UTAH HISTORICAL QUARTERLY J. CECIL ALTER Editor

Vols. 1-6 incl. 1928-1933

By many authors

Utah State Historical Society- Salt Lake City 1934. Utah State Historical Society

BOARD OF CONTROL (Terms Expiring April 1, 1929) J. CECIL ALTER, Salt Lake City JOEL E. RICKS, Logan D. W. PARRATT, Salt Lake City PARLEY L. WILLIAMS, Salt Lake City ALBERT F. PHILIPS, Salt Lake City I'lerms Expiring April 1, 1931) GEORGE E. FELLOWS, Salt Lake City WILLIAM J. SNOW, Provo HUGH RYAN, Salt Lake City LEVI E. YOUNG, Salt Lake City FRANK K. SEEGMILLER, Salt Lake City

EXECUTIVE OFFICERS 1927-192S ALBERT F. PHILIPS, President J. CECIL ALTER, Secretary-Treasurer Librarian and Curator Editor in Chief WILLIAM J. SNOW, Vice President All Members, Board of Control, Associate Editors

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UTAH HISTORICAL SOCIETY December 28, 1897

CHARLES ADAMS, ELLEN B. FERGUSON, Farowan Salt Lake City CALEB R. BARRATT, JAMES X. FERGUSON, Salt Lake City Helper ROBERT N. BASKIN, CHARLES C. GOODWIN, Salt Lake City Salt Lake City CHARLES W. BENNETT, JOSEPH GEOGHEGAN, Salt Lake City Salt Lake City ALEXANDER C. BISHOP, HEBER J. GRANT, Salt Lake City Salt Lake City NAT. M. BRIGHAM, JAMES T. HAMMOND, Salt Lake City Salt Lake City ISABEL CAMERON-BROWN HARRY C. HILL, Salt Lake City Salt Lake City ELECTA BULLOCK, FIDELIA M. B. HAMILTON, Provo Salt Lake City JOHN T. CAINE, LEWIS S. HILLS, Salt Lake City Salt Lake City ANGUS M. CANNON, JOHN HORTON, Salt Lake City American Fork JOHN Q. CANNON, WILLIAM HOWARD, Salt Lake City Huntington SPENCER CLAWSON, HADLEY D. JOHNSON, Salt Lake City Salt Lake City EDWARD F. COLBORN, ANDREW JENSON, Salt Lake City Salt Lake City GEORGE Q. CORAY, JOSEPH T. KINGSBURY, Salt Lake City Salt Lake City BENJ. F. CUMMINGS, JR., ANTOINETTE B. KINNEY, Salt Lake City Salt Lake City CHRISTOPHER DIEHL, CLESSON S. KINNEY, Salt Lake City Salt Lake City JOHN E. DOOLY, KURITHE K. LaBARTHE, Salt Lake City Salt Lake City WILLARD DONE, HENRY W. LAWRENCE, Salt Lake City Salt Lake City CHARTER MEMBERS

UTAH HISTORICAL SOCIETY December 28, 1897

WILLIAM A. LEE, LEWIS R. SHURTLIFF, Ogden Ogden JERROLD R. LETCHER, ELIAS A. SMITH, Salt Lake City Salt Lake City ROBERT C. LUND, GRANT H. SMITH, St. George Salt Lake City JOHN T. LYNCH, JOHN HENRY SMITH, Salt Lake City Salt Lake City THOMAS MARSHALL, JOSEPH D. SMITH, Salt Lake City Logan JACOB F. MILLER, ABRAHAM O. SMOOT, Farmington Provo ELIAS MORRIS, GEORGE W. THATCHER, Salt Lake City Logan WILLIAM S. McCORNICK, MATH. THOMAS, Salt Lake City Farmington HARRY F. McCUNE, EMMELINE B. WELLS, Nephi Salt Lake City EMMA J. McVICKER, BARRY WRIDE, Salt Lake City Provo AQUILLA NEBEKER, HEBER M. WELLS, Laketown Salt Lake City JOHN PARRY, HORACE G .WHITNEY, Cedar City Salt Lake City ORLANDO W. POWERS, ORSON F. WHITNEY, Salt Lake City Salt Lake City CHARLES W. PENROSE, EVERETT W. WILSON, Salt Lake City Salt Lake City ARTHUR PRATT, PARLEY L. WILLIAMS, Salt Lake City Salt Lake City FRANKLIN D. RICHARDS, JOHN R. WINDER, Ogden Salt Lake City FRANKLIN S. RICHARDS, ALFALES YOUNG, Salt Lake City Salt Lake City MORRIS L. RITCHIE, RICHARD W. YOUNG, Salt Lake City Salt Lake City CHARLES R. SAVAGE, CHARLES S. ZANE, Salt Lake City Salt Lake City WASHAKIE, SHOSHONE CHIEF Utah Historical Quarterly

State Capitol, Salt Lake City

Volume I OCTOBER, 1928 Number 4

PERSONAL RECOLLECTIONS OF WASH-A-KIE, CHIEF OF THE SHOSHONES

By P. L. Williams*

Prefatory to noting these "recollections" it will not be amiss to give some account of the Shoshone Tribe of Indians, their location, and relations to the Government. They had, previous to a Treaty with them entered into in 1868, been occupying the region in northwestern Wyoming gen­ erally designated as the "Wind River Country," and adjacent territory. This region prior to the Act of Congress organizing the Territory of Wyoming, was, for some time included in Dakota Territory. On the 3rd day of July, 1868 a Treaty was concluded between the United States and the Shoshones (East­ ern band) and Bannock Tribes of Indians at a conference held at Fort Bridger, Utah. At this conference the representatives of the Government were headed by General Sherman and included some other Military officers and prominent civilians; while the Indians were represented by Wash-A-Kie, the head Chief of the Shoshones, and several Sub-Chiefs and head men of the Tribes, parties, to said Treaty. This Treaty was subsequently ratified by the Senate, and thereafter, on the 21st of February, 1869, was proclaimed by *Mr. Williams, a retired lawyer residing in Salt Lake City, was a charter member of this Society, a|nd is now a member of the Board of Cojitrol. Born in 1842, and coming West, to Wyoming, in 1868, he is a pioneer himself. He was admitted to the bar in Wyoming in 1868, and became District Attorney at South Pass City. He came to Salt Lake City in 1871, where he has since resided. Mr. Williams organized the Salt Lake City street railway company in 1872; and became Salt Lake City superintendent of District schools in 1886; and was a member of the Utah legislature in 1893-4. In 1887 when the United States government escheated the property of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, Mr. Williams was appointed attorney for the receiver, continuing in that capacity until the property was returned to the Church. He also successfully defended Robert T. Burton, who as sheriff at the head of a posse, was charged with murder, growing out of the so-called Morrisite War in 1862. Mr. Williams was for a great many years, and until his retire­ ment from the law practice, the general attorney for the Union Pacific System, (Oregon Short Line) with headquarters in this city. 102 THE UTAH HISTORICAL QUARTERLY

