Environmental Law and Contrasting Ideas of Nature: a Constructivist Approach Edited by Keith H

Cambridge University Press 978-1-107-03347-4 - Environmental Law and Contrasting Ideas of Nature: A Constructivist Approach Edited by Keith H. Hirokawa Index More information

Index

Aagaard, Todd, 88 American cities. See cities AB 2785 (California), 146 animal control ordinances, 120 Abrahamic concept of land, 152, 160 Animal Enterprise Terrorism Act (AETA), actor network theory (ANT), 165 174–75, 177 social constructivism and, 18–20 animal laws, classification in, 113–16 adaptive management (AM), 70–71, 85, 158 animals. See also livestock; pests; pets; specific comprehensive planning and, 156–57 animal conservation biology and, 68 in cities, 112–13 conservation easements and, 78 domestic vs. domesticated, 119–20 defined, 156 legal categories of, 113 environmental laws and, 81–82 legal protections for, 113–14 implementing, 156–57 protected, 114–15 normative river and, 268–69 unprotected, 114 normative rivers and, 268–70 wild vs. domesticated, 118, 122–24 wilderness and, 198 animal towns, subaltern, 112 AETA (Animal Enterprise Terrorism Act), animism, 203 174–75, 177 Ann Arbor, Michigan, 121 affirmative easements, 74–75 ANT (actor network theory), 165 African Killer Bees, 126 social constructivism and, 18–20 agency, 19 anthropocentrism, 48, 58, 60 ag gag laws, 177 anthropogenic change, 88, 91, 108 agricultural easements, 134, 138 baselines and, 96 agriculture, urban, 120, 146 climate and, 100–101 Alaska coastal ecosystems and, 99 Gilded Age travelers to, 313 cognizability and, 96 purchase of, 312–13 coral reefs and, 98 Alaska Pipeline, 314 pollution and, 95 Alaska Wilderness League v. Kempthorne anthropogenic warming, 100 narratives deployed in, 315–18 anthropomorphic change, minimization of, 93 Ninth Circuit Court of Appeals’ opinion, Deepwater Horizon oil spill as example of, 318–20 89–90, 95–96 Alexander, Karen, 105 Aotearoa New Zealand, 221 alienability, restraints on, 78 Aplet, Gregory, 182 AM. See adaptive management (AM) appropriation, of common pool resources, 50, AMAP (Arctic Monitoring and Assessment 53–54 Program), 307–8 appropriators, 50

333

© in this web service Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-1-107-03347-4 - Environmental Law and Contrasting Ideas of Nature: A Constructivist Approach Edited by Keith H. Hirokawa Index More information

