Department of State Bulletin

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THE DEPARTMENT OF STATE BULLETIN

Volume LXXIII No. 1890 September 15, 1975

AMERICAN UNITY AND THE NATIONAL INTEREST Address by Secretary Kissinger 389

AMERICAN STRENGTH AND PROGRESS TOWARD FREEDOM AND PEACE Address by President Ford HO

DRAFT CONVENTION ON ENVIRONMENTAL WARFARE TABLED IN GENEVA DISARMAMENT COMMITTEE Statement by Ambassador Martin and Text of Draft Convention il7

THE OFFICIAL WEEKLY RECORD OF UNITED STATES FOREIGN POLICY

For index see inside back cover THE DEPARTMENT OF STATE BULLET I

Vol. LXXIII, No. 1890

September 15, 1975

The Department of State BULLETIN a weekly publication issued by tht\ Office of Media Services, Bureau Public Affairs, provides tfie public ai interested agencies of tfie governme^ witfi information on developments

tfie field of U.S. foreign relations aii on tfie ivorJc of tfie Department an tfie Foreign Service. Tfie BULLETIN includes select^ press releases on foreign policy, iasu by tfie Wfiite House and tfie Depar ment, and statements, addressesA and news conferences of tfie Presidentl For sale by the Superintendent of Documents and tfie Secretary of State and otfierl U.S. Government Printing Office officers of tfie Department, as well as| Washington, D.C. 20402 special articles on various ptiases PRICE: international affairs and tfie function 52 issues plus semiannual indexes, of tfie Department. Information domestic $42.50, foreign $53.15 included Single copy 85 cents concerning treaties and intei national Use of funds for printing this publication agreements to wfiich tn approved by the Director of the Office of United States is or may become Management and Budget (January 29, 1971). party and on treaties of general inte^ Note: Contents of this publication are not national interest. copyrighted and items contained herein may be Publications of tfie Department reprinted. Citation of the DEPARTMENT OF State, United Nations STATE BULLETIN as the source will be documents, an appreciated. The BULLETIN is indexed in legislative material in tfie field the Readers' Guide to Periodical Literature. international relations are also listei —

American Unity and the National Interest

Address by Secretary Kissinger^

Senator Sparkman [John J. Sparkman, shape his own destiny. And for the past 30 hairman of the Senate Foreign Relations years global peace and prosperity have de-

1 "ommittee] , Senator Allen [James B. Allen], pended to an extraordinary degree on our ef- Mayor Seibels [George G. Seibels, Jr., Mayor forts. When World War II ended, this coun-

if Birmingham], ladies and gentlemen: Let try took the lead in helping Europe and lie thank you, first of all, for the warmth of Japan recover from devastation. We created his reception, which has been made possible institutions that have expanded trade and iv the persistence of your two Senators, prosperity worldwide. We forged peacetime i\hich is as great as their abilities. I am alliances with the major industrial democ- ileased to be in a part of the country that racies. We have maintained the balance of lias always stood for a strong America, an power; we have mediated conflict. We have America that defends itself, its principles, fed the hungry, contributed to economic de- ;md its friends. velopment, educated young men and women Alabama's representatives in Washington from other lands, and welcomed refugees — Senator Sparkman, Senator Allen, and from oppression to our shores. Hirmingham's own Congressman [John H.] No other nation has made such a contribu- P.uchanan—have been supporters of a dy- tion. No other nation can make such a con- namic American foreign policy. They have tribution now. And today the age-old issues lieen champions of that close relationship of war and peace, of maintaining stability lietween the Congress and the executive and advancing human hopes, of preserving which a purposeful foreign policy requires. the peace and promoting progress, continue They and the people of Alabama have under- to summon a vigilant and purposeful stood that in this modern age America's America. safety and well-being are, to an unprece- But Americans have a right to ask: The dented degree, bound up with our interests world may need us, but do we need the world? and responsibilities in the world. Do our policies abroad serve American in-

I want to discuss with you today the basic terests and American ideals?

1 lements of our foreign policy and why A look at our contemporary agenda leaves Americans can be proud of their nation's role no doubt that peace for us is inseparable in the world and confident of its future. from global tranquillity and that our well- Since the first settlers sought refuge on being is intimately bound up with the pros- this untamed continent, America has repre- perity of the rest of the world. sented to all the world man's capacity to —Never before in history have the weapons of war been so gigantic, so dangerous, Made before the Southern Commodity Producers and so unsuitable for the pursuit of political Conference at Birmingham, Ala., on Aug. (text 14 objectives. We have no more fundamental of the two introductory paragraphs from press release 411A; balance of address from press release task than to maintain the strategic balance 411). for we otherwise risk our survival. We

ISeptember 15, 1975 389 have no more urgent obligation than to check eration. If we do not care about global sta- the nuclear arms race—for we otherwise risk bility, if we do not help resist aggression, global holocaust. if we do not work for a more equitable anc —While in military terms the world is productive world economy, if we do not pro- still bipolar, there are now many centers of mote liberty and justice, no nation will tak( economic power and political initiative. our place—at least no nation that believes ir Clearly, political, military, and economic our values. Force and the threat of forct power are no longer synonymous. Of the would become the rule of the day, and man democratic nations, only the United States kind's material and spiritual fortunes woulc is strong in every field. Thus our responsibili- be dealt grave blows. Ultimately we wouk ties are inescapable. Whether this country pay the price ourselves. acts or fails to act has profound conse- Other nations must do more, but this na quences. tion must continue to do its share. We stil —While the world has been free of war on have a unique and irreplaceable contribu a global scale for more than a generation, tion to make to a world of peace and pros regional and local conflicts still abound. Un- perity and justice. Our leadership remain; less they are resolved through diplomacy needed to mobilize friends and allies to or they pose grave risks to the general peace. ganize a wider international cooperation. the We have seen all too clearly that conflict We have advantage of the boundles. in the Middle East threatens confrontation assets with which this country is blessed between the superpowers and economic dis- our industrial strength and agricultural pro location for all nations. ductivity, the sinews of military power, am the talent of a free people. —The ever-present danger of local conflict takes on a more ominous dimension as we But these will serve us little without unitj and purpose. face the proliferation of nuclear weapons. If common We must know wha we for America, willini, we do not halt their spread, nuclear war will want and we must be become ever more possible and the risks of to defend and to promote it. We must avoic extremes of bellicosity followed extremei theft, accident, and blackmail will multiply. by of abdication. need a steady course tha Should the United States withdraw from its We security commitments, this process would our people can understand, which gives cour to our allies accelerate, for nations which now rely on us age and pause to our adversariei In this period of global change when thi may feel compelled to develop their own nu- — simple categories the postwa: clear weapons. of immediate period no longer match the complex realitier —Events have proved that industrial and of the modern world dialogue, public sup developing nations are part of a single inter- — port, and confidence are needed more thai national economic system on which the pros- ever before. perity of all depends. The supply and price The citizens of this country have met thi; of energy, the availability of food and other challenge. Your sense of responsibility ha; vital raw materials, the strength of cur- sustained an enlightened American participa rencies, and the flow of trade are all vital tion in the world. You knew that America for a healthy and productive American econ- could not thrive in isolation you understooc omy. ; that our values deserved to be defended anc

Much depends upon this generation of promoted ; you realized that the basic decency Americans. Because of our size, our strength, and generosity of the American people madt our traditions, America is a leader among our leadership not a matter of arrogant prid( nations whether we like it or not. We cannot but a contribution to the well-being of man always assure our preferred solutions, but kind. I few solutions are possible without our coop- Today the issues that rent our unity in th(

390 Department of State Bulletir : past decade are behind us. The resilience of age of turmoil they can shape their own our national spirit is being demonstrated destinies. anew. We can move forward together with Our smaller allies and friends around the confidence to face the great challenges of world are important factors in global stabil- our time. ity. We have learned the lesson of Viet-Nam Let me now discuss the challenges we face American military involvement cannot sub- and how we plan to meet them. stitute for a nation's eff'orts to mobilize its First, we have maintained and improved people to defend itself. Nor will we permit our national defense. Peace requires an equi- allies to blackmail us by pretending that librium of power, and this government will their security means more to us than to them. maintain it. No great nation leaves its safety But the fact remains that military assist- to the mercy or the good will of others. Any ance to allies is an essential national inter- realistic hope of better relations with the est of the United States. It contributes to Communist powers—and there is such hope local or regional balances of power; it helps —depends on a strong America which leaves deter local conflict; it cements important other countries no realistic course except re- political relations. And it makes much less straint and cooperation. So long as potential likely the need for direct American involve- adversaries continue to expand and improve ment. When we cut ofl: supplies to an ally, their forces, we will maintain a defense that for whatever reason, we inflict a setback on cannot be challenged. ourselves—as has been demonstrated by the severe damage to our national security caused by the embargo of military supplies Friends and Allies to Turkey. Nothing would undermine local The second pillar of our foreign policy is or global stability more than if America were steadfast support of allies. Our alliances with to prove unwilling to continue to provide the major industrial democracies have pros- material support to those small and brave pered for 30 years because they reflect com- friendly nations who want and need our help. mon interests in a new era as well as a shared If our adversaries maintain their support for heritage of principles and values. They are an their allies, by what reasoning—and at what essential element of global stability. These price—can we do less? bonds were forged a generation ago to protect weaker allies against a military threat. Relations With the Soviet Union Today we work together as equals on issues far beyond security. We have strengthened On the basis of our strength and allied our European defenses, but we have also unity, this Administration has sought to coordinated our respective approaches to place our relations with the Communist easing tensions with the East ; and we have countries on a more stable and long-term cooperated closely in our economic and basis. There must be no misunderstanding energy policies. of what we are doing. As a result, our ties with Europe and We are trying to manage a fundamental Japan have never been stronger. This was conflict of moral purposes and interests in reaffirmed in the President's visit to the the shadow of nuclear holocaust. We are NATO summit in Brussels at the end of striving to preserve peace while defending May, in his meeting with key allied leaders our essential values and ideals. in Helsinki, and in his recent consultations In a crisis situation, such as the Mayaguez in Washington with Prime Minister Miki of incident, or the October 1973 Middle East Japan. Beyond the technical problems of the alert, or the Jordanian crisis of 1970, or the daily agenda lies the deeper necessity for the Soviet attempt to build a naval base in Cuba great democracies to demonstrate that in an in 1970, we have reacted firmly and decisive-

September 15, 1975 391 ly—and in the face of an outcry from some be driven by fear of unknown military ex- who now accuse us of being insufficiently pansion by the other side. And once this vigilant. It is the firm policy of this Admin- common ceiling is implemented we can move istration to resist encroachment and attempts immediately to negotiate mutual reduc- to gain unilateral advantage. tions. At the same time, the hope for lasting We have negotiated other arms control peace depends on building habits of restraint agreements with the Soviet Union to prevent and moderation among the superpowers. The accidental war and to prohibit the stationing United States has stated these principles on of nuclear weapons on the deep seabed or many occasions and embodied them in formal in outer space. documents in our summit meetings with The negotiations in Vienna on force re- Soviet leaders. Similar principles of inter- ductions in central Europe will be the next national conduct were stated in the Final test for the process of relaxing tensions. If Act of the Conference on Security and Co- progress toward peace in Europe is to prove operation in Europe signed by 35 heads of durable, it is time to reduce on a secure and government in Helsinki two weeks ago. They mutual basis the large standing armed forces are not a guarantee of peace but a definition now facing each other in the center of the of peace, a standard of behavior to which we continent. must insure adherence by our own deter- The United States pursues the process of mination and vigilance. They are a frame- easing tensions from a position of self- work for our own efforts, not a substitute for confidence and strength. It is not we who

them. were on the defensive at Helsinki ; it is not We also successfully engaged the Soviet we who were being challenged by all the Union in negotiations to resolve concrete delegations to live up to the principles being political problems. This effort has brought signed. At Helsinki, for the first time in the some success. A Four-Power Agreement on postwar period, human rights and funda- Berlin in 1971 ended two decades of constant mental freedoms became recognized subjects crisis. And our relationship with the Soviet of East-West discourse and negotiation. The Union has helped so far to restrain big-power conference put forward our standards of conflict in the Middle East. humane conduct, which have been—and still Central to our agenda has been the limita- are—a beacon of hope to millions. tion of strategic nuclear armaments. In 1972 The winds of change are blowing from the we reached an agreement which froze the West; the ideals of liberty and the challenges Soviet numerical buildup for five years and of technical innovation come from the West. restricted no American programs. Therefore The efforts of Communist countries to par- Pfi we consider the 1972 SALT agreement to be ticipate in the rest of the world, after decades unquestionably in America's interest. It pre- of autarchy, are a sign of the vigor and at- vented an existing missile gap from widen- traction of our economic system. These are

ing ; and it permitted us to maintain and even assets of our diplomacy, which we should be to increase our lead in multiple warheads, prepared to use. bombers, and other areas of military tech- In the age of thermonuclear weapons and nology. strategic equality, the relaxation of tensions Last November in Vladivostok President is the only responsible course and the only Ford reached agreement with General Sec- policy that can be pursued by any Admin- retary Brezhnev on the principles of a new istration charged with responsibility for the accord which is also unmistakably in our lives of Americans. The American people interest. If achieved, this agreement will have no desire for a policy of confrontation bring about strict numerical equality of for its own sake. When both sides have the strategic systems. It will limit the strategic military power to annihilate mankind, it arms competition for a 10-year period. Thus would be utter recklessness to invite tension for the first time defense planning will not needlessly.

