ADALYA JOURNAL ISSN NO: 1301-2746

AN ECONOMIC STUDY OF THE VARIOUS ASPECTS OF SECTOR IN THE DISTRICT OF

Author:

Surender Singh Charan

Research Scholar

Deptt. of Economics

Suresh Gyan Vihar University, (Rajasthan- )

Co-Authors:

Dr. Kalpana Randhawa

Research Guide

Deptt. of Psychology

Suresh Gyan Vihar University, Jaipur. (Rajasthan- India)

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

The sandstone industry has long been flourishing in the entire despite having casual fluctuations. The retail and wholesale shops of sandstone at the tehsils which facilitate the purchasing of sandstone to the varied types of consumers confirm it. However, remains unquestionably the most leading tehsil in the production and manufacturing the sandstone. There are hundreds of licensed and unlicensed small and big mines that make the production of sandstone at a large scale possible. Besides the mines there are several gangsaws that are operated day and night to manufacture the various types of sandstone. Here there is a big market where the wholesale dealers and retail dealers of sandstone can purchase as much stone of any variety and colour as they want. The whole production and manufacturing work is done in

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an organized and planned way by a large number of workers who, by working under various capacities, make the task possible.

Specific Objective

To produce an overview of the industrial sector in the Dholpur district of Rajasthan & to present its socio-economic interpretation

Hypothesis

The sandstone sector spread throughout the district is the biggest one that can be a great source of employment and livelihood

Research Methodology

Study Area- Dholpur district including all its six tehsils

Population of the sandstone units in the study area- 100

Sample size- 50%

Number of selected units of information on which the study was conducted- 500

Sampling- Random Sampling

Basis of the study- Observation Method

Data used- Both primary and secondary ones

Sources of Primary data- Self prepared tool (Schedule) and interview

Sources of Secondary data- Books, research journals, magazines, and the internet sites

Research Type- Both qualitative and quantitative

Key-finding- The sandstone sector in the Dholpur district of Rajasthan is winning a special identity to the district, and is a great source of employment to the people despite its adverse effects on public health and environment.

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INTRODUCTION

The status of the mineral sector in India is quite enthusiastic. 89 minerals, of which four were fuel, three were atomic energy minerals, and 80 non-fuel1 were mined and processed in 2013. In 2011–12 the government-owned public sector accounted for 68% of mineral production by volume2. The contribution of the Indian industry to its economy is so immense. India is Asia’s third and world’s eleventh largest economy with the status of being a developing mixed economy.3 India ranks 139th in per capita GDP (nominal) with $2,134 and 122nd in per capita GDP (PPP) with $7,783 as of 2018.4 India achieved 6-7% average GDP growth annually after the 1991 economic liberalisation. India's economy became the world's fastest growing major economy in FY 2015 and 2018, surpassing China.5 Being the fourth-largest producer of minerals in the world by volume, and eighth-largest producer by value in 2009, India’s mining Industry is on the track of higher horizons of success6.India is a leading producer and exporter of many natural stones that are used in the construction industry and architectural designing and detailing in homes as well as offices. Often called as “dimension” stones, these stones are processed in various sizes, thicknesses, shapes and designs for various construction- and renovation-based applications all over the world. Major stones that are being produced and supplied to various countries from India are (India is a world leader in granite production and export), , sandstone, slate, limestone and quartzite.7

Rajasthan’s contribution to production of dimensional and decorative stones, such as marble, sandstone, and granite etc. is so significant. Value of all minerals produced during 2017-18 in the state stood at US$ 3.10 billion8. In addition to marble, Rajasthan also enjoys significant reserves of sandstone, granite slate etc. Over 90% of the deposits of sandstone are found Rajasthan, spread over the districts of Bharatpur, Dholpur, Kota, , Sawai-Madhopur, , , , , Pali, Shivpuri, etc. Rajasthan is the second most mineral rich state in India. It has a wide spectrum of mineral deposits.9 it accounts for about 90 per cent of the country’s total natural stone production.10 There are 3403 mining leasesfor major minerals and 11 861 mining leasesfor minor minerals, as well as 18 249 quarry licenses in the state.11 Rajasthan’s richness in sandstone is assumed in the fact that over 90% of the total deposits of sandstone are speread over and found in most of the Rajasthani districts such as Bharatpur, Dholpur, Shivpuri, Kota, Sawaimadhopur, Jodhpur, Jhalawar, Pali, ,