334 Index

Aquinas, Saint Thomas. See Thomas Aquinas Buffalo, New York, 127 Arctic, the Bullard, Robert, 232, 233, 237 Cold War and, 312 Bureau of Land Management (BLM), 181 defined, 307–8 Burroughs, John, 313 development efforts of nations, 303–4 Butler, William, 120–21 environmental imagination and, 306–7 explorations of, 311 California, 91, 98, 101, 172, 176. See also specific as imaginary destination, 309–11 city sea ice, 303 AB 2785, 152, 160 Shell litigation as case study of, 305–6 Air Resources Board, 142 sublime, 311 environmental review, 156 Arctic Human Development Report, 308 implementation of adaptive management Arctic Monitoring and Assessment Program in, 156–57 (AMAP), 307–8 low carbon standard, 149 Arctic National Wildlife Refuge, 314 metropolitan planning organizations, 142 Arctic Research & Policy Act of 1984, 308 Proposition 84, 158 Aristotle, 202 Sustainable Communities and Climate Arizona Game and Fish Department, 185 Protection Act (SB375), 142 Article XX, of the GATT, 32–34 Californians for Alternatives to Toxics v. U.S. assessments, 157 Fish and Wildlife Service, 185 Atlanta, Georgia, 128 Calvin, John, 203 Atlantic & North Carolina Railroad Co. Camacho, Alejandro, 81 v. Way, 76 Canada, 303 capture, property doctrine of, 3–4, 22 Bacon, Francis, 203, 203n11 Capture, Rule of, 58–59 balance of nature, 91 carbon dioxide, 99 climate change and paradigm of, 107–8 carbon offsets, 157–58 Baltimore, Maryland, 121 Carson, Rachel, 91, 143, 180, 234 Bandelier National Park, 192 Carter, Jimmy, 257 Bari, Judi, 172, 173 Catlin, George, 216 bark beetle infestations, 192 Catton, William R., 16 Barr, Philip, 127 CBAs (community benefits agreements), 150 baselines, 87–89. See also shifting baseline Center for Watershed Protection, 284 syndrome Central Hudson Gas & Electric Corp. v. Public alteration of, climate change and, 106–7 Service Commission of New York, 38–39, defined, 87–88 38n23 environmental law and, 88 CERCLA (Comprehensive Environmental in IPCC change assessment reports, 99–100 Response, Compensation or Liability), 93 bee laws, 126–30 CERP (Comprehensive Environmental bees, 120, 121, 126–30, 131 Response, Compensation or Liability Berger, Peter, 13, 15–16, 19–20 Act), 290 Bierstadt, Albert, 313 CFCs (chloroflurocarbons), 99 Big Dam Era, end of, 256–59 Chain, David “Gypsy,” 172, 173 Big Horn River Basin (Wyoming), 293–94 change. See climate change binarism, 19 changed conditions, doctrine of, 76–77 biodiversity, 54, 58, 66–68, 73 change-in-neighborhood, doctrine of, 76–77 Boise, Idaho, 137 character-defining lands, 137 Boston, Massachusetts, 147 Cherney, Darryl, 172 boundaries, cities and, 160 Chesapeake Bay, restoration of, 102 Boundary Waters Canoe Area Wilderness, 183, Chesher, Richard, 97–98 190, 197 Chicago, Illinois, 146, 147, 159, 252 Brigham, Lawson, 308 chickens, 121

335 Index

chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs), 99 Colony Collapse Disorder, 126, 128 cities Coming into the Country (McPhee), 314 agricultural easements an, 138 commercial speech doctrine, 35–36 approaches to boundaries of, 134–35 commitments embedded in definition of, character-defining lands, 137 52–53 conservation easements for controlling common pool resources sprawl in, 137–38 applying definition of, to nature, 47–48 designing for, 148–49 appropriation of, 50, 53–54 designing viable nonautomobile transit for, defined, 47 148–49 depletable, 47, 48, 49, 56–58 five Ds and one P for designing, 49 economic quantification of, 55–56 nature and, 133–34 externalities and, 60–62 providing for wildlife in, 146 labeling nature as, 50–51 purchasing character-defining lands by, 137 managing, property laws and, 59–60 resilience theory and, 155–56 non-excludable, 49 sprawl and, 134, 135–36 resource units, 50 street lighting, 149 traditional property law doctrines, 58–60 transfer of development (TDR) programs transboundary impacts and, 60–62 and, 138–39 community benefits agreements (CBAs), 150 urbangrowthboundaries(UGBs)and,139–40 companion species, 117–18 walkability and, 148 complex adaptive systems, natural, 90–91 civil disobedience, 166–68 Comprehensive Environmental Response, civil rights movement, environmental justice Compensation or Liability Act movement and, 240 (CERCLA), 93 Clark Fork River watershed, 294–95 Comprehensive Everglades Restoration Plan Classical construction, of nature, 202–4, 215–16 (CERP), 290 Clean Air Act, 29, 242 conservation biology, 64, 68, 69 Title V permit requirement, 29 conservation easements, 77–79 Clean Water Act (CWA, 1972), 29, 30, 94–95, adaptive management and, 78 143, 249, 261, 264 sprawl and, 137–38 Nationwide Permit, 29 Conservation Law Foundation v. FERC, 267 Section 404, 147 Conservation of Arctic Flora and Fauna climate change, 99. See also change working group, 308 alteration of baselines and, 106–7 constructivism. See social constructivism anthropogenic, 100–101 consumption Arctic sea ice and, 303 individual, 32 “balance of nature” paradigm and, 107–8 laws that hide environmental consequences consensus on humans contributing to, 99–101 of, 31–40 impacts of, 65–66 Copenhagen, Denmark, 149 invasions of nonnative, noxious plant/ coral bleaching, 99 animal species and, 193 coral reef decline land-use patterns and, 66–67 anthropogenic change and, 98 mitigation of, 101–2 cognizability issues of, 96 resilience thinking and, 106–10 Cove-Mallard area, 167–68 role of human activity in, 99–101 Craig, Robin K., 26 shifts in ranges of plants/animals and, 193 Craighead, John, 256 climax theory, 189 Cronan, William, 6, 179–80, 235–36 Clinton, Bill, 238 crown fires, 192 coastal ecosystems, anthropogenic crown-of-thorns sea star, 88, 96–99 change and, 99 cause of invasions debate, 97–98 Cold War, the Arctic and, 312 “natural” vs. “anthropogenic” debate over, Cole, David, 182 98–99