392 Department of State Bulletin —

But the United States has never accepted tion requires self-restraint in our public de- that the Soviet Union is free to relax ten- bate. Let us put an end to the swings between sions selectively or as a cover for the pursuit confrontation and false hopes, between of unilateral advantage. In Portugal, a focus belligerence and exhilaration, which have of current concern, the Soviet Union should marked earlier periods. Let us not take for not assume that it has the option, either granted the stability and relative tranquil- directly or indirectly, to influence events lity that we have achieved. Let us stop acting contrary to the right of the Portuguese peo- as if we had anything to fear from progress ple to determine their own future. The in- toward peace. volvement of external powers for this Let those who offer us tough rhetoric de- purpose in a country which is an old friend fine what precisely they propose to do. What and ally of ours is inconsistent with any is their exact alternative? What borders do principle of European security. they plan to change and by what means? Events in Portugal have their origin in What level of expanded defense expenditures the dynamics of Portuguese history. But 80 are they willing to sustain over what period percent of the Portuguese people have de- of time and for what purpose ? Are they not clared unmistakably their desire for a urging a policy of deliberate confrontation? democratic system and democratic parties. Can we gain support from any of our major The attempt by an antidemocratic and allies for such a radical alternative? doctrinaire minority to thwart this desire is Above all let us face the fact that many of meeting inevitable and growing popular our difficulties abroad are of our own mak- resistance. ing. If we are to be vigilant against Com- The United States welcomed the Portu- munist encroachment, we must stop disman- guese revolution. We and our allies have sup- tling or demoralizing our intelligence services. ported its aims diplomatically and materially. If we are to maintain the world balance of We sympathize with those moderate elements power, we cannot assault our defense budget who seek to build Portugal by democratic or impose arms embargoes against key al- means. We will oppose and speak out against lies. If we are to advance our interests in our the efforts of a minority that appears to be diplomacy, we cannot deny ourselves flexibil- subverting the revolution for its own pur- ity by legislating blanket restrictions on eco- poses. The Portuguese people should know nomic relations with other countries. In that we and all the democratic countries of short, America cannot be strong abroad un- the West are deeply concerned about their less it is strong at home. future and stand ready to help a democratic Portugal. The New Dimension of Economic Challenge And at some point we and our European allies must ask ourselves whether major Partly because of our success in maintain- Communist influence in a government is coming the world balance of power and fostering patible with membership in an alliance the growth of other nations, a new dimension dedicated to resisting Communist aggres- of economic issues is coming to the fore in sion. international relations: energy, food, other This Administration shall never forget the commodities, and trade. moral difference between freedom and tyr- In this realm of diplomacy, the strength anny. Nor shall we forget that peace, too, is of the American economy is among our a moral imperative. We have been firm in greatest assets. All of America's objectives the face of challenge even as we have sought our military security, our economic well- to ease tensions and move the world closer being, our relations with allies and adversar- to peace. We will not let the American peo- ies and developed and developing nations ple be lulled into a false sense of security. hinge on the vitality of the American econ- We shall continue on our course. omy. As President Ford said, "A resurgent The combination of strength and concilia- American economy would do more to restore

September 15, 1975 393 the confidence of the world in its own future because it can determine the nature of the than anything else we can do." - relationship between the developed and the The world now needs that confidence. The developing countries. On the President's be- industrialized nations have been undergoing half I will present a series of American pro- the most serious economic crisis since the posals looking toward a new approach to the i thirties. As then, they are learning that eco- relationship between the industrialized coun- nomic stagnation breeds political instability, tries and those needing their help. We do that it undermines the public support which so because we are convinced that our own enables governments to act with assurance economic health will be served by a world and democratic societies to thrive. And as economy which is both expanding and per- then, we are learning how much the solution ceived as fair. And our own security will be depends above all on an intangible quality enhanced if we live in a world where frustra- of confidence and belief in a better future. tion and despair give way to cooperation and The industrial democracies are now being a sense of our interdependence. tested. They must surmount social and eco- We enter this dialogue with confidence and nomic strains and reinvigorate their free good will. Our technological innovation, the institutions. President Ford's talks at Hel- productivity of our farms and industries, sinki with allied leaders and his meeting in our educated and industrious people, and the Washington with the Prime Minister of blessing of our physical resources have given Japan focused on the crucial importance of us the strength and responsibility for a thriving American economy to world eco- leadership. nomic recovery; they produced a determina- In no area is this more striking than in the tion to deal with the global economic chal- field of food. Our agricultural productivity lenge cooperatively. The United States is is admired and desired all over the world. prepared to intensify its consultations and to America's farmers and those who process seek a coordinated approach. We are aware and sell our food can be proud of their con- of our global responsibility and we shall meet tribution to American strength in what is it in the months to come. becoming an increasingly important dimen- The success of these efforts will be of vital sion of our foreign policy and world leader importance to the rest of the world. The in- ship. dustrial nations account for 65 percent of America has generously provided food the world's output and 70 percent of its aid to scores of foreign nations. But the gap trade. Thus, the economic well-being of the between consumption and production is developing nations, too, depends on broad growing constantly. While we are prepared cooperation with the industrialized world. to continue food aid, this cannot provide a Unfortunately, too many nations seek to long-term answer to feeding the world's hun^ exact by ideological confrontation what can gry. Therefore, a World Food Conference only be achieved through reasoned coopera- was convened in Rome last November at U.S; tive dialogue. The United States is prepared initiative. Acting on many American prO' for a serious and constructive cooperative posals, the conference organized a compre dialogue. We are ready to develop equitable hensive international program to expand economic relations with all nations. But we food production in developing countries and will never accept bloc pressure or blackmail. to channel resources—including the new Early next month, a special session of the wealth of the oil producers—to improvinjl U.N. General Assembly will convene in New the financing, production, storage, and disj York to deal with the issues of economic in- tribution of food. terdependence. It will be a fateful occasion We intend as a matter of principle to make our food policy a model for cooperative relations between producers and consumers ol ' For excerpts from President Ford's state of the vital Union address on Jan. 15, see Bulletin of Feb. 3, and scarce commodities and between 1975, p. 133. developed and developing countries. In this F

394 Department of State Bulletin vay we serve our own as well as a general sum total of our nation's action abroad. Our nterest. America's farmers will benefit from involvement with the world outside is con-

I steady global demand for their product; tinual. Our action cannot be fragmented into is world production is expanded, the burden a series of individual compromises except at

)f shortages and higher prices will be lifted grave risk. Every decision sets in motion a 'rom our consumers; our political relations sequence of events and is in turn perceived ivith scores of developing nations will be by other nations as symbolic of our inten- enhanced, and conditions of order worldwide tions and capabilities. Though we are a sys- otII be improved. tem of separated powers in Washington, to the world we are one government and one I nation. rhe American Responsibility Our democratic system, and the broad par- Thirty years ago the United States was the ticipation of all of our people and private and ivorld's only great power. Since then our public institutions, present a constant chal- illies and our adversaries have naturally lenge to fashion unity out of diversity. We ?rown in strength, recovering from the have done so in moments of crisis in the past; devastation of World War II. The cold war we must do so today in a moment of historic world of two rigid blocs now belongs to his- opportunity. tory: the Communist world is fragmented; And here the recent controversies between Dur allies and friends and the new nations the two branches of our government give have asserted their own identities. The di- cause for serious concern. The Administra- versity even among the developing countries, tion is held responsible for virtually all among producers and consumers of vital difficulties around the world—whether or not materials such as oil, is increasingly appar- they resulted from its policies—and then is ent. We live in a world of some 150 inde- hamstrung in its capacity to act flexibly and pendent nations, a world of diffused power, purposefully. subject to the domination of no nation. —In energy, the lack of determined action Such a world is an exciting challenge for on conservation and alternative sources America. For it is the kind of environment seriously jeopardizes our efforts with other most consistent with ou7- values. It is not we oil-consuming nations to reduce our vulner- who have to fear from the relaxation of ten- ability and to improve our bargaining posi- sions or the spread of initiative and oppor- tion toward the producers. tunity. We can only benefit from diversity, In Latin America, attempts to give im- change, economic competition, the free flow — petus to a new dialogue are impaired by of ideas, and the sharing of responsibilities. trade restrictions and automatic legislative We have the capacity to shape from this com- sanctions that reduce our negotiating flex- plexity a new pattern of order and new hope ibility. for human progress. But what this nation can do in the world —In East-West relations, the leverage depends upon how we conduct ourselves at required to protect our national interest has home. For our national strength in every been reduced by blanket legislative restric- respect rests on our unity as a people. tions which have failed as well to achieve meant There is a fundamental difference between the humanitarian objectives they were the requirements of foreign policy and of to serve. domestic policy. In our own society, only —In the eastern Mediterranean the stale- some issues are matters of governmental mate over our military relations with Turkey concern; we can address these issues selec- threatens to unhinge the eastern flank of tively, accommodate the different groups NATO. The President has proposed a com- concerned, and legislate a solution that, hope- promise to break this congressional deadlock; fully, disposes of the problem. the Senate, nearly half the House, and the Foreign policy, on the other hand, is the leaders of both parties in both Houses, have

September 15, 1975 395 supported it. When the Congress reconvenes confident of our power to shape our future, in September we hope for a rapid, coopera- and proud of our youthful vitality. Yet 15 tive solution before irreparable damage is years later, tested by extraordinary events, done to our national security. many came to believe that we were powerless The country cannot afford the dominance to affect the world and that our boldness had of either branch over the other. This is not given way to the weariness and timidity of a constitutional or legal dispute. The issue old age. Already is how to conduct a single, purposeful we can begin to see that the pessi- foreign policy in our democratic system. Our mists, as so often, spoke too soon. Despite a Constitution gives the Congress wide author- constitutional crisis unmatched since the ity in key areas of our foreign and defense 1860's, our government remains strong and policy. But the President represents the na- our freedoms stand undiminished. People tion abroad; he must have the possibility of the world over have been reminded by our shaping and carrying out a coherent policy. adversity that their only real hope for a Accommodating special or parochial inter- better life lies in America's continued com- ests through a series of compromises does mitment to a free and peaceful world. The not necessarily produce coherence; conten- Administration has responded by making tion between the executive and Congress clear that we will not retreat from our obli- risks falling between two stools on too many gations abroad and that we will not be grave issues. shaken by divided purpose at home. The two branches of our government have Once again, a troubled world needs a shown their ability in recent years to work strong and confident America. It offers us no cooperatively. On many issues honest differ- simple choices but rather what Americans ences of opinion were reconciled and a com- have always welcomed: a challenge to our mon position achieved—the Romanian trade courage, an opportunity to fresh accomplish- agreement, the basic direction of our Middle ment, a summons to greatness. East policy, the preparation for the special session of the General Assembly, and many issues in arms control and policy. Questions and Answers Following Let us build on this. The President is a man of Congress; he regards its members as the Secretary's Birmingham Address his colleagues, and he has pledged to cooper- Press release 411B dated August 15 ate with them. The Administration will make every effort to consult, inform, and work Chairman J. D. "Jimmie" Hayes, presi- with the Congress in making foreign policy. dent, Alabama Farm Bureau Federation:

And let me say that the close cooperation be- . . . Notv, Dr. Kissinger being a wise man, tween the chairman of the Foreign Relations I do not question his decisions, but he has in- Committee and the Administration has given vited a question-and-answer session, which strength and impetus to our foreign policy. I think perhaps should be limited to 15 When we are divided, when partisanship mimites. produces bitter debates, we can do damage The first question: Are unions going to that outlasts our present emotions; we harm dictate foreign policy regarding loading and not only the country's fortunes today but the shipping of grain to Russia and other coun- hopes of future generations. But when we tries? [Applause.] are united together there is no force stronger Secretary Kissinger: This is my first ex- than the power of free men acting in unity. perience in having a question applauded. Ladies and gentlemen, our nation has gone [Laughter.] through a searing decade. Assassination, The Administration has favored the sale war, and internal turmoil have all left their of grain to the Soviet Union and to other mark upon us. We began the 1960's secure countries. As I pointed out, we consider our in our belief in the goodness of our purpose, agricultural productivity one of our most

396 Department of State Bulletin important national assets, including the field State of Israel—of both of our major polit- of foreign policy. ical parties—have affirmed that the survival We regret attempts that may be made by and security of Israel represent a major individual groups to influence the overall American concern. policy by such measures. It is my under- At the same time, we believe that progress standing that the Secretary of Labor and toward peace in the Middle East is essential. other senior officials are now talking to the We have supported an evolution in the rela- unions concerned ; and we are trying to meet tions between the Arab states and Israel those concerns that reflect their working con- by which they would negotiate a peace settle- ditions, freight rates, or similar matters. ment and in which, in return for the re- We hope that we can work out a cooperative linquishing by Israel of Arab territories, the solution very rapidly, because we think it is Arab countries would make commitments very important. [Applause.] toward peace. [Applause.] The United States has been the only coun- Chairman Hayes: Do yoit have comments try that has been able to move this nego- on the reports coming out of Washington tiating process forward, and remain that Israel and Egypt are close to signing we committed to moving the a peace agreement? process forward. Our basic commitment in the Middle East, there- is dis- Secretary Kissinger: What being fore, is both to the survival and security of cussed between Israel and Egypt at this Israel but also to the achievement of a per- moment is not a final peace agreement, but manent peace. [Applause.] an interim step which, however, if it is Chairman Hayes: The next question re- achieved, would mark considerable progress fers to your pi-evious remarks, presumably on the road to peace, perhaps the biggest about Portugal. The question is: Do you have single one that has yet been taken. any firm evidence that the Soviet Union is The two parties are at this moment still aiding the Communist Party's efforts to siib- in the process of negotiation, and there are vert the revolution in Portugal for its own still important issues that still remain to be purposes ? resolved. However, progress has been made Secretary Kissiyiger: Undoubtedly in recent weeks. The two sides, with Amer- there exists ican mediation, are negotiating with each a school of thought right now in Wash- ington that I have already said other in good faith and seriously; and we too much about Portugal. are hopeful that further progress can be [Laughter.] But there is evidence made. We should know within the next couple some along the lines that the question suggests. of weeks whether these hopes will be realized, But above all, the purpose of but certainly over recent weeks progress has my remarks is to make clear the been made. [Applause.] fundamental American attitude toward any future action that might be contemplated. Chairman Hayes: Perhaps this would be We have to remember that events in Por- the appropriate place the next question. for tugal have their own dynamics that rest You, Dr. Kissinger, have been quoted in the on Portuguese conditions. We also have to press recently as saying that we have a com- remember that the influence of the Western — continuing in- mitment to Israel and as an democracies in the country furthest from the complete quotation—hut this is not to he Soviet borders in Western Europe depends construed as a status quo. Would you com- as much on the determination of the Western ment on this? countries as it may on the influence of the Secretary Kissinger: The United States Soviet Union. [Applause.] has no legal, formal commitment to Israel Chairynan Hayes: Dr. Kissinger, you have in the sense of an agreement ratified by been quoted as saying that we are living in the Congress. On the other hand, we have a new world and in a new era and facing a a close historical relationship. And succes- new world and facing a new era. Would you sive administrations since the creation of the like to expand on those comments?