President Johnson. The proclamation sets out at length the Treaty, and is printed in Volume 15, U. S. Statutes at large, beginning at page 673. The signatures of the Government ne­ gotiators are first appended, followed by the names and cross marks of the Indian representatives, the first being "Wash-A- Kie his X Mark." Amongst the others signing is "Nar-Kok his X Mark." The language of the Treaty seems to indicate there had been no earlier treaty entered into between the Government and these Tribes. Among other provisions it set aside and estab­ lished a reservation for the Shoshones, which included in a general way the Wind River Country before mentioned. Its boundaries are not very definitely fixed, referring mainly to water sheds and streams. For a considerable distance its west­ ern boundary is the summit of the Wind River Mountains. The southern end reaches to within about twenty-five miles northerly of the "South Pass" of the Rocky Mountains, and extended northerly up—approximately two hundred miles. The Treaty provided that the Indians should make their permanent home within the reservation, and that whites should be excluded therefrom, excepting the Indian Agent to be ap­ pointed, his necessary assistants and such other officers and employees of the Government as were considered necessary or desirable in aiding the Indians to adjust themselves to the new conditions. Among such were named a physician, a school teacher, a farmer, a carpenter, a blacksmith, a surveyor and a miller. Provision was made for building, by the Government, a lumber and grist mill, residence and office for the agent, a schoolhouse and residences for the several employees above named. There was also provision made for building an addi­ tional school house and supplying an additional teacher, when­ ever thirty additional children between the ages of six and six­ teen years could be persuaded to attend school. The Treaty clearly contemplated an effort on the part of the Government to educate and civilize the Indians, and this purpose was welcomed and looked upon with favor by Wash-A- Kie. One further provision contained in the Treaty was to the effect that if acceptable to the Indians, other groups or tribes might be moved on to the reservation and occupy it jointly with the Shoshones. This provision resulted unfortunately, as will later appear. In 1868, and only a few days after the Treaty was con­ cluded at Fort Bridger, Congress passed the Act organizing the Territory of Wyoming. It was made up in most part of por­ tions of Dakota and Nebraska Territories, but included also some territory carved out of Montana, Idaho and Utah. The PERSONAL RECOLLECTIONS OF WASH-A-KIE 103 notch now existing in the northeast corner of our state was the territory taken from Utah, and which includes Fort Bridger. No officers were appointed for the new Territory until early in the Spring of 1869, and after the inauguration of President Grant. All of these officers were from the eastern and middle- west states. They soon appeared and entered upon the duties of their respective offices, and thus started the Territorial Govern­ ment to function. At this time I was located at South Pass City, a new Min­ ing Camp or town. It is situated about twelve miles north of the famous Mountain "South Pass." At the first session of the Territorial Legislature, held late in the year 1869, counties were established and county seats fixed. South Pass City was made the County Seat of Sweetwater County. My personal acquaintance with Wash-A-Kie began in 1869 and continued with considerable intimacy until I removed from the Territory at the end of 1871. Wash-A-Kie exhibited not only great interest in this recent organization of the Territory as a whole, but also in its division into counties, and the various local officers thereof, and the functions to be performed by each. He made, inquiries of the Sheriff for information on these subjects, and he brought Wash- A-Kie and the Sub-Chief Nar-Kok to my office to obtain as full an explanation as I was able to give. I was at this time Pros­ ecuting Attorney of Sweetwater County. Wash-A-Kie could neither speak nor understand English, and in his association with white men he was invariably accompanied by Nar-Kok as his interpreter. He was a very intelligent young man who spoke and understood English very well, and was a very efficient in­ terpreter. Wash-A-Kie was at this time about sixty years of age. He was a broad shouldered, deep chested, muscular man, and had been in his young manhood, no doubt, possessed of great physical strength and endurance. Stories of remarkable feats of this nature were a tradition among his tribesmen as I learned from Nar-Kok. His hair was slightly sprinkled with gray. His face was free from wrinkles, his expression was kindly, though always serious and thoughtful. On this first interview with him I was amazed at the far reaching and comprehensive questions he asked. _ Some of them were difficult for me, from my limited storehouse of knowledge, to answer satisfactorily to myself, and I imagined were not fully satisfactory to him. These ques­ tions indicated he had done some very intelligent thinking on these subjects. He left no phase of our local Territorial or County Governments untouched. He desired to be informed as to each officer and the duties each was charged with. He ex­ pressed the opinion that some of these rules of public administra­ tion might be followed in the Government of his tribe. In 104 THE UTAH HISTORICAL QUARTERLY subsequent meetings with him the conversation was frequently turned, by him, to these and kindred questions. He was, as I estimated him, a man of unusual natural ability, a man of vision, and forward looking. He indicated that it was his thought, that the time had arrived when his people must give up some of the past habits and customs and gradually substitute those of the whites. At one of our visits together he expressed the hope and desire that his young men would settle down and engage in raising cattle and other domestic animals. He seemed to have realized that in the development and progress of the human race from barbarism to the higher civilization, that the pastoral life naturally precedes agricultural pursuits. Nar-Kok informed me that Wash-A-Kie was both an advocate and an example of temperance and that he was greatly disturbed by the fact that the "bootleggers" of that time were smuggling whisky into the reservation and debauching his young men. Prior to the adoption of the Treaty, as well as afterwards, it was the custom of the tribe to spend most of the year in the Wind River region, but about the 1st of June, the whole tribe, men, women and children, with all their belongings, ponies, tents, camp equipment, etc., would start on a trip to the Uintah Mountains in northeastern Utah, where they remained during the summer, returning about the latter part of September. There was at that time a great abundance of game and fish in these mountains, and so was an attractive place for the summer loca­ tion of these Indians. The journey to and from this hunting and fishing ground was made by way of South Pass City, over the "South Pass" of the mountain divide, across the broad valley of the Green River and by Fort Bridger. Thus the)r passed South Pass City twice each year, and on these trips invariably camped in the edge of the town one or two days, during which time they mingled with, in a friendly way, the town people, who in turn visited the Indians at their camp. I, and a friend who oc­ cupied the same office, extended to Wash-A-Kie and Nar-Kok an invitation to visit and dine with us on every occasion they passed our town. This they invariably did, were always glad to see us, and especially enjoyed the white man's food. We thus had a good deal of conversation, through Nar-Kok, and became quite well acquainted. These expeditions might, ap­ pear to be in violation of the stipulation that they should make their permanent home within the reservation, but Wash-A-Kie and his people were well within their treaty rights, as it con­ tained a clause permitting them to hunt and fish upon any of the unoccupied lands of the Government. Under the provision of the treaty permitting other groups or tribes of Indians to occupy jointly with the Shoshones the PERSONAL RECOLLECTIONS OF WASH-A-KIE 105 reservation established for them in 1870, as I recall it, a band of Sibux Indians were removed from their previous location in eastern Wyoming and western Nebraska and placed within the Shoshone reservation. This band of Indians were called the Ogallalah Sioux. They had been used to roaming over vast areas and were warlike in their habits. It was understood among the whites that they did not like this^change of location, but that some pressure had been applied by the Government to bring it about. However this may have been, they were received kindly by Wash-A-Kie, who was not only friendly with the whites but maintained the reputation of cultivating peaceful and friendly relations with neighboring tribes. But the Ogallalahs were in a very different frame of mind. They were mad from the time of their arrival, and soon began to divide up into small roving bands, attacking and killing mining prospectors, cattlemen and others located near the reservation. This condition became worse as time went on, resulting in the Spring of 1871 of the Sioux making war on the Shoshones, which was repelled with courage and vigor. Finally, about the middle of May, 1871, the warriors of the two tribes met in fierce combat, resulting in a decisive victory for the Shoshones who were led by Nar-Kok, who was generally called the War Chief. The victors killed and scalped a number of the Sioux and drove them off the reservation. Soon after this battle the Shoshones started for their summer camping and hunting grounds. On this trip they stopped at South Pass City two days and nights, and each night celebrated by their war dance their recent victory. In these dances were displayed as war trophies the scalps of the Sioux they had killed. These scalps were carried by young squaws on long willow rods. Nar-Kok told us these scalps were presented by the lovers of the young girls and that such heroism would assure their success in the courtship they were carrying on. We were invited by Nar-Kok to Wash-A-Kie's tee-pee while one of these war dances was going on. He invited us to be seated on blankets on the ground in the door of his tent where we could all see the dancers. He was not inclined to talk on this occasion, but smoked his pipe, looked at the dancers with com­ posure, although it seemed to me that he felt regret that they had been forced into war. While this was Wash-A-Kie's man­ ner, the tribe generally were in high spirits over their late achievement. Nar-Kok told us they would keep up the war dance every night for two moons. From all my observation of Wash-A-Kie I came to the conclusion that he was, indeed, an example of "Nature's noble­ men." I may close with recounting an incident that occurred soon 106 THE UTAH HISTORICAL QUARTERLY

after I left Wyoming and was related to me by the Indian Agent Dr. Irwin. He was very enthusiastic in his encouragement of the Indians to become settled and establish family homes. Wash- A-Kie was in sympathy with this policy, and at the suggestion of the Agent consented to have a dwelling house built for him, and he would occupy it as an example to his tribe. He selected as the site for his house, a spot near some hot sulphur spring, several miles from the Agency. He chose this place so that he could bathe in the waters for the benefit of his health, and especially for relief from rheumatism, from which he suffered at times. A three-room cottage was built, and when he moved into it, at his invitation, the Agent and a few other Government em­ ployees visited him and they had a genuine house-warming party. On their departure Wash-A-Kie invited them to return and visit him in two or three weeks and see how he was getting along in his new home. They accordingly made the visit at the end of three weeks, and found Wash-A-Kie living and sleeping in his tent standing nearby. He explained he could not sleep in the house, that after spending two or three sleepless nights in it he was forced to go back to his tee-pee to get needed rest and sleep. He, however, thought the house should be used for some purpose. He was a crude Utilitarian Philosopher, and having TIO other use for the house, he had stalled his favorite ponies in it.