336 Index

Curtis, Edward, 313 ecologists, 64 Cushman, Stephen, 312 ecology, 68 Cuyahoga River, 143 deep, 165–68, 177 CWA. See Clean Water Act (CWA, 1972) eco-resistance, 171 eco-resisters, 166–68, 175–76 dams eco-sabateurs, 167 end of era building big, 256–59 ecosystems. See also nature political and legal opposition to large, conservation easements and preservation of, 254–56 84–85 as problem vs. partial solution, 261–66 land conservation and, 65–66 river, 254 marine, 104–5 The Death of Environmentalism (Nordhaus resilient, 68–70 and Shellenberger), 180 ecosystems migration, 154 deep ecology, 165–68, 177 eco-terrorists, 174 Deep Ecology, 165 education, environmental, 158–59 Deepwater Horizon oil spill, 89–90, 95–96 Electric Consumers Protection Act of 1986 Demeritt, David, 18 (ECPA), 261, 265–66 Denmark, 303 ELF (Earth Liberation Front), 173–74, 177 density, cities and, 148–49 Embarcadero Freeway, 144 depletable common pool resources, 47, 48, 49, Emel, Jody, 114 56–58 Emergency, Prevention, and Preparedness and Descartes, Rene´, 2–3 Response working group, 308 Dinosaur National Monument, 255 Emigrant Wilderness (California), 185–86 discovery, doctrine of, 210–11, 212 eminent domain, 84 dog breeders, 116 Endangered Species Act (ESA), 21, 23, 94, 169, dog laws, 116–17 249, 261, 263, 271 dogs. See also animals Endean, Robert, 97 feral, 123 Enlightenment thinkers, 203 licensing and regulations for, 116 environment. See nature reclassifications for, 131 Environmental Defense Fund, 166, 169 domestic animals, defined, 116 environmental economics, 260 domination, 21 environmental education, 158–59 Douglas, Marjory Stoneman, 290 environmental exposures, 43 Dred Scott, 213 environmental harms, 29, 34, 35, 36, 40–45 Dunlap, Riley, 16 environmentalism, radical, 163–68 dwelling, concept of, 161–62 law and, 168–71 Earth First!, 165, 169–71, 173, 176, 177, 236 environmental justice, 150 Earth First! Journal, 165, 169, 171, 173 background of, 231–38 Earth Liberation Front (ELF), 173–74, 177 civil rights movement and, 240 easements collaboration of federal agencies and, 245 affirmative, 74–75 EPA’s definition of, 239 agricultural, 134–38 introduction, 230–31 change and, 82 principles of, 232–33 conservation, 72, 74–76, 77–79 response of laws to concept of natural world negative, 74 of, 244–46 preservation of ecosystems and, 84–85 environmental law, 26 terminable, 75 adaptive management and, 81–82 ecocentrism, 165–66, 168–69 baselines and, 88 Ecodefense: A Field Guide to cities and, 134–35 Monkeywrenching (Foreman), 173 response by, to social constructions of ecological interdependence, 234–35 nature, 238–44 ecological threshholds, 110 environmental process information, 35–38, 41

