oath was administered, Livingston turned to the crowd, in a voice heard by all, he cried, "Long live George , --VOCABULARY President of the !" The inauguration loose people below responded w~th a loud interpretation cheer. Washington bowed and the crowd Cabinet strict interpretation cheered again. With the ceremony over, ludiciary Act the group on the balcony moved inside of 1789 Bank of the United States Federal Hall. There Washington gave his first inaugural address to Congress.

George Wasblngton, our llrst President Congress acts Most of the men in the April 30, 1789, was a sunny day in New first Congress had supported the Constitu- York City. A happy and curious crowd tion. Ne~ly half of the 26 senators had had gathered in front of the new Federal taken part in the Constitutional Conven- Hall. The crowd had come to see ~e first tion. Most of the others had worked to inauguration of a P~eside~t of ~e United bring about ratification, fames Madison States. An inauguration is ~e ceremony led a p owerfnl group in the House of Rep- " ~at is held when one takes office. resentatives. Like their leader, members A little ~ter noon a group of people of this group supported the new, stronger steppod onto ~e balcony of Federal Hall, central government. overlooking Broad S~eet. Everyone The new government badly needed ognized the tall white-wigged fig~e ofmoney to meet its expenses. Some Geo~g~ Washington. The crowd money--but ,not enough--would come as he appe~ed. Only a few racog~zed from the saleof western lands. So, as one Robe~ Livingston, ~e chief ~udge of Now of its first actions, Congress passed a tariff York’s highest state court. Li~ngstonbill. A tariff is a tax on goods brought was ~ere to ~ead the oath of office, which from another cotmtry. The tariff of 1789 ~e new Pr~sidant would take. put a tax of from 5 to 15 percent on about Not many on the s~eat bMow ~e bal- 80 manufactured articles impor~ed into cony heard ~e wozds. Still, ~ey the United States. For more than a con- khat was taking the mr-y, tariffs supplied most of the money Proside~t’s oa~ of office. As soou as the government needed.

George Washington takes the oath of office as the first President of the United States,

When George Washington became President, the capital of the United States was New York. Later it was moved to Philadelphia and then to its present location in Washington, D.C. in Massachusetts, Virginia, and other Congress also authorized the office of at- states, Federalist leaders had promised to torney general to handle legal affairs. add a bill of rights to the Constitution. In The chart on page 207 shows the duties of the first Congress they worked hard to keep these officials and the names of the four their promise. This meant amending-- men first appointed to these offices in the that is, making a correction or change new government. in--the Constitution. Ten amendments These four men soon became known as were added in 1791, and these became the the President’s Cabinet, which means "a promised Bill of Rights. (See the Bill ofgroup of advisers." It was Washington Rights, starting on page t92.) who began the practice of consulting with the heads of the meier departments in the The President’s Cabinet Congress executive branch of the government. The knew that President Washington would Constitution says nothing about advisers need help to run the executive branch of to the President, but every President since government, So, within the executiveWashington has had a Cabinet. The num- branch Congress created the Departments ber of Cabinet members has increased of State, Treasury, and War. Each was over the years as Congress has added new headed by an official called a secretary. departments to the executive branch.

At Washington’s left are tour Cabinet members: Henry Knox, Alexander , , and Edmund Randolph. See the table on page 207 for their offices and duties.

Have pupils use an almanac or another resource to list the 13 Cabinet positions and the people who now occupy them. Samuel Osgood of Massachusetts became the first postmaster general under the Constitution. However, the office did not become a Cabinet post unti11829.