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Bundi, Chittorgarh, Bikaner, etc12. More than 80% of the deposits of Sandstone in India lie in Rajasthan, spread over the districts of Bharatpur, Dholpur, Kota, Jodhpur, , Bundi, Chittorgarh, Bikaner, Jhalawar, Pali and Jaisalmer.13 The sandstone has a verity of uses such as roofing, flooring, paving, paneling, beams, pillars, arches, doors and window sills, wall facing, fence posts, mile stones etc. Sandstone demand has been on an upsurge in the region due to the high rise demand in the building and construction industries resulting in regional growth. It is also suitable for use in chemical industries as flooring, wall fixing & lining due to its acid and alkali resistant properties. It is also suitable for carving and making windows and jallis.14

Situated between the two famous states of India and , Dholpur which got a distinct identity as a district of Rajasthan in 1982, is now popular all over India, and even in some of the foreign countries for its sandstone sector which is widening day-by-day. Each of the six Subdivisions and six Tehsils of the district, namely, Dholpur, Bari, Baseri and , Saipau & Sarmathura is making a tremendous contribution to the growth and development of the sandstone sector.

Dholpur district is a leading producer of sandstone with the white – spotted reddish sandstone which is extensively quarried as building stone in southwest of Dholpur and in other Parts of the district. The different quarries produce 30 to 60 cm wide and 2 to 3 m long slabs and tiles.15 Dholpur District is rich in Sandstone and Masonry Stone. This is situated on earth surface. So, the mining in the Dholpur done by Open Cast Method. The mineral wealth the district is constituted by sand stone & limestone. A total of 187 mining leases are existing in the district. The significant portion of Dholpur and Rajakhera subdivision area covered by the alluvium of the velly.16 Dholpur sandstone is fine to medium grained , compact , resistant to acid , available in different shades and colors and can be easily dressed and chiseled . It take good polish at cut surface, The Dholpur sandstone is being used in Rajasthan as well as in neighboring states since centuries as building & dimensional stone.17

The economic aspect of the Indian stone industry is very strong. It not only generates job and investment opportunities, but also opens vistas of economic growth and development for the country through export of the various types of stone to the countries overseas alongwith the domestic supply. Of the various industries flourishing successfully in India, the stone industry is a major industry associated to the mineral sector. The involvement of more and more investors in

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it, the growing rate of export of stone at large is a sufficient evidence to the successful flourishing of the stone industry. The stone industry invites investors from all the four corners of the world. Those who are capable of managing the capital required for the stone quarries and other manufacturing units, invest capital with a sound belief that the investment is going to earn them a huge profit. At such a crucial point of time, when almost every young man and woman is looking for some job opportunity that can ensure future security, the stone industry can play a pivot role by creating several job opportunities to the youth in various capacities on the basis of abilities, qualification and efficiencies.

Dholpur Red Sandstone natural tiles and slabs can be used for various purposes like in bathrooms, countertops, vanity tops, staircases, roofing etc. Dholpur red is the most beautiful and irresistibly elegant variety of sandstone. Natural rough blocks quarried extensively in the northern part of India, the stone has now gained an international value. It has a compelling export quality.18 In recent years, sandstone has seen an unprecedented surge in demand globally, as well as in the domestic market. The demand for sandstone is intrinsically linked to the growth of the construction industry both within the country and globally.19

Besides the construction work, the sandstone is also used to make statues, tombs, utensils and several showpieces. The statue market in and near the capital city Jaipur makes one realize the multiple use of sandstone. Indeed, are widely used in the building elements of the stone monuments. Durability of sandstones is determined not by the hardness or chemical stability of the major constituent (quartz grains), but by the cementing agent which binds them. The cementing mineral is used as a sliding-scale durability measure, with siliceous as most durable, followed by calcareous.20

Mining and quarrying generate a lot of these sandstone wastes which leads to excessive dumping without any utilisation. Although sandstones are a weaker type of aggregates that can be used in concrete, some of the studies have utilised them efficiently depending on the output needed for the use of such sedimentary materials.21 A majority of quarry owners produce hand dressed slabs and tiles in different thicknesses. But, in the export market normally machine-cut tiles are in demand and the simple edge cutting machines with single or double cutters are used for getting machine-cut tiles. The further requirement of tiles in 10 to 12 mm thickness with one side natural and other calibrated has resulted in establishing cutting and polishing units of sandstone.22