September 15, 1975 397 Secretary Kissinger: That's another 45 time giving incentives to those who produce minutes. [Laughter.] I am sure you will all these commodities. be very patient. We have not yet finally decided on what What I meant with this remark was that, these proposals should be. in the immediate postwar period, the world We have advocated in the past the develop- was essentially divided into two big blocs: ment of an agreement for nationally held the Communist bloc on the one side with the grain reserves which would help our farmers Soviet Union in the lead, the Western world during periods when there is a shortage of on the other with the United States in the demand and which can be used in case there lead. are major catastrophes in the world. We are In the 30 years since the end of World in the process of negotiating this now. War II, conditions have changed quite funda- Another purpose of this scheme would be mentally. Western Europe and Japan have to avoid putting ourselves in the position of grown in strength and self-confidence and being the sole country that holds reserves in their ability to play a political role. The and, by establishing requirements for other Communist countries are characterized by countries holding reserves, to create a con- the division between the Soviet Union and stant market for our agricultural products. the People's Republic of China and by other [Applause.] fragmented trends. Chairman Hayes: We are approaching our In addition, the growth of nuclear weapons deadliyie. This is the last question. The ques- to nature has given a new significance the tioyi is: The present Administration has pro- of military power so that where, in the im- moted the philosophy of full agricidtural mediate postwar period, it was possible to production and the free market system. Do conduct a relatively simple foreign policy, you think the government has a fair policy fluid world now we live in a much more lohen it arbitrarily restricts the exporting decisions requiring much more complicated of farm commodities? and a world in which the question of peace Secretary Kissinger: I sometimes have the and war takes on added urgency. impression that the audience likes the ques- What we have attempted to do is to create tions better than the answers. [Laughter.] a structure in which all these divergent We are committed to full agricultural pro- forces can find a place in which we can duction and the free market system, and we defend our values and our interests, but at are not conscious that we have arbitrarily the same time reduce the dangers of nuclear restricted the exporting of farm commodi- war. [Applause.] ties. Hayes: are going to have Chairman We In the present situation it is clear that limit it to about two more questions he- to the United States is the only country that says: Dr. Kis- cause of our time. This one has the reserves that other countries must world singer, what do you think of the fund purchase. Therefore, we are trying to bring purchased any from ivhich food can be from about, in as orderly a manner as possible, the coimtry where supply is available, instead of disposal of these reserves—precisely to avoid a world food bank? the pressures against the free market system Secretary Kissinger: We are not develop- that will inevitably develop if there are pre- ing now a world food bank. We are in the cipitous actions. process of developing for the special session All the decisions that are being taken now of the General Assembly a number of pro- are within the framework of the free market posals which include proposals in the field system, and they are designed to vindicate of food, in which our purpose is to use our toward the farmers our request to them for productivity as a model and as a means to full production and therefore our obligation show how scarce resources can be used for to help them move that production. [Ap- the benefit of mankind, while at the same plause.]

398 Department of State Bulletin Secretary Kissinger's News Conference at Birmingham August 14

Press release 412 dated Augiist 14 Market, which was that they would be prepared to give economic assistance to a demo- Mr. Al Fox of Birmingham News: Mr. cratic Portugal. That is what I expressed Secretanj, on behalf of the newspaper media this morning in my speech. So we do not of Alabama we tvelcome you and Mrs. Kis- agree with this interpretation, and our policy singer to our state. And we appreciate that was stated this morning. you have taken the time to grant ics this news conference. Q. Mr. Secretary, following up on the Last month it tvas announced that negotia- question, since the question of Portugal has tions, which had been initiated by Senator been raised, it has been my understanding Sparkman apparently, had resulted in the that you consider the problems in Portugal return of some $2 million to Southern Air- arising from their history and that—to use ways from a plane hijacked from Birming- one of your phrases—the ivounds have been ham. Just hoiv big a step is that toward self-inflicted, from our point of view. Now renewing diplomatic relatiojis with Cuba? you seem to he warning the Soviet Union to stay out. But haven't you,raised a stratvman? Secretary Kissinger: Well, we consider it What has the Soviet Union done to interfere a positive step and a sign of good will. We in Porttiguese domestic affairs? have indicated on our side that we are pre- Secretary Kissinger: I pared to begin discussions with Cuba to see As said in answer to a question earlier, I said this whether the outstanding issues can be set- what morning what I have said in prepared re- tled. As these discussions proceed, we will — my marks addressed primarily to be able to make a decision on when the time —was what might done in the future to has come to resume diplomatic relations. be and some authoritative press comments that have been That is premature now. made in the Soviet Union in the last few Of course, there is one other point that I days. Basically the trends in Portugal result made before, which is that I do not know from internal Portuguese developments, whether we will count concessions that are but the situation is reaching a point made to Senators when the negotiations start where temp- with our government. [Laughter.] tation for outside intervention seems to be arising. Q. Mr. Secretary, it has been reported Q. Mr. Secretary, we received a report that the Soviet Union has resorted to the that a Colonel-General Michael Goleniewski, Helsinki agreement to protest the delayed ivho was a Polish Army intelligence officer decisions of the Common Market on eco- in World War II, had identified a list of KGB nomic or financial assistance to Portugal and and GRU agents and officers which have has designs to interfere with that country's since been arrested, tried, and convicted. The internal affairs. Does this concept of the general, according to our source, also identi- Helsinki agreement agree with yours? And fied you, Mr. Kissinger, as having worked is there any other Communist action to which for a Soviet intelligence network—code name we might apply the same standard and use ODRA, headquartered in West Germany dur- the same appeal? ing World War II—at the same time you Secretary Kissinger: We do not agree with were a U.S. Army counterintelligence inter- this interpretation of the Helsinki document, rogator and instructor in a military intelli- and we support the attitude of the Common gence school in West Germany. Now, is this

September 15, 1975 399 — —

true? And if not, how do you explain your reduced risk of war ; secondly, the settlement name being on General Goleniewski's list? of a number of outstanding political issues such as, for example, the issue of Berlin; Secretary Kissinger: I don't know who third, restraint in other areas such as the Colonel Goleniewski is, but I think he should

Middle East ; fourth, an easing of the be given the Pulitzer Prize for fiction. arms [Laughter.] race. And in return, we have given up no American interests. Q. Mr. Secretary, is the United States So the question of relaxation of tension working to encourage a peaceful settlement is—we should not delude ourselves—an issue of the conflict in Northern Ireland? that will be faced by any administration at Secretary Kissinger: We have not judged any period. The objectives that I have de- that this was the most fruitful area for our scribed are the interests of all Americans diplomatic activity, nor has there been any as well as all other people, and that is what demand for our services. So we wish the we get out of it. parties well in efforts settle it, to but we Q. Mr. Secretary, I understand that you have not been ourselves directly engaged. have a meeting this afternoon with president Q. Mr. Secretary, you said in your speech of the International Longshoremen's Local that the United States will oppose the efforts mo of the Port of Mobile. What is the pur- of the minority that appears to be subvert- pose of this meeting, specifically in relation to ing revolution for its own purposes in Portu- the ILA's national position on loading grain? gal. What precisely do you mean? Secretary Kissinger: I do not have a sep- Secretary Kissinger: We have indicated arate meeting with that we will support a democratic Portugal, Q. He's involved in a meeting. and we have made clear our preferences. Be- Secretary Kissinger: Whenever I make yond that there is not an enormous amount these visits around the country, I ask the we can do. local sponsors to organize meetings of local I have also pointed out there is also the leaders. I do not select these leaders ; I leave question which we have put to the other that to the sponsors, except that I ask them NATO allies; namely, for how long a govern- to be widely representative. It gives me an ment, should it become dominated by Com- opportunity to find out what is on the minds munists, can remain in the NATO alliance. of these leadership groups around the coun- Q. Mr. Secretary, may I follow that up, try—this plus the question periods at the please ? In your speech you also spoke about end of my speeches. The purpose of these the Soviet Union having an option to influ- meetings is as much to inform me as to give ence, either directly or indirectly, the course me an opportunity to express our views. So of events there. What do you have in mind I do not expect to have a separate conversa- by influencing the course of events directly tion with this gentleman or to get into the or indirectly—their sending in military ad- question of grain loading or any such—this visers or what? is being handled in Washington. Q. Mr. Kissinger, except for the Super Secretary Kissinger: Direct activities by K cartoons, you have not been in political car- its citizens or by people under its direct toons until recently; and you have been de- control. picted as giving aivay the store in Helsinki. Q. Can you tell us in a practical way what How do you feel personally about cartoons? benefit does the average American get from Secretary Kissiyiger: I like the first set of detente ? cartoons better. The second set of cartoons Secretary Kissinger: Well, the benefit to I wish each newspaper would bring this to the average American from detente is : first the attention of their cartoonists. [Laughter.] of all, a condition of absence of tension and As I keep pointing out around the country,

400 Department of State Bulletin my father, who clips the newspaper articles, congressional endorsement for such an ac- does not clip the second type. tion ? Now, with respect to giving away the Secretary Kissinger: With respect to your I it is important to store in Helsinki, think first question, obviously there is no agree- get Helsinki in perspective. These negotia- ment as of now. There is not even an agree- tions have been going on for over three years. ment as to the particular concept of an For at least a year and a half, it has been American presence. Therefore we have not known that in all probability that meeting had an opportunity, except in a general way, would end with a summit. The conclusions to sound out certain congressional leaders were perfectly well known. The United about the concept, and we have not been able States was not in the lead of this negotia- to put before them any concrete propositions. tion, but it went along with its West Euro- Secondly, if there is to be an American pean allies and the other 34 countries present presence, it will under no circumstances be there. a military presence. The only presence that So suddenly there has started a debate on could possibly be considered is a presence what? The recognition of frontiers? You of American civilian unarmed volunteers at ask yourself "what frontiers?" The frontiers the request of both parties to perform very in the Balkans were established by the peace limited technical functions, and in very small treaties of 1946 and 1947, in which we par- numbers. ticipated. The eastern frontiers of Poland Thirdly, if this happens, the United States were established in Yalta, in which we par- would not proceed with it without congres- ticipated. The western frontiers of Poland sional endorsement. We are not talking were established provisionally in Potsdam, about consultation. We would ask the Con- in which we participated. They were finally gress to vote on this. settled between the Federal Republic and Q. You would? Poland in 1971. There are no unrecognized frontiers in Secretary Kissinger: We would ask the Europe today. We did not recognize anything Congress to vote before we would proceed.

that has not long since been recognized by Q. Mr. Kissinger, this is fundamentally a other countries or by previous American farm meeting. How do you visualize the role I punishing Administrations. think we are of the American farmer iyi feeding the so- ourselves needlessly here over an issue that called hungry world? was not the principal issue at Helsinki. Secretary Kissinger: Well, the United The new things that were added to exist- I States has the greatest agricultural producing international agreements at Helsinki tivity in the world. The United States is the were all things that were in our favor. They only country that consistently produces re- were the human contacts; they were the serves in the sense of surpluses. Therefore, peaceful changes of frontiers. Therefore I American farm productivity is one of our believe that these cartoons and other com- great assets, if we can put it into the service mentaries are totally wrong. of the overall objectives of our foreign policy

I Q. Mr. Secretary, in connection with the —as we have been able to, thanks to the reports of an American presence in the Mid- productivity of our farmers and their will- tell us ingness to produce at full capacity. , die East, two questioyis: Can you whether, in fact, there will he an American So the primary contribution that our farm- I

I presence in the passes in the Sinai? And ers can make is to continue to produce at full capacity. I number two, if the agreemeyit should call for We would like to have an op- such a presence, is it your intention to consult portunity to talk to farm leaders about how with Congress? Or, going beyond that, is it the product can be moved in a way that your intention not to alloiv an American causes the least disruption of our own do- presence in the Middle East unless you have mestic markets. But these are matters that

September 15, 1975 401 ;

terests, their motivation without any ques- are being handled by the Department of is the same as those of any other group Agriculture at the moment, and I think it is tion concerned with American foreign working reasonably well. that is policy. Mr. Secretarrj, how serious is the Q. On certain issues, it can happen that eth- threat to our security with the Turkish nic groups feel passionately beyond what our forces, and do you foresee a ouster of would be our assessment of even the best return these bases to our control very of interests of the country or group that they soon ? represent. This has been our view of some Secretary Kissinger: Turkey has not yet of the pressures from the Greek constituents. ousted our forces. Turkey has prohibited We believe that the best means of producing our bases from operating. The Administra- a settlement on Cyprus and of helping Greece tion has repeatedly stated that the decision as well as Cyprus would be to follow our to embargo aid to Turkey and the conse- recommendations with respect to the em- quent closing of our bases have a very seri- bargo, because it would enhance our influ- ous effect on our national security—first, ence in Turkey. They have another judg- irre- because these bases are the source of ment. But I think, in the nature of our placeable intelligence; secondly, because system of a country composed of so many Turkey is one of the key countries in NATO different ethnic groups, that it is inevitable and thirdly, because the decision does not that these pressures exist; and I would not help the countries it is designed to help. criticize them. have opposed this decision. We have We Q. Just to follow up, if I may, to your appealed to the Congress to reverse it. We ansiver to Mr. Kalb's [Bernard Kalb, CBS do so not to win an argument with the House News'\ question. If you do go to the Middle Representatives, the Senate having voted of East and the issue of American presence on the basis of our recommendations; but in the Sinai is raised, are you suggesting is a matter of overwhelming we think this now that you wouldn't be able to reach an interest; and we hope that the national interim agreement without coming back and will reverse itself when it returns. House getting congressional approval first? ask you a question con- Q. I would like to Secretary Kissinger: Well, we are not party Turkey. There are about 3,000 cerning to the agreement. But the parties would have in the Birmingham area, and recent- Greeks to understand that it would require congres- became very enraged about what ly they sional approval. And since there would be they wrote Congressmen and happened and some period of time before such an agree- are similar to other ethnic Senators. They ment could be implemented anyway, we be- around the United States with a lot groups lieve the Congress would act—we would Regarding Turkey, what do you of influence. certainly ask the Congress to act expeditious- think the influence or pressure put by such of ly, but we will ask for congressional approval minorities? ethnic before we actually encourage Americans to we will not Secretary Kissinger: Well, I have been at go there—encourage, because have to be volun- the receiving end of this from various groups, send anybody; it would

so I have had direct exposure to it. teers. various ethnic I think it is inevitable that Q. Is it possible then that Congress could in- groups will feel passionately about the effectively veto an interim agreement in the terests of their ancestral countries. At the Middle East? same time, it is also clear that the over- Secretary Kissinger: On the basis of the whelming majority of the representatives of consultations that we have had, we do not these ethnic groups think of the interests of expect that. the United States. Even if we differ occa- the Food for Peace pro- sionally with their conception of these in- Q. Mr. Secretary,

