LUC SERVICES

Environmental Planning Landscape Design Landscape Management Masterplanning Landscape Planning Ecology

Environmental Assessment Rural Futures LUC SERVICESDigital Design CONTENTS Urban Regeneration 1 INTRODUCTION 6 EnvironmentalUrban PlanningDesign Commissioning details ...... 6 Landscape Design Purpose of the assessment ...... 6 Landscape Management Study area ...... 6 The purpose of the Solway Coast AONB ...... 7 Masterplanning Uses of the landscape and seascape character assessment ...... 8 Approach and methodology Landscape Planning ...... 8 Report structure ...... 10 Ecology 2 DEVELOPMENT AND EVOLUTION OF THE LANDSCAPE AND Environmental Assessment SEASCAPE 13 Rural Futures Introduction ...... 13 Digital Design Physical influences ...... 33 Natural features ...... 36 Urban Regeneration Flora and fauna ...... 40 Urban Design Human influences ...... 43 Early prehistory ...... 43 Later Prehistory ...... 43 Rural industry and the landscape ...... 48 Features of cultural interest ...... 50

43 Chalton Street 37 Otago Street 3 FUTURE ISSUES AND FORCES FOR CHANGE 55 London NW1 1JD Glasgow G12 8JJ Introduction ...... 55 Tel: 020 7383 5784 Tel: 0141 334 9595 Natural processes ...... 55 Fax: 020 7383 4798 Fax: 0141 334 7789 Climate change ...... 56 [email protected] [email protected] Development pressures ...... 57 Agricultural change ...... 60 Land management ...... 61 14 Great George Street 28 Stafford Street Edinburgh EH3 7BD Bristol BS1 5RH 4 LANDSCAPE AND SEASCAPE CLASSIFICATION 65 Tel: 0117 929 1997 Tel: 0131 202 1616 Fax: 0117 929 1998 [email protected] Introduction ...... 65 The landscape/seascape classification [email protected] ...... 66

5 SEASCAPE/INTERTIDAL LANDSCAPES 71 Seascape/intertidal landscape character Type A: Inner Firth Intertidal Flats and 43 Chalton Street 37 Otago Street Saltmarsh ...... 71 London NW1 1JD Glasgow G12 8JJ Seascape/intertidal landscape character Type B: Outer Firth Beaches and Dunes ...... 80 Tel: 020 7383 5784 Tel: 0141 334 9595 6 LOWLAND LANDSCAPES Fax: 020 7383 4798 Fax: 0141 334 7789 88 [email protected] [email protected] Lowland landscape character Type C: River Floodplain and Marshy Grassland ...... 88 Lowland landscape character Type D: Coastal Mosses ...... 96 Lowland landscape character Type E: Coastal Plain ...... 10 3 14 Great George Street 28 Stafford Street Edinburgh EH3 7BD Lowland landscape character Type F: Drumlinised Lowland Farmland ...... 11 4 Bristol BS1 5RH Lowland landscape character Type G: Undulating Coastal Farmland Tel: 0131 202 1616 ...... 12 5 Tel: 0117 929 1997 Lowland landscape character Type H: Coastal Town and Urban Fringe ...... 133 Fax: 0117 929 1998 [email protected] [email protected] 7 SETTING TO THE AONB AND WIDER LANDSCAPE 141

3

FIGURES

APPENDIX 1 : PROJECT BRIEF 144

APPENDIX 2 : INFORMATION SOURCES/REFERENCES 156 APPENDIX 3 : LANDSCAPE CLASSIFICATION HIERARCHY AND FIT Figure 1: Solway Coast AONB and Regional Context WITH OTHER ASSESSMENTS 157 Figure 2: Topography Introduction ...... 157 Existing assessments...... 157 Figure 3: Slope The new AONB assessment ...... 163 Fit with the previous AONB classification ...... 164 Figure 4: Hydrology Previous and new Solway Coast AONB types ...... 164 The new classification of types and areas and relationship with existing LCAs...... 165 Figure 5: Geology APPENDIX 4 : SURVEY SHEET EXAMPLE 166 Figure 6: Soils

APPENDIX 5 : WORKSHOP REPORT 174 Figure 7: Land Use

Figure 8: Historic Landscape Character Types in Cumbria ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 191 Figure 9: Nature Conservation Designations

Figure 10: Landscape Designations

Figure 11: Landscape Character Types

Figure 12: Landscape Character Areas

Figure 13: Zone of Theoretical Visual Influence - indicating the areas visible from the AONB, and those areas it is visible from

Figure 14: National Landscape Character Areas

Figure 15: Cumbria Landscape Types and Sub-Types

iii 4 5

ii 6 Introduction 1.9 1.6 Land Use Consultants Use Land 1.8 1.7 1.5 1.4 1.3 details Commissioning 1.2 INTRODUCTION 1

, the influence ofthe the influence 84, provided in provided including change to the climate and human adaptations to this, and change tohuman change theclimate and adaptationschange including and to this, to acknowledgepresent and requirement anticipated change, forces for localassessment work, and authority the integrates which national with (2002) Assessment: Landscape Character England Guidancefor boundary and boundary local areas. authority within northwestGalloway and falling Dumfries with alargely within Cumbria, area small falls Thestudy area of theAONB. as wellboundary, as over extend seenareas be wherecharacterlandscape/seascape that it can the Study Purpose of the and/or human factors human and/or natural of whose action people, the resultof interaction characterby is the and is definition oflandscape embracing: all “ isand adopted2007 and Thepromotedthe CouncilELC by ofEurope. The occurred have which across 1997. since thearea areas of similar or seascape ofsimilar around matching areas it character landscape and includestheThestudy area extent oftheAONB,but also considers those km. Park. totalarea of National TheAONB a covers 115 square Districtto northwest ofThe the north Lake AONBof England, inthe lies ofpublishing the included the seascapeand landscape character assessment These thearea. for (LSCA) numberare a There offactorsto updated led theneedan which for character existingassessment. landscape importantan opportunity thescope toprovided to ofthe and widen update for useby partners, the available communities stakeholders and Theispurpose ofthestudy to “ on theproject. contributed to work theAONBvolunteers for as other Thelead and CountyCouncil. AONB AONBaswell officer officers, organisations Naturalof partner England, including the AONB Cumbria and Project wasa The guided project by Steering Group, consistingnumber a of theexistingstudy improving AONBitsseascape forthe and updating assessment character setting, UseConsultantsLand commissioned was to“ guidelines for their protection, management and future planning. protection, future their and for guidelines planning. management landscapes of all importance includes seascapes,and and appropriate European Landscape Conventi European

a rea Figure1

assessment assessment ”. The new AONBThenew ”. thosesea oflandand areas which constitute the „setting‟ , indicating the wider regional context, the AONB the widercontext, regional indicating , EuropeanLandscape Convention .”