WASHINGTON’S FIRST CABINET Office Official Duties Secretary of State Thomas Jefferson To conduct the relations of the United States with other nations Secretary To handle the government’s finances of the Treasury Secretary of War Henry Knox To take charge of all military maffers Attorney General Edmund Randolph To act as chief legal adviser to the executive branch

In making ap, pointments to his Cabinet, were 13 district courts, one for each a President tries to gain support from dis state. There were three circuit courts at a ferent parts of the country. Thomas Jef-higher level, between the district courts ferson and Edmund Randolph were from and the Supreme Court. Virginia, Henry Knox was from Massa- Since 1789, Congress has changed the chusetts, and Alexander Hamilton was number of associate justices on the Su- from New York. From Washington’s day preme Court as well as the number of dis- on, Presidents have sought geographical trict and circuit courts. Still, our federal balance in their Cabinets. court system today has the same frame- Washington--and the Presidents fol- work as that set up by the Judiciary Act of lowing him--tried to have different1789. Through this court system, justice points of view represented in the Cabi. is assured in the enforcement of federal net. Edmund Randolph had attended the laws. Constitutional Convention but in Virginia had opposed ratification of the Constitu- Hamilton’s ~lebt plan Article VI of the tion. Thomas Jefferson was not so firmlyConstitution required the new govern- in favor of a strong central government as ment to pay all debts contracted by the old Hamilton and Knox were. government under the Articles of Confed- eration. Moreover, most of the states The iederal courts Article III of the were stiI1 in debt for money they had bor- Constitution states that the judicial rowed during the War for Independence. branch of the federal government willThe new federal government had no re- consist of a Supreme Court and any lower sponsibility for the state debts. However, Courts Congress wishes to establish. Act- it arranged to pay these debts, too. ing under this authority, Congress passed This came about through a plan pro- the Judiciary Act of 1789. This act rRKg: posed by Alexander Hamilton.. In 1789, vided for Supreme Court with a chief Congress asked him, as secretary of the justice and five associate justices. The Ju- treasury, to prepare a report on govern- diciary Act of 1789 also set up lower ment finances. In his report, Hamilton courts on two ]evels. At the lower 16veI suggested that the new government pay both the federal and the state debts. question. On another matter, however, Hamilton a~gued that the federal govern- the two leaders disagreed. Hamilton pro- ment would be strengthened by taking re- posed that the United States Congress sponsthility for the state debts. People charter a national bank, modeled on the who had lent money to the states would Bank of England. A national bank, Ham- look to the federal government for pay- ilton said, should be owned partly by the ment. Therefore, they would support the government and partly hy private individ- federal governmenl and would work for uals. It would be a safe place for the fed- its success. eral government to keep its money. Moreover, it could help the government The federal ~st~ict Virginia and borrow money. other southern states had paid nearly all Hamilton and ~efferson disagreed on their state debts. They had no quarrel the question of whether Congress had the with the plan to pay the federal debt. But power to charter a national bank. Hamil- their leaders were unwilling to have theton said that the Constitution (Article federal government take over the task of Section 8) gave Congress the power to paying the state debts. If this happened, pass any laws necessary to carry out its southern leaders said, their citizens listed powers. He argued that Congress would be taxed to help pay the debts of clearly had the power to tax and spend for northern states. the general welfare. A bank, he said, As it happened, Congress was trying to would help Congress carry out this decide the location of a new capital at the power. Therefore, Hamilton declared, same time that Hamilton’s debt plan was Congress did have the power to charter a being considered. This presented an op- bank, portunity for compromise. Thomas Hamilton’s argument is known as the ferson knew that people in the South loose interpretation (or broad interpreta- wanted the permanent capital of the tion) of the Constitution. The makers of United States in or near their part of the the Constitution could not possibly write country. So he persuaded some Virginia in all the details of government. There- congressmen to vote for Hamilton’s plan. fore, they included a ~lause permitting In return, Hamilton used his influence to Congress to create whatever agencies place the new capital in a federal district were "necessary and proper" to carry out between Maryland and Virginia. Phila- the functions of government. This clause delphia was to be the capital for I0 years. made a loose interpretation of the Consti- Then the United States government tution possible. would move to Washington in the newly Iefferson, on the other hand,believed formed District of Columbia, the federal government could do only what the Constitution specifically gave it A na~onal han~ Alexande~ Hamilton the power to do. In his opinion, the Con- and Thomas lefferson were successful institution should be interpreted exactly as working out a compromise on the debt it was written, not loosely or broadly.