Bulletim 402 Department of State gram has not been labeled a magnificent suc- nuclear bombs in populated areas to bring cess. How is it that agricultural sales to a quicker end to the war? other nations are going to help our foreign Secretary Kissinger: I have learned in my policy? time in Washington that, in making complex Secretary Kissinger: Well, first of all, I decisions, it is very easy in retrospect to would not agree that the Food for Peace draw certain conclusions when one does not program has not been a success. I think it know all the pressures that operated on the has on the whole been a very substantial people concerned and when the facts are success. Agricultural sales to other coun- clearer now than they were then. Therefore

tries, in a world in which the disposition of I would be very hesitant to second-guess a commodities becomes one of the principal group of serious and concerned people with international issues, can set an example for 30 years' hindsight. the manner in which other international Senator Sparkman: Mr. Secretary, may I commodities should be handled; and second- say just a word on that? ly, if conducted on a long-term basis, can The Secretary was not there when that _ lead to a set of arrangements that would be happened. That was 1946. I was there. I of mutual benefit to the United States as was in the House of Representatives. I was well as to other countries. on the Military Aff'airs Committee. General Marshall, who was then Chief of Staff, as Q. Mr. Secretary, back to the technicians I recall, testified before the House Military again. Just a month ago in Milwaukee you Aff'airs Committee that dropping that bomb were considering either military or civilian on Hiroshima, as much as it may have technicians. What has happened to make you shocked us, saved probably a million Amer- rule out military? ican lives that it would have co.st us had we Secretary Kissinger: I do not remember invaded Japan. It prevented the invasion. that I—I think you must have misunder- Q. Mr. Secretary, sir, in your speech you stood what I said then. But whatever I may spoke of those who use tough rhetoric and have said then, our policy is clearly the one urge policies of deliberate confrontation. that I have stated now. We are talking Since we are in Alabama in a political year about civilians—volunteers—approved by noiv, would you include Governor Wallace Congress. in that group of folks? Q. Mr. Secretary, you spoke of the secu- Secretary Kissinger: I have not read any rity and survival of the State of Israel. Is of his recent speeches, but I would include there any geographical configiiration which anybody who uses tough rhetoric. I leave you envision ivithin ivhich Israel's security it to you to determine who that might be. and survival is in doubt? But I think that anybody who attacks the Secretary Kissinger: We have not thought basic policy should not only attack it but it wise for the United States to put forward should spell out an alternative and indicate a proposal on a final settlement, which we the precise implications of his alternative. believe should be negotiated between the I am not talking about individuals; I am parties concerned and which must have ele- talking about policy directions. ments of final frontiers matched by com- Q. Mr. Secretary, I would like to retiirn to plete peace commitments on the other side. the question of the Cuban return of ransom But I do not think the United States should for a moment. It is apparent from the re- draw these lines. ports we have received doivn here that the Q. Mr. Secretary, 30 years after the atom- State Department had only a marginal part ic bombs ivere dropped on Hiroshima and in Sermtor Sparkman's negotiations. I was Nagasaki there is still criticism. Do you wondering if a possible explanation for this think it was necessary that we explode the could be that there are recurring reports

i| September 15, 1975 403 that the State Department, unless a matter U.S. Takes Steps To Conform has your personal attention, doesn't know With OAS Action on Cuba what to do.

^ Secretary Kissinger: First of all, this mat- Department Statement ter has my personal attention, so it is not a The Organ of Consultation of the OAS, good example. Secondly, I am delighted by acting under Rio Treaty, reso- the result of this negotiation and by Senator the adopted a lution on July 29 which allows each member Sparkman's role in it. Thirdly, with re- state to for itself of its spect to the State Department, there are cer- determine the nature tain myths that are going to be repeated no economic and diplomatic relations with the Government of Cuba. That action grew out matter what I may say or do. It will be of an earlier decision by the members of the repeated that I am secretive even though I on July 25, to adopt a protocol of am sure I have given more public speeches, OAS, held more press conferences, and met with amendment to the Rio Treaty which, once more congressional committees than any ratified, will lift sanctions by a simple Secretary of State before me. majority vote. It will be said that the State Department In keeping with this action by the OAS, has no authority, even though I think most the United States is modifying the aspects observers will have to agree that we have of our Cuban denial policy which affect other now the best group of Assistant Secretaries countries. Effective today, August 21, 1975, that has been assembled in decades, that it will be U.S. policy to grant licenses permit- they are known for their strong personali- ting transactions between U.S. subsidiaries ties, and that the best way to work with me and Cuba for trade in foreign-made goods in the State Department is to have strong when those subsidiaries are operating in views of your own. So I think it is abso- countries where local law or policy favors lutely incorrect. The thing that I hope will trade with Cuba. Specific licenses will con- last longest of the organizational changes tinue to be required in each case, and they that have been made at the State Depart- will remain subject to regulations concerning ment is the quality, in a policy sense, of the U.S.-origin parts, components, strategic people that are now in key positions. goods, and technology. Though the matter of Cuba happens to In order to conform further with the OAS

have my personal attention on top of it, I action, we are taking appropriate steps so can operate as I do only because the Assist- that effective immediately countries which ant Secretaries and the Under Secretaries allow their ships or aircraft to carry goods are men of initiative and imagination. to and from Cuba are not penalized by loss of U.S. bilateral assistance. are initiating Mr. John W. Bloomer, managing editor, We steps to modify regulations which deny Birmingham Neivs: Mr. Secretary, I think bunkering in the United States to third- it is time for me to speak. And I wish to country ships engaged in the Cuba trade. express on behalf of the Alabama press our We will also seek legislation to eliminate similar appreciation for your being tvith us, and restrictions on title I, P.L. 480, food sales to particularly for your candid answers to our third countries. questions. I would also like to express appreciation to Senator Sparkman for being with ' Read to news correspondents on Aug. 21 by us. Robert L. Funseth, Director, Office of Press Rela- Thank you, Mr. Secretary. [Applause.l tions.

404 Deparfment of State Bulletin Secretary Kissinger's News Conference at Vail, Colo., August 17

Press release 413 dated August 17 progress on many of the issues. We have Mr. Ronald H. Nesseti, Press Secretary to agreement in principle on some of the lines, President Ford: Let me read you two state- but some details remain to be negotiated. ments, and then Henry will be here to brief. We still have to work out the protocols and Secretary of State Kissinger will travel to the details of the various disposition of the Middle East next week, leaving Washing- forces after another interim agreement has ton on August 20. The discussions the United been made. States has been conducting with the parties There will be complicated issues of civilian concerned, looking toward an interim agree- administration, and there are one or two ment, have progressed to the point where the issues of principle there remaining outstanding. However, it is the President's judgment, parties and the President believe it would be useful for the Secretary of State to travel to the judgment of the parties, and my own that the area in an effort to bring the talks to a in the light of the good ;will that has been successful conclusion. The Secretary's visit shown by both parties in recent weeks, in to the Middle East will include several Arab light of the progress that has been made, the countries and Israel. remaining differences are surmountable; and The President has asked me to read you a this is the attitude with which I am going statement. there.

[At this point Mr. Nessen read a statement by Q. Mr. Secretary, would you say that President Ford, the text of which follows.] peace is at hand in the Middle East?

"I have worked many hours with the Sec- Secretary Kissinger: I haven't used that retary of State analyzing and assessing the line for four years. [Laughter.] situation in the Middle East, and I have now Q. Where are you going, exactly? directed him to return to that region in an effort to bring the discussions to a successful Secretary Kissinger: Wait a minute. You conclusion. don't think I am finished with a 30-second "I am hopeful that the parties will success- answer. I haven't even placed my verb yet. fully conclude an interim agreement, which [Laughter.]

not only would be in the best interest of the This, of course, is not a peace agreement. parties involved but also in the best interest This is an interim step toward peace between

of the entire Middle East region and indeed Egypt and Israel, if it should succeed. The of the whole world. issues between Israel and the other countries "I am sure all Americans join me in wish- remain to be resolved, and the United States ing the Secretary of State success on this remains committed to a just and lasting critically important mission." peace, as called for by the U.N. Security Secretary Kissinger: We will go straight Council resolution. to the questions. Both the United States and Israel and all the other parties that we are in touch with Q. Mr. Secretary, can you tell us some of agree that this will not be the end of the the issties that remain outstanding that you process, but a stage in the process. Neverthe- are going to be working on? less, if it succeeds, it will be, and it can be, Secretary Kissinger: We have made good a very big step. It would be the first agree-

Seplember 15, 1975 405 ment that has been made between an Arab Q. Who suggested it, and is it tied to any state and Israel not under the immediate im- aid? pact of military hostilities, the first one that Secretary Kissinger: The issue of warning will require some complicated arrangement stations depends on the issue of the aid. The of cooperation. issue of the aid in turn to Israel has been Therefore we hope that it will be a step discussed with Israel for many months, as toward that just and lasting peace which we we have, for that matter, discussed aid pro- are committed to try to bring about. grams with Arab countries for many I think, Fran [Frances L. Lewine, Asso- months. ciated Press] you had a question. , We will submit in September, I would ex- Q. What countries are you going to, pect, an aid package for the entire Middle exactly ? East, including Israel and those Arab countries that have been the recipients of aid last Secretary Kissinger: I am going first to year; and this has been entrained as part of Israel. From there I will go to Alexandria, the reassessment in any event. where President Sadat will be. Then we will have a shuttle, which we do not think should Q. Hoxv much money does it entail? be as extended as the recent shuttles have Secretary Kissinger: The President has been, because many issues of principle have not yet made the final decision about the already been settled; but while I am in the amount that we will request from the Con- Middle East, I expect to visit Damascus, gress, but this grows out of technical studies Amman, and Saudi Arabia to discuss with that we are undertaking jointly as to the the other Arab countries our conception of needs of the parties and particularly the progress toward peace in the Middle East. needs of Israel.

Q. Can you tell us ivho suggested a U.S. Q. Mr. Secretary, alongside whatever monitoring team in the Middle East, and agreements may he reached between Egypt isn't this fraiight with danger, and I would and Israel, will there also he third-party like to know if it is tied to any money agree- agreements between the United States and ments of aid to Israel? both of these parties, and what will their nature he? Secretary Kissinger: The idea of possible monitoring team has as yet not been finally Secretary Kissinger: We still do not have any actual documents that decided. It is an issue that was first raised have been agreed and which we have made clear we would to between the parties. All we have are certain agree to do only if both of the parties join in. agreements in principle about the out- We have also made clear that the Ameri- lines of a possible agreement. can participation would be of an entirely In the disengagement agreements, there was a formal agreement, then technical nature; that is to say, we would there was a man certain kinds of warning equipment protocol that was attached to that agree- whose results would be given to both sides ment, then there was separate understanding and the United Nations. between the parties in which the United States acted as In other words, it would be an extension an intermediary and trans- of the U-2 flights we are now undertaking mitted assurances from one party to the at the request of both parties. Any Ameri- other. cans that are going to the Middle East would Everything in which the United States is involved will go only if approved by the Congress. It be submitted to the Senate, the would be volunteers. They would have no Foreign Relations Committee, and to the military mission of any kind; and their pri- House International Relations Committee. mary function, their exclusive function, There will be no secret understandings that would be to give warning information to are not submitted. both sides and to the United Nations; and Q. Mr. Secretary, have you set yourself their numbers would be very small. a time limit for this particular trip ?

406 Department of State Bulletin Secretary Kissinger: I have to be back on lateral American force or will it he part of a Seiitember 1 or 2 to speak at the special ses- U.N. force? sion of the General Assembly. That I have Secretary Kissinger: It is very difficult for to do in any event no matter what the state me to talk about something that has not yet of the negotiations is. been agreed to and finally worked out. In any Now, it is theoretically possible I might event, there will be a U.N. force standing go back to the Middle East from there, but between Israel and Egypt in a zone of a I hope that we can make sufficient progress greater depth than has ever existed between in 10 days. But I don't want to operate the hostile forces in the Middle East. against a deadline. These issues even when — So these would not be in direct contact there is agreement in principle, the issues with either of the hostile parties. They would are enormously complex and there are so work more closely with the United Nations. many different aspects of civilian as well as military arrangements that have to be made Q. Has the United States agreed in prin-

that I would hate to tie myself too closely. ciple to compensate Israel for the loss of the Mr. Beckman [Aldo B. Beckman, Chicago Sinai oilfields? Tribune Press Service]. Secretary Kissinger: We are discussing Q. I have tivo questions. One, can you tell with Israel not so much compensation for the

us if the American volunteers will he armed, Sinai oil, but arrangements for alternative and secondly, when yoiir earlier shuttle supplies of Sinai oil if Israel has difficulty failed, I seem to recall your saying you arranging them for itself. We will take into wouldn't go back unless there was a 90 per- account, in arriving at the economic aid cent chance of success. Is there a 90 percent figure, the additional foreign exchange re- chance of success ? quirement for Israel in the purchase of oil. Secretary Kissinger: You have to remem- Q. So we are going to pay for the replace- ber even if you say there is a 90 percent ments? That is what it amounts to? chance of success, if it fails, it fails 100 per- It isn't going to cent. We think there is a good chance of Secretary Kissinger: be done exactly on that basis, but it will be success—whether you express it at 80 percent or 90 percent, that is just guessing at taken into account.

it think there is now a good chance of —we Q. Mr. Secretary, if I may change the sub- President would not have success, or the ject, could you explain to us the situation return. authorized my surrounding the transfer of Ambassador question? What was the other Carter \_W. Beverly Carter, Jr., U.S. Am- Q. Will the American volunteers he bassador to Tanzania] out of the State De- armed ? partment ?