Countryside Agency Agency Countryside andHeritageScottish Natural inform the management of the areas the and managementof inform the to be on 1 (ELC) came into March in intheUK effect -wide LSCA recognises the Landscape means an area, asarea, perceived an Landscape means undertake a landscape landscape a undertake . . A map of the AONB map A , the need forthe need , an .” Thestudy .”

and Scotland to to the and and is ,

CAX so so

1.12 1.11 Land Use Consultants Use Land 2 1 1.10 1.14 1.13 Ibid p. 4 4 p. Ibid 2009- Plan Management Beauty Natural Outstanding Area of Coast Solway AONB (2009)

The The types and the elements within them: the vast open expanse of sea,river vast openthe elementsexpanseof types them:the and within AONB distinguishing betweenThe Carlisle and qualitiesofthe Firth Maryport. coastalstrips two narrow theCumbrianshoreof theSolway along stretching Coast The AONBSolway issmallest ofEngland‟s one AONBs,comprising the natural beauty, encompassing the three following aims:encompassing beauty, following the natural the three purpose of the The primary and its significant historic and scientific interest scientific its and and historic significant oftheDecemberrecognition in designated ofits quality landscape1964, (2009). Plan2014 TheSolway 2009- CoastManagement AONB aresetparticular out the in Coast AONBTheconcepts purpose in and Solway AONBs behind the and channels, saltmarsh and intertidal flats; sand dunes,flats;sand saltmarsh intertidal areas channels, and coastal mosses and landscape landscape agriculturalhinterland.of the sheltered The Coast of morecharacter Solway rural setting of the AONB, which due to settingdue its oftheAONB,hasrural isolationrelatively remained which use land and all year round year all influencetheof that daily turn tide revealsrich in the which birdlife the of drama The dominant the changing sky. landscape isby twice further enriched coastallowplainlying ever- lying the wideand and landscapes a under setamong “ qualitiesthe special oftheAONB: describes which the Introduction in 2010-2015(2009) Statement ofSignificance a provides Coast Plan The Area ofOutstandingBeautyManagement Solway Natural south. basintoLakeland above Fellsthe thatrise tothe Solway northern and the toCriffel, Firth thedistinctive of across hill coast and theSolway theScottish scenic qualities of the AONBqualities oftoscenic thewide, distinctiveviews relate openand specialarea. The remoteness to is thecharacterwhich fundamental ofthe and character, undisturbedin unchanged contributessense toof thestrong

The SolwayThe mosaic Coastof AONB containsunique pastoral acoastal and the economic and social and the economic communities. needs oflocal otherforestry, to safeguard agriculture, of theneed industries rural of and theprimary pursuing in ofdesignation,objective shouldtaken account be other users;andand beauty theneeds the conservationand ofnatural forestry of agriculture, used to the as meet demandsrecreation far as for this is consistent with not anrecreationof designation will be objective but AONBs should be naturalconserve beauty; p urpose ofthe

are the combination are is is intricately linked itscultivationintricately tohistorical its setting, coastal . and „frontier‟Scotland asbetween a a ” 2

Solway Coast AONB Solway Coast , Solway Coast Area of Solway BeautyOutstanding Natural AONB AONB sequence and contrastingand sequenceof landscape scales 2 designation is to conserve and enhancetodesignation and is conserve 1 . nd England. The deeply deeply nd England.The use was was sthe estuary 2014

7 Introduction 8 Introduction 1.16 Land Use Consultants Use Land 4 3 1.18 l the of Uses 1.17 1.15 Ibid p. 4 4 p. Ibid Ibi d p. 5 d 5 p.

following purposes: following the including conjunction in managementIt shouldread withappropriateplans, land be Approach and the area and underpin” enhanceand theprotectforfuturegenerations. area to it and the need collectively designations features protectedand by are the indicate highthey valueof heritage.landscape Manyon and wildlife others centring features on and some “ studies were available to inform the work, in particular the Solway Coastin the work, the particular studies toavailable inform were Aof number Assessment: Scotland England for and CAX84. Guidance (2002) LandscapeScottish Heritage Character Agency and Natural toCountryside thestudythe methodologyThe followed approach set out in ofwhichinwith interested stakeholders,records areincluded peoplevalue about what the AONB,workshopsthrough were held which baseand evidence underpins policy. Italso planning helps understanding in local authorit Cumbria conservation managers, England,and bodies, Natural the AONB Partnership, all, owners forincludinginformation land tenants, and land developers, seascapeand The landscape character assessmentand isof resource source a WWII. remainsRoman to Hadrian‟s through associatedwith “ studieshelp ofOutstanding These NaturalArea Management Beauty 2010-2015. Plan

The Solway Coast contains many locally, nationally Solwaylocally, The Coast andimportant contains many internationally The area is steeped isthe steeped area of heritage The in fromarchaeological Stone evidence Age, forming part of the Landscape part Toolkit. forming Cumbria the NorthWest informing adaptation change climate and project; monitoring change; partnersengaging understandingof in character theAONB; to informingresponding other strategies; and prioritise andhelping land management; coastal landscapeseascape strategies; future and developing landscape seascapesensitivity and understanding to change; assessment applications; ofplanning use,management land and developmentproposals; landland owners, guiding managers,appropriate tenants in developers and tool spatial for asa acting planning; policies;plan ofAONBthe development management informing implementation and ”

3

ed AONBthe used Theguidelinesfor be Management. can Plan to that thisupdatedlandscape/seascape ensure and new andscape and m ethodology

ies . The information contained within it provides the provides within it contained Theinformation . seascape character assessment character seascape assessment 3

the to of airfields Wall Appendix 5 4 . .