Outing Washington’s presidency t~ree new s[etes-- Vermont, Kentucky, end Tennessee -- entered the Union. The newly chartered Bank of the United Stales set up its headquarters In Philadelphia.

ferson’s view i~ known as the strict inter- ments. He signed the bank bill in 1791. pretation (or narrow interpretation) of the It provided a charter for the Bank of the Constitution. According to this interpre- Ur~ited States. Under its charter, which tation, the government could not charter a would last 20 years, the headquarters of bank because the Constitution did not ’the bank would be in Philadelphia. It give the legislative branch the specificcould, however, set up branches in other power to do so. parts of the country. Actually, Congress had already passed CHECKUP a bill chartering the first Bank of the United States. President Washington, 1. How did the tariff of 1789 raise l~3oney for the new government? however, had cautiously held off signing2. What was the purpose offl3e President’s Cabinet? the bill into law. He wanted to hear his 3. How did the JudJciaryAct of 1789 establish a fed- Cabinet’s views on whether the Constitu- erai conrt system? tion gave Congress the power to establish 4. Wby was Hamilton’s debt plan adopted? ~, Explain the difference between Harr~lton’s m~d a bank. After listening carefully, Wash- 3efferson’s interpretation of the Constitution ington decided to accept Hamilton’s argu- concerning the Bank of the United States. :~,!ler PUpils have read th s esson, have them copy each Vocabulary term on page 204, write its meaning, and use /t in a sentence. WHAT POLITICAL PARTIES DO 1. Political parties select candidates for office by means of caucuses or --VOCABULARY" conventions, political party Whiskey 2. By nominating oandi~ates, political Federalist party Rebellion parties offer the voters a choice at elections, Democratic- nominate Republican 3. Political parties,draw up plaff‘orms, party which are statements of the stand the party takes on lmpoffant issues, 4. Political parties collect money to fi- A "~Mng" ~’ip In the summer of nance their candidates’ campaigns, 1791, Thomas Jefferson and his friend 5. Candidates and other party leaders provide information to voters through took a trip through the speeches, wriffen statements, and northern states. The two men said they advertisements, were going on a "fishing and botanizing" 6. When elected to off‘ice, political journey. But it was neither fish nor rare parties’ candidates direct the activi- plants that sent them north. They wer~ ties of the government, lacing for harlem leaders opposed to 7. When out of office, political parties’ leaders act as watchdogs, check- ~e policies of Alexander Hamilton, .Ing to see that the party in power Jefferson ~d Madison found what ~ey conducts the activities of the gov- were looMng for in New York. There ernment properly, ¯ ey talked wi~ A~on Bu~, an opponent 8. Political parties make it possible for of Alexander H~ilton. They talked, too, voters to express their wishes in a peaceful manner. wi~ George Clinton, who had’long been governor of New York. Out 6f ~ese t~ks grew an organization called a politicalopposing views of Thomas Jefferson and pare. Alexander Hamilton. As you have read, the two men had different opinions on the Poli~cal parties A political party is Bank of the United States. In time they an organization 0f people holding similardiffered on other questions, too. views on the policies a govarnm6nt Both Thomas Jefferson and Alexander should follow. The party members work Hamilton had many followers. Th~se to elect people of their choice to office and with views simfla~ to Hamilton’s joined in to shape government policies, The writ- what became known as the Federalist ers of the Constitution had not foreseen party. The leaders of this party had the development of political pa£ties, and helped to write the Constitutiom They the Constitution makes no mention ofbelieved in a strong centzal government them. Nevertheless, political partiesand had worked hard to get the Constita- have become important to all levels oftion ratified. For more than 10 years, they government in the United States. Our had held most of the important offices in first two political parties grew from thethe government. Jefferson’s supporters were pro-French, while Hamilton’s followers were pro-British. Those persons who had been against ily carried over bad roads than could Wa- ratification of the Constitution were calledgonloads of bulky grain. Anti-Federalists. In the 1790s many of Many western farmers refused to pay them became followers of Thomas leffer- the whiskey tax because they felt it was an son. At that time his party was known as unjust burden