Refugee Review Tribunal

AUSTRALIA

RRT RESEARCH RESPONSE

Research Response Number: IDN31639 Country: Date: 17 April 2007

Keywords: Indonesia – Jakarta – Chinese – Christians

This response was prepared by the Country Research Section of the Refugee Review Tribunal (RRT) after researching publicly accessible information currently available to the RRT within time constraints. This response is not, and does not purport to be, conclusive as to the merit of any particular claim to refugee status or asylum.

Questions

1. Please provide updated information on the current situation for ethnic Chinese and for Christians in Indonesia, and Jakarta in particular. Have any reports of note appeared in recent months?

RESPONSE

1. Please provide updated information on the current situation for ethnic Chinese and for Christians in Indonesia, and Jakarta in particular. Have any reports of note appeared in recent months?

No reports could be located which would indicate that recent months have seen any significant violence against in Jakarta. Nevertheless, there have been reports of ongoing violence in the Indonesian provinces of Central Sulawesi and Maluku.

Jakarta

On 1 March 2007, Kalinga Seneviratne of the Inter Press Agency (IPS) reported that the President of Indonesia, Bambang Yudhoyono, attended the Chinese New Year celebrations in Jakarta and many Indonesian Chinese took part in the event as citizens of the country after the Indonesian government passed the new Citizenship Law in July 2006, allowing many ethnic Chinese to be Indonesian citizens for the first time. Comments to the IPS from prominent Indonesians in Jakarta on the accommodation of ethnic Chinese are detailed below:

Sima Gunawan – Journalist

Journalist and writer Sima Gunawan, who only recently disclosed her Chinese name ‘Kho Djoen Siem’ in public, argued that few people in Indonesia knew that the world badminton champion Rudy Hartono was ethnic Chinese. Or for that matter the film director Teguh Karya, the physicist Yohanes Surya or pop-star Agnes Monica… Mawan Batubara – Member of the Regional Representative Council Jakarta

“If we talk about economic advantage or how they control economic opportunity, they (ethnic Chinese) are better positioned than pribumis,” said Marwan Batubara, a member of the Regional Representative Council representing Jakarta province, in an interview with IPS. He argues that there is a perception among pribumis that the Chinese think only about their families, community and business.

“It is time for the Chinese community to open up and mingle with the rest of the people more openly than before, because they already got (official) recognition of what they have,’’ he added.

Mustafa Kamal Ridwan – Senior Fellow at the Habibie Centre in Jakarta

Ridwan believes that events such as this week’s national celebration of the Imlek festival shows the government is trying to accommodate the Chinese. “It means there is now a willingness to integrate the Chinese (community) into Indonesia. (But) it doesn’t mean they integrate with Islamic culture,’’ he notes. “They don’t have to be Muslim to be Indonesian. Imlek is not a religious celebration.”

Ridwan foresees the formation of a Chinese political party in the near future and he points out that many Chinese children go to local schools since not every Chinese is wealthy in Indonesia. “We have to welcome them and not put any suspicion on them,” he argues.

He added that there was better chance of integration between the two communities when they can gather together socially. ‘‘Imlek can be a way to integrate the two societies” (Seneviratne, K. 2007, ‘Ethnic Chinese Find New Acceptance’, Inter Press Service website, 1 March http://ipsnews.net/news.asp?idnews=36785 – Accessed 12 April 2007 – Attachment 1).

In a message to the Chinese community of Jakarta, Governor Sutiyoso on 20 February called for a fair deal for the city’s Chinese. According to the Indonesia Matters website:

On the occasion of Chinese New Year, or Imlek, Governor Sutiyoso promised to make it easier for the city’s Chinese to obtain official documents, such as birth certificates, family cards, local residency papers, and even citizenship, while visiting the Wihara Dharma Bakti temple in Glodok on the 18th.

“Bang Yos” said that those Chinese who wished to obtain citizenship of Indonesia, if they presently were without it, could apply now, or at least register themselves at their local government office, even though the central government has not yet determined all the procedures and requirements for the applicaton of the 2006 citizenship law.

He said this would be one way in which Jakarta would become a shining beacon for the nation, a place which would wipe out all forms of ethnic discrimination, especially in the bureaucracy.