' Secretary Kissinger: We have not yet Secretary Kissinger: To the best of my worked out this arrangement. If they are knowledge—and I am not always told every- armed, it would be only for self-defense. It thing in the State Department—Ambassador would not be for military operations. It Carter has not been transferred out of the would only be personal arms for really very State Department. We have avoided any immediate self-defense. They will not be comment on a situation which, quite frankly, to con- authorized, under any circumstances, has not always been reported with full ac- duct military operations or to defend them- curacy. selves against military forces. If they have The problem that arises in the case of ter- arms, it would be against marauders, but rorist attacks on Americans has to be seen I they are not there for a military function, not only in relation to the individual case and we are talking about very small numbers but in relation to the thousands of Ameri- of about 100 or so. cans who are in jeopardy all over the world. Q. Mr. Secretary, ivill this force he a uni- In every individual case, the overwhelming

September 15, 1975 407 temptation is to go along with what is being over the world if we once started that proc- asked. ess, and not only the American tourists and On the other hand, if terrorist groups get students but also American officials. impression that they can force a negotia- the Q. Mr. Secretary, one more question on tion with the United States and an acqui- this. I understand that President Ford wrote escence in their demands, then we may save a letter to President Nyerere of Tanzania lives in one place at the risk of hundreds of thanking him for his cooperation in this lives everywhere else. problem. Therefore it is our policy—in order to save Secretary Kissinger: That is right. lives and in order to avoid undue pressure on Ambassadors all over the world, it is our Q. Arid that that cooperation included re- policy that American Ambassadors and leasing two of the terrorists of the organiza- American officials not participate in negotiation that kidnaped the four yoting students. tions on the release of victims of terrorists Now, isn't that cooperating with terrorists'? and that terrorists know that the United Secretary Kissinger: After the event. will participate in the of States not payment President Ford did indeed write this letter, ransom and in the negotiation for it. and in each individual case it is a matter of In any individual case, this requires heart- judgment of how rigidly that line is drawm is that it breaking decisions. It our view and at what point one believes that the line saves more lives and more jeopardy and that has been breached. In any event. Ambassa- it will help Ambassadors, who can then hide dor Carter has not been transferred out of behind firm rules rather than leave it to the the State Department. individual decision. Q. But out of his post? I think Ambassador Carter is a distinguished Foreign Service—he is not a Foreign Secretary Kissinger: I really am trying to Service officer—he is a distinguished Am- avoid a detailed discussion of the issue, I bassador, and he has served well in Tanzania. think in the interest of all parties concerned.

I do not want to engage in a debate in which Q. Can we get, a kind of outline of what his concerns are very easily understandable the accords have been in terms of tvhat has to in as com- and which we are trying handle been printed? Is that the passes and the oil- passionate a manner as we can and without fields? penalizing any individual concerned. But Secretary Kissinger: I don't think I can there are important issues of principle in- go into something in which there are so volved here. many items that have only been agreed in Q. What is going to happen to Ambassa- principle and so many items that are not yet dor Carter-? He has the impression he has agreed to at all. Some of the things that have been transferred out the State Depart- of been printed are roughly accurate. Some of ment. the things that have been printed are not Secretary Kissinger: I think that Ambas- accurate. I would not go firmly with any one sador Carter would be better advised to deal of them. with the responsible officials of the State Q. I was going to ask the same question. Department than to engage in an independ- Are the reports of the agreement in principle ent publicity campaign of his own. for a pullback from the passes and the oil- We are reluctant to put forward our view fields in exchange for a guarantee of nonbel- of the situation, because we do not believe it ligerence accurate? Is that the general scope would help anybody. We are trying to main- of the agreement? tain a principle that terrorists cannot negotiate with American officials, and we are do- Secretary Kissinger: I do not think the is- ing this in order to protect the thousands sue of a formal issue of nonbelligerence is of Americans that could become victims all now before us, and I think it would be better

408 Department of State Bulletin not to go into the precise details of the geo- q^iestion here, but what is Israel going to graphic separation until we are a little need in the way of some giiidance, and what further ahead in the negotiations. is Israel going to get? You have talked about But it is known, of course, that the nego- the oilfields and the passes. tiations have involved the passes and the oil- Secretary Kissinger: I do not think I ought fields, and as I have already pointed out in to be into the provisions of an agreement answer to another question, that some of the which has so far been negotiated in a rather economic discussions with Israel involved the cumbersome process through Washington in problem of how to deal with Israel's foreign which there are no documents yet agreed to exchange problems in the absence of oil- the by both sides, but only some concepts and fields; so that is a speculation that would be general lines, and that will all be apparent proper. when the agreement is negotiated, hopefully Q. Are you going to see Mr. Gromyko in the not too distant future. [Soviet Foreign Minister Andrei A. Gro- Q. On the question of compensation or myko'] on this trip? ivhatever it may be called for the loss of the Secretary Kissinger: I don't expect to see oilfields, are you talking about American him, no, not on this trip. I expect to see Mr. compensation, American aid? Are you talk- Gromyko next when he comes to the General ing about Arab aid or some other form? Assembly in the middle of September. Secretary Kissinger: I have the impres- Q. Betiveen now and then, will there he sion, but I have to confirm that when I get any special arrangements or efforts to keep out there, that the Arabs kre not yet ready to the Russians posted? compensate Israel for any loss of oil reve- nues. are talking about the fact that in Secretary Kissinger: We will stay in touch We with the Soviet Union and keep them gen- setting the aid level for Israel, we will take into losses erally informed. account the foreign exchange that Israel will suffer if, as a result of the agree- Q. As you pointed out, if there is an in- ments, it gives up the oilfields. terim agreement, can you give us a more I think I will take one more question. specific idea of the territories Israel may Q. Cayi you give us any idea ivhether you have to give up? of heard from the Israeli Cabinet this morning? Secretary Kissinger: As I pointed out on Secretary Kissinger: other occasions, in a lasting peace, a lasting This announcement is based on the decision of the Israeli Cabinet peace will have to settle the frontier of to invite me to come to Israel. Israel not just with Egypt but with all of its neighbors. It will have to take into account Q. Is there any question about it? This the Palestinian problem. It will have to spell morning there was a question about it. out in great detail the reciprocal obligations Secretary Kissinger: Yes, there was in the for peace on the part of the Arab countries. sense that the Israeli Cabinet had to approve And it will have to include guarantees—in- what the negotiating team and we worked ternational, multilateral, bilateral, whatever out during the course of last week, and until may be devised for the final arrangements. the Israeli Cabinet had formally approved This interim agreement which we are now the results of last week's negotiations, we talking about is a step, we hope a significant could not announce that a shuttle could, in step, toward this, but it will still be only a fact, take place. partial—we will only have traveled a part of the road. Q. When are you leaving here?

Q. Mr. Secretary, in ansxvering Jim Secretary Kissinger: I am leaving here Haughtoji's question, you said the formal is- tomorrow afternoon, and I am leaving Wash- sue of nonbelligerency, which is not a ington Wednesday around midnight.

September 15, 1975 409 —

America's Strength and Progress Toward Freedom and Peace

Address by President Ford

I am very, very happy to have this oppor- answer. At times we have come perilously tunity to talk with my fellow Legionnaires close to a major military confrontation. We about two things which the American Legion have suffered some serious setbacks. And we has always held dear: freedom and peace are still unable to resolve some dangerous for our country and for the world. conflicts festering on nearly every continent Freedom always comes first. Let there be in the world. no doubt about that. Patrick Henry an- But we have prevented world war HL We swered that question for all of us some 200 have preserved civilization. Few who re- years ago. The marines, the seamen, and the member the immediate postwar period after airmen who rescued the Mayaguez gave the World War H would say that the world is not same clear answer which was heard 'round calmer and better off today than it was. the world. All Americans are terribly proud The free world, as we define it, is essen- of their success. tially intact after 30 years of uneasy peace But in today's world of technological between the superpowers, instability in terror, with weapons of awesome sophistica- former colonial areas, and sporadic out- tion and destructiveness, it is difficult to see breaks of local and regional violence. And how freedom as we know it could survive three decades of imperfect peace have per- another all-out war. It is even questionable mitted unprecedented gains in productivity whether a free society such as ours could sur- and economic progress for much of mankind, vive an all-out, unrestricted arms race. including the United States. We are therefore confronted with this Some fundamental lessons were learned dilemma that has faced the American people in this period. They must not be forgotten. and their government since the postwar Ad- First, the military might, the material ministrations of Presidents Truman and strength, and moral purpose of the United Eisenhower. The question is this: How do we States were absolutely essential to achieve preserve, protect, and defend our freedom the present level of international stability. and that of our allies? How do we advance They remain absolutely essential. We are the cause of freedom worldwide? And how still the principal defender of freedom do we, at the same time, preserve the general throughout the world. peace and create conditions that reduce the Second, our enormous defense capability chances of war? How do we control the and its economic base have been reinforced tremendous cost of maintaining the capabili- by the growing resources of our allies in ties required for a potential major war? Europe and in the Pacific and by the increas- These are exceedingly difficult questions to ing interdependence of industrial democracies in both military and economic areas. ' Made before the 57th National Convention of the They must continue. American Legion at Minneapolis, Minn., on Aug. 19 Third, the policies of five American Presi- (text from Weekly Compilation of Presidential Documents dated Aug. 25; introductory paragraphs dents before me for strong national defense, omitted). for reduction of East-West tension and the

410 Department of State Bulletin — threat of thermonuclear war, and for the But I am convinced that adequate spend- bolstering of our essential allies have had ing for national defense is an insurance the unswerving and nonpartisan support of policy, an insurance policy for peace we can- the Congress and the American people. I will not afi^ord to be without. It is most valuable continue to seek that support. But today I if we never need to use it. But without it, we ask you, my fellow Legionnaires, to help me could be wiped out. achieve that objective, and I know that I can Certainly the most important social obliga- count on your support. tion of government is to guarantee all We share a very deep concern over the citizens, including the disadvantaged, suffi- cracks now appearing in the foundations of cient protection of their lives and freedoms essential national unity on defense and against outside attack. Today, that protec- foreign policy. tion is our principal hope of peace. What Without a clear consensus among 214 mil- expense item in our Federal budget is more lion Americans, the role of the United States essential ? as the champion of freedom and peace This is one place where second best is throughout the world would be crippled worth nothing. The proportion of Federal crippled very seriously, if not fatally. The spending for national security and the pro- ability of a President to carry out his con- portion of our gross national product going stitutional duties would be dangerously for defense requirements have declined in diminished. The temptation to potential ad- recent years. The dollar figures in the Fed- versaries to take advantage of any apparent eral budget go up, but simply because of in- weakness, disunity, and indecision could be- flation. But the weapons we can purchase and come irresistible. With your support and that the personnel we can afi'ord have declined. of other Americans, my Administration will During the Viet-Nam war, defense spend- give them no such temptation. ing concentrated—and properly so—on current combat requirements, shortchanging our long-range research and development Insurance Policy for Peace efforts. If our technological lead is not George Washington, our first President, rapidly recovered, this could be fatal to our said the best way to preserve peace is to be qualitative superiority in the future. Scien- prepared for war. In one way or another, tific progress in the Pentagon must be an each of President Washington's successors equal partner with the best in personnel and has repeated that truth. Unfortunately, we the best in weapons in maintaining peace have historically ignored it. We have and deterring war. abruptly demobilized after every war, and Our potential adversaries are certainly not the next generation—the next generation of reducing the levels of their military power. Americans—paid very dearly for this folly. The United States, as a result, must be alert I see some danger signs of our doing it again, and strong, and it will be. The defense budget with the stakes infinitely higher than ever which I submitted for fiscal year 1976 rep- before. resents, under these circumstances, the bare

That is why I say to you, I am determined minimum required for our national security. to resist unilateral disarmament. I am I will vigorously resist all major cuts in every equally committed to keeping America's de- way I can, and I hope I have your help. fenses second to none. For the next fiscal year—1977—I honestly Now that Americans are no longer fight- and sincerely hope to hold down our spending ing on any front, there are many sincere but, on nuclear forces. This tentative judgment is in my judgment, shortsighted Americans conditioned on real progress in SALT Two who believe that the billions for defense [Strategic Arms Limitation Talks]. But the could be better spent for social programs to Congress and the American people must help the poor and disadvantaged. realize that, unless agreement is achieved, I

September 15, 1975 411 — —

will have no choice but to recommend to the procity, not unilateral concessions or one- Congress an additional $2 billion to $3 billion sided agreements. for strategic weapons programs in current With this attitude, I shall work with de- and coming fiscal years. termination for a relaxation of tensions. The United States has nothing to fear from progress toward peace. The Process of Detente Although we have still a long way to go, we In recent weeks, there has been a great have made some progress: a defusing of the deal said about the subject of detente. Today, Berlin time bomb, the ABM [antiballistic let me tell you what I personally think about missile] treaty, the first SALT agreements detente. and progress on SALT Two, the start of First of all, the word itself is confusing. mutual and balanced force reductions in Its meaning is not clear to everybody. French Europe, and other arms control agreements is a beautiful language, the classic language regarding space, the seabeds, and germ of diplomacy, but I wish there were one sim- warfare. ple English word to substitute for "detente." We have established the basis for progress Unfortunately, there isn't. toward detente and cooperation in Europe as Relations between the world's two strong- a result of the summit meeting of some 35 est nuclear powers can't be summed up in nations in Helsinki. But the principles we a catch phrase. Detente literally means adopted there now must be put into practice "easing" or "relaxing," but definitely not —principles, I should say, will be put into and I emphasize not—the relaxing of dili- practice. We cannot raise the hopes of our gence or easing of effort. Rather, it means people and shatter them by unkept prom- movement away from the constant crisis and ises. dangerous confrontations that have charac- We are now carefully watching some seri- terized relations with the Soviet Union. ous situations for indications of the Soviet The process of detente—and it is a process attitude toward detente and cooperation in —looks toward a saner and safer relation- European security. The situation in Portugal ship between us and the Soviet Union. It is one of them. We are deeply concerned represents our best efforts to cool the cold about the future of freedom in Portugal, as war, which on occasion became much too hot we have always been concerned about the for comfort. future of people throughout the world. To me, detente means a fervent desire for The reality of the Portuguese situation is peace, but not peace at any price. It means apparent to all. The wishes of a moderate the preservation of fundamental American majority have been subverted by forces more principles, not their sacrifice. It means main- determined than representative. We are taining the strength to command respect hopeful that the sheer weight of numbers from our adversaries and provide leadership the 80 percent of the Portuguese people who to our friends, not letting down our guard or support the democratic process—will prevail dismantling our defenses or neglecting our in this conflict of ideologies. But they must allies. It means peaceful rivalry between po- find the solution in an atmosphere that is litical and economic systems, not the curbing free from the pressures of outside forces. of our competitive efforts. So far, my meetings with General Secre- Since the American system depends on tary [Leonid I.] Brezhnev in Vladivostok freedom, we are confident that our philoso- and Helsinki have been constructive and phy will prevail. Freedom is still the wave helpful. Future success will of course depend of the future. Detente means moderate and on concrete developments. restrained behavior between two super- Peace is the primary objective of the powers, not a license to fish in troubled foreign and defense policies of the United waters. It means mutual respect and reci- States. It is easy to be a cold warrior in