on them. When the federal the Democratic-l~epublican party. Later government sent tax collectors, the angry it would shorten its name to the Demo- farmers threatened them with violence. cratic party. Washington was alarmed by this threat, and in 1794 he called the militia of three Wash~gton’s second term In 1792 states into federal service. With Alex- President Washington wanted to retire to ander Hamilton in command, 15,000 men Mount Vernon. However,. the infant marched into western Pennsylvania, public still needed his steadying hand.This display of force brought about the So he consented to accept a secor~d 4-year collapse of the Whiskey Rebellion, the term. Once more he was chosen Presi- name given to the farmers’ brief resistance dent of the United States with the unani- to the federal government. mous vote of the electors. The Whiskey Rebellion had two re- During Washington’s second term a cri- suits. First, it showed that the federal sis arose. Hamilton had persuaded Con- government could enforce the laws that gress to put a tax on whiskey. He said the Congress had passed. Second, it con- government needed the money such a tax vinced many western farmers that vio- would provide. The whiskey tax a~gered lence was a very poor way of opposing western farmers. Since they had diffi- Federalist policies. Joining ]efferson’s culty getting their grain to eastern mar-Democratic-Republican paxty was a better kets, the farmers distilled some of their way. Perhaps they could change the gov- corn and rye into whiskey. Jugs, kegs, ernment’s policies by voting the Federal- and barrels of whiskey could be more-eas- ists out of office.

Angry farmers carry on e rail a whiskey-tax collector they have tarred and feathered. The eleven of 1;96 No doubt ties used this me’hod to choose those who George Washington could have been ran for office. In 1796 the Democratic-Re- elected to a third term as President. How- publican caucus named Thomas Jefferson ever, he believed two terms were as the party’s presidential candidate. For er~ough. He also believed that political Vice-President, they chose Aaron Burr of parties would weaken the national gov- New York. ernment. In a farewell message to the The election showed the growing country, Washington warned against the power of the Democratic-Republican harmful effects of the "spirit of party."party. Although lohn Adams won the His advice came too late. Political parties presidency, he received only three more were already in existence. electoral votes than Thomas ~efferson. As the end of Washington’s second The Constitution at that time stated that term neared, the two political parties the person with the second highest num- openly chose, or nominated, candidates ber of electoral votes would be Vice-Presi- for election to the presidency. Federalist dent. Therefore, ~effersen became Vice- leaders wanted to nominate Alexander President even though he and John Hamilton, but they feared he had too Adams were members of different politi- many enemies to be elected. Instead they cal parties. chose John Adams of Massachusetts as the Federalist presidential candidate. For CHECKUP Vice-President they nominated Thomas Pinckney of South Carolina, the youngest 1. What were the first two political parties in the United States? . son of Eliza Lucas Pinckney, whom you :~. What were the main differences between these read about on pages 108-109. two parties? Democratic-Republican leaders held a S. What are the main functions of political parties in the United States? meeting to choose candidates for their 4. How did the presidential election of 1796 show party. Such a meeting of party leaders is the growing strength of the Democratic-Republi- called a caucus. From 1796 to 1832, par- can party? At first, most Americans looked on the French Revolution with favor. But as --VOCABULARy time passed, the French Revolution took proclamation of Jay’s Treaty a violent turn, with much bloodshed. neutrality Pinckney’s impress Treaty Events in France as well as in other coun- Xyz affair tries became matters of great concern in the United States. The way the Federal- ists dealt with these problems turned out The l~t Federalist President ~ohn to be unpopular. The foreign relations of Adams was one of the giants of the Amer- the United States during the years that the ican Revolution. His wxitings had putFederalists were in power helped make forth many of the arguments in favor ofJohn Adams the last Federalist President, revolution. Adams had halped draft the Declaration of Independence, had signed The old treaty ~h France You have it, and had helped persuade the Second learned that the United States and France Continental Congress to approve it. He