1.23 1.20 1.19 Land Use Consultants Use Land 5 for England and Scotland Englandfor 1.22 1.21 Countryside Agency and Scottish Natural Heritage (2002) (2002) Natural Heritage Scottish and Agency Countryside

assessment: assessment: character unitscharacter those theMap from Character National andof England water topography, features, habitats,landscape landscapesdesignated and These ofarea. towith theidentification includedsoils, help maps of geology, many GIS used differentareas. was as a layers tool ofinformation to overlay architects landscape landscape betweenidentify toboundaries help typesand researchandTheby classification by was informed field surveys undertaken Landscape Characterisation Project Characterisation Landscape TheCountryside Agency‟s guidance stages:seascapefollowing and The landscape characterisationincludedthe planningpolicy. current Relevant studieslisted in are assessment objectives currentaimsfor reflects and the area, as well as historic and cultural interest of the area as described in the in historic cultural interest of and asdescribed thearea ecological designations,geodiversity, fauna,and as wellhabitats, flora as the onthenaturalhistoricinformation environments, and reference toincluding assessment character Thelandscape/seascape interpretability. alsointegrates which work exists ensuring LCA variouslevels, consistency at and the the in As recommended integratesguidance, AONB other LSCA with existing hierarchy. AONBat 1:25,000fitsThe and new LSCA was into scale, the undertaken

local/AONB scale (typically at 1:25,000 or occasionally at1:10,000 scale). or(typically 1:25,000 local/AONB scale at occasionally scale). at1:10,000 1:50,000 scale authority at 1:25,000local (typically or and scale); 1:250,000regional scale at and national (typically scale); the LSCA,launch ontheAONB and finalising website. bodies; consultation onthedocument theAONB by Partnership statutory with group; informed the by change, workshops consultation in the and steering with to manage setting appropriate out thechange and forces for guidance involvement; group finalising and theupdating characterisation,draft AONBsteering with and wider audience; input froma throughtesting information further and gathering workshops to enable testing work; this of field through landscape ofdraft types characteridentification and areas; usingGIS; oflayersdata overlaying ofmapped information; available deskstudy landscape character of maps,existing assessments other and

CAX 84 CAX

. . 4 5 identifies three main levels of levels main identifies three Landscape Character Assessment: Guidance Guidance Assessment: Character Landscape Appendix 2 Cumbria HistoricCumbria . .

9 Introduction 10 Introduction Land Use Consultants Use Land s Report 1.25 1.26 1.24

subsequent geomorphological processes, including glaciation, influence the processes, glaciation,influence subsequentincluding geomorphological settlement pattern. A change in landscape type is therefore oftenlandscapein coincident type is therefore change settlement A pattern. drainage,and turn in it, vegetation, use land influence soils overlie which thatthethe fact typesexample,by for and This rock underlying is explained, ofcoincidenceboundariesoverlays, between areas map became apparent. the historic character through developed landscape examining study.From the by described The report isThe structured report as follows: studies. classification fits other with The listappendices information sourcesshow howthelandscape and supportingtext. thewritten and of information, complementing resource geology, changein with a The soils topography. providesan or GIS updatable record of which isrecord includedin stakeholders allowing local audiences and people toa into input theprocess, and in, buy detail. toworkshopauthority A capturelocal invitedfor was held theas volunteers for well AONBto local and helped achieve stakeholder AONB AONB group,other steering officer thelead staff,asthe project and inthose work landscapes. to and their of Theinvolvement who live involve The the assessment enabling it to be finalised. the assessment it to enabling finalised. be

gu Section7setting sets oftheAONB the describes and outsome areasthe AONB in and theheadingsunder of: Sections5 and 6 classification; Sectionlandscape/seascape introduces 4 the Sectionissues change;sets forcesfor 3 outfuture and seascape; and the landscape Section aboutthedevelopment sets 2evolution outbackground of and Section is introduction; 1 an FigureCoast Solway 1: Countryside Agency‟s

idelines to manage toidelines manage change.

lowland landscapes.lowland seascapes/intertidallandscapes;and tructure CumbriaCharacterLandscape Assessment

describe the landscape and the landscape seascapetypes character describe guidance recommendsguidance consultation theneed and AONB AONB Appendix 5

5 and Regional Context Context Regional and . This information was fed into fed was information This . , as well as units as well ,

File: S:\4800\4808 Solway Coast AONB LCA\GIS\Themes\ArcGIS9\4808-01_001_Context_A3.mxd AONB Coast Solway S:\4800\4808 File: 100019265 Number Licence Consultants, Use Land Copyright, Crown Office, Stationery Majesty's Her of Controller The of the permission with information Survey from Ordnance Reproduced Dumfries Gallowayand Allerdale Dumfriesand Galloway Copeland Allerdale SouthLakeland Scottish Borders Carlisle Carlisle Eden Northumberland Eden Character Assessment Character Landscape/Seascape Regional Context Regional Key and AONB 1:Solway Figure Coast AONB Coast Solway Source:Solway CoastAONB Date: 20/09/2010 Revision: Outerstudy area Local Authorityboundaries Solway Coast AONB 4 2 0 1 Km Development & Evolution of the Landscape and Seascape 13

The

7

.”

6 6 „the broad mirror of the Firth‟ as described by Walter Walter by Firth‟ described as broad of the mirror „the – . It is supported by supported a themed maps, series of is . It 6 : :

10. The SolwayThe Coast Landscape (1995) (1995) : Landscape Designations Slope Nature DesignationsConservation

: Topography : : Hydrology : Geology : Soils : Land Use : LandscapeHistoric Types Cumbria Character in : Figures 2- Figures

forms an impressive backdrop to the flats, marshes and an – impressive forms backdrop to the flats, marshes dunes which Figure 2 Figure 3 Figure 4 Figure 5 Figure 6 Figure 7 Figure 8 Figure 9 Figure 10 Figure

The expanse of the Solway of Thethe expanseSolway This chapter the development and upon provides backgroundThis information updated of the landscapeevolution informationand from incorporates Solway Landscape Coast a is Solway relativelyarea comprisingThe AONB small abut distinctive Coast and of coastal including mosaic landscapes, raised lowland beaches, farming and intertidal saltmarshes flats. raised mires, dunes, sand SolwayThe Coast lies of the Solway within a AONB basin the south intertidal to Firth, large the diverse is and Scotland. estuary separatinglandscape The England and glaciation by of past the and dynamic, the effects continuing by shaped climate.moderatingthe coastal influences of of largearea The coastline. covers km, km 115 including of AONB sq The 59 and of the Solwayrich flats surrounding Firth a intertidal provide sands attractive setting an importance,coastal and wildlife habitat to of international expressed is in setting the foreword of this the area. the importance to The Solway Landscape Coast “ Scott the bygranite AONB The of distant coast. views the Firth characterise is itself offset Fells the hills Lakeland and of Dumfries and Galloway Introduction LANDSCAPE AND SEASCAPE illustrating the factors which combine to influence combine to illustrating the factorslandscape which character. areThese

Countryside Commission Ibid p.3

6 7 Land Use Consultants 2 THE OF EVOLUTION AND DEVELOPMENT 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 14 Development & Evolution of the Landscape and Seascape Land Use Consultants Use Land 2.6 2.7

igh high contrast the with windsweptwhich coastalplains, Cumbria often parts oftheAONBThebyinland characterised open and low, are management. local, interestis national, asa initsThere a aswell conservationand scientificinterest. and qualities ofthelandscape itshistoric and considerable Coast designatedThe was Solway 1964 in in recognition oftheoutstanding Coast landscape.of theSolway mosses margins, agricultural rural landscapes, features and thedefining form ofcoastal from towns, large area with thedistinctivetogethercombination The north. sense isolationof remoteness,therelative ofthe by preserved Gallowaysouth andtoruggedcoastlinethe more oftheDumfries and