412 Department of State Bulletin peacetime. But it would be irresponsible for we can entrust our hopes for peace to a piece a President to engage in confrontation when of paper. consultation would advance the cause of Thus, another essential element of any peace. real arms limitation, whether of strategic So, I say to you—as I said to Mr. Brezhnev systems or conventional forces, is our own and the leaders of other European nations intelligence capability. Sweeping attacks, and Canada in Helsinki—peace is crucial, overgeneralization, against our intelligence but freedom must come first. activities jeopardize vital functions neces- Those who proclaimed American inde- sary to our national security. Today's sensa- pendence almost 200 years ago asserted not tions must not be the prelude to tomorrow's merely that all Americans should enjoy life, Pearl Harbor. liberty, and the pursuit of happiness, but I certainly do not condone improper ac- that all men everywhere are endowed by tivities or violations of the constitutional their Creator with such inalienable rights. rights of Americans by any personnel or any

I told the leaders of Europe that these agency of the Federal Government. On the principles, though still being perfected, re- basis of the comprehensive studies of our in- main the guiding lights of American policy, telligence agencies by the Rockefeller Com- that the American people are still dedicated mission and by the Murphy Commission on to the universal advancement of individual the conduct of foreign policy, I will take ad- rights and human freedom implicit in the ministrative action and recommend legisla- Helsinki declaration. tion to the Congress for whatever must be It gave me great pride, as the spokesman done to prevent future abuses. of the United States at Helsinki, to say to Intelligence in today's world is absolutely both East and West: My country and its essential to our national security—even our principles of freedom have given hope to survival. It may be even more important in millions in Europe and on every continent, peace than in war. Any reckless congres- and still does. sional action to cripple the effectiveness of On the other hand, I emphasize that we our intelligence services in legitimate opera- are tired of having our hopes raised and then tions would be catastrophic. Our potential shattered by empty words and unkept adversaries and even some of our best promises. friends operate in all intelligence fields with

I reminded all there in Helsinki that secrecy, with skill, and with substantial re- detente must be a two-way street because sources. I know, and I know you know, that tensions cannot be eased with safety and se- what we need is an American intelligence curity by one side alone. capacity second to none.

Through detente, I hope that we are on a two-way street with the Soviet Union. But Restoring Assistance to Turi

September 15, 1975 413 point, so with its attendant effect on our national se- But talk is only the starting and curity, that this action has caused? I ask each of you, as well as this great or-

I don't know, because I am at a loss to ex- ganization, to join with me in the commit- reinforcement plain it myself. As a man of the Congress, ment that I have made for the and proudly so, for 25 years, the last thing of lasting peace and the enlargement of for our- I seek is confrontation with my friends, my human freedom. I ask this not only former colleagues on Capitol Hill, both selves but for our posterity and for all peo- Democrats and Republicans. ples who pray that the torch of liberty will Obviously I am troubled that the House of continue to burn bright. Representatives has refused to permit the God helping us, freedom and peace will shipment of arms to Turkey. But I respect both prevail. the sincerity and the motives of those who support this position. However, I know when the bottom line of any issue is the ultimate security of the United States, which it is in U.S. and Bahamas Fail To Agree this case, the Congress and the President on Spiny Lobster Fishing always found a way to close ranks and to act August as one. Press release 443 dated 27 This does not mean that one side or the The Department of State announced on other capitulates blindly. Let us put this August 27 that the talks between the United issue on the table and once again debate it, States and the Bahamas designed to permit not in a climate of fire and fury, but in a U.S.-based fishermen access to the Bahamian reasoned approach based on what is right spiny lobster resource had failed. and what is best for America. David H. Wallace, chairman of the U.S. I am convinced from my personal talks delegation to the talks, said that the United last month with the leaders of Greece and States had made a number of proposals Turkey and Cyprus that their differences which were, in the U.S. view, reasonable and can be settled peacefully. in the interests of both governments. He We can help—the Congress, the President, indicated that he was authorized to consider and the American people. We can help cool any proposals which the Bahamian Govern- the passions that caused so much heartbreak ment might wish to advance. Regrettably, in the Mediterranean. the Bahamian Government refused to ad- The American political system is one of vance any counterproposals, stating it did checks and balances. But it works best when not believe it proper to advance such pro- the checks do not become roadblocks. As posals to the United States.

President, I need the cooperation and the full Proposals advanced by the United States support of the Congress, which I know is as included joint conservation measures and concerned as I am about our nation's se- cooperation in scientific research, limitations curity. on U.S. fishing efforts, measures to insure Just as important, your representatives in that there would be no competition for that the Congress need to know where you stand. portion of the resource Bahamian fishermen They have to realize that you place America's are able to take, license fees to be paid to the security above personal and political consid- Bahamas, assistance in enforcement, and erations. especially assistance in training Bahamian

This morning I am deeply honored to have fishermen, he said. These proposals were not had this great opportunity to meet with you accepted by the Bahamians, who concluded here in the heartland of America and to that they could not find a basis for agree- share some of my deep concerns and some of ment with the United States. my personal thoughts on the future of our The talks between the U.S. and Bahamas nation. Governments were held in Nassau from

414 Department of State Bulletin August 13 to 27 and have been suspended for tional arrangements will be made that fairly furiner consideration of the matter by the protect the interests of our fishermen and respective governments. fishing vessels as well as those of the Baha- Mr. Wallace expressed regret over the out- mas. Accordingly, the U.S. Government im- t'ome, noting that it will cause severe hard- mediately intends to pursue discussions ship for many U.S. spiny lobster fishermen. between the two governments regarding the He pointed out that U.S. fishermen have en- accepted methods for the peaceful settlement gaged in fishing for spiny lobster on the of disputes such as negotiation, inquiry, Bahamas Banks for many years. He also mediation, conciliation, arbitration, judicial noted that a joint U.S.-Bahamian group of settlement, resort to regional agencies or scientific experts had developed a report arrangements, or other peaceful means of which clearly indicated a substantial avail- their own choice. In particular, we are sug- ability of lobster on the banks which could gesting to the Government of the Common- be taken by American fishermen without wealth of the Bahamas that the issue be sub- prejudice to the stock or the plans of the mitted immediately to the International Bahamas for expansion of their fishery. Court of Justice. On July 9 the Bahamas declared jurisdiction over the spiny lobster as a living resource of the continental shelf. Similar action was taken by the United States in Jan- Department Declassifies Records uary 1974 when it declared jurisdiction over for 1948 and 1949 the American lobster as a living resource of the continental shelf. Press release 399 dated August 4

Mr. Wallace further indicated that he had Effective August 4, the Department of made the following statement to the Baha- State has declassified almost all of its foreign mian delegation upon instructions from policy records for the years 1948 and 1949. Washington: This action has been taken by special ad- ministrative decision and does not void the Without questioning the validity of the Bahamian claim of jurisdiction over spiny lobster as a living Department's standing regulation that pro- resource of the continental shelf, the U.S. Govern- vides, on a continuing basis, for the opening ment believes that the Bahamas have an obligation of records 30 years old. The present decision under international law to take into account the is based on a provision of the regulations interests of fishermen that previously fished for allowing for the opening of blocks of records spiny lobster in the area and to negotiate reasonable less than 30 years old when this is admin- arrangements regarding U.S. -flag vessels to that end. We believe such arrangements would strengthen istratively feasible and consistent with the the interests of both countries in the conservation national security. Many of the most impor- and effective utilization of the stocks and would tant papers in the Department's files for not in any sense be incompatible with interests the 1948 and 1949 have already been declassified or jurisdiction of the Bahamas. for publication in volumes of its series "For- Pending resolution of this issue, the eign Relations of the United States" that United States calls on all concerned to avoid have been released or will be released in the any acts or provocations that could result in near future. violence. We call on the Government of the The bulk of the Department's records for Commonwealth of the Bahamas to exercise 1948 and 1949 are in the custody of the restraint in this matter. For its part, the National Archives and Records Service. The United States will enforce its laws to the central files and mo-st of the "decentralized" fullest extent within the United States and files are in the National Archives building in with respect to American vessels. Washington, D.C. ; the Foreign Service post The U.S. Government will continue to do files are at the Washington National Records everything possible to insure that transi- Center at Suitland, Md. ; and some of the

September 15, 1975 415 the United "decentralized" files are in the Foreign States of America, acting under authority vested in me by the Constitution and statutes, Affairs Document and Reference Center in including Section 255(b) of the Trade Expansion Department of State. the Act of 1962 (19 U.S.C. 1885(b)) do hereby proclaim Documents for 1948 and 1949 in these that: various locations may now be consulted by- 1) So much of Proclamation No. 4335 as pro- in accordance with the stand- all researchers claimed temporary quantitative limitations on the ard procedures of the National Archives. importation into the United States of certain cattle, Inquiries about these documents should be swine, and pork from Canada is terminated. addressed to the Chief of the Diplomatic 2) Subpart B of part 2 of the Appendix to the TSUS is amended as follows: Branch, Civil Archives Division, National Archives and Records Service, Washington, (a) By deleting from the superior heading immediately preceding item 945.01 the following: D.C. 20408. (i) "the cattle, the swine," (ii) ", or the pork" (iii) "cattle, swine," (iv) "or pork, respectively," President Ford Eases Restrictions (b) By deleting items 945.01, 945.02, and on Meat Imports From Canada 945.04.

A PROCLAMATION^ 3) This Proclamation is effective with respect to articles entered, or withdrawn from warehouse, Termination of Temporary Quantitative Limita- for consumption after 12:01 a.m., EDT, August 7, tion ON THE Importation Into the United States 1975. OF Certain Cattle, Swine and Pork From Canada In Witness Whereof, I have hereunto set my hand this fifth day of August, in the year of our Whereas, Proclamation No. 4335 of November 16, Lord nineteen hundred and seventy-five, and of the 1974, limiting imports into the United States of Independence of the United States of America the certain cattle, beef, veal, swine and pork from Can- two-hundredth. ada, was issued pursuant to Section 252(a) of the Trade Expansion Act of 1962 (19 U.S.C. 1882(a)) Gerald R. Ford. in response to Canada's imposing unjustifiable restrictions on cattle and meat imports from the United States, said Proclamation inserting item numbers 945.01 through 945.04 into subpart B of part Congressional Documents 2 of the Appendix to the Tariff Schedules of the Relating to Foreign Policy United States (TSUS), and Whereas, Canada has now lifted those unjustifiable restrictions on cattle imports from the United 94th Congress, 1st Session States, and Whereas, Section 255(b) of the Trade Expansion Agreement for the Creation of an International Office of Epizootics. Report of the Senate Com- Act of 1962 (19 U.S.C. 1885(b)) authorizes the mittee on Foreign Relations to accompany Ex. M. President to terminate in whole or in part any 93-2. S. Ex. Rept. 94-4. April 30, 1975. 7 pp. of the proclamation made pursuant to Section 252 Indochina Migration and Refugee Assistance Act of Trade Expansion Act of 1962 (19 U.S.C. 1882(a)), 1975. Communication from the President of the and United States transmitting a draft of proposed Whereas, I deem it necessary and appropriate to legislation. H. Doc. 94-134. May 6, 1975. 2 pp. terminate in part the restrictions proclaimed in International Petroleum Exhibition. Report of the Proclamation No. 4335, specifically those imposing Senate Committee on Commerce on S.J. Res. 59 temporary quantitative limitations on the importa- authorizing the President to invite the states of the Union and foreign nations to participate in tion into the United States of certain cattle, swine the International Petroleum Exposition to be held and pork from Canada, in order to encourage the at Tulsa, Oklahoma, from May 16, 1976, through resolution of trade disputes between the United May 22, 1976. S. Rept. 94-118. May 12, 1975. 5 pp. States and Canada, Indochina Migration and Refugee Assistance Act Now, Therefore, I, Gerald R. Ford, President of of 1975. Report of the Senate Committee on Foreign Relations to accompany S. 1661. S. Rept.

' No. 4382, 40 Fed. Reg. 33425. 94-119. May 12, 1975. 31 pp.