signed a treaty of alliance in 1778. This had served as his country’s diplomatic was at a time when the United States was representative abroad. He had been Vice- struggling for independence. France President during Washington’s two terms helped mighlily in that struggle. In fact, as President. Ve~ few Americans in without France’s aid, the United States 1796 had as much experience in politics might not have been victorious in its War and government as John Aiams, for Independence. Nevertheless, ~olin Adams won only a Fifteen years later, war broke out again narrow victory over Thomas ~efferson. between France and Great Britain. This was one reason why he did not have cause of the treaty of alliance, some Dem- greater success as President, Another ocratic-Republicans thought the United reason was his stubborn personality. States should ioin France in this war lohn Adams refused to change his ways to against Great Britain. But Federalists ar- make himself popular. Even though Fed- gued that the treaty was no longer in eralists were in control of the Senate and force. They said that the revolution in the House of Representatives, President France had changed the government that Adams had trouble with Congress. had signed the treaty, In addition, the President Adams’s main troubles, how- Federalists feared the democratic spirit of ever, were in dealing with other coun- the French Revolution. tries. In 1789, the year that George Wash- President Washington knew the United ington was inaugurated for his first term, States was too weak to get involved in an- a revolution broke out in France. ~ohn other war so soon after its War for Inde- Marshall, who later became Chief Justice pendence. Therefore, he issued a procla- of the United States, wrote in 1789, "In no mation Of neutrality. This meant the part of the globe was this revolution United States would take no part in the hailed with more joy than in America." war between France and Great Britain. It also made plain that the treaty of alli- ance between France and the United States was no longer in effect.

Jay’s Trea~ Though President Wash- ington declared American neutrality the French-British conflict still caused trou- ble for the United States. British war ves- sels seized or sank American merchant ships suspected of trading with France. The British impressed American sailors-- that is, they took sailors off American ships and forced them to serve on British ships. Moreover, as late as the 1790s, the Brit- ish still held western forts and trading posts on American soil. In 1794 Wash- ingtor~ sent of New York to Great Britain to t~y to arrange solutions to these problems. Jay had earlier been made the John Jay’s treaty with ~dtaln was so unpopular that he first Chief Justice of the United States. was burned in effigy by demonstrators. However, he had regarded this as an un- important office and had resigned. proval, as the Constitution required. Rat- Jay succeeded in coming to an agree- ification in the Senate turned into a fight ment with the British. In what becamebetween the two political parties. Fi- known as Jay’s Treaty, Great Britain nally, in 1794 the Senate ratified Jay’s agreed to move out of the forts and trading Treaty and President Washington signed posts on America’s western lands. How- it. Nevertheless, the split between Demo- ever, Jay was not able to solve all the prob- cratic-Republicans and Federalists had lems that had caused trouble between the widened, United States and Great Britain. There was nothing in Jay’s.Treaty about Greatl~nckaey’s Trea~ The year after Britain’s interference with Americanlay’s Treaty, Thomas Pinckney, also a shipping. And the trade terms that were Federalist, was sent to Spain to try to agreed on seemed to favor Great Britain. work out problems between Spainand the The Democratic-Republicans and even United States. France had turned over its some Federalists were unhappy with Jay’s holdings west of the Mississippi River to Treaty. President Washington was not Spain 12 years before the American Revo- pleased with it either. Still, he thought itlution. As long as the colonists were con- might keep the United States out of war. fined to t_he region east of the Appalachi- So he presented it to the Senate for ans, it made little difference who laid Jay became extremely unpopular with Americans after his treaty with Great Britain. claim to the wilderness region beyond the TreuMe ~t~a Fr~ce Washington’s MisMssippi. But as Americans moved proclamation of neutrality angered into the lands beyond the mountains afterFrmmh leaders. They had expected the the Revolution, trouble developed be- United States to aid them in their war tween the settlers of the