In accordance with the 2006 Citizenship Act there must no longer be any racial discrimination towards particular ethnic groups. It must not be made difficult for Chinese people to get their residency papers. Jakarta will be a pilot project for this (‘Jakarta Chinese’ 2007, Indonesia Matters website, 20 February http://www.indonesiamatters.com/1100/jakarta-chinese/ – Accessed 16 April 2007 – Attachment 2).

East

On 10 April 2007, tensions between Muslims and Christians increased after Indonesian authorities disclosed that a home made video, believed to be offensive to the Muslims, was circulating in East Java. In a report in the Indonesian Matters website, it was alleged that the video was made by a Christian student group called Lembaga Pelayanan Mahasiswa Indonesia (LPMI).

When the contents of the VCD recording became known in Batu and Malang it was feared that such a sensitive matter would cause unrest in society. The Majelis Ulama Indonesia (MUI) and the Batu branch of the Department of Religion first reported the case to the police. Then the Batu local government held a meeting with a local church body, the Badan Kerja Sama Gereja (BKSG), to get to the bottom of things.

The Batu office of the Nahdlatul Ulama pleaded with its followers to not react in a way that would discredit Muslims, while the Badan Kerja Sama Gereja (BKSG) has already fired a pastor who is implicated in the scandal.

The national head of the Nahdlatul Ulama (NU), Hasyim Muzadi, also held a meeting with various church leaders to discuss the issue and they issued a joint statement. Hasyim said the security authorities must act against the VCD perpetrators to ensure the peace was kept. In the video it is said that participants at the LPMI prayer meeting, numbering about 30, dressed up as Muslims, women wearing jilbabs, men wearing “Muslim” robes and caps, and then carried out Christian prayers and sang Christian songs.

Another report says a similar thing but adds that the one of the Christians dressed up as a Muslim, possibly a pastor, holds up a copy of the Quran and then places it on the floor.

The video is said to be widely available in East Java and even has spread abroad (‘Police are hunting down the makers of an anti video’ 2007, Indonesia Matters website, 9 April http://www.indonesiamatters.com/1214/anti-islam-video/ – Accessed 10 April 2007 – Attachment 3).

West Java

In Bandung West Java, a dozen members of the Anti Apostasy Division (APD) visited a local church to enquire about the conversion of Muslims to Christianity. According to the Indonesia Matters website:

Dozens of members of the Anti Apostasy Division (Divisi Anti Pemurtadan (DAP)) of the Forum Ulama Umat Indonesia visited a Christian church (Gereja Kristen Pasundan (GKP)) on Kebon Jati road in Bandung on 4th April to enquire whether the church had broken its agreement not to convert Muslims to Christianity.

Suryana of the DAP said the church had agreed two years ago not to approach Muslims and this agreement had been signed by pastor Krisna from GKP and Muhammad Mu’min from another anti-apostasy group, the AGAP (Aliansi Gerakan Antipemurtadan).

However Suryana said the church had violated the agreement by converting some Muslims in the Garut and Pangauban areas of Bandung. Each convert was given five million rupiah ($550) by the church, he said.

Pastor Krisna was not at the church when the DAP men arrived and a later meeting date has been agreed upon by both the church and the DAP at the West Bandung police station (‘Anti Apostasy’ 2007, Indonesia Matters website, 12 April http://www.indonesiamatters.com/1220/apostate/ – Accessed 16 April 2007 – Attachment 4).

Central Java

In April 2007, police in were placed on alert at Satya Wacana Christian University after a publication, from the Abu Dujana terror group on a plot to assassinate the former Vice Chancellor, was found on the campus. According to the BBC:

“Police Tighten Security at Satya Wacana University”; Salatiga ( News) – Police in Salatiga, Central Java, will tighten security at the local Satya Wacana Christian University (UKSW) following the discovery of a document belonging to the Abu Dujana terror group on a plan to assassinate the university’s former vice chancellor, John Titaley, a spokesman said.

Salatiga Police Chief Assistant Senior Commissioner Rahardjo said here on Wednesday [ 4 Apr] that he had already coordinated with the present university vice chancellor, Kris Herawan Timotius, and had also asked the vice chancellor to maximise the university’s internal security.

“All vehicles coming to and leaving the campus must be checked with a detector and surveillance cameras must soon be installed in places where they are needed,” he said.

He said he would assign men to patrol the campus and guarantee the safety of John Titaley and Kris Herawan Timotius.

“If the former vice chancellor, now in the US, asks for special police protection, we will be ready to provide it,” he said.

