philippine studies Ateneo de Manila University • Loyola Heights, Quezon City • 1108

Koronadal Valley: Half a Century after Land Settlement in ,

Hiromitsu Umehara

Philippine Studies vol. 57 no. 4 (2009): 505–541

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http://www.philippinestudies.net Fri June 27 13:30:20 2008 Hiromitsu Umehara

Koronadal Valley Half a Century after Land Settlement in South Cotabato, Mindanao

Koronadal Valley in southwestern Mindanao has become a very productive area dominated by Christian Filipinos, with its boom cities of City and Koronadal City at both ends of the valley. This dramatic change was ushered in by the distribution of farm lots to settlers from 1939 to 1950 by the National Land Settlement Administration (NLSA). Demand for labor led to a massive influx of migrants until the 1980s, with particular ethnolinguistic groups dominating specific localities. The Green Revolution and subsequent commercialization deepened agrarian differentiation. The prevalence of tenancy frustrated the ideal of owner- cultivatorship. The indigenous B’laan, who failed to establish themselves as settlers, retreated to upland areas.

KEYWORDS: Koronadal Valley • land settlement • Christian settlers • B’laan • demographic transformation

PHILIPPINE STUDIES 57, no. 4 (2009) 505–41 © Ateneo de Manila University oronadal Valley in southwestern Mindanao occupies the southeastern end of the vast Cotabato Valley between the Bukidnon-Lanao Plateau, the Central Mindanao Highlands, and the Tiruray Highlands. It extends for around 80 kilome- ters southeastward from the southern shore of Kto the head of Bay, between the Quezon and Roxas Mountain Ranges of South Cotabato (fig. 1). The whole Cotabato Valley was once a shallow sea channel during the Pleistocene epoch (Pelzer 1945, 143). With the uplift of the sea channel late in that epoch, a series of volcanic activities in the southern part of the Quezon Range gave rise to the volcano, , and brought volcanic debris to the valley floor, thereby elevating the middle part of the synclinal valley. As a result of this geologic history, Koronadal Valley consists of three subregions; namely, North Koronadal, comprising an extensive plain that slopes gently northwestward with Marbel River draining to Lake Buluan; Middle Koronadal, consisting of the western and southwestern mountain slopes of Mount Matutum; and South Koronadal, which slopes gradually toward Sarangani Bay, consisting primarily of the southern foot of Mount Matutum and the plains of the Buayan, Silway, and Makar Rivers. In Koronadal Valley, the Commonwealth government opened in 1939 a land settlement project by establishing the National Land Settlement Administration (NLSA), a government corporation, as the implementing Fig. 1. Map of southwestern Mindanao showing the location of Koronadal Valley agency. The Koronadal Valley Project (KVP) was the first organized land settlement effort undertaken by the Philippine government (Lichauco 1956, has to be confirmed in this regard. Koronadal Valley was once the homeland 190), aimed at the amalgamation of Islamic and Lumad1 peoples to Chris- of the B’laan, now an ethnic minority (Kinoc 2002, 2; Casiño 2000, 236). tian Filipinos, the increase of agricultural production, and the alleviation The names of local places with B’laan language traits provide evidence of of agrarian unrest in Luzon and the Visayas (Commonwealth Act 441, Sec. the B’laan’s early settlement (Ogoy 1985, 37). Rosell (1939, 493) states that 2). Although the NLSA was abolished in 1950 and its successor, the Land the place name Koronadal derives from corrupted or B’laan Settlement and Development Corporation (LaSeDeCo), was subsequently words, koron (cogon grass) and dalal (plain), which literally means a cogonal dissolved in the late 1950s, migrations to the valley persisted and have not grassland. In addition, the valley was politically a part of the ­Maguindanao ceased to this day. Sixty-one years later, the once sparsely inhabited valley Segmentary State, which existed from the early sixteenth century to the (with 13 persons per square kilometer in 1939) has become by 2000 a dense- end of the nineteenth century (Majul 1973; Hayase 2003). Its center was ly populated, highly productive area (with 455 persons per square kilome- in the Cotabato lowland along the lower and middle Pulangi River, where ter). The successful implementation of the government’s land settlement the political power center of the Maguindanao world resided. According to program must have contributed to this regional development. Casiño (2000, 20), the state core was the “Cotabato-Sarangani lowland Cor- It used to be said that land settlement was an effort to convert virgin land ridor,” surrounded by an extensive maritime world over the coastal regions or wild public land into productive agricultural land. However, one thing of the Moro Gulf, Celebes Sea, Sarangani Bay, and Davao Gulf. This means

506 PHILIPPINE STUDIES 57, no. 4 (2009) umehara / Land Settlement in South Cotabato, Mindanao 507