region and the against Great Britain because of the old Spanish officials. treaty of alliance, In fact, the French am- A major issue was the use of the Missis- bassador had made plans to have French sippi River as a water highway, Spain armed ships use American harbors. did not want the river opened to free navi- America’s relations with France gation. It saw such an act as a threat to reached their lowest point during John its landholdings in the heart of North Adams’s term as President. French offi- America. To western farmers, however, cials insulted the American ambassador. us’e of the Mississippi was essential to get- They even threatened him with arrest un- ting their crops to market. The crops less he left France, Some Federalists could be sent down the rive~ on flatboats. thought Adams should ask Congress to Near the month of the river they could declare war on France because of these in- then be transferred to oceangoing vessels sults, Adams refused to do that, Instead, for shipment to ports on the Atlantic coast he sent three special ambassadors to or in Europe. France With instructions to try for a peace- Pinckney had more success than ~ohn ful solution to the difficulties, Jay. The treaty he negotiated with Spain was widely popular. In Pinckney’s The success of Thomas Pinckney of South Carolina In negotiating a treaty with Spain won him much praise. Treaty, Spain granted Americans the right to travel on the Mississippi River. Even more important, the treaty allowed Americans to ship goods through the port of New Orleans, at the mouth of the Mis- sissippi. For many a western farmer, the right to use the port was the difference between failure and success. In addition, Pinckney’s Treaty cleared up the disputed boundary between Amer- ican and Spanish territory in the south- eastern United States. Spain and the United States agreed to accept the 31st parallel as the northern boundary of Span- ish Florida. Thomas Pinckney won such popularity through this treaty that Feder- alist leaders nominated him as their party’s candidate for Vice-President of the United States in 1796. Thomas Pinckney was the son of Eliza Lucas Pinckney, the woman who introduced the cultivation of indigo in America. The ~Z ~alr When the three Amer- power in France. Napoleon was willing ican ambassadors got to Paris, three to end the undeclared naval warfare. French officials met them. The French New American diplomatic representa- officials suggested that the Americans paytives sent to France were treated with them a bribe before negotiations could courtesy. begin. The Americans refused and sent a In lg00 France and the United States report to President Adams about what had cancelled the troublesome treaty of alli- happened. Adams then reported the ance of 1778. To take its place, the two whole affair to Congress. countries signed a trade treaty. By show- In his report to Congress, President ing firmness and patience, lohn Adams Adams refused to name the French offi- had kept the United States out of war with cials who had asked for the bribe. He France. Later, Iohn Adams spoke of this identified them as X, Y, and Z. For this as the greatest achievement of his term reason, the negotiations with France as President. However, some Federalist came’known as the XYZ affair. Whenleaders never forgave him for his refusal news of it reached the American public, to go to war with France. demands for a declaration of war against France increased. CI~CKUP

1. Why did President Washington issue a proclama- Adams stands f[~ President Adams tion of neutrality? continued to withstand pressure to de- 2. What did Pinckney’s Treaty and Jay’s Treaty pro- cIare war. Still, he realized his duty to vide? Why was Pinckney’s Treaty more popular protect the United States against a possi- with Americans than Jay’s Treaty? 3, What kinds of troubles disturbed relations be- ¯ hie invasion by French forces. He called tween the United States and France ~n the 1790s? Ceorge Washington out of retirement to 4. How were peacefifl solutions to these troubles take command of an army of volunteers. worked out? Alexander Hamilton was named second- in-command. Congress established a Department of The Federa|ist Record the Navy headed by Benjamin Stoddert of Maryland. Stoddert served with great ,VOCABULARY- ability as America’s first secretary of the White House navy. He established several navy yards mint Alien and in which American warships were built. patent Sedition Acts Some French and American navai vessels actually fought battles between 1798 and The President’s house Abigail 1800, though there was no declaration of Adams was getting ready to move during War. the late winter of 1801. She aiad her