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A large segment of the population is dependent on stone mining and processing industry, the contribution of which is equal if not more to the district exchequer. Even though a very small segment of this population is involved in the stone crafts (carving), the craft holds enormous potential for reducing poverty by creation of mass jobs and through improvement in quality of work life of artisans.23 Sandstone is mined for around nine months, from October till the onset of monsoon in June, with peak work done in January-February under clear skies. Later, around June-July, as the monsoons set, and the rain water begins to fill the deep-set quarries, the miners store the excavated slabs in open yards known as sandstone “stocks”. In these open plots, the miners and stone carvers further process the sandstone using hammers and wedges.24

In Rajasthan, workers, around 300 thousand officially and much more unofficially, work in extremely vulnerable and precarious conditions. They face occupational health hazards and diseases like silicosis and tuberculosis. Child and forced labour are widespread. Mostly, migrant workers live in shacks without basic amenities like drinking water and toilets. The system of piece-rate wage, which camouflages intensification of work and family labour, is a means to deny minimum wages to the workers.25 The sandstone mining industry workers are generally the members of the marginalized castes. They perform work activities, such as, drilling, blasting, crushing, loading and unloading of sandstone slabs that expose them to elevated levels of silica dust for prolonged periods of time26.

Detailed analysis of result showed that the x-rays of the persons having work exposure of less than 10 yrs did not show evidence of silicosis. The prevalence of silicosis in persons having work exposure between 11 to 20 yrs, 21 to 30 years and more than 30 years showed increasing trend of 29 %, 45.5 % & 56.5 % respectively.27 Without exaggeration it can be said that a majority of quarry workers is indebted to its employers and works under conditions of bonded labour. When bonded workers die, their debts are often passed on to their families. Then the children are forced to go out to work in order to pay off these debts, perpetuating the situation of bondedness.28

The path to overcoming economic poverty is through enhancing the livelihood capabilities of the poor and giving them access to sustainable income-earning opportunities. In the process, the poor must be enabled to break free from their past, develop an alternative vision of their future and set achievable goals. They must be equipped with the technical, organizational, negotiating,

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and networking that will facilitate the fulfillment of their goals.29 The countries like Belgium, Italy, Canada, Germany, France, UAE etc. keep importing sandstone from Rajasthan, and thus, contribute to the export rate of the Rajasthan sandstone. The increasing trend of export to the countries like United Kingdom, Canada and Republic of Korea reveals the growing status of the sandstone of Rajasthan in the international market.30

OBJECTIVES

1. To produce an overview of the industrial sector in the Dholpur district of Rajasthan 2. To reflect the industrial growth and development in the district 3. To mirror the trends of industrial development going on in the district 4. To identify the aspects of the industrial sector that are still undeveloped 5. To trace and point out the possibilities of development in the industrial sector of the district 6. To reflect the scenario of the sandstone sector in the district 7. To mirror the various aspects of the sandstone sector 8. To interpret the sandstone sector in the context of the sandstone owners and miners, sandstone units and their working, sandstone production, technology, means of transport and communication, supply and export, revenue, profit-loss status, and public health 9. To present the economic aspect of the sandstone sector in the district 10. To extend valuable suggestions about how to improve the growth and development of the sandstone sector in the district

HYPOTHESIS

1. The industrial sector of the Dholpur district is quite progressive 2. There is a satisfactory industrial growth and development in the district 3. All the important industries are there in the district providing employment to the people, and contributing to the state revenue 4. Some of the aspects of the industrial sector are still undeveloped, and they require development at the earliest possible 5. Availability of the natural resources in the district confirm that there is much possibility of the growth of the industrial sector

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6. The sandstone sector spread throughout the district is the biggest industrial sector in the Dholpur district 7. Some of the major positive aspects of the sandstone sector include- economic exploitation of the natural resources, availability of the mines in abundance, availability of the manpower required for the production of the sandstone, improved roads, by-passes and highways, good market, employment to the local people and outsiders, availability of the capitalists willing to invest their capital etc. 8. Some of the negative aspects include- environmental pollution, risk to public health, exploitation of the miners and other workers, lack of facilities at the work place etc.