7 fells to the

File: S:\4800\4808 Solway Coast AONB LCA\GIS\Themes\ArcGIS9\4808-01_002_Topography_A3.mxd AONB Coast Solway S:\4800\4808 File: 100019265 Number Licence Consultants, Use Land Copyright, Crown Office, Stationery Majesty's Her of Controller The of the permission with information Survey from Ordnance Reproduced 10 Character Assessment Character Landscape/Seascape Key 2:Topography Figure AONB Coast Solway Height (m) Source:Cumbria County Council Ordnance Survey-Panorama data Date: 20/09/2010 Revision: Outerstudy area Solway Coast AONB Low :-19 High :758 4 2 0 1 Km Solway Coast AONB Landscape/Seascape Character Assessment Figure 3: Slope

Key

Solway Coast AONB

Outer study area Slope (degrees)

High : 38

Low : 0

01 2 4 Km

Source: Cumbria County Council Ordnance Survey - Panorama data

Date: 20/09/2010 Revision:

10 Reproduced from Ordnance Survey information with the permission of The Controller of Her Majesty's Stationery Office, Crown Copyright, Land Use Consultants, Licence Number 100019265 File: S:\4800\4808 Solway Coast AONB LCA\GIS\Themes\ArcGIS9\4808-01_003_Slope_A3.mxd 10 Solway Coast AONB Landscape/Seascape Character Assessment Figure 4: Hydrology

Key

Solway Coast AONB

Outer study area

River centrelines

Flood zone 3

Flood zone 2

Flood defences

Areas of benefit from flood

01 2 4 Km

Source: Cumbria County Council Environment Agency

Date: 20/09/2010 Revision: 2

Reproduced from Ordnance Survey information with the permission of The Controller of Her Majesty's Stationery Office, Crown Copyright, Land Use Consultants, Licence Number 100019265 10 File: S:\4800\4808 Solway Coast AONB LCA\GIS\Themes\ArcGIS9\4808-01_004_Hydrology_A3.mxd 10 Solway Coast AONB Landscape/Seascape Character Assessment Figure 5: Bedrock Geology

Key

Solway Coast AONB

Outer study area Bedrock Geology Felsic Tuff

Felsic-rock Limestone with Subordinate Sandstone and Argillaceous Rocks Limestone, Argillaceous Rocks and Subordinate Sandstone, Interbedded Limestone, Sandstone, Siltstone and Mudstone Mafic Igneous-rock

Mafic Lava

Mafic Lava and Mafic Tuff

Mudstone, Siltstone and Sandstone Mudstone, Siltstone, Limestone and Sandstone Muds tone, Siltstone, Sandstone, Coal, Ironstone and Ferricrete Sandstone and Conglomerate, Interbedded Sandstone with Subordinate Argillaceous Rocks and Limestone Sandstone, Breccia and Conglomerate Sandstone, Limestone and Argillaceous Rocks Sandstone, Siltstone and Mudstone

Wacke

01 2 4 Km

Source: BGS

Date: 20/09/2010 Revision:

Reproduced from Ordnance Survey information with the permission of The Controller of Her Majesty's Stationery Office, Crown Copyright, Land Use Consultants, Licence Number 100019265 10 File: S:\4800\4808 Solway Coast AONB LCA\GIS\Themes\ArcGIS9\4808-01_016_Geology_A3.mxd 10 Solway Coast AONB Landscape/Seascape Character Assessment Figure 6: Soils

Key

Solway Coast AONB

Outer study area

Soils within Solway Coast AONB 22: UNRIPENED GLEY SOILS Soils of variable texture flooded by high tides. Many are soft and unripened, others often on higher sites or of sandy texture, are firm and ripened. Frequently calcareous. 361: SANDWICH Mainly deep well drained calcareous and non-calcareous sandy soils. Some sparsely vegetated unstable soils. Waterlogged soils in hollows locally. Shingle bars and spits locally extensive. Risk: of wind erosion. 541r: WICK 1 Deep well drained coarse loamy and sandy soils, locally over gravel. Some similar soils affected by groundwater. Slight risk of water erosion. 543: ARROW Deep permeable coarse loamy soils affected by groundwater. 551d: NEWPORT 1 Deep well drained sandy and coarse loamy soils. Some sandy soils affected by groundwater. Risk of wind and water erosion. 711m: SALOP Slowly permeable seasonally waterlogged reddish fine loamy over clayey, fine loamy and clayey soils associated with fine loamy over clayey soils with slowly permeable subsoils and slight seasonal waterlogging 711n: CLIFTON Slowlv permeable seasonally waterlogged reddish fine and coarse loamy soils, and similar soils with slight seasonal waterlogging . Some deep coarse loamy soils seasonally affected by groundwater. 811d: ROCKCLIFFE Deep stoneless silty and fine sandy soils variably affected by groundwater depending on artificial drain age. Flat land 1011a: LONGMOSS Thick very acid peat soils. Largely undrained and perennially wet. Many areas cut over or partly burnt 1022a: ALTCAR1 Deep peat soils with earthy topsoil. 01 2 4 Km Groundwater usually controlled by ditches and pumps. Risk of wind erosion Source: Source: Soil Survey of England and Wales (SSEW) Date: 21/09/2010 Revision:

10 Reproduced from Ordnance Survey information with the permission of The Controller of Her Majesty's Stationery Office, Crown Copyright, Land Use Consultants, Licence Number 100019265 File: S:\4800\4808 Solway Coast AONB LCA\GIS\Themes\ArcGIS9\4808-01_005_Soils_A3.mxd 10 Solway Coast AONB Landscape/Seascape Character Assessment Figure 8: Historic Landscape Character

Key

Solway Coast AONB

Outer study area

Unenclosed coast

Unenclosed land

Monastic sites

Planned enclosure

Railways

Recreation

Settlement

Woodland

Extraction

Former common arable

Intakes

Roads

Water

Designed landscapes

Deer parks

Built environment

Ancient enclosures

01 2 4 Km

Source: Cumbria County Council

Date: 20/09/2010 Revision:

Reproduced from Ordnance Survey information with the permission of The Controller of Her Majesty's Stationery Office, Crown Copyright, Land Use Consultants, Licence Number 100019265 10 File: S:\4800\4808 Solway Coast AONB LCA\GIS\Themes\ArcGIS9\4808-01_014_HLC_A3.mxd 10 Solway Coast AONB Landscape/Seascape Character Assessment Figure 8: Historic Landscape Character