He said in anticipation of any incident he had already asked his men to recheck boarding houses and newcomers in the city and conduct traffic operations to check motorists’ documents.

He appealed to residents of Salatiga not to panic over the information. “We have taken all the necessary security precautions. We hope people will continue to conduct their daily activities as usual,” he said (‘Indonesian police tighten security after university said terrorist target’ 2007, BBC, 5 April – Attachment 5).

Central Sulawesi

On 14 April 2007, two home made bombs exploded in the town of Poso in Central Sulawesi. According to Dow Jones International News:

No one was injured in the blasts within 15 minutes intervals Saturday night in Poso, a district town in Central Sulawesi province, said local police chief Lt. Col. Adeni Muhan.

The first blast happened in an empty lot, while the second was in front of a Christian residence, about two kilometres away. Police are investigating the explosions and have been questioning a number of witnesses, Muhan said, adding that some saw two men on a motorcycle near the scene of the second blast.

Police also found materials needed to make nail bombs, he said. Poso, about 1,600 kilometers northeast of the capital, Jakarta, was the center of fierce battles between Muslims and Christians that killed about 1,000 people in 2001 and 2002 (‘2 Homemade Bombs Explode In Central Indonesia; No Injuries’ 2007, Dow Jones International News, 15 April – Attachment 6). Also in April, the Christian community in Central Sulawesi welcomed the sentencing of Islamic militants responsible for the beheading of three Christian school girls in October 2005. According to the Christian Solidarity Worldwide (CSW), “while Christian leaders in Sulawesi welcome the action finally being taken by authorities against some of the key figures behind the terrorisation of Christians, they also fear a backlash against the Christian community” .According to the Christian Post:

Around twenty Islamist militants have been arrested or killed in the last three months in an ongoing security operation in Central Sulawesi. The crackdown follows attacks including bombings, targeted killings of Christian leaders and killings of eyewitnesses to the attacks and the judiciary, CSW has said.

While Christian leaders in Sulawesi welcome the action finally being taken by authorities against some of the key figures behind the terrorisation of Christians, they also fear a backlash against the Christian community.

Christian Solidarity Worldwide’s Chief Executive, Mervyn Thomas, said: “We are pleased that justice has finally prevailed following the brutal attack on the three schoolgirls in 2005. However, the pattern of violence continues in Indonesia.

“We urge both the Christian and Muslim communities to work with the authorities in Central Sulawesi to put an end to this cycle of attacks once and for all.

“We also ask the authorities to ensure that minorities are treated fairly and equally by the judiciary. We shall be following closely the progress of the trial” (Blake, D. 2007, ‘Fresh Fears for Indonesian Christians After Schoolgirl Beheadings Verdict’, Christian Today, 6 April http://www.christiantoday.com/article/fresh.fears.for%20indonesian.christians.after.schoolgirl .beheadings.verdict/10262.htm – Accessed 10 April 2007 – Attachment 7).

Christian news service Compass Direct on 4 April 2007 noted discrepancies in the application of the law by Indonesian authorities to members of the Christian and Muslim communities. While the Islamic militants involved in the beheading of Christian school girls got a maximum of twenty years prison sentence, Christians accused of murdering Muslims were sentenced to death. According to Compass Direct:

Christians had lobbied against the executions of Tibo, Riwu and da Silva, pointing out that no Muslims had been prosecuted or punished for their role in the 2000-2001 conflict.

Human rights organizations, along with religious and political leaders, protested that the trial of the three Catholics was unfair.

In the case of the 12 Christians on trial for murder in the unrest that followed the executions, prosecutor Pudji Rahardjo claims the defendants took revenge into their own hands and created an illegal roadblock near Poleganyara village in Poso on September 23, 2006. They allegedly seized Muslim Arham Badaruddin and his assistant Wandi from a passing car and beat them savagely before slashing their necks (‘Indonesia: Justice in Indonesia’s Religious Conflicts Appears Uneven’ 2007, Compass Direct, 4 April – Attachment 8; also see: ‘Lenient sentence for those who beheaded three Christian girls’2007, Asian News, 21 March http://www.asianews.it/index.php?l=en&art=8791&size=A – Accessed 10 April 2007 – Attachment 9).