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

With the sample size of 50%, the study is based on the observation method, primary and secondary data and in accordance with the steps of scientific method as prescribed by the eminent social scientists, and which are essentially to be observed by the researchers. This study was conducted on the randomly selected 50 sandstone industrial units from the different tehsils of the Dholpur district of Rajasthan with total 500 units of information that included the employees of the Mining department, workers engaged in the stone industrial units, industrialists and owners of the sandstone mines and industrial units, doctors, visitors and all those who are associated directly or indirectly with the sandstone industrial units.

The primary data were collected from the selected units through the self-prepared interview schedule with a sufficient number of questions in it covering all the aspects that reflect evidently tremendous glimpses of the sandstone industrial units at the Dholpur district. The secondary data were collected from the literature available in various books, research journals, magazines, and last but not least, from the internet sites that enabled the researcher to get a sufficient feedback of the problem, and that prepared him to go ahead successfully in the field. All the steps of research were strictly observed. The researcher designed the work on the observation method, collection, classification, analysis, interpretation and tabulation of the primary data. In order to impart a presentable form to the work, the data tables and various types of graphs were used. Finally, interpreting the cause and effect relationship of the selected problem, generalization was made. The conclusions were drawn keeping in view all the major aspects of the sandstone sector of the

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Dholpur district, and the contribution of the sandstone sector to the industrial and economic development.

SAIPAU BARI

BASERI STUDY AREA

DHOLPUR

SARMATHURA RAJAKHERA

TOTAL POPULATION

SANDSTONE UNITS (100) ASSOCIATED PERSONS (1000)

50 SAMPLE 500

50% SAMPLE SIZE 50%

RESEARCH TYPE QUALITATIVE & QUANTITAVIVE

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DATA: TYPE & SOURCES

PRIMARY SECONDARY

SCHEDULE MAGAZINES INTERNET SITES

E NEWSPAPERS JOURNALS & PAPERS INTERVIEW

THESES REFERENCE BOOKS DISCUSSION

TOOLS FOR THE STUDY SELF-DEVELOPED SCHEDULE AND INTERVIEW GUIDE

MAJOR FINDINGS

Finding- 1: The highest age group of the workers working in the sandstone mines and sandstone units is 30-45 years.

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Dholpur Bari Baseri Sarmathura

46 39 58 48 39 41 54 26 7 25 5 7 28 33 21 1 8 3 4 7 0-15 Years 15-30 Years 30-45 Years 45-60 Years 60-75 Years

Figure: 1

Finding- 2: Presence of 37% of illiterate workers reveals that illiteracy prevails among the workers engaged in the sandstone and mining industry.

Dholpur Bari Baseri Sarmathura 56 46 49 41 44 37 36 33 23 23 21 19 21 11 13 11 12 2 1 1

Illiterate Secondary Senior Graduate Post Graduate & Secondary Others

Figure: 2

Finding- 3: The various persons working under various capacities in the sandstone sector in the district include 7.4% industrialists, 18.2% businessmen, 50.6% labourers, 3.8% doctors and 20% local persons engaged in the various other works.

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Dholpur Bari Baseri Sarmathura

71 67 60 55

29 30 25 25 23 20 21 15 18 10 7 5 4 6 5 4

Industrialist Businessman Labourer Doctor Local Representative

Figure: 3

Finding- 4: The most important cause of the Dholpur district is the availability of sandstone mines and the manufacturing of sandstone.

Dholpur Bari Baseri Sarmathura 87 78 82 69

21 22 19 18 14 14 11 12 8 11 10 12 2 4 2 4

Crime Sandstone Historical PlacesEducational InstitutesNatural Beauty

Figure: 4

Finding- 5: Of all the six tehsils in the district, the Sarmathura tehsil is the most popular tehsil for the sandstone mines, quarries and processing units.

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Dholpur Bari Baseri Sarmathura

114 93 82 81

12 17 15 16 19 16 2 5 9 1 2 5 1 1 2 2 1 1 2 1

Dholpur Bari Baseri Sarmathura Rajakhera Saipau

Figure: 5

Finding- 6: Sarmathura tehsil is environmentally the most suitable place for the sandstone

Yes No Neutral Ignorant

88 78 79 68

21 21 18 22 17 17 20 17 11 5 9 9

Dholpur Bari Baseri Sarmathura

Figure: 6

Finding- 7: The sandstone sector in Sarmathura is in progress due to the availability of mines, labour, rich market etc.