FATHER ESCALANTE AND THE UTAH INDIANS

(Continuing: "Some Useful Early Utah Indian References.") By J. Cecil Alter Continued from "Diary and Travels of Fray Francisco Atanasio Dominguez and Fray Silvestre Velez De Escalante, to discover a route from the Presidio of Santa Fe, New Mexico, to Monterey in Southern California," in "The Catholic Church in Utah," by Dr. W. R. Harris. "14th day of September. We did not travel today. * * * (On Green River, near Jensen, Utah.) "It also happened this morning that the Laguna Joaquin, from mischief, mounted a very vicious horse, which fell, throw­ ing the fellow some distance. We were much frightened, think­ ing that the fall had injuried the Laguna, who, recovering from his fright, began to shed tears and cry aloud; but God permitted that the horse receive all the wounds, injuring his neck, and so being useless." FATHER ESCALANTE AND THE UTAH INDIANS 107

"16th day of September. * * As soon as we ascended we found tracks one or two days old as if made by twelve horses and men on foot. Examining the tracks closely they seemed to show that for some time the men had been hiding in the highest part of the mountain. We suspected that they were some Sabuaganas who had followed us, thinking to steal our animals in this stopping place, performing an act very similar to what we had attributed to the Comanches, or rather, to the Yutas. More than that, the guide, Silvestre, gave us additional founda­ tion for our suspicions for the night before he separated himself a short distance from the camp to sleep, as if by accident. Dur­ ing our whole march he had not used the blanket that we had given him, and today he left the camp with it on, not removing it all day, and we suspected that he put it on so as to be recog­ nized by the Sabuaganas in case he should leave us. Our suspicions were further aroused by his pausing for a time, as if thinking and acting confused, when we reached the hill where we had found the tracks, wishing to proceed by the river, and now by this road. He gave us no open reason whatever for our suspicions, entirely concealing his real intentions, and in the progress of our travels he gave us ample proofs of his in­ nocence." * * "As soon as we stopped, two of our companions went over the tracks to the southwest, to explore the immediate country, and they concluded that the tracks were made by the Co­ manches." "17th day of September. We left the plain of Las Llagas de N. P. San Francisco, going southwest, ascending some low hills, a league farther on, we left the road we were going, which followed the tracks of the men and horses. Silvestre told us they were Comanches that were pursuing the Yutas, who prob­ ably had been out hunting buffalos. He convinced us of this as much by the direction in which they went as by the other signs that they left." * * * (p. 168) "We descended to a large plain bordering another river and went a league and a half to the west, reaching the junc­ tion of the two rivers that flow from the mountain which is near here, and to the north of the river of San Buenaventura and flow together to the'east, until they join with the river of San Buena­ ventura. The more eastern river before its junction flows to the southeast, and we named it the San Damian (Uinta) ; the other flows east, and we named it the San Cosine (Duchesne). We went by this latter one, and traveled a league to the west, finding near the river the ruins of an ancient village, in which were remnants of straw mats, jugs and pitchers made of clay; the form of the village was round, as shown by the ruins, and almost entirely surrounded by an enbankment." * * 108 THE UTAH HISTORICAL QUARTERLY

"Shortly after having stopped, at the foot of the mountain, we saw smoke, and asking the guide whom he thought had caused it, he replied that probably some Comanches, or some of the Lagunas, who had camped here while hunting." "18th day of September." "We left the Ribera de San Cosme, and the guide, wishing to cross to the other side of the river, and go along it, led us through a forest or bramble of cistus almost impenetrable, and into a large marshy place till at last we were compelled to return, and cross the river three times, causing us many useless turns; then over a nearby hill and its plain we went three leagues to the southwest; going down to the west-southwest a league, we crossed the river the fifth time and now proceeded over the plain, where we traveled three leagues and a quarter, ascending a high table-land, at the top very stony, and traveled three-quar­ ters of a league, including the going up and coming down; crossing another small river that flows by here and enters into the San Cosme, we named it the Santa Catarina de Sena, and camped on its bank. To-day, nine leagues. From the village of the Sabuaganas and the camp of San Antonia Martir to this point we counted eighty-eight leagues, and from Santa Fe two hundred and eighty-seven. (The old Spanish league is equal to 2.63 miles) (p. 171) After passing Currant Creek: "21st day of Sep­ tember. Going from the spring of Saint Lucy. * * Through a forest of poplars a quarter of a league farther, we turned to the west a league and three-quarters, over rough timber lands, through mountain passes of soft earth with many charcoal pits, or small holes hidden among a rank growth of weeds, in which every moment the animals sank and fell; then we descended by a small river filled with fine trout, of which the Laguna Joaquin with an arrow killed and caught two, each one of which weighed more than two pounds. This river runs to the southeast, through a pleasant valley of good pasturage, many springs, and beautiful forests of white poplar, not high nor large. It is a good location for a village with all that is needed. We named it the Valle de la Purisima (the Valley of the Most Pure.) The guide Silvestre told us that for some time a large settle­ ment of Lagunas had lived here, who had subsisted mostly on the fish from the river, and that they had left through fear of the Comanches, who began coming into this part of the Sierras." * * "The guide, wishing to travel faster than we were able, went so fast that at every step he was hidden from us in the forest: we could not follow him, because aside from the density of the forest, there was no path, and we could not find his trail. We continued through the forest, and the farther we FATHER ESCALANTE AND THE UTAH INDIANS 109 went the more dense it became, until after going half a league to the west, we came out of it upon a small high hill, from which the guide showed us the side on which was the lake; and to the southeast of this another part of the Sierra in which he lived, he told us, and also a great many people speaking the same language and of the same great tribe as the Lagunas." * * * (p. 173.) "22d day of September. From the top of the last peak we could see pillars of smoke rising, not very far away and in front of us. The guide said that they were some of his people who were there hunting. We attempted to get into communication with them, to let them know that we were not enemies, so that they might not try to get away from us or receive us with arrows; they continued to raise more smoke in the opening through which we would have to enter to get to the lake, and in this made us believe that they had already seen us; for the smoke is the first and most common sign which in case of surprise, all the people in this part of America use. We told Silvestre that during the night he must be very care­ ful, for if any of them should know of our arrival, they might come near to see what kind of people we were; and about two o'clock in the morning, the hour in which, according to his idea, some of them might come near, he talked a long time in a loud voice, in his own language, giving them to understand that we were quiet people and good friends. We do not know if any one heard him or not." "23d day of September. Now that we had arrived at (the vicinity of) the lake (Utah), (above Castilla Springs Resort), in order that Silvestre and Joaquin might enter their country feel­ ing affection for us, we gave to each of them a yard of woolen cloth and another of red ribbon, and they immediately put them on. Silvestre cast around his body the blanket we had formerly given him, and then arranged in a turban around his head the woolen cloth, leaving the two ends hanging down his shoulders. When he mounted his horse he reminded us of the redeemed captives which the Redemptorist Fathers carry in their pro­ cession on the feast day of Our Lady of Mercy." * * (p. 174.) "In this narrow part of the (Spanish.Fork) canon there are some places very difficult to pass, but they are easily repaired; we continued to the northwest half a league, crossing to the other side of the river; ascended a low hill and beheld the lake and extended valley of Nuestra Senora de' la Merced de los Timpanogotzis, as we called it; we also saw smoke arising from all parts, the news of our entrance having gone before us." * * (p. 175.) "We found the grass of the plains (above Spanish Fork town) where we came, recently burned over and others 110 THE UTAH HISTORICAL QUARTERLY already burning, from which we inferred that-these Indians had thought us to be Comanches, or other enemies; and as they had probably seen that we were bringing animals, it had been their intention to destroy the pasturage along our way, so that be­ cause of the lack of this we would be obliged to leave the valley sooner. But as it.is so large and broad, we could not do it in so short a time, even though they had put fires everywhere. For this reason our small part remaining in this location, as soon as we had halted, Father Francisco Atanasio, with the guide Silvestre, his companion Joaquin and the interpreter Muniz, left for the first of the settlements, and going as rapidly as possible, though the horses were so fatigued, in order to arrive this afternoon, they went six leagues and a half to the north- northwest. They arrived, and were received by some of the men with their weapons ready to defend their families and homes. But as soon as Silvestre had spoken to them, they changed their warlike appearance to the most courteous and simple expressions of peace and affection. They took them very cheerfully to their simple huts, and after they had embraced them in a singular manner, and signified to them that they desired peace, and that they loved us as much as our best friends, the Father gave them opportunity, so that they could talk at length with our guide Silvestre, who gave them an account of what he had observed and seen, and spoke so much in our favor, of our design and work, that we could not have wished for anything better." "He told them at length of how well we had treated him, and how much he loved us, and among other things he told them with great satisfaction that the Lagunas had said that the Comanches would kill us, and would take from us our animals: and that we had gone through the country that they frequented most, and even crossed their recent tracks; that we had not changed our course, nor had we seen them; verifying what the Father had said; that God would free us from all our enemies; so that even though we passed through their country they would not harm us, nor we disturb them. He concluded by saying that the Fathers spoke only the truth, that everybody could travel in their company without danger, and that only the Spaniards were good people. He confirmed them more in this belief by their seeing that the boy Joaquin was so careful of us that, unmindful of his own people, he would not leave the Father except to care for the animals that we brought. He hardly cared to talk to his people, nor even to mingle with them, but only to remain near the Father, sleeping in any vacant place near his side. That was a matter that caused much surprise not only to his own people, but also to us, that one who was a mere child, and an Indian who had never before seen either priest or Spaniard, should act in this way." FATHER ESCALANTE AND THE UTAH INDIANS 111

