INDEX

Aa, river, ford on 615–7 Agilofing, ducal family of 188 Aachen, great hall at 557 , Lombard king 488 Abba, commander of Dokkum region 609 Agmo, count 426 Abattes, trees used to block roads 548 Agnellus 306 Abbo, abbot of Fleury 53 n196 Liber pontificalis ecclesiae Abbo, rector of Maurienne and Ravennatis 306 Susa 289–90 Agriculture 12–17, 126–8 Abbots 29, 31, 35–6 and climate change 15 and administration 44 handbooks on 13, 14 appointment of 43 Roman agriculture 13 and military mustering 652–3 surplus in 15 and support for military operations 224 and trade 15 Abd ar Rachman, Umayyad governor of Agrimensores 14, 337–8, 557 Spain 126, 136, 629 Aiguebelle 300 Acephalous societies 200 n101 Aio, Lombard noble 499, 500 n92 Adalfrid, abbot of St. Amand 384 exile of 503 Adalhard of Corbie, cousin of Aire, fortress city 127, 130 20, 28, 30 n105, 31, 60, , Lombard king 257, 274, 277 n93, 187–8, 246, 430 291–2, 311, 491 De ordine palatii 20, 29, 30 n105, 80, 430, military assets of 291–2 595–6 and siege of 311–14 Adelchis, son of 89, 139, 141, 151, Al Hakam I, emir 95 155, 157, 274, 307, 318, 356, 371, 391, 457, , duke of Trent 489 461, 463, 642 Alamania and Constantine V 392 Carloman’s kingdom in 109 escape from Pavia 391–2 Carolingian forces in 4 at 356–8, 364 n199, 639 Carolingian troop mobilization escape from Verona 365–6, 371, 639 from 430 Adige, river 360–61, 364 Charlemagne’s interests in 189 Administration estates of St. Denis monastery in 420 assets of 17–21 Tassilo of Bavaria’s influence in 140 documentation of 18–21 Alaric, Visigothic king 174 local administration 43–44 military forces of 173 and military operations 17 Alaric II, Visigothic ruler in Aquitaine 629 and royal power 43 Alberic of Utrecht 407, 612, 618–20 surviving texts on 20, 21 appointment as Archbishop of Admonitio Generalis (capitulary) 100 Cologne 622 Ado of Vienne 302 n170 Albertville 300 Adour river 129 Albinus 274–5 Adour valley, wine production in 127 , Lombard king 485, 488 Adrevald of Fleury 36 Alcuin 35, 52, 478–9, 596, 620 Adriatic, Charlemagne’s influence on 81 Admonitio Generalis 100 n378 Afiarta, Paul, cubicularius in the papal correspondence with household 164–5, 175, 248, 252, 266, 269 Charlemagne 105–7 imprisonment of 268 Propostitions for Sharpening Youth 80 Agen 121 and Vegetius’ works 105–6 Aggers, earthen ramparts 434 Alexander the Great 497 692 index

Alfred the Great, king of Wessex 100 n38, Annales Mettenses priores 508, 521 132, 649 Annales Petaviani 391, 508, 559 military forces 75–6, 133 Annales qui dicitur Einhardi 91, 93, 101, 117, naval forces of 133 508 strongholds of 588 Annales regni Francorum 91, 93, 116, 508–9, Alo, duke 387 520, 545–6 Alpine passes, Carolingian control of 480, Annales S. Maximiani 508 503 Annalist, of the Saxon court 417 n4 Alps 299 Annapes, royal villa, fortifications of 531–2 crossing of 507 Annecy 300 geography of, and Carolingian military Annua dona (tax) 45 planning 480, 481 Anreppen 602 Lombard defenses in 293 Roman military base at 555, 602 trade routes through 48 Anselm, abbot of Nonantola 274, 387, Alsace 421 482–3 estates of St. Denis monastery in 420 and Carolingian intelligence Alstedt, Germar Mark at 584–6 gathering 490 Alte Burg, Carolingian fortifications Charlemagne’s grants to 504 at 223, 645 Ansfredus 152 Altfrid, the author of Liudger’s Vita 621 Anskar 572 Altrip, Ravenna geographer’s itinerary Antioch 326 n55 through 474 Anti- 267, 280 Ambascia, carting service 227 Antiqua consuetudo, Roman legislation Ambushes 549 used by Carolingians 22 Amico, abbot of Murbach 421–2 Aosta 290, 297 Amicus, abbot of 605 Carolingian enclave at 281 Ammianus Marcellinus 69, 104–5 Aquitaine Amönenburg, Carolingian fortifications Carloman’s campaign in 631 at 221, 537, 645 Carloman’s kingdom in 109 Anastasius, papal chamberlain 416–18 Carolingian conquest of 3, 314 Anathema, papal sentence of 272–3 Carolingian ditio in 58, 89 Ancona Carolingian military operations in 4, 64 Lombard militia forces from 321 n249, 86, 90–11, 115–8, 243, 634–5 papal military forces from 379 Carolingian troop mobilization Andernach, magazines at 552 from 430 Andrea of Bergamo 499 n90, 502 n101 Charlemagne’s kingdom in 109 Andrew, bishop and papal missus 416 Charlemagne’s military assets in 124–5 Angers 116 Frankish place names in 125 Angilbert, poet 628 Hunoald’s revolt in 635 De conversione Saxonum 628–9 Lupus’ assets in 125–30 Angilramnus, bishop of Metz 424–5 Pippin’s conquest of 90, 114, 243 Anglo-Saxon (language) 199 revolt in (769) 115–18 Angoulême 118, 125 Arbon Carolingian base at 137, 635, 646 Ravenna Geographer’s itinerary to 475 Charlemagne’s army at 118 stronghold at 476 Angoumois, Frankish military colonists Arc, valley of 290 in 125 Archaeological sources, Carolingian 96–7 Angraria, Saxon region of 240, 394, 450 Archers 284–5 Carolingian army field operations effectiveness of 355 in 439, 446, 589 rate of fire 354–5 Angrarians, oath of faithfulness to see also arrows; bows; bows and arrows; Charlemagne 450 crossbows Animals, use as food 332 Arichis, son in law of Desiderius and Duke Annaberg, Roman camp at 555 n151 of Beneventum 141, 158, 461–3, 465