hus- During these years, President Adams band, lohn Adams, had lived in the Presi- stood firm. His patience was rewarded in dent’s house only a few months. It was !800 when Napoleon Bonaparte came to the first public building in Washington, At the time that the Adams family moved to Washington, the capital was a li#le river port. Final selection of the site on the Potomac River was made by George Washington, , the new capital city. The cornerstone for Abigail Adams may have been happy the President’s house was laid on October leave the President’s house. It is doubtful 13, 1792, by George Washington. Presi- that her husband was. John Adams dent and Mrs. Adams moved in 8 years thought he had done well in his 4 years as later. More than 20 years would pass be- President. Nevertheless, the electors in fore the President’s house would be called 1800 preferred Thomas Iefferson and the White House. Aaron Burr, the candidates of the Demo- Some people complained about the size cratic-Republican party for President and and the cost--$400,000--of the Presi- Vice-President. A new party with new dent’s house. Abigail Adams had other policies was about to take over the federal complaints. "We had no fence, yard, or government, other conveniences," she wrote. The Perhaps the Federalists deserved better house stood on the edge of a swamp. It treatment from the voters. Their party lacked bathrooms. Water had to be car- had done a great deal for the infant United ried by hand from a distance of five city States. Their Ieadars had filled in the blocks. Several of the rooms were unfin- framework provided by the Constitution. ished. Mrs. Adams dried clothes in one Much of what they did for the first time of the largest unfinished rooms. has lasted to the present day. The new national capital was built on an area of land between Maryland and Virginia. After pupils have read the section "The Aiien and Sedition Acts," ask: Which amendment was said to be violated by the Sedition Act? Coln~ a~d ~nven~ons For 16 years the first census and the second census in following the Declaration of Indepen- 1800, the United States had increased its dence, people in the United States used population by 35 percent. Foreign trade British and other foreign coins. It was the had tripled during the same 10-year pe- Federalists who first set up a system ofriod. With this kind of record during the American coins in 1792. Philadelphia first 12 years under the Constitution, why was chosen as the home for the govern- were the Federalists turned out of office? ment’s first mint, or place where coins areWhy was Thomas lefferson moving to the nfade. Some of the first United States President’s house in 18017 coins were made from silverware given by One answer to these questions lay with George Washington. the public image of the Federalist party. The Federalists also started the iss~iing Somewhat unfairly it had the reputation of patents to inventors. A patent is a doc- of being a party for the wealthy. There ument that gives an inventor the sole right were wealthy people in the Federalist to his or her invention for a certain num- party, but there were also many common ber of years. No one else can make, use, people. At the same time, many of the or sell the invention withOUt the inven- rich favored the Democratic-Republicans, tor’s~permission. The first patent issued the party of Thomas Jefferson, who was by the new patent office went to Samuel himself a large landowner in Virginia. Hopkins. In 1790 Mr. Hopkins perfected a process for Using potash in the manufac- The A~en ~m~ SeOalt~on Aet~ No po- ture of soap. Since 1790 about 4.5 mil- litical party can remain in power for 12 lion patents have been issued tltrough the years without losing some backing. The office the Federalists established. unpopular treaty that lohn Jay worked out with Great Britain created opposition to ~ederal~st achievements In spite of the Federalists. So did their whiskey tax, criticisms, Presidents Washington and and the way the government crushed the Adams had kept the country out of w~. Whiskey Rebellion.. By 1798 the Federal- Moreover, ~ey had a~anged ~eafies ~at ist leaders knew their power was slip- solved problems eMsting between the ping. Some of them were willing to United States and foreign counties. At chance a war with France if, by doing so, ~e s~e time, Alex~der H~lton’s fi- they could retain their control over the nancial policies had worked wonders for federal govermnent. When it became ~e credR of ~e United States govern- clear that Adams wanted peace, not war, ment. During ~e 1790s, ~e govemmen~ desperate Federalists pushed the Allen was able to borrow money from foreign and Sedition Acts through