"After talking a long time about this, and many gathering from the near villages, and our giving them something to smoke, the Father gave them to understand, by means of the interpreter and Silvestre, that our motive in coming to- them was to bring them the light, the principal motive being to seek the salvation of their souls, and to show them the means by which they could obtain it. The first and most necessary being, to believe in the only true God, to love Him. and to obey Him entirely, doing all that His holy and immaculate law demanded; and that they would teach them clearly and fully all this, and that they would give to them the holy water of baptism, if they wished to become Christians; and that priests should come to teach them and Spaniards to live among them. And that they would teach them to plant and sow, and to raise herds of cattle, so that then they would be able to eat and to dress like the Spaniards,, to obey the law, and to live as God had commanded. The priests would teach them, and our Chief would send them everything neces­ sary, for He is very great and rich and we call Him King; it they wished to be Christians He would take them for His sons and would care for them as His people." "He afterwards said to them, that it was necessary for us to continue our journey, to learn about the Father, our brother, and that we needed that another one of them should guide us to the other tribe that they were acquainted with, that the other guide might vouch for us. In all of this conversation Silvestre was a great help to us. They heard us with pleasure, and re­ plied that to all we said they were attentive, thus manifesting their gentleness. They had among their number two chiefs, but . not the principal one that commanded this people, so the Father begged that they would call him, and they replied that his house was very distant, but that he would come tomorrow. They then retired to their wigwams, but some remained in conversation with Silvestre all night." "24th day of September. We sent word to the others of our company by Joaquin and the other Laguna, that they should come from Dulcisimo Nombre de Jesus to the village where Ave were, where the Indians of this and the other villages would gather; they arrived about midday. The big chief with the two others came very early, and many old men and the head men of the tribe. We conversed with them a long time about the things already referred to, and all unanimously replied that the Fathers should come and live with the Tatas (so the religious Yutas are called), to teach them. And they offered all their land so they could build their houses to suit themselves; adding that they could go over the land, and that there would always be spies where the Comanches entered the land, so that when they 112 THE UTAH HISTORICAL QUARTERLY

should come into the valley or into other parts of the Sierra, the Spaniards would be promptly notified, and they could go out all together to punish them." "Seeing such wonderful gentleness and willingness to re­ ceive our proposals, we told them that when our journey was finished we would return with more priests and more Spaniards to remember what they had said, so that afterwards they should not repent of it. They replied that they were firm in all they promised, begging us that we would not delay long in coming. We said to them that although we all believed what they said, we desired some token from them that they wished to become Christians, to show to our great Chief and to the rest of the Spaniards, because with such a token the Spaniards would believe more in their good desires, and it would encourage us to return more promptly. We did this in order to better test their good intentions; and they replied that they would give us a token very willingly tomorrow morning." "We then presented the Chief a knife and some glass beads, and Don Bernardo Miera gave him. a small hatchet; and for all the rest of the company we gave to each a few glass beads, for there were many of them, and they were all pleased and satis­ fied. We then reminded them of the promise of the guide, and that they promised that we could take Joaquin, who wished to go with us; they replied that they had talked about it,' and had decided that not only Joaquin but also a new guide, would go with us, if we wished, even to our own country, and could return with us when we should return; adding that none of them were very well acquainted with the country in the direc­ tion that they knew we had to take, but that with the two, Joaquin and the new guide, we could go, asking our way from the tribes along the route." "This expression of great sincerity, so clear and to the purpose, filled us with great joy, and completely assured us that without the least deceit, and with perfect spontaniety and free will, moved by divine grace, .they desired and would accept Christianity. We put before them the same that we had given to_ Silvestre, in order that they might decide who was to go with us as our guide, and at once one of those standing near took it, and now became our guide and companion, and we gave him the name of Jose Maria (Joseph Mary.) We now de­ termined to proceed in our journey the following dav, for the settlement and port of Monterey." "They told us that there was a sick child whom they wished us to see and to baptize. We went, and found it to be a youth, and almost recovered from a long sickness, and entirely out of FATHER ESCALANTE AND THE UTAH INDIANS 113 danger, so that we did not find it necessary to give it the water baptism. The mother afterwards brought it to where we were, and begged us to baptize it, and to comfort her we told her that we would soon return, and then would baptize all, both large and small. Finally we informed them that we had very little food, and if it pleased them to sell us some dried fish. They brought it, and we bought a good amount. All day and part of the night they were coming and talking with us, and they all seemed very simple, gentle, kind and affectionate. Our Silvestre was now looked upon with great respect, and gained some authority among them for having brought us and being so ap­ preciated by us." "25th day of September. In the morning they returned to us bringing the token that we had asked of them and explained its meaning to us. The day before, when we had asked it of them, we told the interpreter that neither he nor the others should say anything to the Indians about this, so that we could see what they would do of themselves. Showing them the cross of the rosary, he gave 'them to understand that they should paint it as one of the figures. They took it away, and painted three figures on three crosses; then they brought the token to us, saying that the figure that had the most red color, or as they said, blood, represented the big chief, because in war with the Comanches he had received the most wounds; the other that had less blood, was inferior to the first one; and the one that had no blood was not a warrior, but was of authority among them. These three figures of men were rudely painted with earth and red-ochre, on a small piece of deer skin; we received them, saying that the big chief of the Spaniards would be pleased to see it, and.that when we should return we would bring it with us so that they might see how much we valued it, and that it might remind them of their promises, and all that we had done. We told them that if, while we were gone, they had sickness or trouble with their enemies, they should cry out to God saying: True God, help us, protect us; and as they could not articulate these words very well, they could simply say Jesus, Mary.! Jesus, Mary! They began to repeat this with facility, Silvestre fervently saying it first; and while we were preparing to depart, they did not cease to repeat these sacred names. They bade us all good-bye with great affection, and Silvestre especially embraced us, almost crying. They again charged us not to be long in returning, saying that they would expect us within the year." 114 THE UTAH HISTORICAL QUARTERLY