337 Index

Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), 30, GATT (General Agreement on Tariffs and 45, 239, 278 Trade), 35, 40 epidemiological evidence, 42–43 Article XX of, 32–34 equitable servitudes, 74, 76–77 GEC (global environmental change), 16 ESA (Endangered Species Act), 21, 23, 94, 169, General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade 249, 261, 263, 271 (GATT), 35, 40 Euclidean zoning, 150 Article XX, 32–34 Everglades, restoration of, 102, 290 geology, 68 Everglades National Park, 193 Georgia, 128 Executive Order 12,898, 238–39 giant triton, 97 externalities, 60–62 Gila National Forest, 183 Giles v. State, 119 Fagin, Henry, 141 Gitlin, Todd, 281 farmland, loss of, 66 Glacier National Park, 191, 218 FBI (Federal Bureau of Investigation), 172 global environmental change (GEC), 16 federal highway projects, cities and, 153 global warming, greenhouse gases and, 99. See Federal Power Act of 1920, 262 also climate change Federal Power Commission, 253. See also Godschalk, David, 155 FERC Goffman, Erving, 281 Federal Water Power Act of 1920, 253 Goldman, Emma, 166 fee-simple landownership, 72–73 government surrogate, 15 Feldman, David, 293 Grand Rapids, Michigan, 151 feral domestic animals, defined, 121 Great Barrier Reef (Australia), 97 FERC, 261, 264–65 Great Lakes-St. Lawrence River Basin Water “fingers” of nature, 149 Resources Compact, 294 Finland, 303 Greco-Christian arrogance, 202 First Amendment, 35–40 greenbelts. See urban growth boundaries commercial speech doctrine, 35–36 (UGBs) environmental process information, 35, green buildings, 148 36–38 greenhouse gas effects, 99 First National People of Color Environmental greenhouse gases Leadership Summit (1991), 232–33 emission of, 66 First Nations. See Native Americans emission reduction targets for, 142 Fish and Wildlife Coordination Act, 262–63 in IPCC reports, 99 five Ds and one P, for city design, 149 greenhouse gases, global warming and, 99 Florida, 177, 267 greenhouse gas (GHC) emissions, 155, 157–58 Foreman, Dave, 170, 173, 236 Greenland, 303 forest fires, 192 Grigg, Richard, 99 Frame Analysis (Goffman), 281 groundwater, 79 frames, 273. See also reframing Guam, 97 analysis, 281–83 Gunderson, Lance, 109 defined, 281 effects, 282 habitual loss, 66 multiple, 298–301 Hardin, Garrett, 50–51, 53, 54, 55, 56–58, 254 theory, 282–83 Hardy, Thomas, 107 of watersheds, 285–94 Headwaters Forest, 172 of watersheds, and legal system, 283–94 Heidegger, Martin, 161–62 Frank Church-River of No Return Wilderness, Heneghan, Liam, 107–8 181–82, 186 Herbert, Gary, 101 free-flowing water, 259–61 Hetch Hetchy Valley (Yosemite National freeway revolts, 144 Park), 170, 254–55 Friends of the Everglades, 290 Hill, Julia “Butterfly,” 172