Key

Solway Coast AONB

Outer study area

Unenclosed coast

Unenclosed land

Monastic sites

Planned enclosure

Railways

Recreation

Settlement

Woodland

Extraction

Former common arable

Intakes

Roads

Water

Designed landscapes

Deer parks

Built environment

Ancient enclosures

01 2 4 Km

Source: Cumbria County Council

Date: 20/09/2010 Revision:

10 Reproduced from Ordnance Survey information with the permission of The Controller of Her Majesty's Stationery Office, Crown Copyright, Land Use Consultants, Licence Number 100019265 File: S:\4800\4808 Solway Coast AONB LCA\GIS\Themes\ArcGIS9\4808-01_014_HLC_A3.mxd 10 Solway Coast AONB Landscape/Seascape Character Assessment Figure 9: Nature Conservation Designations

Key

Solway Coast AONB

Outer study area

Ancient Woodland

Special Areas of Conservation, Special Protection Areas & Sites of Special Scientific Interest Special Areas of Conservation & Sites of Special Scientific Interest

Sites of Special Scientific Interest only

National Nature Reserves (NNRs)

County Wildlife Sites

Local Nature Reserves (LNRs)

01 2 4 Km

Source: Natural England, Scottish Natural Heritage, Cumbria County Council

Date: 21/09/2010 Revision: 2

10 Reproduced from Ordnance Survey information with the permission of The Controller of Her Majesty's Stationery Office, Crown Copyright, Land Use Consultants, Licence Number 100019265 File: S:\4800\4808 Solway Coast AONB LCA\GIS\Themes\ArcGIS9\4808-01_007_Nat_Cons_A3.mxd 10 Solway Coast AONB Landscape/Seascape Character Assessment Figure 10: Designated Landscapes

Key

Solway Coast AONB

Solway Coast AONB 5km Buffer

Nith Estuary NSA Outer study area

Hadrian's Wall World Heritage Site

Solway Coast AONB Hadrian's Wall Buffer Zone National Scenic Areas (Scotland)

Conservation Areas

Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty (AONB)

Lake District National Park

01 2 4 Km

Source: Natural England, Cumbria County Council, Scottish Natural Heritage English Heritage Lake District National Park Date: 21/09/2010 Revision:

10 Reproduced from Ordnance Survey information with the permission of The Controller of Her Majesty's Stationery Office, Crown Copyright, Land Use Consultants, Licence Number 100019265 File: S:\4800\4808 Solway Coast AONB LCA\GIS\Themes\ArcGIS9\4808-01_008_Landscape_Designations_A3.mxd 10 Development & Evolution of the Landscape and Seascape 33

are also a feature aof the – also feature are

sinuous mounds of sands and mounds – sinuous 377 - 2008, 358 2008, 8 8

Esker formations Esker formations

Journal of Maps, and Evans, D.J.A.(2008) „Glacial geomorphology of the centralsector

NFLUENCES . It is believed that these deposits relate adeposits of ice later that these to . It is believed phase 8 Irish Ice Sheet,‟

e Triassic period, which overlies period, e coal-bearing which Triassic of the rocks of older layers area. They are associated with a complex of ice contact zone features with aarea.contact They are complex associated of ice complex This AONB. the periphery around on of the Holme St. Cuthbert and features includescontact delta dead an ice ice formation, with eskers kettle-hole Tarn the now filled Dub) to (includingby the impressive found locally across the Solwayfound locallyat the Cardurnock including across Peninsula plain, gravels by sub-and englacial deposited streams northwest Rogersceugh and Drumburgh. The dominant orientation of the drumlins shifts Rogersceugh and of the drumlins shifts Drumburgh. orientation dominant The swinging roundnorth in the Vale the of Eden, to from approximately due the the central to into west Solway andtowards eventually southwest Plain the west exhibit to of Carlislealso Seathe Irish deposits Moraine coast. drumlinevidence forms, of re-working changed direction into icewhere flows in the Southernas the ice the greater influencemass Uplands assumed (over centre).dispersal Lakeridges / Vale low drumlinsDistrict of Eden and The the landscape area sceneryof the study form undulating distinctively across surrounding the AONB. landscape. were drumlins ice as moulded into of the till surfaces deposits The flowed the Solway hills and into lowlands.around District north Lake the These reflected characteristically in landforms the distinctive ovoid are glacial hills the underlying rock formations having the underlying rock on the formations influence form of the a limited glaciation of till the area were significant across the depths deposited by limited has the Ice deposits deep mantle British-Irish Sheet.of glacial This weight of the vast ice sheets) and which at one point brought most of the of brought and most which at weight point of the vast one ice sheets) exposures of „solid‟ rock across the area, with the only outcrop occurring in area, rock the with of „solid‟ only the outcrop occurring across exposures cliffs Maryportthe coastal north of in also resulted has atIt Rockcliffe. and Tertiary period and further modified by the movement of ice-sheets during Tertiary and bymodified further the movement period the Quaternaryglacial (Devensian) period periods. During of the last area of the AONB below sea that arealevel,AONB the raised beaches of the be in seen can underlying the peat and follow the western coastline the marine deposits Evidence of the changes in sea level (rising with glacial sea level with Evidence in (rising retreat of of the changes at the end glacial the last rose after and shedding the as the land slowing period falling The simple and subtly changing landforms within the AONB reflect the effects reflect changingwithin and the AONB simple subtly The effects the landforms andof glacial and erosion deposition shaping of the post-glacial on the has, in of settlement, the pattern turn, landscape. influenced landscape The ways the of the early in which and they constraining activities settlers the of the area. the naturalutilised resources The Solway of AONB The the New entirely Red Sandstone Coast is underlain by th Solway formed was Basin The area which now Carboniferousthe is period. andJurassic the weaker Permo-Triassic by of the erosion the during rocks lobe advance across the Solway from the the lobe advance across northwest. PHYSICAL I PHYSICAL