Availability of mines Availability of labor Good Market Others

181 159 231 204 25 24 21 18 81 77 80 83

Dholpur Bari Baseri Sarmathura Figure: 7

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Finding- 8: The sandstone industry makes a positive impact on the development of the Dholpur district.

Positive Negative Neutral Ignorant

1 1 119 1222 2 1 117 2 3 2 120 2 1 4 1

Figure: 8

Finding- 9: The sandstone industry provides job opportunities, makes the female workers self depend and contributes to the state revenue.

It creates job opportunities Self dependence of female workers It contributes to the revenue Others 4 15 4 34 26 28 9 4 2 91 78 8 80 21 07

Dholpur Bari Baseri Sarmathura Figure: 9

Finding- 10: The growth of the sandstone industry in the Dholpur industry is a menace to the environment and public health as well as to the increasing rate of crime.

It causes harm to environment It causes risk and danger to public health 56 58 51 52 55 It contributes45 to crimes48 Others 46

21 18 13 16 8 7 1 5

Dholpur Bari Baseri Sarmathura

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Figure: 10

Finding- 11: The sandstone industry in the Dholpur district is responsible for the various forms of pollution, diseases and deforestation.

It causes pollution It causes diseases It causes deforestation All

24 43 31 53 4 3 8 37 29 18 31 23 60 62 31 43

Dholpur Bari Baseri Sarmathura Figure: 11

Finding- 12: Air pollution is caused through dust, waste stone, chemicals etc.

Through dust Through waste stone Through Chemicals Others 84 78 81 77

40 26 31 22 19 8 10 8 6 4 4 2

Dholpur Bari Baseri Sarmathura Figure: 12

Finding- 13: Water pollution is caused through waste materials and through chemicals in addition to certain other pollutants.

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Through dirt of the workers Through waste material Through chemicals Others

6 1 3 2 46 59 61 55

72 54 59 63

6 4 4 5 Dholpur Bari Baseri Sarmathura

Figure: 13

Finding- 14: Means of transport like trucks and tractors and the operational activities in the gangsaw units in the study area are a menace to the environmental peace and cause noise and sound pollution.

Means of Transport Through explosions Through Gangsaw operation Through Density of workers 68 17 Sarmathura 33 7

69 5 Baseri 41 10

72 7 Bari 31 15

64 12 Dholpur 37 12

Figure: 14

Finding- 15: Pollution control is possible only through self awareness of the people involved in the sandstone sector

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Self Awareness Rigid Govt. mining policies pollution free technology No idea

54 49 48 43 46 47 42 38 33 32 26 27

7 2 1 5

Dholpur Bari Baseri Sarmathura

Figure: 15

Finding- 16: The management and working of the sandstone units is satisfactory.

Yes No Neutral Ignorant

1 4 2 1 7 16 16 13 17 4 7 13

101 104 99 95

Dholpur Bari Baseri Sarmathura

Figure: 16

Finding- 17: The accounts of income and expenditure are maintained properly

Yes No Neutral Ignorant

23 15 33 36 18 17 24 11 4 21 9 8 81 71 60 69

Dholpur Bari Baseri Sarmathura

Figure: 17

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Finding- 18: Working hours are not generally fixed, and the workers are kept engaged as per the demand for the sandstone

6 A.M. – 2 PM 2 AM- 10 PM 10 AM- 5 PM No Fixed Time

87 101 97 117

27 4 22 24 7 1 13 16 Dholpur Bari Baseri Sarmathura

Figure: 18

Finding- 19: In the Dholpur district more than 80 tonne sandstone is quarried and manufactured per day.

Dholpur Bari Baseri Sarmathura 121 108 114 94

19 9 4 1 1 2 7 1 1 2 1 6 1 2 1 5

0-20 20-40 40-60 60-80 More than 80 Tonnes Figure: 19

Finding- 20: Rough sandstone, Butch and finished sandstone are some of the types of sandstone that are in demand in the state, national and international stone market.

89 Rough Sandstone Buch Finished80 Others 59 64 50 41 34 22 19 14 9 1 2 7 4 5

Dholpur Bari Baseri Sarmathura Figure: 20

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Finding- 21: Construction work, statues and monuments, roads and pavements etc. are some of the purposes for which sandstone of the district is used.