338 Index

Hirokawa, Keith, 58 land Hobbes, Thomas, 203–4 Abrahamic concept of, 152 Homestead Act, 147 protection of, 65 Honeybees, 130 land conservation Hydrologic Unit Codes (HUCs), 283–84 climate change and, 71 hydrology, 68, 79 easements and, 74 hyperurbanization, 153 ecosystems and, 65–66 environmental degradation and, 71 Iceland, 303 equitable servitudes and, 77–79 Idaho, 177 fictions propelling property law tools for, 84 Idaho Fish and Game, 186 justifications for perpetuity as way to impact fees, 157 achieve, 82–84 impossibility, doctrine of, 75 legal fictions in, 84 Indian law, 209–12 permanence and flexibility of, 85 individual consumption, 32. See also private, 72–73 consumption property-based, 71–79 individual exceptionalism, 29–31 property law and, 72 Industrial Workers of the World, 166 property law tools for, 64, 82–84 Inland Waterways Commission, 253 public, 72 Interagency Working Group on reasons for, 65–67 Environmental Justice, 239, 245 servitudes and, 74 Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change temporal bias and, 83 (IPCC), 99–100 land management, changing understanding International Dairy Foods Association v. of, 80 Amestoy, 36–38 landscaping, urban, 145 international migration, American cities and, land-use patterns, climate change and, 66–67 153–54 Lapland, 303 international trade law, 32–46 large-lot zoning, 134, 140 Iowa, 177 Latour, Bruno, 18 IPCC (Intergovernmental Panel on Climate lawns, 145 Change), 99–100 law(s). See also property law(s) ag gag, 177 Jackson, Jeremy B. C., 104, 105 animal, classification in, 113–16 Jackson, Lisa, 240–41 bee, 126–30 Jefferson County v. Washington Department of concept of nature and, 12–13 Ecology, 265 construction of nature and, 5–6 Johnson v. M’Intosh, 210–13 dog, 116–17 Jordan, William, 102–3 Indian, 209–12 Joshua Tree National Park, 135 or river restoration, 267 radical environmentalism and, 168–71 Kansas City, Missouri, 121 radical environmentalists and, 171–77 Karkkainen, Brad, 89 water, 250 Keeble v. Cisneros, 117 watershed institutions and, 278–81 Keohane, Robert, 49 wilderness, 3 Keystone XL pipeline, 176 Leadership in Energy and Environmental Killer bees, 128–29 Design (LEED), 148 King County, Washington, 121, 139 legal constructions, of nature, 21–26 Kissimmee River, Florida, 267 Leopold, Aldo, 4, 135, 152, 160, 166, 183, 195, 260 Kofa Wilderness, 184–85 Lewis, C. S., 14 life-cycle analysis, of energy sources, 149 Lacey Act, 125–26, 130 lifeworld, concept of, 13 lakes. See rivers and lakes livestock, 130–31. See also animals

339 Index

ostriches as, 131 NAAQS (National Ambient Air Quality pets vs., 118–19 Standards ), 242 potbellied pigs as, 131 Nagle, John, 181 regulation of, 120 Napa County, California, 140 in urban areas, 120 National Ambient Air Quality Standards local-foods movement, 120 (NAAQS), 242 local governments, 153 National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA), Locke, John, 3, 203 93–94, 147, 249, 261, 262–63 Los Angeles, California, 148, 159–60 National Resources Defense Council, 166, 237 Los Angeles River, revitalization of, 296–97 National Wildlife Federation, 166 Love Canal, 103, 231–32 Native Americans Lubick, George, 102–3 beliefs, 200–201 Luckmann, Thomas, 13, 15–16, 19–20 constructions of nature by, 200–207, 205–7 Lukes, Steven, 20–21 “savage” concept and, 207–15 Western constructions of, 207–19 Madison, Wisconsin, 121 native species, promotion of, 145 Making Nature Whole: A History of Ecological “natural,” meaning of, 182 Restoration (Jordan and Lubick), 102–3 natural resource damages (NRDs), 90 Maori peoples, 220 nature. See also ecosystems marine ecosystems, 104–5 the city and, 133–34 Marjory Stoneman Douglas Wilderness, 193 Classical construction of, 202–4, 215–16 Marshall, Bob, 183 concept of, and law, 12–13 Marshall, John, 210–12 “ﬁngers” of, 149 maximum sustainable yield, 105 law and construction of, 5–6 McPhee, John, 314 legal constructions of, 21–26 meaning, concept of, 14–16, 20 Native American constructions of, 200–207, Mesa Verde National Park, 192 205–7 methane, 99 as self-perpetuating and self-reinforcing metropolitan planning organizations social creation, 15–16 (MPOs), 142 understanding ways to protect, 67–71 Michigan Department of Natural Resources negative easements, 74 (DNR), 14–15 neighborhood empowerment, 150–51 migration NEPA (National Environmental Policy Act), ecosystems, 154 93–94, 147, 249, 261, 262–63 international, American cities and, 153–54 Neuman, Janet, 197, 276 population, 153–54 New York City, 144, 159 Minerals Management Service (MMS), New Zealand, 220–21 314–15 Aotearoa, 221 Minnesota, 177 Waikatao River settlement, 221–24 Missoula, Montana, 121 Whanganui River settlement, 224–27 Missouri, 177 nitrous oxide, 99 mobility, 153 Nixon, Richard M., 267 Montesquieu, Charles Louis, 203–4 nonautomobile transit, 148–49 morality, radical environmentalism non-excludable common pool resources, 49 and, 165 Nordhaus, Ted, 180 Morgan Hill, California, 141 normative rivers, 268–70 MPOs (metropolitan planning organizations), adaptive management and, 268–69 142 North Carolina, forbidding climate change as Muir, John, 165, 170, 197, 313 cause in rise in sea-level studies, 101 multiframing, 298–301 Norway, 303 Murphy, Raymond, 16–17 Noss, Reed, 195 Muybridge, Eadweard, 313 NRDs (national resource damages), 90