Geology Livingston,S.J., Cofaigh, O‟ C.,

2.10 2.11 of the British- last 8 Land Use Consultants 2.8 2.9 10 34 Development & Evolution of the Landscape and Seascape 2.15 2.13 deposition anderosion Coastal 2.12 2.14 Land Use Consultants Use Land 2.16

relatively fragile and under threat of erosion in the vicinity of Skinburness. fragile under oferosionof Skinburness. and threat relatively the vicinity in materials inbeach the south itis from isby it although length, growing and Point itselfbarGrune outintois shingle extending It a Bay. is fed Moricambe outcrops of ofbedrock sections north Maryport. limited stretch a with lines.Thetide consists foreshorebeaches along shingle most sandand of moved offshore and silt had been depositedbeen aroundsilt theport. moved offshoreand had and river channels are exposed, overlain by scaur beds and reefs near low- exposed,riverscaur channelsby and are overlain beds reefs and movinglarger flatsenergy Atsand sediments lowtiderippled suchasgravels. Solway,this the inner section western wavehigh isby tidal characterised and northerly thetidal low energy a longshoreregime of and Incontrastdrift. to Point the coastBetween and Grune Maryport exposedto is directly thesea Maryport Golf Course.Golf considerablyMaryport altered These by been duneshave fragmentedsandA dune Point systemcoast Grune from tothe extends along Carlisle, which was opened in 1823. By the end of the decade the channel thechannel which had opened was ofCarlisle, the end 1823. By in thedecade courseclose to navigation still theshore facilitating to thejettyof Port the Riverby dramatically maps on1880 which Eden is showna following channels firth theThe in river it was than smaller Marsh ismuch thel800s. todayin Rockcliffe Marsh notexample, did Burgh apparently exist inthel400s,while of deposition Theerosionrate andhas over varied For thecenturies. k boulder-strewn areas, silt as a mud and asof well number deposition. substrate,are isareas thepredominant there Sand although of one, marshes dynamic iswithshiftingchannels a phasesand oferosion and TheWash.TheMorecambe by sizeonly systemestuarine and and Bay offlats most and largest importanthabitats ofintertidal areas exceeded in Britain, in flats marshesThe formintertidal and Solway Firth oftheinner one duringthe early sea level Holocene. Beckfoot, exposedoccasionally period ofa oflower tide,isat low evidence bogs Peninsula. onCardurnock submerged A forest onat theforeshore Grune Point the marks Grune western extent Dubmill Point. Raised gravel beaches from periods of higher sea-levels havebeaches periodsPoint. from Raisedsea-levels Dubmill gravel ofhigher extensivearea ofdunesliesbetweenWolstyundisturbedand Bank and erodesweatherweather during extreme conditions.The most Theduneactivity. accreteshuman system periods ofcalm naturally during also been identified alongidentified also beenthecoast between Bowness- they are still on present they are foreshore. the upper has reduced overconcrete, the years thegrinding by action ofwaves, down andon thePoint,beaches between Maryport Grune such brick and asslag, of Tippinghas now effect foreignSilloth. materialsstopped,but although the theyears transportedover to and to up thebeaches ittoadding thenorth Maryport. and Whitehaven Thesea hasthis progressively eroded material steel and with iron together weretipped onto slag, thebetween foreshore waste, Between the1970s,millions the1860sand of colliery oftonnes Hill. Point,the behind Grune BeckfootSwarthybetween and Anthornand dunes

are are 9 also continuallyillustrated moving, of the mudflats saltmarshes. and on -Solway and -Solway nown as „scaurs‟ .

Land Use Consultants Use Land 2.17 2.18 2.19 2.20 2.21 Soils Drainage Drainage Present d Present

events, such as those in the 1950s, 1960s (when 20m of dunes were removed 1960s20m ofdunes (when were events, such1950s, as those the in depositiontype oferosion and thecoasttotidal along thenorth. Major inof theAONBforeshore which places may in turn affectingthe rate be and extraction Informal oppositegravel Hill. Swarthy has theto continued affect the affectingMaryportand Courseparticularly Golf areaofthesaltpans Brows. ThisSea increasedto theeffects oferosion thenorth, immediately seapromenade and wasthe Maryport when wall constructed the at foot of theprocessesCoastalalso disrupted during recession were ofthe1930s the Salta, Drumburgh and Glasson Mosses. The low-lying mosses the Drumburghand Mosses. the Salta, GlassonThe foundin low-lying sand from erosionto erecting beach by trays out extend the to the thereattempts and have of thesanddunes been isto continuing reduce Beckfoot,erosionshorelinethe coast. upandtheBetweenerosion Mawbray construction Skinburness Silloth and defences ofcoastalat affected have the further and erosion DubmillPointand used north, at to check Bay. Allonby Theusealong concrete and of groynes been sea defenceshave adjacent toof areas the thesalt pans,stabilitycourseand golf relative with oferosionToday, thepattern erosion seenthecontinuing deposition and has hold. take change as theeffectslikely more ofclimate be. become and Such may still can eventsenvironment indeed occur, can sands occur in areas relating to the mires on the Cardurnock Peninsula and Peninsula areassands in relatingtothemires ontheCardurnock occur clay.soilsto Acidic onformed peaty claysacidic boulder way boulder and sands onthedunes, occurringwhere occur the sandheath gives with dune Calcareous associated withsaltmarshesareas coastal onthewestern edge. Rockcliffe ofthe occursalluvium Associationestuariesand surrounds river in Associationfound along Plain.coastMarine thewestern are oftheSolway sandy pockets drained loams ofwell derived fromof theNewport till glacial a deposition soilsmosaic hascreated of different acrossSmall thearea. till The geologyofcoastal surface ofglacial thepattern and processes and 1997,the Solwayand Banks)Coast demonstrateat Mawbray howdynamic of soils occur in a narrow band to the southwest of Abbeytown. southwestof Abbeytown. narrow of soils a in toband the occur and Association mires communities. floodplain the Altcar valley Reclaimed of havepeaty brown soils or area vegetation earth support heath which these through retained measures. MawbraybeenAt 20m ofdunes Wolstyforedunes. have and approximately enters the inner Solway Firth at Rockcliffe, followingthe shifting Eden Solway enters atRockcliffe, theinner Firth the RiveritsEden isin and tidal lower reaches. the east of In thestudy area, Wampool inBay also runschannel into Moricambe a marshWhitrig through shallowfloodplain a depositsthrough of drift The River into thebay. theflowssouth Bay, ofrivers.The Waver,to ofMoricambe number River is drained predominantlybased on well The area soilsa is dissected and by climate of the Solway Theof theSolway climate Coast climate is temperate area. relatively in influences Themaritime have important of theestuary an on the effect Channel that stretches acrossChannel area. of thenorth study

ay climate 10

35 Seascape and Landscape the of Evolution & Development 36 Development & Evolution of the Landscape and Seascape Land Use Consultants Use Land features Natural 2.22 2.23 2.24 Scaurs and pebble patchespebble and Scaurs Intertidal sand and mudflatssand and Intertidal

