQ” Martin Tait, what can I say? You made doctor-college a unique experience; one that will live on in infamy. I don’t think my liver could take another Ph.D., but if you’re every interested in Cultural Anthropology, give me a call… Leah Hampton and Amy Singletary Thanks for all the help in editing and formatting. You’ve both helped me become a better organizer of thoughts and ideas (which is really quite the task for a boy from West Virginia). Dr. Gary Posnansky This is all your fault. You ruined my life by teaching me how to think critically. You cost me a career in the federal government by showing me a better way to live. You laid a gauntlet of education at my feet that has cost me untold thousands of dollars in student loans. And I love you for it all. Seriously, Gary, without you none of this would have ever happened. You are my mentor and my dearest friend. Now that you’re among the landed gentry, I’ll expect regular assistance in building my cabin in North Carolina. The apprenticeship ends when the cabin is complete. v TABLE OF CONTENTS List of Figures........................................................................................................................... ix Abstract...................................................................................................................................... x 1. SETTING THE STAGE FOR THE STUDY OF AN OUTLAW MOTORCYCLE CLUB..... 1 RESEARCH PROBLEM ............................................................................................................... 4 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY ................................................................................................... 5 ORGANIZATION OF THE STUDY ................................................................................................. 5 2. THE RESEARCH TRADITION IN ORGANIZATIONAL IDENTITY AND OUTLAW MOTORCYCLE CLUBS........................................................................................................... 7 CHAPTER OVERVIEW ............................................................................................................... 7 CONCEPTUAL DEFINITIONS: CREATING A LEXICON FOR THE...................................................... 7 STUDY OF AN OUTLAW MOTORCYCLE ORGANIZATION.............................................................. 7 Organizations and Symbols.................................................................................................. 7 SYSTEMS THINKING APPROACH TO ORGANIZATIONAL COMMUNICATION ................................ 13 LIMITATIONS OF SYSTEMS THINKING...................................................................................... 17 THE RESEARCH TRADITION IN ORGANIZATIONAL IDENTITY: A REVIEW OF RELEVANT LITERATURE .......................................................................................................................... 18 A SYNTHESIS OF RELEVANT ORGANIZATIONAL IDENTITY RESEARCH...................................... 21 THE RESEARCH TRADITION IN OUTLAW MOTORCYCLE CLUBS: A REVIEW OF RELEVANT LITERATURE .......................................................................................................................... 22 A SYNTHESIS OF RELEVANT OUTLAW MOTORCYCLE CLUB RESEARCH ................................... 26 RESEARCH SYNTHESIS AND RESEARCH QUESTION .................................................................. 26 3. RESEARCH METHODOLOGY......................................................................................... 27 INTRODUCTION AND CHAPTER OVERVIEW .............................................................................. 27 HISTORICAL RESEARCH METHODOLOGY ................................................................................ 27 HISTORY VS. PSEUDOHISTORY................................................................................................ 28 GETTING THE STORY CROOKED.............................................................................................. 29 TYPES OF EVIDENCE............................................................................................................... 31 ETHNOGRAPHIC METHODOLOGY ............................................................................................ 32 PARTICIPANT OBSERVATION .................................................................................................. 33 QUASI-COVERT PARTICIPANT OBSERVATION.......................................................................... 34 PERSONAL INTERVIEWS.......................................................................................................... 36 ROLE OF AN ETHNOGRAPHER ................................................................................................. 36 GAINING ENTRÉE TO THE OUTLAW MOTORCYCLE CLUB SYSTEM ............................................ 39 DATA COLLECTION ................................................................................................................ 39 Units of Analysis ............................................................................................................... 39 Data Collection Settings..................................................................................................... 40 RESEARCH PARTICIPANTS ...................................................................................................... 41 DEMOGRAPHICS ..................................................................................................................... 42 4. A BRIEF HISTORY OF OUTLAW MOTORCYCLE CLUBS ........................................... 45 vi PREFORMATIVE PERIOD: 1901-1944....................................................................................... 46 FORMATIVE PERIOD: 1945-1947 ...........................................................................................
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