340 Index

Oakland, California, 172 property Oakland Police Department, 172 as building blocks of human identity, 5 Odum, Eugene, 107 as social construct, 1–3 Office of Civil Rights, 239 property-based land conservation, 71–79 Oil Pollution Act (OPA), 90 property law(s) Oliphant v. Suquamish Indian Tribe, 213–14 environmental law and, 82 OPA (Oil Pollution Act), 90 managing common pool resources and, open-access resources, 50 59–60 Operation Backfire, 175 property law tools ostriches, as livestock, 131 fee-simple landownership, 72–73 Ostrom, Elinor, 49, 51–52, 61 fictions propelling, for land conservation, 84 for land conservation, 64 Pacific Gas & Electric (PG&E), 157–58 land conservation and, 82–84 Pacific Lumber Company, 172 Proposition 84 (California), 158 Palm Beach, Florida, 145 Providence, Rhode Island, 144–45 Pauly, Daniel C., 103–4 Purdy, Jedidiah, 234–35 Pelican Island Wilderness (Florida), 182 perpetual land restrictions, 64–65 Queensland, Australia, 97 perpetuity, justifications for, land conservation and, 82–84 race, location of hazardous waste facilities pests. See also animals and, 232 defined, 124–25 radical environmentalism, 163–68 outlawed, 125–26 law and, 168–71 pets. See also animals morality and, 165 Code of Federal Regulations’ (CFR) radical environmentalists, law and, 171–77 definition of, 116 RCRA (Resource Conservation and Recovery definitions of, 116 Act), 30 escaped, 118 real covenants, 74, 76–77 licensing of, 116 Reclamation Act of 1902, 253 livestock vs., 118–19 reframing, 299–301. See also framing moral dangers f, 126 Regional Greenhouse Gas Initiative, 101–2 regulation of, 117–18 regional transportation plans (RTPs), 142 subcategories of, 125–26 reservoir sites, rivers as, 252–54 Pierson v. Post, 1–4 resilience, 69–70, 85 pigeons change and, 108–9 as pests, 124–25 cities and, 155–56 Pinecrest, Florida, 158 climate change and, 106–10 planning, comprehensive, adaptive defined, 108–9 management and, 156–57 legal for implementing, 155–60 population migration, 153–54 in social communities, 159 Portland, Oregon, 139–40 threshold crossings and, 109–10 potbellied pigs, as livestock vs. pets, 131 resilient ecosystems, 68–70 Powell, John Wesley, 275–76, 278 Resource Conservation and Recovery Act power, 19, 20 (RCRA), 30 premanufacture notices (PMNs), 44–45 resource units, 50 Principles of Environmental Riggs, Frank, 172 Justice, 232–33 riparian rights, common law of, 250–51 Pring, George W., 176 Riverine Ecosystem Synthesis, 284 prior appropriation, law of, 251 river restoration, law of, 267 private ownership, 72–73 rivers Progressive Conservation Movement, origins and goals of restoration of, 266–67 252–53 reclaiming, 143–45