-formed hedgerow trees. well-formedhedgerow This landscape. denser hedgerows hasin resulted a and greateroccurrenceof and strongly more Peninsula a rolling both Cardurnock theintervening by to greater protected a degree Beaumont, and are fromexposureto thewind areasThe eastern extreme of Burgh-by-Sands oftheAONB,the vicinity in becomeshawthorn inland.while progressively gorse, thedominantspecies salt suffered totrees thecoast.have from exposure adjacent and Hedgerows of anglesfrom thesea,right wind to theprevailing andisabsence an there In lies Maryport. these andtheland exposed between Silloth areas at areas treescan in on thelandscape be seenthe characteristic windswept in southwesterly frosts, wind regularly.The influence occur ofthe mists fog and torelation theLakeland Fells to thesouth, coastline. coastline. considerably,elements addingto varies thediversity distinctiveness and ofthe features. cliff low dunes and ofthese occurrence The combinationand channels, river andforeshoreopen sea and through saltmarshes to sand ecologicalsuccession theresults location and and ofthephysical the from to ofthemostAONB features Many its characteristic coastal relate The scaurs are particularly The scaurs features are noticeable low at tide. scatteredareasthroughout Moricambe thetidal from toCarlisle. Bay Port found both and onscaurs are andbetween theforeshore Maryport Silloth Isolatedgraveland collections storm ofpebble ridges, bedsboulder and consequence reflect sunlight consequencereflect a large area. over position.from The water changing mudflatsand theoutgoingtide retain as a dissectedScottish channelsare areconstantly coast and which river by Solway coast atthe Inner to TheystretchtheEnglish lowtide.from visibilityof their and size thevirtue sheer form by type dominantcharacter of mudflats and 90 per Sand cent cover approximately area oftheforeshore and -laden winds. Near theNear winds. -laden coastdominated aregappy and thehedgerows by

11

al though harsh winters with hardharsh winters with though

Beaches 2.25 Land Use Consultants Use Land 2.26

Figure 2.1: Intertidal flats at Moricambe Bay Figure Moricambeat flats2.1: Bay Intertidal Sandy beaches are limited to west-facing areas between Maryport Golf beacheslimited between areas Sandy Maryport are to west-facing to Glasson. adjacent beaches are also foundlocallyBowness- at Point, wheretowards shingle.it becomes Grune Isolated finer pebble north CourseGolf continuous offairly beach Maryport pebbles runsfrom areprimarily oftheforeshore and composed pebbles.gradient of rounded level.They coincideincrease the high-water with an in themean adjoining beaches shingle and Pebble band narrow as a occur foreshore ontheupper in consequenceis dark red/brown colour. matt and RedSandstone,from New asderived bedrock, a theunderlying and Thesandis line. mainly and foreshore upper stretchto low-water themean to below Anthorn.oftheWampooladjacent band Theyoccur thepebble Point Grune areaand smallCourse to a and associated withtheRiver

12

on -Solway, Port Carlisle and Carlisle Port -Solway, A

37 Seascape and Landscape the of Evolution & Development 38 Development & Evolution of the Landscape and Seascape 2.28 Sand dunes Sand 2.27 Land Use Consultants Use Land

Figure Swarthy Hill at 2.2: Beach and with changes in soil composition. Dune heaths occur in theMawbray in with changesoccur heaths and soilDune in composition. disturbance such as re-grading, levelling, grass cutting, and heavyand levelling, by grazing grass cutting, suchasre-grading, disturbance grasslandsDune represent thathave by areas been greatly affected more fields. contrasts surroundingsea,skysubtle themore and with colours ofthebeach, colourresulting flowermobilemargin dunes. onthecoastal Whenin the moreand heaths dune gently than The gorse. rolling the tend to lower be wherethey have become area large colonised by and patches ofheather Dunestable views. seaward heathsformed as thedunes more are become levels. surrounding Frominlandbarriervisual createa theyto further pasturehas the replaced dunes theeastern of from theAONBtopart up the unspoilt character and wild parts of theother Improved ofthecoastline. These altered systems dune contrastsignificantly withthemore a provide Golf aalong stripCourse narrow from Maryport of dunesPoint. to Dubmill the in horses and cattle areasoccur past. dune and They tendto remnant be lyme heightand in grassvarygrass marram and rising to above 2.5m composed Point from Dubmill to Silloth.Theyare ofloose by sandcolonised tothenorth identified easily and along ofAllonby the seaward edge dune intact are the relatively Coastsome In along theseSolway areas ti along the coast, where higher where thecoast, over dunesalong formed (greydunes) period are a of alsomobileheaths, active dunes,dune Mobileare grassland. dunes dune and dunes,terms in condition intoforedunes,yellow oftheir and divided maturity distinctive feature of the coastal fringe of the Outerof theF of the distinctive feature coastal fringe and CourseGolf betweenPoint Maryportare dunesa and occur Sand Grune me as dunes shift inland, and dune slacksdune me asor dunesand shift hollows inland, the hinterland. in form

13

ir th . They. be can sub- , and they they and are

2.29 Land Use Consultants Use Land 2.30 Saltmarsh Saltmarsh

Raised Mire Raised

Figure 2.3: Beach and dunes to the south of Silloth Figure dunes2.3: and southSillothto the Beach of intertidal flats and extend as a continuous ribbon from the Eden estuary toestuarycontinuous theEden flats from extend ribbon intertidal and as a the channels,mosaic and a thatfringe intersectedcreeks by of intertidal expanses marshes flat ofintertidalSalt are largelow-lying grassland, from the sea in the west. Rising sea levels could continue could thewest.thisfrom theseain Rising sealevels trend. further narrowed by erosion striphas dune theremaining been B5300, while tidal deposition of new material. depositiontidal material. ofnew which record thesilt areand vegetation mud „varved‟, deposits,or layered grasses where vegetation mud. and firstcolonisethe Underlyingthe accreted marsh relatingtonewregime thecurrenttidal and thelowermarsh at marsh higher sea were when middlearound ago,formed a marsh, years levels 8000 product ofhistoriczones, changesa sealevel. in Thesethe high include Thesurfaces oftheinland. characterised saltmarshdistinct by are vegetation sequenceof saltmarsh and range edge communities, moving fromtheseaward important saltmarsh systemsimportant northwest in representing Britain, an point. The saltmarshesGrune Coastamongst oftheSolway most are palaeoecological/archaeologicalinterest. high importance their ecologicalvalueinternational for andrarity, agriculture.for improved Themosses Coast are of oftheSolway extensiveonce drainedwere acrossbeing before and basin, theSolway smallpools sphagnum moss. colonisedby The mosses Coast oftheSolway areas of rain-fed peatland, forming shallow peatland,forming ofrain-fed raisedareas domes covered with ofpeat These theUK. mires within known mires, as „mosses‟,raised large locally are Coast The has someSolway raisedof themosttracts ofunbroken extensive

– The MossesThe 14

39 Seascape and Landscape the of Evolution & Development 40 Development & Evolution of the Landscape and Seascape Land Use Consultants Use Land 2.32 2.31 Coastal habitats Coastal 2.34 2.33 2.35 Cliffs