AMERICAN POSTS (Continued) By Edgar M. Ledyard Chauncey, Fort. Old fort at Sackett's Harbor, N. Y., on Lake Ontario. New York. Chehalis, Fort. Lower Chehalis, Gray's Harbor. First •called Camp Chehalis. Washington. Chesterfield House. Canada. Chequamegon, Fort. Old French settlement and post near Lake Superior, Wisconsin. Chicago District Ordinance Office. 600 West Jackson Boule­ vard, Chicago, Illinois. Chicago Quartermaster Inter. Depot. Chicago, Illinois. Chicago Quartermaster Corps Subsistence School. Chicago, Illinois. Chigas, Camp. At Santa Fe Street Bridge. El Paso, Texas. Childs, Fort. It was established and named by a detach­ ment of Missouri volunteers.. The name was changed to Fort Kearny in 1848. This post was used as a depot by the Mor­ mons. (See Fort Kearney.) Kearney, Kearney County, Ne­ braska. Chilkott Barracks. At Haines on Chilkat Inlet. Alaska. Chipewayan, Fort. (Also spelled Chippewyan and Chipe- wayan.) A trading post of the Hudson's Bay Company, south­ west end of Lake Athabaska. One of the most populous of the far northern stations. About one hundred orphans are trained here for future colonization work. Alberta, Canada. Chippeway, Fort. On Niagara River, ten miles above Niagara or Newark. New York. Chipola, Fort. Temporary fort established in Florida War. Florida. Chiswell, Fort. (1760.) On west bank near source of New River, Virginia. Chokkonikla, Fort. Temporary fort near mouth of Payne's Creek, established in Florida War. Florida. Christina, Fort. Built in 1638 by Swedish Fur Traders on present site of Wilmington. Delaware. Christina, Fort. (About 1750.) "50 miles southwest of Philadelphia." Delaware. Christmas, Fort. Temporary fort midway on the road be­ tween Fort McNiel and Fort Lane; established in Florida War. Florida. Churchill, Fort. South coast of Hudson Bay. Longitude 94 west; latitude 58.52 north. Mouth of Churchill River. Trading Station. Canada. Churchill, Fort (1860). Military Post. Right bank of Car- AMERICAN POSTS 115 son River, 25 miles from Virginia City. Historical post and stage station. Many buildings on old site. Preserved by a society of interested people of Nevada. Lyon County, Nevada. Cincinnati District Ordnance Office. Cincinnati, Ohio. Citadel, The. Halifax, Nova Scotia. Clagett, Fort. Chouteau County, Montana. Claiborne, Fort. On site of present town Claiborne. Left bank of Alabama River, at the bend, a little below the mouth of Limestone Creek. Monroe County, Alabama. Clark, Camp. Nevada, Missouri. Clark Field. Aviation Field, Camp Stotsenburg, Philippine Islands. Clark, Fort (1813). Where Rock Island depot now stands. Right bank of Illinois River at Peoria. (Old Peoria Fort). Peoria, Illinois. Clark, Fort. Hatteras Inlet. Built by the Conferedates. North Carolina. Clark, Fort (1831). Also spelled Fort Clarke. Right bank of the Missouri, eight miles below the mouth of the Big Knife River at Ree Village. North Dakota. Clark, Fort. At source of Las Moras River, about twenty- five miles from its mouth and 30 miles north of Fort Duncan. This historic post is situated in Kinney County near Brackett- ville, the county seat of Kinney County. It is one hundred and forty miles west of San Antonia, ten miles from Spofford Junc­ tion and twenty miles from the Rio Grande. This post was established June 15, 1852. This fort was designed for the pro­ tection of the San Antonio and Eagle Pass wagon road and for the protection of the Rio Grande border against depredations by Mexicans and Indians. It was named after Major John B. Clark. It has been garrisoned by many noted officers. A noted military and civic cemetery is located here with many unknown graves. In 1914 two squadrons were stationed here. Ten miles north­ west of Spofford, Texas. Also called Fort Clarke. Kinney County, Texas. Clarke, Fort. Temporary fort during Florida War on the left bank of the Ocilla River, ten miles above its mouth. Temporary fort during Florida War, in vicinity of Alachu Prairie, about twelve miles southeast from Newnansville. Florida. Clarke, Fort. Right bank of Lizard River, in Webster County, near its mouth. Iowa. Clarke, Camp. Morrill County, Bayard, Nebraska. Clatsop, Fort (1805-06). Wintering post, Lewis & Clark Expedition at mouth of the Columbia River (south bank). Some distance from river. Flag and marker on site. Near Astoria. Oregon. Clay Camp. Procious, West Virginia. 116 THE UTAH HISTORICAL QUARTERLY

Clayton, Fort—Miraflores Dump. On the Pacific side of the Panama Canal. Canal Zone. Cleveland District Ordance Office. Cleveland, Ohio. Clinch Fort. At mouth of St. Mary's River, near St. Marys, Nassau County. Northern extremity of Amelia Island, Cumber­ land Sound at entrance to St. Mary's River, north of Fernandina. Florida. Clinch, Fort. Near Pensacola, fourteen miles from Barrancas, Florida. Clinch, Fort. Right bank of the Withlacoochee River, eight miles above its mouth. The Withlacoochee river divides Citrus and Levy counties at this point. Florida. Clinch, Fort. Temporary fort, sixty-two miles east of Tampa Bay, on the northwestern end of Lake Locha Popka. Florida. Clinton, Castle. Battery at the southern extremity of New York City, called "Castle Garden." New York. Clinton, Fort. Right bank of Hudson River, "six miles below West Point." This fort was built during the Revolution­ ary War with the idea of making the river impassable for the British fleet in 1777. Forts Clinton and Montgomery were on the west bank of the Hudson River, one on either side of a small stream. New York. Clover Field (Ninth Corps Area). Aviation Field. Santa Monica, California. Cobb, Fort. Caddo County (Indian Territory). Junction of Pond Creek and Washita River. Oklahoma. Cock Hill, Fort. Left bank of the Hudson in the extreme northern limits of New York City. New York. Cody, Camp. Deming, New Mexico. Coffee, Fort—(Indian Territory). Swallow Rock, on the Arkansas River, twelve miles southwest of Fort Smith. Okla­ homa. Col. Fur Company Post (1822). Minnesota. Col. Fur Company Post. South Dakota. Coldwater, Camp. See Fort Snelling. Minnesota. Collins, Fort. Original site of post near Laporte, Colorado. Moved to present site of Fort Collins account of high water of Cache la Poudre River. Near present site of Union Pacific depot, Fort Collins, Colorado. Colorado, Camp. Near Colorado River, on road from Forts Mason and Belknap. Coleman, Coleman County, Texas. Colt, Camp. Gettysburg, Pennsylvania. Columbia Barracks. Right bank of Columbia River (now called Fort Vancouver.) Washington. Columbia, Fort. Opposite Fort Stevens at the mouth of Columbia River. Oregon. AMERICAN POSTS 117

Columbia, Fort (1825). Same site as Fort Vancouver (1825-62). Hudson's Bay Company Post. Washington. Columbus Arsenal. Columbus, Franklin County, Ohio. Columbus, Fort. Governor's Island, New York Harbor. (See Fort Jay, also Governor's Island). New York. Columbus General Reserve Depot. Seven miles east of Columbus, Ohio. Colville, Fort. (Site selected in 1825, buildings erected in 1826). The Hudson's Bay Company had no posts west of the Rocky Mountains prior to 1821. In that year the old Hudson's Bay Company was amalgamated with the Northwest Company; the new merger took the name of the Hudson's Bay Company. The Hudson's Bay Company was chartered by Charles II of England. It was a great monopoly and exercised despotic but usually wise control. . In 1824 the Hudson's Bay Company sent Doctor John McLoughlin to the Columbia River region as Chief Factor. He established his headquarters at Vancouver (Wash­ ington). After looking over the ground he decided to abandon Spokan House and establish a new post further north. He chose as a .site for Fort Colville a beautiful plain overlooking the Columbia River near Kettle Falls. It was named in honor of Lord Colville, who was at that time Governor-in-Chief of the Hudson's Bay Company's Territories in North America. This post was second in importance only to the post at Vancouver, and a receiving point and outfitting point for the great trapping areas of the north. After American occupation it constituted a base for military expeditions, mining outfits and travelers. Fort Colville was visited in 1841 by Sir George Simpson, then Gov­ ernor-in-Chief of the Hudson's Bay Company. Simpson was at that time on his "Journey Around the World." Archibald Mc­ Donald was the Chief Trader and Chief Factor of the post at that time. Simpson was entertained royally by Chief Factor Mc­ Donald. Simpson had just treminated a laborious journey of over two thousand miles on horseback across plains, mountains and forests being in the saddle about lP/i hours a day and as high as 50 miles were made in one day. Simpson expressed his gratitude as follows: "Just fancy, at the base of the Rocky Mountains a roasted turkey, a suckling pig, new bread, fresh butter, eggs, ale, etc. * * * No wonder that some of our party ate more than was good for them." Simpson found a large farm with barns, stables, field of wheat, corn, potatoes, peas, oats, barley, turnips, melons and cucumbers and so forth; also cattle grazing on ranges beyond the fences. Eighty men, whites and savages, arrayed in their 'Sunday's best' received Simpson at the gate. The fort was of large size and made of wood. Houses were built of cedar. It stood about a mile from the nearest point of the Columbia and about two miles from Chau- 118 THE UTAH HISTORICAL QUARTERLY