416 Department of State Bulletin INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATIONS AND CONFERENCES

Draft Convention on Environmental Warfare Tabled

in Geneva Disarmament Committee

On August 21 the U.S. and U.S.S.R. Rep- of war. Comments made by the experts at resentatives to the Conference of the Com- our recent informal meetings on this subject mittee on Disavmament (CCD) at Geneva underline the need to develop effective meas- tabled, in parallel, identical draft texts of a ures to control military or any other hostile Convention on the Prohibition of Military use of those techniques having major ad- or Any Other Hostile Use of Environmerital verse effects before such techniques can be Modification Techniques.^ Following is a developed and perfected. statemeyit made before the conference that In the past few weeks, various delegations day by U.S. Representative Joseph Martin, have provided data on the existing state of Jr., together with the text of the draft con- the art in environmental modification and vention. have hypothesized about the nature of possible future techniques. From these data we can see that, while environmental warfare U.S. delegation press release (Geneva) dated August 21 is not practical on a militarily significant STATEMENT BY AMBASSADOR MARTIN scale at present, understanding and technology in the field are increasing. Significant The United States today is tabling a draft advances may be possible in the course of Convention on the Prohibition of Military or time. Some scientists believe, for example, Any Other Hostile Use of Environmental that methods might be developed for inten- Modification Techniques. A parallel draft is tionally and selectively effecting harmful being tabled by the delegation of the Soviet changes in the composition of the earth's Union. We are presenting the draft conven- atmosphere or in its climate, or for causing tion as a basis for consideration by all gov- floods or drought. An ambitious, incautious, ernments and for negotiation in the CCD. or desperate state might then resort to the Previous discussions in the U.N. General use of such techniques. At present there is Assembly, in the series of bilateral meetings an opportunity to prohibit such use. We between representatives of the Soviet Union should seize that opportunity. and my government, and here in this com- The U.S. delegation believes that develop- mittee, have indicated clearly the serious ment of a generally accepted convention concern felt by many states, including my along the lines of the draft we are tabling own, over the potential catastrophic dangers today would best allow us to accomplish the to mankind if environmental modification objectives of the General Assembly, the CCD, techniques were to be developed as weapons and of the U.S.-U.S.S.R. joint statement of July 3, 1974. At the same time it would not ^ The draft text is the result of bilateral talks held discourage the development of peaceful and 1-5, Washington Feb. 24- at Moscow Nov. 1974, at beneficial environmental modification tech- Mar. 5, 1975, and at Geneva June 16-20, 1975, niques. pursuant to the U.S. -U.S.S.R. joint statement of July 3, 1974. The formulation of a convention imposing

September 15, 1975 417 restraints on environmental warfare pre- tion. The list includes earthquakes and sented difficult and complex problems of tsunamis ; an upset in the ecological balance definition. This is the case because the de- of a region ; or changes in weather patterns, velopment of environmental modification the state of the ozone layer, climate pat- techniques is still at an early stage and a terns, or ocean currents. treaty will necessarily have to deal with The draft does not include a ban on mili- future discoveries. This draft seeks to retary research or development. Such a ban solve such definitional problems. would be ineft'ective in view of the dual ap- The draft convention would prohibit mili- plicability to civilian and military ends of tary or any other hostile use, as a means of much research and development in this field destruction, damage, or injury, of environ- and the difficulties which could be encoun- mental modification techniques having wide- tered in determining whether all parties were spread, long-lasting, or severe effects. The observing the prohibition. prohibition against "military or any other Mr. Chairman, let me now comment on draft convention it- hostile use" covers two types of environ- specific portions of the self. mental warfare. First, it covers the hostile use of environmental modification techniques The preamble briefly explains the prob- in armed conflict or to initiate such conflict. lems the convention is designed to address and provides a framework for the specific Second, it covers the use of such techniques for the specific purpose of causing destruc- obligations which follow. The second para- expresses point that advances of tion, damage, or injury, even when no other graph the weapons are used or there is no other mili- science and technology are giving rise to the tary operation taking place. We believe this possibility that deliberate actions can re- draft provides a basis for distinguishing be- lease significant natural forces or significant- tween the use of environmental modification ly alter the natural state, thus giving man the techniques as weapons, which is covered by potential of modifying the environment the prohibition, and the environmental im- to his own ends. The third paragraph high- lights the essential pact of other weapons, which is not covered. diff"erence between the great harm which military uses of environ- The draft deals with environmental modi- mental modification techniques might pro- fication techniques whose use would have duce and possible benefits which peaceful widespread, long-lasting, or severe eflfects. uses might bring. The fourth paragraph re- This is in order to focus on the most im- flects the commitment to limit the potential portant aspects of the problem—potential danger to mankind from such military ac- applications of such techniques as weapons tivities. The fifth places the agreement in the which could cause the gravest harm to man context of the goals and objectives of the and his environment. international community. An important consideration in this regard Articles I and II taken together form the is that in any limitation on the hostile uses operative substance of the convention. They of environmental modification techniques, the are closely interdependent. Article I contains attainable degree of verification of com- the basic obligation not to engage in military pliance with treaty constraints obviously is or any other hostile use of environmental related to the scale of activity. Accordingly, modification techniques having widespread, the possibilities for verification decrease as long-lasting, or severe effects as the means severity of the activity the size, duration, or of destruction, damage, or injury to another diminishes. state party. It also provides for an obliga- Included in the proposed convention is an tion not to assist, encourage, or induce any illustrative list of effects of environmental other state, group of states, or international modification techniques subject to prohibi- organization to engage in such use.

418 Department of State Bulletin Article II provides a definition of environ- We look forward to hearing views of other mental modification techniques. This term delegations on the proposal and hope that refers to techniques designed to manipulate our deliberations will lead to early agree- deliberately the natural processes of the ment. earth, its oceans and atmosphere, or of outer space. The article is, therefore, comprehensive in its coverage of the natural environ- TEXT OF DRAFT CONVENTION ment. Article II also provides an illustrative Convention on the Prohibition list of effects which serves to define the type of Military or Any Other Hostile Use of Environmental of phenomena to vi^hich the prohibition ap- Modification Techniques plies. Tlie States Party to this Convention, Article III makes it clear that the treaty does not apply to the use of environmental Guided by the interest of consolidating peace, and modification techniques for peaceful purposes wishing to contribute to the cause of limiting the arms race, and of bringing about disarmament, and that it does not stand in the way of in- and of saving mankind from the danger of using new ternational cooperation in this regard. means of warfare; Article IV provides for the legal imple- Recognizing that scientific and technical advances mentation of the convention within individual may open new possibilities with respect to modifica- states party, wherever needed for domestic tion of the environment; reasons. Realizing that military use of environmental modification techniques could have Article V deals with problems that might widespread, long- lasting or severe eflfects harmful to human welfare, arise in applying the convention's provisions. but that the use of environmental modification The article sets forth the basic undertaking techniques for peaceful purposes could improve the for consultation and cooperation among the interrelationship of man and nature and contribute parties and a procedure for submitting com- to the preservation and improvement of the en- plaints to the U.N. Security Council in the vironment for the benefit of present and future generations; event a party believes that there has been Desiring to limit the potential danger to man- a breach of obligation. kind from means of warfare involving the use of Articles VI through IX set out provisions environmental modification techniques; covering such matters as amendments, dura- Desiring also to contribute to the strengthening tion, and entry into force. The draft con- of trust among nations and to the further improve- tains blanks in articles VI, VIII, and IX ment of the international situation in accordance with the purposes where the convention's depositary or deposi- and principles of the Charter of the United Nations, taries remain to be identified. In addition, Have agreed paragraph 2 of article VI leaves open the as follows: number of instruments of acceptance of an Article I amendment required for its entry into force 1. Each State Party to this Convention undertakes for those governments that have accepted not to engage in military or any other hostile use of environmental it, while paragraph 3 of article VIII leaves modification techniques having widespread, long-lasting open the number of ratifications required to or severe effects as the means of destruction, damage or injury to another State bring the convention into force. Article VII Party. provides that the convention shall be of un- 2. Each State Party to this Convention undertakes limited duration. not to assist, encourage or induce any State, group Mr. Chairman, in tabling this draft Con- of States or international organization to engage in vention on the Prohibition of Military or Any activities contrary to the provision of paragraph 1 of this Other Hostile Use of Environmental Mod- article. ification Techniques, the United States be- Article II lieves that it can serve as the basis for the As used in Article I, the term "environmental CCD's further consideration of the subject. modification techniques" refers to any technique for

September 15, 1975 419 changing—through the deliberate manipulation of Council decides that such Party has been harmed natural processes—the dynamics, composition or or is likely to be harmed as a result of violation structure of the Earth, including its biota, litho- of the Convention. sphere, hydrosphere, and atmosphere, or of outer Article VI space, so as to cause such effects as earthquakes and tsunamis, an upset in the ecological balance of 1. Any State Party may propose amendments to a region, or changes in weather patterns (clouds, this Convention. The text of any proposed amend- precipitation, cyclones of various types and tomadic ment shall be submitted to which shall storms), in the state of the ozone layer or ionosphere, circulate it to all States Party. in climate patterns, or in ocean currents. 2. An amendment shall enter into force for all States Party which have accepted it, upon the Article III deposit with of instruments of accept- The provisions of this Convention shall not hinder ance by . Thereafter it shall enter the use of environmental modification techniques into force for any remaining State Party on the for peaceful purposes by States Party, or interna- date of deposit of its instruments of acceptance. tional economic and scientific cooperation in the Article VII utilization, preservation and improvement of the environment for peaceful purposes. This Convention shall be of unlimited duration.

Article IV Article VIII

Each State Party to this Convention undertakes, 1. This Convention shall be open to all States for in accordance with its constitutional processes, to signature. Any State which does not sign the Con- take any necessary measures to prohibit and prevention before its entry into force in accordance with vent any activity in violation of the provisions of paragraph 3 of this article may accede to it at the Convention anywhere under its jurisdiction or any time. control. 2. This Convention shall be subject to ratification by signatory States. Instruments of ratification and Article V instruments of accession shall be deposited with 1. The States Party to this Convention under- in take to consult one another and to cooperate solv- 3. This Convention shall enter into force after the ing any problems which may arise in relation to the deposit of instruments of ratification by objectives of, or in the application of the provisions in accordance with paragraph 2 of this article. of this Convention. Consultation and cooperation 4. For those States whose instruments of ratifica- pursuant to this article may also be undertaken tion or accession are deposited after the entry into through appropriate international procedures within force of this Convention, it shall enter into force the framework of the United Nations and in ac- on the date of the deposit of their instruments of cordance with its Charter. ratification or accession. finds 2. Any State Party to this Convention which 5. The shall promptly inform all that any other State Party is acting in breach of signatory and acceding States of the date of each obligations deriving from the provisions of the Con- signature, the date of deposit of each instrument of vention may lodge a complaint with the Security ratification or of accession and the date of the Council of the United Nations. Such a complaint entry into force of this Convention, and of the re- should include all possible evidence confirming its ceipt of other notices. consideration validity, as well as a request for its 6. This Convention shall be registered by by the Security Council. in accordance with Article 102 of the Charter of the 3. Each State Party to this Convention under- United Nations. takes to cooperate in carrying out any investigation which the Security Council may initiate, in accord- Article IX ance with the provisions of the Charter of the This Convention, the Chinese, English, French, United Nations, on the basis of the complaint re- Russian, and Spanish texts of which are equally ceived by the Council. The Security Council shall authentic, shall be deposited with who inform the States Party to the Convention of the shall send certified copies thereof to the Govern- I results of the investigation. ments of the signatory and acceding States. I 4. Each State Party to this Convention under- In witness whereof, the undersigned, duly author- takes to provide or support assistance, in accord- ! ized thereto, have signed this Convention. ance with the United Nations Charter, to any Party to the Convention which so requests, if the Security Done in on .

420 Department of State Bulletin 1

U.S. Vetoes U.N. Admission for admission to the United Nations—be referred to the Admissions Committee. It of North and South Viet-Nam is the role of the Admissions Committee to consider whether the applicant in The U.N. Security Council had before it fact meets the on August 6 a provisional agenda which in- requirements of the charter for member- cluded applications for U.N. membership ship. from the Provisional Revolutionary Govern- Today we have had before us three applicants. United ment of the Republic of South Viet-Nam, The States had been prepared to see each the Democratic Republic of Viet-Nam, and considered by the Admissions Committee, and as the Republic of Korea; the Council voted to the United States has include the Vietnamese applications on the made clear, we have been prepared to vote for the admission of all agenda but rejected the application of the each and of these applicants. were prepared to Republic of Korea. As a result, on August 11 We see each of the United States voted against the Viet- them admitted if all were admitted. Clearly, the Security namese applications for membership. Follotv- Council action forecloses this opportunity ing are statements made in the Council on for the 30th General Assembly, August 6 and August 11 by U.S. Representa- and we can only regret it. tive Daniel P. Moynihan.^

Statement of August 1

USUN press release 83 dated August 11 STATEMENTS BY AMBASSADOR MOYNIHAN The United States today has, for the first time, vetoed the admissionof a new member to the United Nations. The veto was repeated Statement of August 6 a second time. This is an action my country USUN press release 82 dated August 6 hoped it would never take. As far back as We are at the end of another day in a 1948, in a resolution sponsored by Senator dubious time in the history of the United Arthur H. Vandenberg, who had served as Nations. The Security Council has had be- a U.S. delegate to the first General Assembly, fore it the simplest of matters. We have been the U.S. Senate specially called on our execu- asked to carry forward our duty under the tive to forswear our use of the veto in all charter to consider the admission of new questions involving the admission of new members. The applications of these nations members. In 1949 the executive branch un- were before us. The United States was of dertook to do just that. And so it is no small course prepared to vote for the consideration matter for us that we have felt forced to of each of these three nations. The essential break with our practice of 30 years. The thrust of the charter toward universality re- American people, and possibly peoples and quired nothing less of us. Verily, it is a duty governments elsewhere, will desire an ex- of a Security Council member to insure-that planation. the application of any entity bearing any This is not difficult to provide. If our speci- resemblance to statehood—the application fic actions today are at variance with 30 years' practice, we nonetheless continue to ^The Council on August 6 approved the inclusion act in support of the same principle, that of on the agenda of the Vietnamese applications by universal membership in the United Nations. votes of 14 to 0, with the United States abstaining; the vote on the inclusion of the South Korean ap- What has changed is our judgment that if plication was 7 (U.S.) in favor, 6 against, with 2 the United States acts in an open and ac- abstentions. On August 11 the Council voted the on cepting manner as applications for member- draft resolutions to admit South Viet-Nam and ship come before us, North Viet-Nam; the votes were 13 in favor, 1 other members of the against (U.S.), with 1 abstention (Costa Rica). Security Council might do so as well. I be-