Construction work Statues & Monuments Road Pavement Others

132 6 81 5 11 17 21 15 15 17

99 87 95 88

Dholpur Bari Baseri Sarmathura Figure: 21

Finding- 22: The supply of the sandstone encompasses the district, state and national level where its use is made for several specific purposes.

Dholpur Bari59 Baseri Sarmathura 52 51 51 47 43 43 33 36 27 18 21

4 1 4 2 1 4 1 2

District level State Level National Level International Level No idea Figure: 22

Finding- 23: On an average the investment that is made by the investors is 40-60 lac per investor

Dholpur Bari Baseri Sarmathura 94 92 89 84

18 17 21 15 12 14 13 15 1 3 3 2 2 1 3 1

Rs 0-20 Lac Rs 20-40Lac Rs 40-60 Lac Rs 60-80 Lac Above Rs 80 Lac Figure: 23

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Finding- 24: The monthly turnover of each and every sandstone unit is from 5-10 lac.

98 100 94 91 87 90

80

70

60

50

40 31 26 30 23 25

20

10 4 4 2 2 1 1 2 3 1 1 3 1 0 Rs 0-5 Lac Rs 5-10 Lac Rs 10--15 Lac Rs 15-20 Lac Above Rs 20 Lac

Dholpur Bari Baseri Sarmathura

Figure: 24

Finding- 25: The sandstone industry is flourishing successfully with a higher and higher profit day by day.

Profit Loss Neutral Ignorant

11 17 21 26 21 15 19 9 13 20 15 18

84 80 70 61

Dholpur Bari Baseri Sarmathura Figure: 25

Finding- 26: Daily income of the sandstone units is Rs 10000 to 15000.

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Rs 0-5000 Rs 5000-10000 Rs 10000-15000 Rs 15000-20000

13 10 26 29

69 61 76 79 35 42 22 16 8 2 1 1 Dholpur Bari Baseri Sarmathura Figure: 26

Finding- 27: On an average, the daily income of the workers falls within the range of the income group Rs 300-600.

Rs 0-300 Rs 300-600 Rs 600-900 Rs 900-1200

2 15 68 38 1771 23 3 16 28 21 61 28 63397

Figure: 27

Finding- 28: The status of wages of the workers in the mines and quarrying and processing centres and units varies in accordance with their skill and experience.

Same Different Neutral Ignorant

81 70 71 56 58 51 41 44

7 4 1 2 3 8 2 1

Dholpur Bari Baseri Sarmathura

Figure: 28

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Finding- 29: The child labour is prohibited by the laws, and hence, child labour is not allowed in the district.

Yes No Neutral Ignorant

23 28 19 21 16 19 21 29

84 74 80 65 2 4 5 10 Dholpur Bari Baseri Sarmathura

Figure: 29

Finding- 30: The working conditions are not satisfactory, and that they adversely affect the health of the workers.

Yes No Neutral Ignorant

97 101 91 88

21 21 18 13 13 12 10 2 1 6 3 3

Dholpur Bari Baseri Sarmathura

Figure: 30

Finding- 31: The sandstone industry faces the problems relating to royalty, labourers, frequent light and water failure, market, dacoits, communication, road and transportation etc.

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Dholpur Bari Baseri Sarmathura

14 11 1 22 31 19 16 11 16 19 9 9 21 28 16 7 23 12 11 20 18 23 17 1 24 27 14 11 27 9 11 2

Figure: 31

Finding- 32: The workers in the sandstone industry find themselves surrounded by poor working conditions, job insecurity, irregular payment of wages, physical health problems etc.

Dholpur Bari Baseri Sarmathura

4 22 24 14 37 31 7 1 28 27 2 19 33 22 22 24 26 32 15 31 22 21 21 15

Poor Job Irregular Exploitation Physical Others working insecurity payment of Problems Conditions wages

Figure: 32

Finding- 33: The problems associated with the sandstone industry at large, can be solved provided the government policies are implemented rigidly, job guarantee is made to the workers, uniformity in wages and payment is observed and made regularly, health and family of the

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workers are protected properly and basic facilities that facilitate the living of the workers are provided to all the workers.