diere Falls. Kettle Falls was called Chaudiere Fall's at that time. Salmon were so abundant at the falls that as many as a thousand, weighing upwards of forty pounds, were caught in one day with a single basket. Basket fishing may be seen at Kettle Falls at present, 1928. A grist mill was attached to the establishment in 1841 and an excellent quality of bread was made from the flour produced there. The journey was resumed below Chaudiere Falls. The canoe in which Governor Simpson rode was propelled by six oarsmen and the crew covered more than 100 miles in 15 hours. In later years the most distinguished resident of Fort Colville was Ranald MacDonald. Fort Col­ ville was visited in the summer of 1890 by Elizabeth B. Custer, widow of General George A. Custer. At that time the block­ house was still in existence and there were port holes for muskets and a large opening for a gun. A broken half of a small verdigris covered cannon, said to have been brought from the battle field of Quebec, was shown to the visitors by Mac- Donald. Fathers Blanchet and De Smet worked in this sec­ tion. Father De Smet obtained wheat, oats and potatoes at Colville which.he carried to Montana to begin farming opera­ tions there. In 1845 Father Ravalli erected a small chapel north of the fort and in 1847 Father Devost opened a mission here. This old Catholic mission, or one of later date, may be seen near the road north of the site of old Fort Colville. There were in 1925 a few buildings, near the river, apparently stables and supply houses, formerly belonging to the post. Twelve miles northwest of Colville, Stevens County, Washington. Colville, Fort. Military post, 1859-1872. In 1859 George B. McClelland, then a Captain of engineers in the United States Army, accompanied by two companies of infantry under Cap­ tains Frazer and Archer, left The Dalles, Oregon, on a trip to the north. McClelland was later Commanding General of the Army of the Potomac and Frazer and Archer were afterwards Generals in the Confederate Army. A site for a post was selected three miles northeast of the present town of Colville. The post was named Fort Colville in honor of the Hudson's Bay Post. Gold was discovered in different parts of the section from 1855 to 1858. Indians were troublesome and military posts were established for the protection of miners and settlers. The post was established in June 1859. In the autumn of 1862 the regular troops stationed at Fort Colville (village nearby called Pinkney City) were called east to assist in the War of the Rebellion. Two companies were recruited in San Francisco to take the place of those who left the post at Fort Colville. Major Curtis was in command at first but was shortly afterwards replaced by Major Rumells. The San Francisco troops were on duty until after the close of the war after which the post was again gar- AMERICAN POSTS 119 risoned by regular troops. There is at present a cemetery at the Military Fort Colville in which are buried a number of soldiers and civilians. The parade ground is across the road from the cemetery. Some of the foundations of the military post may be discerned. Near Colville, Stevens County, Washington. Comstock, Fort. One of the defenses of Knoxville, north boundary of the city. Tennessee. Conant, Fort. Western side of Gloucester Harbor, at "Stage Head." Massachusetts. Concho, Camp. Right bank of Salt Fork, seventeen miles, from its mouth on the Concho River. San Angelo, Tom Green County, Texas. Conde, de la Mobile. Northern extremity of Mobile Bay, longitude 35.30 west; latitude 29.51 north. Alabama. Conde, Fort. An old fort at Mobile. Also called Fort Char­ lotte. Now Mobile. Alabama. Confederation, Foxt. Also known as Fort Tombecbee. In Sumter County, right bank of Tombigbee at Jones' Bluff. Alabama. Conger, Fort. A signal station erected in 1882 by the Greely expedition on Lady Franklin Bay in Grinnell Land (West of Greenland, separated from the latter by the Kennedy Channel.) Canada. Connah, Fort (1847). Hudson's Bay Company. Montana. Connor, Fort. Named for General Patrick E. Connor. Fort Connor was later called Fort Reno. Johnson County, Wyoming. Conrad, Fort. Present town of Conrad is in Teton County on a railroad a little south of Marias. River. The Marias River flows into the Missouri below Fort Benton. Site in this section. Montana. Conrad, Fort. Valverde, Socorro County, New Mexico. Constitution, Fort. Right bank of entrance to Portsmouth Harbor. Opposite Fort McClary. Three miles southeast of Portsmouth, New Hampshire. Constitution, Fort. Left bank of Hudson River, opposite West Point. New York. Conti, Fort. See Fort Niagara. New York. Cook, Fort. On Missouri River near Fort Clagett. Montana. Cooke, Camp. Right bank of Missouri River, mouth of the Judith. Montana. Cooper, Camp. Adjacent to the left bank of Clear Fork of Brazos River, five miles east of the mouth of Otey's Creek. Texas. Cooper, Fort. Temporary fort thirteen miles south of Clinch's Battle Ground, on the Withlacoochie, established in Florida War. Florida. 120 THE UTAH HISTORICAL QUARTERLY

Corcoran, Fort. One of the defenses of Washington, D. C, south of the Potomac. Virginia. Cornwallis, Fort. Near Augusta, Georgia, where St. Paul's Church now stands. Georgia. Corozal, Post of. Forty-four miles southeast of Colon, three miles from Pacific terminal of Panama Canal. Canal Zone. Cottonwood Springs, Fort. This post was located on the . south side of the Platte River, near Cottonwood Springs. It was established February 20, 1866, by Major S. W. O'Brien of the 7th Iowa Calvary. It was later called Fort McPherson after Major-General James B. McPherson. Nebraska. Coulonge, Fort. Quebec, Canada. Courchesne, Camp. Discontinued at early date. Location not known. (Miscellaneous). Cove Fort. Cove Fort was erected by the Mormons in 1867 to protect settlers in this section against Indians. The fort is square. There are a number of houses inside the fort. The roofs of the houses slope towards the interior; the walls of the fort form the back walls of the houses. In 1922 there were three big cottonwood trees inside the fort and five immediately outside. A well inside the fort furnished water to occupants in case of a siege. Cove Creek runs around the front and right side of the fort. The old doors in the front of the fort were made of wood. The door frames were made of heavy _timbers with planks nailed on either side of the uprights. The space between the planks was filled with sand. These large doors have been removed and stand inside the fort at present. The large space occupied by the doors has been boarded up, smaller doors replacing them. Cove Fort formerly belonged to Mr. Kessler; it was the ranch house for Cove Fort Ranch. Cove Fort is on the main highway between Fillmore, the first capital of Utah, and Beaver. It is in an excellent state of preservation and has been set apart as a landmark. Millard County, Utah. Covington, Fort. East ofBaltimore on point into Patapsco River. Patapsco River near Fort McHenry. Forts Covington and McHenry commanded the passage from the Patapsco into the harbor of Baltimore. Covington, Fort. (Effaced). Left bank of Salmon River, at French Mills. The Army of the North remained at Fort Covington during the winter of 1813-14. Franklin County, New York. Covington Center, Fort. Franklin County, New York. Craig, Fort'. Right bank of Rio Grande, eight miles below Fort Conrad and near Val Verde. San Marcial, Socorro County, New Mexico. Craig, Fort. One of the defenses of Washington, south of the Potomac. Virginia. AMERICAN POSTS 121

Cralo, Fort. Erected in 1642. Now Van Rensselaer Place on the east side of the Hudson River, two miles below (south) of Albany, with which it is connected by three bridges. It is an old brick house with a modern Mansard roof and a flag-staff. It was here that Richard Schuckburg, a surgeon of the British Army, wrote Yankee Doodle in 1757. It is now preserved as a national memorial. New York. Crane, Fort. Temporary fort near the head of Lake Pithlo- choco, about seven miles north of Micanopy, established in Florida War. Florida. Crawford, Fort. Short distance southeast of Brewton, Es­ cambia County, Alabama. Crawford, Fort. United States military post between Mont­ rose and Ouray, Colorado. (10 miles from Montrose and 26 miles from Ouray). Baedeker mentions this post—on same site or near Fort Uncompahgre. Colorado. Crawford, Fort. Temporary fort on the left bank of Mana­ tee River, seventeen miles from Fort Hamer, established in Florida War. Florida. Crawford, Fort. Military (1819). Near Prairie du Chien, established in 1710. Left bank of Mississippi River, near Prairie du Chien, Wisconsin. Creek, Camp. Flayden, Leslie County, Kentucky. Creek, Camp. Argo, Pike County, Kentucky Creek, Camp. Manhattan, Gallatin County, Montana. Creek, Camp. Connelly's Springs,, Burke County, North Carolina. Creek Camp. Floyd County, Virginia. Creek, Camp. Mercer County, West Virginia. Crevecoeur, Fort. Coast of West Florida in St. Joseph's Bay, longitude 85.30 west; latitude 29.51 north. Florida. Crevecoeur, Fort. This fort was built in 1679 by La Salle and his companions. The fort stood near the present site of Peoria. When La Salle returned to this post in 1681 he found the fort in ruins. Illinois. Crissy Field. A sub-post of Presidio of San Francisco, California. Crittenden, Fort. Cedar Valley, forty-four miles southwest of Salt Lake City. (Formerly Camp Floyd.) Present site, of Fairfield. Military cemetery near old site. "Johnston's Army" was stationed here from 1858 to 1861. Utah. Crockett, Fort. Southeast of and adjacent to Galveston, Texas. Crockett, Fort Davy. Northwestern part of Utah. Daggett County near Bridgeport. Utah. Croghan, Fort. "Left bank of Missouri River, near Council Bluffs." No buildings erected; temporary post. Iowa. 122 THE UTAH HISTORICAL QUARTERLY