Maluku

On 3 March twelve people were injured in a bomb blast in the port city of Ambon in Maluku province, which has a history of violence between Muslims and Christians. According to the Chicago Tribune:

A bomb packed with nails exploded at a port in this provincial capital on Saturday, wounding 12 people in a region that has seen deadly Muslim-Christian violence in the past, police said.

The blast in the seaside city in Moluccas province shattered months of relative calm there, but follows raids last month by police on neighbouring Sulawesi island that killed 14 alleged Islamic militants.

The explosion occurred as passengers disembarked from a ship, sending nails and other shrapnel into a crowd of motorbike taxi drivers waiting for fares, said Ambon’s police chief, Lt. Col. Trilulus Rahardjo.

Rahardjo said two of the 12 wounded were seriously injured, but gave no more details.

Muslims and Christians fought bloody battles in the Moluccas between 1999 and 2001 that left around 9,000 people dead. The area, known as the Spice Islands in colonial times, has been largely peaceful since 2001 (‘12 hurt in area known for sectarian strife’ 2007, Chicago Tribune, 4 March – Attachment 10).

Despite religious violence, leaders of both Christian and Muslim faiths in Maluku have started promoting inter faith understanding. Christian priests in March 2007 participated in a live-in program at an Islamic boarding school with the hope of encouraging religious tolerance. Reverend Jacky Manuputty and Muslim cleric Ustad Abidin Wakano from the Maluku Inter-Faith Council initiated the live-in program and convinced some forty Christian participants that staying with a community of another faith was something they no longer had to be afraid of. According to the Jakarta Post:

Wenno, a female reverend who stayed at the home of Muslim activist Mariam Sangadji in Kebun Cengkih, Batumerah, had initially felt worried because Batumerah is an area dominated by Muslims.

However, her worries were put at ease when she learned Mariam had many Christian friends who frequently visited.

“Mariam has a good relationship with many Christian activists. The amiable atmosphere at her home made me feel at ease,” she said.

Priests who stayed in the Muslim community said that Ambon Muslims had a similar desire to forge dialogues with the Christian community. They had invited the clerics to stay with them again.

Leader of the Rumahtiga Parish, Rev. Alex Uhy, had the opportunity to stay at the Catholic monastery in Mardika. He was impressed with the spirituality of the brothers.

“They greet each other like brothers. There is no senior or junior,” said Alex (Tunny, A. 2007, ‘Interfaith sleep-overs help heal Ambon’s wounds’, The Jakarta Post, 26 March http://www.thejakartapost.com/yesterdaydetail.asp?fileid=20070326.A05 – Accessed 10 April 2007 – Attachment 11). General Reports

On 6 April, Maya Safira of the National Integration Movement (NIM), an organisation promoting inter ethnic harmony, told the Agence France-Presse in Jakarta that Indonesians from various ethnic groups were killed in sectarian violence because their religion was mentioned on their identity cards. According to the Yahoo News website:

“People have been killed in sectarian conflicts because religion is mentioned on the cards,” said activist Maya Safira, who heads a non-profit group that seeks to embrace Indonesians of different backgrounds.

Safira’s National Integration Movement wants religion removed from the cards because Muslim-majority Indonesia has a history of religious conflict.

“We are concerned about these divisions,” she told AFP at her group’s headquarters in Jakarta, where religious symbols are sprawled across the walls to indicate all are welcome at her organisation.

A law passed in 2006 mandated the inclusion of religion on the identity cards, despite objections that forcing people to display their faith was a violation of basic human rights.

The archipelago nation of 17,000 islands also has a number of minority religious beliefs that critics say the law simply fails to capture.

This is because Indonesia officially recognises only six major faiths -- Islam, Catholicism, Christianity, , and .

For followers of other faiths, such as animism or local traditional beliefs, nothing is entered on the card because they practice a religion the government does not officially recognise.

While most Indonesians live peacefully together despite religious differences, many do not. That those differences can, and sometimes do, lead to fatal conflict was underscored in March when Islamic militants were jailed for up to 20 years for beheading three Christian teenage schoolgirls in 2005.

That horrific attack, carried out by a gang using a machete, took place in Sulawesi island’s religiously divided district of Poso and drew international condemnation, including from the Pope.