September 15, 1975 421 lieve it is fair to say that we did not change states were the Council prepared to adhere this judgment precipitously. In truth, an to the principle of universality. The Council impartial observer might wonder that our was not so prepared; indeed, the principle of practice persisted through a quarter century universality seems gravely imperiled by what of vetoes by others. took place here on August 6. What in the end changed our mind was the The United Nations should be as near as decisions of the Council taken at its 1834th possible to universal in membership. As new meeting on August 6, 1975. It became ab- nations are formed, they should be seen as solutely clear on that occasion that the Se- having a presumed right to membership, curity Council, far from being prepared to given their fealty to the charter. It is just support the principle of universal member- that principle that has brought us from an ship, was denying to one applicant even the original membership of 51 to the present right to have its case considered. Never be- membership of 138. It is just that principle fore has the Council gone so far as to refuse which will take us still higher, for there are ' N even to consider the application of an entity more than half a dozen new nations waiting so widely regarded as a state as to have been in the wings. But we must not apply par- accepted as a member of numerous special- tisan political tests to membership. The ized agencies, and also, on four separate United Nations cannot work if we do. It is occasions in the past, to have been proposed because the United States desires that it for membership by a clear majority of this should work that we have today made tha same Security Council. hard decision to break with our practice ofl It may be recalled what I said, speaking 30 years and block the membership of two for my government, on August 6. I said that nations whose sponsors have refused to act the United States had made clear that we equitably toward the application of another were prepared to vote for the admission of nation. each and all of the three applicants then before us, which is to say the United States would have voted for the admission of the Republic of South Korea, the Democratic TREATY INFORMATION Republic of Viet-Nam, and the Provisional Revolutionary Government of the Republic of South Viet-Nam. And I would like to take this occasion to welcome the representatives Current Actions of those countries to this Council chamber. Earlier that day a State Department MULTILATERAL spokesman had indicated that the United States would be equally willing to vote for Arbitration the admission of North Korea as well. We Convention on the recognition and enforcement of would have done so in plain pursuit of the foreign arbitral awards. Done at New York June 10, 1958. Entered into force June 7, 1959; for the principle of universality. But the State De- United States December 29, 1970. TIAS 6997. partment spokesman said then, and I repeat Ratification deposited: Belgium, August 18, 1975. now, that we would have and we will have Energy nothing to do with selective universality, a Agreement on an international energy program. principle in practice admits which only new Done at Paris November 18, 1974.^ members acceptable to the totalitarian states. Notifications of consent to be bound: Denmark, June 19, 1975; Ireland, July I said on August 6 that the action of the 28, 1975; Luxem- bourg, April 24, 1975. Security Council that day foreclosed the admission of these new applicants for the com- Finance ing General Assembly. Articles of agreement of the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development, as amended. We clearly stated that we were prepai-ed to act in favor of the admission of all three ' Not in force.

422 Department of State Bulletin Done at Washington December 27, 1945. Entered Trade into force December 27, 1945. TIAS 1502. Protocol of provisional application of the General Signature and acceptance: Grenada, August 27, Agreement on Tariffs and Trade. Done at Geneva 1975. October 30, 1947. Entered into force January 1, Articles of agreement of the International Monetary 1948. TIAS 1700. 1945. Fund. Done at Washington December 27, Extended to: Papua New Guinea, August 4, 1975. Entered into force December 27, 1945. TIAS 1501. Signature and acceptance: Grenada, August 27, 1975. BILATERAL

Health Chile Constitution of the World Health Organization, as amended. Done at New York July 22, 1946. En- Agreement regarding the consolidation and re- tered into force April 7, 1948; for the United scheduling of certain debts owed to, guaranteed or States June 21, 1948. TIAS 1808, 4643, 8086. insured by the U.S. Government and its agencies, Accessioyi deposited: Tonga, August 14, 1975. with annexes and statement. Signed at Washing- ton July 3, 1975. Enters into force when the Narcotic Drugs United States notifies Chile in writing that Convention relating to the suppression of the abuse domestic U.S. laws and regulations covering debt of opium and other drugs. Done at The Hague rescheduling have been complied with. January 23, 1912. Entered into force February 11, International Committee of the Red Cross 1915. 38 Stat. 1912.

Notification of succession : The Bahamas, August Agreement amending the grant agreement of Feb- 13, 1975. ruary 20, March 16 and 17, 1975, as amended Protocol amending the agreements, conventions (TIAS 8032), concerning emergency relief and and protocols on narcotic drugs concluded at The assistance to refugees, displaced persons, and war Hague on January 23, 1912 (38 Stat. 1912), at victims in the Republic of Viet-Nam, Laos, and Geneva on February 11, 1925 and February 19, the Khmer Republic. Signed at Geneva April 18 1925, and July 13, 1931 (48 Stat. 1543), at and 24, 1975. Entered into force April 24, 1975. Bangkok on November 27, 1931 and at Geneva on Portugal June 26, 1936. Done at Lake Success, New York December 11, 1946. TIAS 1671, 1859. Agreement terminating the agreement of November Notification of succession : The Bahamas, August 17, 1970, as amended, relating to trade in cotton 13, 1975. textiles and providing for consultations on prob-

Protocol bringing under international control drugs ^ lems of market disruption from exports of cotton, outside the scope of the convention of July 13, wool, and man-made fiber textiles and apparel 1931, for limiting the manufacture and regulating products from Portugal. Effected by exchange of the distribution of narcotic drugs (48 Stat. 1543), notes at Washington August 20, 1975. Entered as amended by the protocol signed at Lake Suc- into force August 20, 1975. cess on December 11, 1946 (TIAS 1671, 1859). Done at Paris November 19, 1948. Entered into force December 1, 1949; for the United States September 11, 1950. TIAS 2308. Notification of succession: The Bahamas, August 13, 1975. Single convention on narcotic drugs, 1961. Done at PUBLICATIONS New York March 30, 1961. Entered into force December 13, 1964; for the United States June 24, 1967. TIAS 6298. Notification of successio7i: The Bahamas, August 13, 1975. 1948 "Foreign Relations" Volume on Ocean Dumping Near East, South Asia, and Africa Convention on the prevention of marine pollution by dumping of wastes and other matter, with an- Press release 403 dated August 6 (for release August 13) nexes. Done at London, Mexico City, Moscow, and Washington December 29, 1972. The Department of State released on August 13 Ratification deposited: Haiti, August 28, 1975. "Foreign Relations of the United States," 1948, Enters into force: September 27, 1975. volume V, "The Near East, South Asia, and Africa," part 1. This volume is the latest in the "Foreign Oil Pollution Relations" series, which has been published con- International convention on the establishment of an tinuously since 1861 as the official record of Ameri- international fund for compensation for oil pollu- can foreign policy. Seven other volumes for 1948 tion damage. Done at Brussels December 18, 1971." and five for 1949 have already been released. Ratification deposited: Algeria, June 2, 1975. Part 1 of the present volume contains 532 pages presents previously unpublished documentation ' Not in force. and

September 15, 1975 423 on U.S. participation in the development of the Cultural Relations. Agreement with the Socialist Romania. 8006. 10 (Cat. petroleum resources of the Near East; the after- Republic of TIAS pp. 30^ No. S9.10:8006). math of the "Pentagon Talks of 1947" between the United States and the United Kingdom concerning Trade in Cotton Textiles. Agreement with Nicara- the Middle East and the eastern Mediterranean; and gua terminating the agreement of September 5, U.S. relations with and assistance to Iran, Iraq, and 1972, as amended. TIAS 8007. 4 pp. 25(. (Cat. No. Saudi Arabia. Part 1 also includes documentation 89.10:8007). on U.S. participation in efforts to resolve the dis- Agricultural Commodities. Agreement with the pute between India and Pakistan over Kashmir and Khmer Republic. TIAS 8008. 32 pp. A5

*434 8/25 Study Group 2 of the U.S. Na- tional Committee for the CCIR, GPO Sales Publications Sept. 25. 1435 Kissinger: comments to the press, Publications may be ordered by catalog or stock Jerusalem, Aug. 24. Sadat: news confer- number from the Superintendent of Documents, Kissinger, ence, Alexandria. U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. Kissinger, Sadat: news confer- 25-percent discotint is made on orders for 20i02. A ence, Alexandria. any one publication mailed to 100 or more copies of Kissinger, Allon: comments to payable to the the same address. Reynittances, the press, Jerusalem. Superintendent of Documents, must accompany Kissinger: remarks, Jerusalem. orders. Prices shown below, which include domestic U.S. Advisory Committee of the postage, are subject to change. Inter-American Tropical Tuna Commission, Sept. 18. summaries which Background Notes: Short, factual Digest of U.S. Practice in Inter- describe the people, history, government, economy, national Law, 1974, released. and foreign relations of each country. Each contains Kissinger, Allon: comments to and a map, a list of principal government officials the press, Jerusalem. U.S. diplomatic and consular officers, and a reading U.S. -Bahamas spiny lobster talks. cur- Kissinger, Allon: remarks, Jeru- list (A complete set of all Background Notes sub- salem, Aug. 27. rently in stock—at least 140—$21.80; 1-year Kissinger: remarks, Jerusalem, scription service for approximately 77 updated or Aug. 27. Notes—$23.10; plastic binder—$1.50.) Single new Kissinger: remarks to the press, listed below are available at 20<^ each. copies of those Jerusalem, Aug. 28. Kissinger, Sadat: remarks to the Cat. No. S1.123:F47 Fiji ...... press, Alexandria, Aug. 28. Pub. 8486 4 pp. Kissinger, Allon: remarks, Jeru- Cat. No. S1.123:G93 Guatemala . salem. Pub. 7798 5 pp. Kissinger: remarks, Jerusalem. Hungary. Cat. No. S1.123:H89 Kissinger, Allon: remarks, Jeru- Pub. 7915 7 pp. salem. 731 Fulbright-Hays scholarship Modification International Wheat Agreement, 1971— winners named. and Extension of Wheat Trade Convention and Food Kissinger: remarks, Jerusalem. Aid Convention. Protocols with other governments. Kissinger: remarks, Jerusalem. TIAS 7988. 62 pp. 75(*. (Cat. No. S9.10:7988). Double Taxation—Earnings from Operation of Ships t Held for a later issue of the BULLB?riN. and Aircraft. Agreement with Jordan. TIAS 8002. 3 pp. 25«*. (Cat. No. S9.10:8002).

424 NDEX September 15, 1975 Vol. LXXIII, No. 1890

Vrms Control. Draft Convention on Environ- Military Affairs. American Strength and mental Warfare Tabled in Geneva Disarma- Progress Toward Freedom and Peace (Ford) 410 ment Committee (Martin, text of draft Portugal convention) 417 American Strength and Progress Toward Jahamas. U.S. and Bahamas Fail To Agree on Freedom and Peace (Ford) 410 Spiny Lobster Fishing 414 American Unity and the National Interest (Kissinger) 389 Eases Restrictions on Canada. President Ford Questions and Answers Following the Secre- (proclamation) 416 Meat Imports From Canada tary's Birmingham Address 396 Congress. Congressional Documents Relating Secretary Kissinger's News Conference at to Foreign Policy 416 Birmingham August 14 399 :uba Presidential Documents Secretary Kissinger's News Conference at American Strength and Progress Toward Birmingham August 14 399 Freedom and Peace 410 J.S. Takes Steps To Conform With OAS President Ford Eases Restrictions on Meat Action on Cuba (Department announce- Imports From Canada (proclamation) . . 416 ment) 404 Secretary Kissinger's News Conference at Vail, Colo., August 17 (incorporating state- Foreign Service. Department Department and ment by President Ford) 405 Declassifies Records for 1948 and 1949 . . 415 Publications Economic Affairs GPO Sales Publications 424 (American Unity and the National Interest 1948 "Foreign Relations" Volume on Near (Kissinger) 389 East, South Asia, and Africa 423 President Ford Eases Restrictions on Meat Kissinger's Con- Imports From Canada (proclamation) . . 416 Terrorism. Secretary News U.S. and Bahamas Fail To Agree on Spiny ference at Vail. Colo., August 17 (incorpo- Lobster Fishing 414 rating statement by President Ford) . . . 405 Environment. Draft Convention on Environ- Treaty Information. Current Actions .... 422 mental Warfare Tabled in Geneva Disarma- Turkey ment Committee (Martin, text of draft American Strength and Progress Toward convention) 417 Freedom and Peace (Ford) 410 Europe American Unity and the National Interest American Unity and the National Interest (Kissinger) 389 (Kissinger) 389 Secretary Kissinger's News Conference at Birmingham August 14 399 Secretary Kissinger's News Conference at Birmingham August 14 399 U.S.S.R. American Strength and Progress Toward Food Freedom and Peace (Ford) 410 American Unity and the National Interest American Unity and the National Interest (Kissinger) 389 (Kissinger) 389 Following the Secre- Questions and Answers Draft Convention on Environmental Warfare tary's Birmingham Address 396 Tabled in Geneva Disarmament Committee Kissinger's News Conference at Secretary (Martin, text of draft convention) .... 417 August 14 399 Birmingham Questions and Answers Following the Secre- International Organizations and Conferences. tary's Birmingham Address 396 Draft Convention on Environmental War- Secretary Kissinger's News Conference at fare Tabled in Geneva Disarmament Com- Birmingham August 14 399 mittee (Martin, text of draft convention) . 417 United Nations Japan. American Unity and the National In- American Unity and the National Interest terest (Kissinger) 389 (Kissinger) 389 U.S. Vetoes U.N. Admission of North and Korea. U.S. Vetoes U.N. Admission of North South Viet-Nam (Moynihan) 421 and South Viet-Nam (Moynihan) .... 421 Viet-Nam. U.S. Vetoes U.N. Admission of

Middle East North and South Viet-Nam (Moynihan) . . 421 American Unity and the National Interest (Kissinger) 389 Questions and Answers Following the Secre- Name Index tary's Birmingham Address 396 Secretary Kissinger's News Conference at Ford, President 405, 410, 416 Birmingham August 14 399 Kissinger, Secretary .... 389, 396, 399, 405 11 417 li Secretary Kissinger's News Conference at Martin, Joseph, Jr Vail, Colo., August 17 (incorporating state- Moynihan, Daniel P 421 I I ment by President Ford) 405 Sparkman, John J 403