Croghan, Fort. Right bank of Hamilton Creek, 14 miles from its mouth, Texas. Crook, Fort. Right bank of Fall River, 7 miles north of Pitt River Ferry. California. Crook, Fort. Eleven miles south of Omaha, Nebraska. On the Burlington and Missouri Pacific Railways. In 1914 this fort was garrisoned by detachment of infantry. Nebraska. Crook, Camp. Harding County, South Dakota. Crooks-McLellan Post. West bank of Missouri River, just above Fort Sully on opposite side of river. South Dakota. Cross, Fort. Temporary fort established in Florida War, 21 miles S. W. from Fort Armstrong, and 19 miles N. W. from Fort Dade. Florida. Cross, Fort. Palm Point, on the Gulf Coast, N. W. from Cape Sable, near Old Fort Poinsett. Florida. Cross, Redoubt. One of the defenses of Washington, D. S., north of the Potomac. Maryland. Crown Point, Fort. Lake Champlain, New York. Cuartel de Espana—Headquarters of Post of Manila. Manila, Luzon, Philippine Islands. Cuartel de Infanteria. Manila, Luzon, Philippine Islands. Culonge, Fort. This may be the same as Fort Coulonge of Quebec. Culonge is given as 170 miles west of Montreal. Canada. Cumberland, Fort. At end of Bay of Funday in Nova Scotia 20 miles north of Halifax. Canada. Cumberland, Fort. Located on the Potomac^ River. Cum­ berland. This fort was visited by Braddock and his troops on the expedition west. "General Braddock was carried to Fort Cumberland to die after his defeat by the French and Indians in 1755, being mortally wounded at the time." Maryland. Cummings, Fort. Temporary fort established in Florida War, midway between Forts Davenport and Sullivan. Florida. Cummings, Fort. Cook's Springs, eastern end of Cook's Canyon. Deming, Grant County, New Mexico. Curry, Camp. Yosemite National Park, California. Curtis Bay Ordnance Reserve Depot. Seven miles south of Baltimore, Maryland. Curtis, Camp. Bear, Beauregard County, Iowa. Curtiss Elmwood Air Reserve Depot—Troops: Discon­ tinued. Maryland. Custer, Camp. Four miles west of Battle Creek, Michigan. Custer, Fort. Military (1878). Crow Agency, Rosebud County, Montana. D. A. Russell, Fort. Fort D. A. Russell is a large post. The buildings are of brick with wooden porches painted white. AMERICAN POSTS 123

At the entrance to the post are two signs as follows: "U. S. Military Reservation Fort D. A. Russell. Established in 1867 as a frontier post for the protection of settlers and the working force on the Union Pacific Railroad against roving bands of Indians. Campaigns against the 'Bannocks,' 'Cheyennes,' 'Nez Perces' and 'Sioux' were conducted from this post in the early days," and "This post was named in honor of General D. A. Russell who saved the 6th Army Corps from destruction during the Civil War. He was killed in action at Opequon, Va., September 18, 1864." Successor of Camp Carlin, nearby. About two miles from Cheyenne, Wyoming. Dacotah, Fort. (Dakota). Left bank of big Sioux River at Sioux Falls, Dakotah (South Dakota). Dade, Fort. Left bank of the Withlacoochee, on the road south, and 13 miles from Dade's Battle Ground, temporarily- occupied in Florida War. Florida. Dade, Fort. Thirty-five miles southwest of Tampa, Florida. Daer (Selkirks) Fort (1812-23). Close to Canadian line. North Dakota. Dale, Fort. North part of Butler County, Alabama. Dale, Fort. Fort Dale, Rutland County, Vermont. Dallas, Fort. On key, Biscayne Bay on left bank of Miami River at its mouth. Florida. Dalles, Fort. Left bank of the Columbia River, at the "Dalles." Oregon. Darien, Fort. In the Colonial History of Georgia, Lib. of American History, page 292 is the following: "With a number of his Highland soldiers, Oglethrope made an exploratory voyage among the islands along the coast. Frederica was founded on St. Simon's Island, where a fort was erected.—The town was named New Inverness, and the fort, Darien." Georgia. Davis, Camp. Macon County, Alabama. Davis, Fort. A garrison post of two companies. The post is located three miles east of Nome. Alaska. Davis, Fort. One of the defenses of Washington, east of the eastern Branch. Washington, District of Columbia. Davis, Fort. At the sources (in the forks) of Limpia (Limbia) River, tributary of the Rio Pecos, thirty-seven miles north of San Estavan and four hundred and seventy-five miles northwest of San Antonio, Jeff Davis County, Texas. Davis, Fort. One of the Rebel defenses before Petersburg. Virginia. Davis, Fort William D. Near Gatun, Canal Zone. Davis, Redoubt. One of the defenses of Washington, D. C, north of the Potomac, formerly Fort Alexander. Maryland. Davison, Fort. One of the Rebel defenses before Peters­ burg. (Possibly same as Fort Davis, above). Virginia. 124 THE UTAH HISTORICAL QUARTERLY

Dearborn, Fort. The site of this fort is commemorated by a tablet on the Wrigley Building. Fort Dearborn was built on the present site of Chicago in 1804 and 1805. It is well known from a massacre which occurred nearby (marked by a monument) on August 15, 1812. Captain Nathan Heald left the fort with sixty- seven men and about thirty settlers intending to go to Detroit. The Company was under the escort of a body of Miami Indians. At a short distance from the fort they were attacked by an am­ bushed force of five hundred Indians assisted by the escorts. About two-thirds of the Company were killed and the rest cap­ tured. The fort was destroyed on the following day, rebuilt in 1816, evacuated in 1823, reoccupied in 1828, and demolished in 1856. Chicago, Illinois. Dearborr (Dearborn?), Fort. Temporary fort established in Florida War, thirteen miles southwest from Fort Floyd, Georgia. Decatur, Fort. Left bank of the Tallapoosa River—about three miles below the mouth of the Ufoupee (Ujoupee) Creek. Macon County. (About ten miles west of Tuskagee). Alabama. Defiance, Fort. Apache County, Arizona. Defiance, Fort. Navajo country in Canyon Bonito, one hundred eighty miles west of Santa Fe. New Mexico. Defiance, Fort. Rehoboth, McKinley County, New Mexico. Defiance, Fort. Junction of Auglaize River and the "Miama of the Lake." On the Maumee River at its junction with the Au-glaize, fifty miles southwest of Fort Meigs. Built by Gen­ eral Anthony Wayne in the summer of 1794. Ohio. Defiance, Fort (1845). Same as Fort Bouis. West bank of Missouri River below Fort George. South Dakota. Defiance, Fort. Augusta County, Virginia. Defiance, Fort. Fayette County, West Virginia. Defiance, Fort. At Parkinson's Farm, five miles southwest of Mineral Point. Built during Black Hawk War. Wisconsin. De Kaib, Fort. One of the defenses of Washington, D. C, south of the Potomac (now Fort Strong). Virginia. Delafield Battery. South end of Folly Island, Stono Inlet, five miles below Charleston Harbor. South Carolina. Delaware, Fort. Pea Patch Island, Delaware River, op­ posite Delaware City. One mile east of Fort Dupont, Delaware. This post was located on Pea Patch Island, in the Delaware River one and one-eighth miles from the Delaware shore, one mile from the New Jersey shore and forty-two miles below Philadelphia. Work on the fortifications first directed here, was begun by Captain Clark in 1814. Work was continued through '31, '34, '36, '39, and later. Pea Patch Island prison camp for Confederate prisoners was maintained here during the Civil War. Delaware. AMERICAN POSTS 125