Such bloodletting makes people look very differently at the religion stamped on their identity cards (Mandari, P. 2007, ‘Religion on Indonesian ID cards blamed for deaths’ Yahoo News, 6 April source: Agence France-Presse (6 April 2007) http://news.yahoo.com/s/afp/20070407/wl_asia_afp/indonesiareligionviolencecards_0704070 21744;_ylt=Ak7.y8OjLx1yIPFWLvsQEILaHXcA – Accessed 10 April 2007 – Attachment 12).

On 2 March, The Canadian Press reported that “women are jailed for being on the street alone after dark in parts of Indonesia, long held up as a beacon of moderate Islam. Gamblers are caned as punishment, Christian schoolchildren are forced to wear headscarves and a proposed law would sentence thieves to amputation of the hands”. The same report states that some fifty legislative bodies throughout Indonesia have passed laws influenced by the Islamic Sharia laws. Though most people in the world’s most populous Muslim country practise a tolerant form of the faith, a small but determined group of conservatives are chipping away at the sprawling archipelago’s secular traditions and trying to reshape it in the image of orthodox Middle Eastern countries.

And they are slowly gaining ground, in part, critics say, because President Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono, liberal Muslim leaders and society at large have avoided public debate on the issue.

Aiding the conservatives is the high level of autonomy given to local and regional legislatures since ex-dictator Suharto’s 32-year leadership came to an end in 1998 amid massive, pro- democracy street protests.

More than 50 legislative bodies-from westernmost Sumatra island to Sulawesi further east- have passed laws inspired by the Islamic legal code, or Sharia, to regulate moral behaviour.

On a federal level, hard-liners are pushing an anti-pornography bill that calls for prison terms of up to five years for kissing in public and one year for exposure of a woman’s “sensual’’ body parts, though few expect it to pass in its present form.

“I call it creeping Sharia-ization of our society,’’ said Syafi’i Anwar, executive director of the Jakarta-based International Centre for Islam and Pluralism, noting that because Muslim groups have done poorly in national elections they are pushing their will through the “back door.’’

Many people remain silent for fear of being labelled unIslamic, analysts note. Others share concerns of conservatives about moral decay-pointing to girls in miniskirts, Playboy magazines hawked on street corners-albeit in a toned down Indonesian version-and offerings of alcohol on restaurant menus.

And the remainder either do not care about the Islamic legislation or fail to see any danger from it.

“Many people think it’s not worthwhile to go against this small, determined group,’’ said Martin van Bruinessen, a long time Indonesia watcher and the head of the Institute for the Study of Islam in the Modern World.

“They feel they are not directly affected by things taking place. When they discover they are, it may be too late” (‘Islamic hardliners chip away at Indonesia’s secular traditions’ 2007, The Canadian Press, 2 March – Attachment 13).

The Indonesian government at the end of 2006 passed the Resident Administration Law under which makes it “‘illegal’ for Chinese-Indonesians to sign a cheque or to have an insurance policy”. According to Ivan Wibowo of the Advocate – Youth Chinese Network:

The problem is, however, that the 2006 law incorrectly revokes a regulation that actually should not have been scrapped. What was revoked by article 106 C was a regulation that brought into force several laws in business for the Chinese: The Civil Code, the trade law, the bankruptcy law, the civil litigation procedure law, the firm law and the adoption law. These regulations were well known as Staatsblad 1917-129.2. Before 1917, these laws only applied to the Dutch and Europeans.

However, after these laws were accidentally revoked, they were no longer effective for the Chinese. As the Chinese play a significant role in business, it will be a “business jam”. In short, it’s a catastrophe. What the 2006 law should revoke is the colonial law widely known as Staatsblad 1917-130, or the Regulation for Civil Registration for the Chinese. This regulation is stated the birth certificate of every Chinese person in Indonesia. And it is also written as the legal basis for civil registration ordinances in every regency and municipal administration. Please note that as the Staatsblad 1917-130 has not been revoked, it still is in full power to force the Chinese into a different registration scheme. And that is discrimination, at least segregation.

The case is just the same for article 106 E that revokes Staatsblad 193-74, a regulation on marriage for Christian Indonesians in Java, Minahasa and Ambon. This Staatsblad had already been revoked by Article 66 of the 1974 Marriage Law.

What the 2006 law should revoke is known as Staatsblad 1933-75, or the Regulation for Civil Registration for Christian Indonesians. Again, just like Chinese, this regulation is stated on the birth certificate for every Christian Indonesian and used by every regency government. Still, it has been wrongly typed.