341 Index

as reservoir sites, 252–54 Shreve method, of stream ordering, 284 restored normative, 268–70 Sierra Club, 166, 169, 170, 237 as sewers, 251–52 Sierra Club v. Lyng I, 187–88, 206 working, 249–54 Sierra Club v. Lyng II, 188 Rivers of Empire (Worster), 293 Silent Spring (Carson), 91, 143, 234 roadlessness, virtues of, 194–96 Silicon Valley, 141 Robinson, Michael, 169 Skeele, Tom, 164 Rocks and Islands Wilderness (California), 182 SLAPPs (strategic lawsuits against public Rocky Mountain Farmers Union v. Goldstene, participation), 176 149 Smith, Adam, 203 Rocky Mountain National Park, 192 Snidal, Duncan, 49, 52 Rodgers, William H., Jr., 179 The Social Construction of Reality (Bergman Rogers, Alaska, 121 and Luckmann), 13–14 Rolling Meadows v. Kyle, 117, 118 social constructions Roosevelt, Theodore, 253 definitions of natural world, 244 roosters, 121 in law, 1 RTPs (regional transportation plans), 142 of wolves, 14–15 Russia, 303 social constructivism, 163, 173 criticisms of, 16–18 Salt, David, 109 lifeworld concept and, 13 Salt Lake City, Utah, 146 literature on, 19 Sand County Almanac (Leopold), 4 meaning and, 14–16 San Francisco, California, 144, 147–48 in sociology, 13–21 San Francisco Bay, filling of, 147–48 sociology San Joaquin Valley Air Pollution Control, 157 social construcitivism in, 13–21 Santa Barbara, California, 156 South Portland, Maine, 121 Sapp, Jan, 96, 98, 99 The Spiritual Values of Wilderness Sassen, Saskia, 153 (Nagle), 181 “savage” concept, Native Americans and, 207–15 spokepersons, 118 SB 357 (Sustainable Communities and sprawl Climate Protection Act of 2008), 142 American cities and, 134, 135–36 Scenic Hudson I, 256 conservation easements and, 137–38 Schlosberg, David, 233 St. Mary’s Wilderness (Virginia), 187 science, 18–19 Stamford, Connecticut, 121 Scottish Englightenment thinkers, 204 State v. Mierz, 123 Scottsdale, Arizona, 145 Stegner, Wallace, 276 SCSs (sustainable communities strategies), 142 Storm King Mountain, 256 Sea Shepherd Conservation Society, 167 Strahler stream classification system, 284 Section 404, Clean Water Act, 147 street lighting, migratory birds and, 149 September 11, 2001, attacks, 173–74 Studies in Words (Lewis), 14 sequence controls, 141–42 subaltern animal towns, 112 servitudes, 72, 73–74 Sudden Aspen Decline (SAD), 191–92 change and, 82 Sumner, Charles, 312 conservation easements, 77–79 Superfund, 93 equitable, 74, 76–77 Superior National Forest, 183 traditional, 77 Sustainable Communities and Climate protect Seward, William H., 313 Act of 2008 (SB375, California), 142 sewers, rivers as, 251–52 sustainable communities strategies (SCSs), 142 shadow populations, 112 Swamp Lands Acts (1849, 1850, and Shellenberger, Michael, 180 1860), 147 shifting baseline syndrome, 88, 103–6. See also Sweden, 303 baselines symmetry, 19

