The following supplement accompanies the article

Prey naiveté to invasive lionfish Pterois volitans on Caribbean coral reefs

Andrea Anton*, Katherine Cure, Craig A. Layman, Riikka Puntila, Michael S. Simpson, John F. Bruno

*Corresponding author: [email protected]

Marine Ecology Progress Series 544: 257–269 (2016)

Table S1. Results of the one-way ANOVAs testing for differences in fish total length (TL) for 1) prey and focal fish among focal fish treatments for experiments 1 and 2, and 2) across locations for prey of three families and for lionfish for experiment 3. F-values were used to determine factor significance. t-tests comparing the reference group (always lionfish) against each individual level were used to detect significant differences among levels within factor. F-values and t-values were indicated with * and ‡ respectively.

Prey fish total length MS F or t p-value Experiment 1 Focal fish treatment 0.052 0.086* 0.918 P. volitans vs. H. garnoti 0.378‡ 0.71

P. volitans vs. E. striatus 0.038‡ 0.97

Experiment 2 Day 1.262 1.481* 0.254 Experiment 3 (Atlantic vs. Pacific) 0.56 4.594* 0.143 Scaridae (Atlantic vs. Pacific) 2.746 4.594* 0.053 Labridae (Atlantic vs. Pacific) 1.519 2.517* 0.164 Predator total length MS F or t p-value Experiment 1 Focal fish treatment 5.373 3.317* 0.059 P. volitans vs. H. garnoti -1.05‡ 0.308

P. volitans vs. E. striatus 1.512‡ 0.148

Experiment 2 Focal fish treatment 1.57 0.456* 0.805 P. volitans vs. H. rufus 0.518‡ 0.608

P. volitans vs. O. chrysurus 1.209‡ 0.235

P. volitans vs. L. apodus 1.019‡ 0.315

P. volitans vs. E. striatus 1.223‡ 0.229

P. volitans vs. E. guttatus 0.648‡ 0.521

Experiment 3 Location (Atlantic vs Pacific) 7.434 0.777* 0.384

1 Table S2. List of prey fish observed around free-ranging focal fish in the Atlantic and the Pacific. The species of prey fish included in the statistical analysis are bolded.

Location Common name Scientific name Family Atlantic Blue tang Acanthurus coeruleus Acanthuridae Atlantic Tomtate Haemulon aurolineatum Haemulidae Atlantic French grunt Haemulon flavolineatum Haemulidae Atlantic White grunt Haemulon plumierii Haemulidae Atlantic Bluehead Labridae Atlantic Slippery dick wrasse Halichoeres bivitattus Labridae Atlantic Yellowhead wrasse Halichoeres garnoti Labridae Atlantic Puddingwife wrasse Halichoeres radiatus Labridae Atlantic Sergeant major Abudefduf saxatilis Pomacentridae Atlantic Blue chromis Chromis cyanea Pomacentridae Atlantic Dusky damselfish adustus Pomacentridae Atlantic Longfin damselfish Stegastes diencaeus Pomacentridae Atlantic Beaugregory damselfish Stegastes leucostictus Pomacentridae Atlantic Bicolor damselfish Stegastes partitus Pomacentridae Atlantic Princess parrotfish Scarus taeniopterus Scaridae Atlantic Red band parrotfish Sparisoma aurofrenatum Scaridae Atlantic Stoplight parrotfish Sparisoma viride Scaridae Atlantic Caribbean sharpnose puffer Acanthigaster rostrata Tetraodontidae Pacific Blue-steak cleaner wrasse Labroides dimidiatus Labridae Pacific Green chromis Chromis viridis Pomacentridae Pacific Pale-tale chromis Chromis xanthura Pomacentridae Pacific Blue devil Chrysiptera cyanea Pomacentridae Pacific Tracey's demoiselle Chrysiptera traceyi Pomacentridae Pacific Ocellate damselfish Pomacentrus vaiuli Pomacentridae Pacific Spotted toby Canthigaster solandri Tetraodontidae

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Fig S1. Prey fish (white grunts Haemulon plumierii) maintaining a separation distance from a native predator (Nassau grouper Epinephelus striatus) in shallow reefs in The Bahamas

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