Suppose this flaw was not a result of negligence. The lack of proficiency in the Dutch language could be the primary cause, as the colonial era is long over.

On the other hand, should those who drafted the law on resident administration have intentionally formulated the law as it is now, then it is a disaster for our nation and character building. It is a reconnaissance of minority groups. The present careless regime theoretically has full power to continue discrimination.

Carelessly or intentionally, the Home Ministry must be responsible at least for an immediate revision for the law (Wibowo, I. 2007, ‘brand new form of discrimination against Chinese’, The Jakarta Post, 10 April http://www.thejakartapost.com/detaileditorial.asp?fileid=20070409.F03&irec=2 – Accessed 10 April 2007 – Attachment 14).

US Department of State in its March 2007 report stated that “the government officially promoted racial and ethnic tolerance and instances of discrimination and harassment of ethnic Chinese continued to decline compared with previous years”. However, Chinese Indonesians argued that they are still being discriminated against by public servants. According to the US Department of State:

The government officially promotes racial and ethnic tolerance. Ethnic Chinese accounted for approximately 3 percent of the population, by far the largest non indigenous minority group, and played a major role in the economy. Instances of discrimination and harassment of ethnic Chinese continued to decline compared with previous years. Recent reforms increased religious and cultural freedoms. However, some ethnic Chinese noted that public servants still discriminated against them when issuing marriage licenses and in other services and often demanded bribes for a citizenship certificate, although such certificates were no longer legally required. An attorney advocate for the rights of ethnic Chinese noted 50 articles of law, regulation, or decree that discriminated against ethnic Chinese citizens. During the year President Yudhoyono revoked a previous presidential decree that required special permits to engage in Chinese cultural and religious celebrations. The new citizenship law explicitly states that an Indonesian citizenship certificate, which ethnic Chinese often had a difficult time obtaining, is not required to establish citizenship. NGOs such as the Indonesia Anti Discrimination Movement urged the government to revoke the remaining discriminatory articles (US Department of State 2007, Country Reports on Human Rights Practices for 2006 – Indonesia, March – Attachment 15). John Sidel in his report for the UN High Commissioner for Refugees in March 2007 stated that “restrictions on the public use of Chinese characters, on the public display of Chinese culture, on Chinese-language education, and on Chinese forms of religious worship were eliminated. Confucianism was accorded official state recognition, and the Chinese New Year was made into a public holiday”. In the report, Sidel stated that:

Direct participation in politics by ethnic Chinese Indonesians became possible and attracted the energies of many numbers of this small and disproportionately wealthy community. The turn of the Twenty first century saw the proliferation of new associations, NGOs, and political parties founded and led by ethnic Chinese Indonesians. The establishment of competitive elections as the mechanism for gaining control over local and national state office, moreover, increased the leverage of private businessmen – including those of Chinese descent – vis a vis politicians, civil servants, military and police. In both formal and informal terms, in politics and society, the position of ethnic Chinese minority has thus been considerably improved (Sidel, J. 2007, ‘Indonesia: Minorities, Migrant Workers, Refugees, and the New Citizenship Law’, United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees, Status Determination and Protection Information Section, March http://www.unhcr.org/home/RSDCOI/461b52df4.pdf – Accessed 11 April 2007 – Attachment 16).

RRT Country Research reports in 2006 and 2007 provided information on violence and discrimination against Indonesian Chinese and Christians. Research Response IDN30965 among other things noted that police were deployed in East Java to protect the ethnic Chinese community following threats of violence from Islamic agitators. The same report stated that “for instance, in February 2006 The Economist provided a generally positive assessment of the situation of Indonesia’s ethnic Chinese community while also noting that, in spite of certain reforms, discrimination remains ongoing”. A Jakarta Post article, quoted in Research Response IDN31298 discussed “the new Citizenship Law enacted in July 2006, which if applied should end some of the discrimination against ethnic Chinese”. Research Response IDN31354 referred to a World Magazine article which stated that “in February 2006, Ann Buwalda of the Jubilee Campaign told the Christian advocacy publication World Magazine that Christians in Jakarta were fearful that the widespread closures seen in West Java would soon also affect the Jakarta area” (RRT Country Research 2006, Research Response IDN30965, 8 November – Attachment 17; RRT Country Research 2007, Research Response IDN31298, 8 February – Attachment 18; RRT Country Research 2007, Research Response IDN31354, 14 February –Attachment 19).