Dholpur Bari Baseri Sarmathura

1 16 1 38 47 22 9 4 40 37 22 13 51 5 41 1 18 9 29 2 47 31 14 2

Through Job Regular and Protection of Providing Others Govt. Policies guarantee equal Health and basic facilities payment family

Figure: 33

Finding- 34: Very few sandstone units provide the workers accommodation, travel, children- education, medical facilities etc.

Dholpur Bari Baseri Sarmathura

83 71 66 63

32 21 21 17 17 13 14 14 13 13 9 9 5 7 5 3 1 1 1 1

Figure: 34

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Finding- 35: Fund provisions are there only for those workers who have been working with the mine, quarrying and processing units for a long period of time.

Fund Provisions to the Workers

Yes No Neutral Ignorant

75 70 62

39 33 31 23 23 18 21 19 22 22 14 16 12

Dholpur Bari Baseri Sarmathura

Figure: 35

REFERENCES

1. Ernst & Young . Emerging economies and India's Mining Industry (2014) 2. Development of Indian Mining Industry FICCI (2012), pp 12-14 3. Sumit, Ganguly (2011). India Since 1980. Cambridge University Press. . 4. PPP (current international $)", World Development Indicators database, World Bank. Database updated on 1 July 2017. 5. "IMF World Economic Outlook (WEO) Update, January 2017: A Shifting Global Economic Landscape". Imf.org. Retrieved 2017-09-04. 6. Ministry of Statistics and Programme Implementation, Govt of India (2011), Mining Archived 9 August 2014 7. Miley Jacobsm -Quora, 25th August, 2017 8. Report of India Brand Equity Foundation (IBEF), May 2018 9. Department of mines and Geology, , Geological Setting and Mineral Sources .

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10. P. Madhavan and Raj Sanjay, 'Ground Zero' Standstone Quarrying in India (2005) 11. Resurgent Rajasthan, Minerals and Ceramics (17 september 2016) 12. S. L. Barona & Others- Impact analysis of sandstone mines on environment and lu/lc features using remote sensing and GIS technique: A case study of the Jodhpur City, Rajasthan, India 13. Rajasthan Mineral Policy, 2015 14. Uma Shankar Sharma-Sandstone (Minor Mineral) Mine, Prefeasibility Report, 2015-16 15. India: Rajasthan Urban Sector Development Investment Program- Dholpur Roads Improvement Subproject (TR- 03) 16. District Survey Report, Dholpur (Under Ministry of Environment, Forest, Climate Change, New Delhi, 25. 7. 2018

17. Prefeasibility Report for proposed Sandmining Project on Mine, Consultant-Ascenso Enviro Pvt. Ltd., 2018

18. Dholpur Red Stone- India Mart

19. Mamta Saini-Sandstone Quarrying in Rajasthan- Wages and Work, Centre for Workers Management, 2015 20. A. Klemm, D. Wiggins-Sustainability of Construction Materials. 2016 21. Sanjeev Kumar & others- Sandstone wastes as aggregate and its usefulness in cement concrete – A comprehensive review, ResearchGate, 2018 22. Slate, Sandstone and Other Dimensional Stones- Indian Minerals Year Book, 2015 23. Dholpur District Human Development Report, 2009 24. Anumeha Yadav- Bijola’s Harvest of Stone: Conditions of Work Among Quarrying Labour in Rajasthan, CSE Working Paper, Centre for Sustainable Employment, Azim Premji University, May 2018 25. Report on Feasibility Study for Setting Standards in Natural Stone Sector in Rajasthan, Centre for Education and Communication (CEC), New Delhi In collaboration with terre des hommes, Germany. 2009 26. Absar Ahmed-Silicosis, Mining and Occupational Health in India’s Sandstone Industry, ResearchGate, December 2015

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27. Dr. P. K. Shisodia, Dr. S. S. Nandi and Dr. S. V. Dhatrak- Detection of Silicosis Among Stone Mine Workers From Dholpur District, National Institute of Miners’ Health, 2014 28. From Quarry to Graveyard- Report of CREM, India Committee of Netherlands, 2006 29. Manab Chakraborty & Somnath Ghosh State-NGO Partnership for livelihood promotion (Case Study of Pradan intervention in livestock sub-sector, IIM Kashipur, 2014) 30. Sandesh Rajpurohit & Arun Kumar Shandilya- Export Mineral Economics of Indian Sandstone, International Journal of Research Culture Society, Vol-1, September 2017

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