Congress. countries at favorable tales of ~n[aresi. The Federalist leaders thought these At home, ~e county had achieved a acts would weaken the Democratic- decent prosperi~. In 1790 ~e govern- Republican party. Three ef the acts ap- ment undeAook the fi~st ~ensus, or count plied to aliens, that is, people not yet citiL of people, in the United States. Between zens of the country in which they live. THE TWO POLITk~AL PARTIES IN THE t790s Federalist Democratic-Republican !. The "best people" should control 1, The average citizen is capable the government, of choosing representatives to govern, Political and 2. Strong national government 2, Limited national government, ’ governmental to preserve states’ rights beflefs 3, Favored loose interpretation of 3. Favored strict interpretation of the Constitution the Constitution 4, Restrictions on free speech and 4, Relatively free speech and press press 1. Favored active government aid 1. No specie( favors for business; to business, finance, and farming preferred commerce Favored United States Bank to Against Bank; thought it united insure stable finances national government and Economic wealthy people against the beliefs poor 3, Whisky tax necessary to finance Rigid economy in government, governmental expenditures to reduce taxes 4, Tariff necessary to insure rev- 4, No higher tariff than necessary enue and protect industry to secure adequate revenue Favored Great Britain because I, Sympathized with goals of Foreign of commercial ties and because French Revolution affairs of fear of the French Revolution 2. Favored Jay’s Trealy 2. Opposed Jay’s Trea#i 1, Strong in New England and sea- 1, Strong in South, Southwest, and coast areas frontier areas 2. very w~}l organized 2, Grew belter organized as aver- age citizen became aware of issues of government 3, Supported by manufacturers, 3, Supported by small farmers, bankers, and merchants tradesmen, and mechanics 4. Brilliant leadership under Alex- 4. Brilliant leadership under ander Hamilton Thomas Jefferson

One-of these .three acts increased the wait- Republican pa~ty and assure continued ing period before eliens could become cit- Federalist control of the government izens of the United States, Aliens nowNaturalized citizens thought the Feder- had to wait 14 years instead of 5 years be- alists were questioning their loyalty by fore becoming naturalized citizens withpassing t~e Alien Acts. Therefore, they.. the right to Vote. Most naturalized citi- supported the Democratic-Republican zens had been voting for ~efferson’s party more strongly than ever. Thus party. This law, the Federalists thought, these acts did not have the effect that the would slow the growth of the Democratic- Federalists had hoped, The sedition Act was meant to silence toral votes to 65 for. Adams. The criticism of Federalist officials. It calledDemocratic-Republican party also gained for the arrest and trial of anyone who control of both the Senate and the House spoke or published anything "false, scan- of Representatives. dalous, and malicious" about Congress or The election of 1800 was a bloodless the President.. Soon, 25 persons were revolution but a revolution all the same. arrested and t~ied for violations of the ~efferson and his party had attracted Sedition Act. All were either editors or enough popular support to take control of publishers of papers opposing the Feder- the government. Moreover, the Federal- alists. Ten were convicted, fined, and ists had accepted their defeat and had~ given prison sentences. peacefully given up their control. Feder- Thomas lefferson and other Demo- alists continued to be elected to state of- cratic-Republican leaders were quick to rices, particularly in New England. But protest the Sedition Act. They pointed never agatha" would a Federalist be chosen out that it clearly violated the First to tive in thd President’s house. Never ~raendment, which guaranteed freedom again.would the Federalists have a major- of speech and freedom of the press. After ity in either the Senate or the House of Jefferson became President, he pardoned Representatives. the men convicted under the Sedition Act, and Congress returned their fines.

1. What were the conwibufions of th4 Federalist The e~oc~on o~ ~00 The Federalists pmvty during the lZ years it controlled the federal again nominated John Adams. However, govermment ? many members of his own parly refused ~. What were the Alien and Sedition Acre? to support him. The Democratic-Repub- 3. How did the Alien and Sedition Acts con’a~ibute to the defeat of the Feder~iste in 1800? licans once more nominated Thomas Jef- 4. Why might the election of lS00 be called a peace- ferson. This time Jefferson won 73 elec- ful revolution?