Delaware Ordnance Reserve Depot. In New Jersey, six miles northeast of Wilmington, Delaware. Fredricktown, New Jersey. De Lesseps, Fort (P. C. Dept.) One of the newer army posts of the United States. Fort De Lesseps is about half way between Fort Sherman and Fort Randolph. Canal Zone. De Maurepas, Fort. Biloxi Bay. Now called Fort Biloxi. Established by the French. Mississippi. De Monville, Fort. See Fort Niagara, New York. Dennison, Camp. Hamilton County, Ohio. Deposit, Camp. Lowndes County, Alabama. Deposit, Fort. In southern part of Lowndes County on Louisville and Nashville Railroad. Alabama. Deposit, Fort. Grant Marshall County, Alabama. De Russy, Fort. One of the defenses of Washington, north of Potomac. District of Columbia. De Russy, Fort. (Hawaiian Dept.) Four miles from Hono­ lulu, Hawaii. De Russy, Fort. Right bank of Red River near present site of Alexandria. Some 50 miles above the junction of the Red River with the Mississippi. Louisiana. De Soto, Fort. Tampa, Florida. Des Moines, Fort. At junction of Des Moines and Rac­ coon Rivers. (Old description, referring to old fort). South of and five miles distant from Des Moines. This post is of modern construction throughout. It is usually garrisoned by an entire regiment of cavalry. Seventh Corps area. Iowa. Des Trembles, Fort (1794). Minnesota. Detroit Arsenal. Dearbornville, on Rouge River, ten miles from Detroit. Michigan. Detroit Barracks. "Detroit City," on right bank of Detroit River. Michigan. Detroit District Ordnance Office. Detroit, Michigan. Detroit, Fort. Name given on maps but do not find any­ thing authentic regarding a post of this particular name. Ref­ erence to this fort is made in Foster's History of the United States, published by the State of Kansas, Topeka, 1917, giving date of building as 1701, see page 108. Detroit was founded in 1701. Various forts at Detroit. Detroit, Michigan. Devens, Camp. One mile south of Ayer, Massachusetts. De Vereches, Fort. Received its name from a French lady who defended the fort against the Iroquois Indians in 1690. Canada. Deynaud, Fort. Left bank of Caloosahatchie River, five miles from its source and twenty-seven miles northeast from Forty Myers. Florida. Diablo, Camp. Canal Zone. 126 THE UTAH HISTORICAL QUARTERLY

Diamond, Fort. Was first called, then named Fort La­ fayette. Near Fort Hamilton. Narrows entrance to New York Harbor. (Now Fort Lafayette). New York. Diamond Grove, Fort. Short distance northeast of Platts- ville. (Black Hawk War). Wisconsin. Dick, Fort. Del Norte County, California. Dickens, Fort. A sub-post of Fort Barrancas (q. v.). See also Fort McRae. Florida. Dickerson, Fort. One of the defenses of Knoxville, south of the Holston River. Tennessee. Dickson's Post (1806). East bank of Mississippi River. Minnesota. Dickson's Post (1835). East bank of Missouri River. South Dakota. Disappointment, Fort Cape. Mouth of Columbia River, oc­ cupied by a Battery. (Name changed to Forty Canby). Wash­ ington. Dix, Camp. One-half mile southwest of Wrightstown. New Jersey. Dixon's Fort. Present town of Dixon, Lee County, Illinois. Doane, Fort. Temporary fort on the outskirts of Big Cy­ press Swamp ; established in Florida War. Florida. Dobbs, Fort. This fort was located not far below the forks of the Yadkin. North Carolina. Doddridge, Camp. Doddridge County, West Virginia. Dodge, Camp. Eleven and a half miles north of Des Moines. Iowa. Dodge, Fort. Left bank of Des Moines River, in Webster County nearly opposite the mouth of Lizard River (now a town of that name). Iowa. Dodge, Fort. Left bank of the Arkansas River, one hundred fifteen miles east from Fort Aubrey and fifty-five miles south­ west from Fort Larned. Original site of post aboutfive miles from present town, same name. Ford County, Kansas. Donelson, Fort. Near Fort Henry, Stewart County. This fort was captured by General Grant and Commodore Foote on February 6, 1862. Left bank of Cumberland River, near Dover. Ellis's Library of American History, page 916, in relating events of the year 1862 of the Civil War, says: "Eastern Kentucky was under Union control, but the Confederates had a strong grip upon the Western Portion. Their line extended from Bowl­ ing Green on the right to Columbus on the left. The whole line was commanded by Gen. Albert Sidney Johnston, who had im­ proved his naturally strong position by building two forts— Fort Henry on the right bank of the Tennessee in Kentucky, and Fort Donelson on the left bank of the Cumberland, just AMERICAN POSTS 127 within the limits of Tennessee." (See Fort Henry). (Con­ federate Work). Tennessee. Doniphan, Camp. Ft. Sill, Oklahoma. Dorr Field. Eleven and three-quarter miles east of Arcadia, Florida. Douglas (Eighth Corps Area). On Mexican Border, Arizona- Douglas, Camp. At Springfield; established during Re­ bellion. Illinois. Douglas, Camp. At Fort Douglas. "Three miles east of Salt Lake City." Utah. Douglas, Camp. Camp Douglas, Wisconsin. Douglas, Fort. Johnson County, Arkansas. Douglas, Fort (1812). This was presumably a Red River Settlement. Ranald MacDonald in footnote, page 114, mentions Reverend John West arriving at the post on October 14, 1820, to act as Chaplain to the Hudson's Bay Company. This fort was located near Red River Settlement and was established some time prior to 1820. Canada. Douglas, Fort. This post was established by Colonel Patrick E. Connor in October, 1862. Colonel Connor brought in 1000 infantry, 500 cavalry, a battery of artillery and about 200 wagons. Colonel Connor organized an expedition from here against the Indians in 1863, starting from this post for Bear River. The post was named in honor of Stephen A. Douglas. On bench east of Salt Lake City. Detention Camp during World War. Utah. Downing, Fort. Temporary fort established in Florida War. Near the right bank of the Suwanee, nine miles from mouth of Santa Fe River. Florida. Drane, Fort. South of Micanopy; temporary fort estab­ lished in Florida War. Fairfield, Marion County, Florida. Drum, Barracks. Near Wilmington. (Sometimes called Camp Drum). California. Drum, Camp. (See Fort Dalles, also Drum Barracks). Oregon. (To be Continued) BOOK REVIEW By Albert F. Philips Francis Drake and other early Explorers Along the Pacific Coast is the title of a most interesting volume pertaining to the early history of the Pacific slope by Dr. John W. Robertson. The volume is in five sections beginning with Cortes, the Discoverer; Indians of the California; Jesuit Survey of Baja California; Drake's Voyage in the South Sea; and the Harbor of St. Francis. There is an appendix 128 THE UTAH HISTORICAL QUARTERLY which gives Hakluyt's account of Drake's voyage from Guatulco to the coast of California, his landing in a good bay near 38 degree, his exploration of the interior together with his annexation of this coun­ try. The narrative is a reprint of the six leaves surreptitiously in­ serted, says Dr. Robertson, in the year 1589, its author being un­ known. There is also a narrative extracted from the world encom­ passed which covers this same period of Drake's voyage; to which is added extracts from the first and second declaration of John Drake given before Vera Y. Aragon of Santa Fe, and the inquisition at Lima. Geographical changes in the maps of the world following the discovery of Columbus and the Spanish Settlement of New Spain; the discovery of the Pacific Ocean and the explorations made by Cortes to find the Indian shore, together with Ulloa's exploration of the gulf of California and his discovery that Baja California was a part of the mainland; also a relation of the original use of the word "Cali­ fornia" and the origin of this name, are treated in the first section. In section two is given a description of the Indians found in the Channel Islands and along the coasts of the gulf of California, their traditions, mores and civilization; together with an account of the exploration of Cabrillo and Ferelo who explored the Pacific coast of the Californias as far north as 34 degrees and further discoveries along the coast in north latitude and the search for the harbor of Saint Francis. Jesuit survey of California and discoveries along the coast of the gulf of California is treated in the third section and points out that these discoveries demonstrated the connection between Baja California and Sonora where they established missions and explored the country north to San Diego and east as far as the Moquis. Drake's famous voyage in the South sea is detailed in the Fourth section "which voyage was fitted out and personally directed by Queen Elizabeth, partly as an exploring expedition to search for a strait that was supposed to connect the Pacific with Hudson's Bay in the Atlantic; also an account of Drake's execution of Doughty, his passage through the straits of Magellan, his capture of Spanish Ships, his raid on the cities of New Spain and his reception by Queen Eliz­ abeth." This voyage is treated at length and new light on the expedition is given. Drake's landing near latitude 38 is treated in the fifth section "where he finds a fair and good bay and spends six weeks in refitting the golden Hinde and exploring the adjacent country, annexing it to England under the name Nova Albion; together with a relation of the efforts of certain historians to locate the harbor of St. Francis and a critical summary of the arguments on which they based their various selections." The printing and binding are very fine and artistic, done by the Grabhorn Press of San Francisco.