342 Index

taken-for-granteds, 166 Utah TDR (transfer of development rights) ag gag law, 177 programs, 134, 138–39 forbidding recognition of climate change, 101 Te Awa Tupua, 225–26 Utah Rivers Council, 101 tempo controls, 134, 141–42 Tennessee Valley Authority, 254 vehicle miles traveled (VMT), reduction of, in terminable easements, 75 Portland, Oregon, 140 Thomas Aquinas, Saint, 203 Village of Point Hope v. Salazar, 320–21 Thoreau, Henry David, 135, 197, 216–17 narratives deployed in, 321–25 Thorp, James, 284 Ninth Circuit Court of Appeals’ opinion, Tiebout, Charles, 136 325–26 Title VI, of Civil Rights Act of 1964, 239, 242 tort law, 41, 42, 42n35, 44 Waikatao River settlement (New Zealand), Toxic Substances Control Act (TSCA), 44–45 221–24 traditional property law doctrines, 58–60. See walkability, designing cities for, 148–49 also property law(s) Walker, Brian, 109 The Tragedy of the Commons (Hardin), 50–51, Warner Creek area, 167–68 59, 254 Warren County, North Carolina, 232 transboundary impacts, common pool Was’a’umkeag Island, Maine, 165 resources and, 60–62 Washington, D.C., 159 transfer of development rights (TDR) Washington, George, 209 programs, 134, 138–39 Washington Watershed Planning Act, 294, American cities and, 138–39 295–96 transportation plans, 142 waste facilities, hazardous, race and, 232 The Trouble with Wilderness (Cronan), 235–36 water TSCA (Toxic Substances Control Act), 44–45 changing views about, 248–49 Turner, Frederick Jackson, 307 essential characteristics of, 248 free-flowing, 259–61 UGBs (urban growth boundaries), 134, water law, 250 139–40 water rights decisions, 59 Uniform Conservation Easement Act, 137 Indian, 263–64 United Church of Christ Commission for watershed institutions Racial Justice studies, 232 activities of, 280 United Nations Convention on the Law of the adaptive, 297–98 Sea (UNCLOS), 304 emergence of, 278–81 United States, 303 evolution process of, 280 U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, 303 examples of, 294–96 U.S. Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, and law and, 278–81 Firearms, 174 laws and policy sources of, 271–72 U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service (FWS), 21, 185 types of, 272 U.S. Forest Service, 278 watersheds, 195, 250 U.S. Forest Service Regulation L-20, 183 as aquatic habitat frame, 289 U.S. Geological Survey (USGS), 283–84 Center for Watershed Protection’s levels of, U.S. National Park Service, 80 284 unregulated resources, 50 as community center frame, 291 “untrammeled” wilderness, 182–83 defined, 271, 276–77 urban agriculture, 120, 146 as disease source and conduit frame, 287 urban growth boundaries (UGBs), 134, as drinking water source frame, 285–86 139–40 as ecosystem-based scales of socio-legal urban landscaping, 145 organization, 273–77 urban sprawl. See sprawl as floodway frame, 287 U Regulations, 183 framing, 273

343 Index

as history, 290–91 wilderness laws, 23 as hydrologic ecosystem frame, 289–90 Wilderness Movement, 72–73, 133, 135 as naturally flowing waters frame, 288–89 wilderness preservation, 135 as navigational highway frame, 287–88 Wilderness Society, 166 as object of power frame, 293–94 Wilderness Watch, 185 as public trust frame, 292–93 wildlife, providing for, in cities, 146 as recreational amenity, 288 Williams, Robert A., 208, 215 as sacred place frame, 292 Wolch, Jennifer, 114 as sink frame, 286 Wolf Recovery Foundation v. Forest Service, as special place frame, 291–92 186–87 USGS regions of, 283–84 wolves as water supply frame, 285 construction of, 165 water vapor, 99 as endangered species, 169 waterways, reclaiming, 143–45 humans and, 168 Weis v. Meyer, 75–76 reintroduction to Yellowstone National Western Climate Initiative, 101 Park, 21, 163, 164, 169 West Side Highway (New York City), 144 social construction of, 14–15 wetlands, 79–80, 147 Woodward, Colin, 103 Whanganui River settlement (New Zealand), working landscapes, 134, 138 224–27 working rivers. See rivers that work What Is Natural? Coral Reef Crisis (Sapp), World Trade Organization (WTO), 32–35 96–97 Worster, Donald, 276, 293 White River National Forest, 183 Wrangell-St. Elias (Alaska), 181 “wild,” meaning of, 182–83 Wild and Scenic Rivers Act of 1968, 256–59 Yellowstone National Park, 14, 21, wild animals, 122–24 163–64, 218 wilderness Yosemite National Park, 170, 218 adaptive management and, 198–99 Young, Oran, 49 construction of, 215–19 defined, 218–19 Zahniser, Howard, 182–83, 198 people and, 199 Zauderer v. Office of Disciplinary Counsel of spiritual values of, 196–97 the Supreme Court of Ohio, 39 “untrammeled,” 182–83 Zellmer, Sandra, 109 Wilderness Act of 1964, 179, 180–84, 218 zoning implementing terms of, 184–89 Euclidean, 150 objective of, 197–98 large-lot, 140