List of Sources Consulted

Internet Sources: United Nations (UN) United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees www.unhcr.org International News & Politics Yahoo News website http://news.yahoo.com/ Inter Press Agency website www.ipsnews.net Region Specific Links Asia News website www.asianews.it Compass Direct www.compassdirect.org Topic Specific Links The Jakarta Post website www.thejakartapost.com Christian Today website www.christiantoday.com Indonesia Matters website www.indonesianmatters.com Search Engines Google search engine http://www.google.com.au/

Databases: FACTIVA (news database) BACIS (DIMA Country Information database) REFINFO (IRBDC (Canada) Country Information database) ISYS (RRT Country Research database, including Amnesty International, Human Rights Watch, US Department of State Reports) RRT Library Catalogue

List of Attachments

1. Seneviratne, K. 2007, ‘Ethnic Chinese Find New Acceptance’, Inter Press Service website, 1 March http://ipsnews.net/news.asp?idnews=36785 – Accessed 12 April 2007.

2. ‘Jakarta Chinese’ 2007, Indonesia Matters website, 20 February http://www.indonesiamatters.com/1100/jakarta-chinese/ – Accessed 16 April 2007.

3. ‘Police are hunting down the makers of an anti Islam video’ 2007, Indonesia Matters website, 9 April http://www.indonesiamatters.com/1214/anti-islam-video/ – Accessed 10 April 2007.

4. ‘Anti Apostasy’ 2007, Indonesia Matters website, 12 April http://www.indonesiamatters.com/1220/apostate/ – Accessed 16 April 2007.

5. ‘Indonesian police tighten security after university said terrorist target’ 2007, BBC, 5 April. (FACTIVA)

6. 2 Homemade Bombs Explode In Central Indonesia; No Injuries’ 2007, Dow Jones International News, 15 April. (FACTIVA)

7. Blake, D. 2007, ‘Fresh Fears for Indonesian Christians After Schoolgirl Beheadings Verdict’, Christian Today, 6 April http://www.christiantoday.com/article/fresh.fears.for%20indonesian.christians.after.sc hoolgirl.beheadings.verdict/10262.htm – Accessed 10 April 2007.

8. ‘Indonesia: Justice in Indonesia’s Religious Conflicts Appears Uneven’ 2007, Compass Direct, 4 April.

9. ‘Lenient sentence for those who beheaded three Christian girls’2007, Asian News, 21 March http://www.asianews.it/index.php?l=en&art=8791&size=A – Accessed 10 April 2007.

10. ‘12 hurt in area known for sectarian strife’ 2007, Chicago Tribune, 4 March. (FACTIVA)

11. Tunny, A. 2007, ‘Interfaith sleep-overs help heal Ambon’s wounds’, The Jakarta Post, 26 March http://www.thejakartapost.com/yesterdaydetail.asp?fileid=20070326.A05 – Accessed 10 April 2007.

12. Mandari, P. 2007, ‘Religion on Indonesian ID cards blamed for deaths’ Yahoo News, 6 April source: Agence France – Presse (6 April 2007) http://news.yahoo.com/s/afp/20070407/wl_asia_afp/indonesiareligionviolencecards_0 70407021744;_ylt=Ak7.y8OjLx1yIPFWLvsQEILaHXcA – Accessed 10 April 2007.

13. ‘Islamic hardliners chip away at Indonesia’s secular traditions’ 2007, The Canadian Press, 2 March. (FACTIVA)

14. Wibowo, I. 2007, ‘brand new form of discrimination against Chinese’, The Jakarta Post, 10 April http://www.thejakartapost.com/detaileditorial.asp?fileid=20070409.F03&irec=2 – Accessed 10 April 2007.

15. US Department of State 2007, Country Reports on Human Rights Practices for 2006 – Indonesia, March.

16. Sidel, J. 2007, ‘Indonesia: Minorities, Migrant Workers, Refugees, and the New Citizenship Law’, United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees, Status Determination and Protection Information Section, March http://www.unhcr.org/home/RSDCOI/461b52df4.pdf – Accessed 11 April 2007.

17. RRT Country Research 2006, Research Response IDN30965, 8 November.

18. RRT Country Research 2007, Research Response IDN31298, 8 February.

19. RRT Country Research 2007, Research Response IDN31354, 14 February.