Flora and or uncommon species including those known only within the local area. uncommon thosewithin thelocal or species including area. known only unimproved. agriculturallyremains The faunaflora and is rich,many with rare heath, much cover grasslands ofthe whichof dune and coastal margin expanseshabitats.Large ofsaltmarsh,withtogether smallbut importantareas liesinterestof thespecialinintricatemosaic thearea ofcoastal toof contribution significant thescenic character Much theAONB landscape. supports richThearea a diverse and range ofnatural make habitats which of the salt pans. of thesalt pans. strong thecoastlineby along theseaward tides,the including in edge vicinity eroded been has bywhich cliffthe sea.Lower features locally created are grasses, coarse nearheadland Glasson cliff whilst the clay drumlin isboulder a steep-sideda brackencliff gorse, colonisedraised formed, by has been and at Swarthyopposite the landscape and thevillageofGlasson. Hill, Glasson At elements insaltmarshes low Thesefeatures. are has created cliff prominent Erosion edge theseaalong of thesand by thewesternseaward dunes and Intertidal estuarine mudflats and sandflats, interlaced with a dynamicsystema mudflatswith estuarine sandflats,interlacedIntertidal and Otterswith porpoises sighted. water. are also thedeep regularly in and Bothswan. commonalsofound be sealstogether grey can Firth, inthe wildfowlpopulation supports foundisFirth mainly which The Solway large a golden plover, ringed plover, grey plover, bar-tailed godwit and dunlin grey dunlin plover,bar-tailed and godwit can plover, plover, ringed golden flockssanderling, Large knot,curlew,redshank, ofoystercatcher, turnstone, renowned. thefood for are sourcebirdsmajor wading which for themudflats shrimps,on thescaurs. with mussel forming Thesebeds are a invertebrates of invertebrates, source lugworm, rich ragworm, bivalves,snailsincluding and parts ofthe many channels, of shiftingtidal AONB. fringe a The mudflats are teal,pink-footed shelduck, barnacle whooper and and geese wigeon, pintail, Bay. thescaup,mouth include around ofMoricambe Species goldeneye, areas on theopen water theintertidalparticularly in river channels, and including the entire breeding population of the Svalbard barnacle Svalbard goose. theentire breeding populationincluding ofthe Thebirds.migrating area regularly by hosts wildfowl over wintering 120,000 and geese barnacle forms inlink vital thechain of west a coast estuaries used in found. TheSolway general is and particularlyimportant forpink-footed terns, lapwingcommon arctic andredshank, and oystercatcher are also populationsBreeding oflesserbacked, andblack gulls, headed black herring wintering geese. and supportssaltmarsh,and ducks ofthousands tens of Rockcliffe Marsh the among isinvertebrates theleastgrass. disturbed flats, found ontheintertidal of thesaltmarshalso search frequent in breeding wintering, passage used and by wildfowl.although mainly Waders, relatively undisturbedlarge, The marshes which provide areas are heavily wigeonand pintail shelduck, oystercatcher, knott,suchincluding winteringas and wildfowl dunlin waterfowl. and waders They supportdiversity wadingbirds, a of wintering seen. Thetidal be importantregularly sandflats are of breeding to thesurvival

fauna fauna .

15

a

Sand dune an dune Sand Land Use Consultants Use Land 2.36 2.37 The mosses - wetland- of AONB the mosses habitats The 2.38

adverse effects on ground-nesting birds in May and June and feedingand andeffects adverse onground-nestingMay June in birds have saltmarsh areseldom areas can disturbance public visited, although saltmarshand areas throughout oftheAONB.The theintertidal larger seenbe can numbers birds large in Geese,swans, wading ducks and stable saltmarshes. coastal dominatesgrasslandshigher more the swards ofthe oftheolder, sea oftheas habitats diversity and sealavender botanical for aster. saltmarsh cattle haswithin thesaltmarshes sheepand reduced by the grazing caused encouraging them creatingencouraging by ponds. new Red fescue grass ( population.Britishactively natterjack hasbeen TheAONB Partnership the Great in Britain areas and approximately of for account cent 10 per locations coast thedune in the among thesemostare breeding northerly the poolsbytoads. support Togetherwithrare natterjack brackish favoured edge oftheThelandward saltmar erosionIncreasing roosting collapseprofiles winter. birds and in of creek sea sandwort and Halberd-leaved orache.The mobile dunes Halberd-leaved intosea grade the sandwortand are characterised edge dune grasssandcouch by scatteredsea with rocket, along and theseaward undisturbedof Allonby mobile dunes to thenorth grasses,sandbinding grassgrass.sand couch lyme and The relatively searocket, sea sandwort,sea and sea holly bindweed,with thefirst together Plant foreshore. the upper this include foundin species characteristically zone occurs narrowconditionas a ofthedunes.Strandline shingle in band on Point Golf Course andGrune between Maryport withthematurity varies and systemThe ofthedunewesterncoastalvegetation margin foundalong catcher. newts and adders, together with thenestingoyster plover sites andwith together newts ofringed adders, and sitesitssystemfor crested breeding ofnatterjack toads, isgreat notable slacksof dune are also presentareas. associatedThe dune withdamper sheepssandsedgeand Cladonia fescue lichensSmall and areasareas. drier in Thisheath. dune heather isswatheslarge bell colonised with by ofheather thecalcareous and matter grasslandsdune way to finally give areas ofacid away fromThe acid leachingof dunes more theseathrough become wildflowers. in speciesgrassland.dune rich Thisdry is alsocharacteristically fescue,sheeps red fescue,commonsedgeforming sandby bent and areas of sandleek.and cabbage As are colonisedmobile they thedunes less become the smoothAlso grass.stalked foundare meadow species of rare IsleofMan foredunes dominatedby grass and marram fescuesassociated red and (SSSl) and Special Areas of Conservation (SAC). Special Areas mosses The(SSSl) and largest of Conservation (SAC). found as Sites ofthis ScientificInterestrecognition designated have been of Special now the AONB in whole. as a habitatsrare Theyare in and nationally surrounding enricheslandscape them,and thediversitycharacter oflandscape thevarietyofform,colourincreases textureand within theagricultural characteristic of features areas ofthe theinland AONB. presence Their The within the study area are studywithin the GlassonFlow area Wedholme Moss,Bowness Common „m osses

‟ refers to areas of lowland raised mires and peat bogs, which are to bogs, which areasraised are oflowland miresrefers peat and d coastal grasslandscoastal 16 sh

es, as well as Bankses, as well Grune,Mawbray and Festucarubra ) ,

41 Seascape and Landscape the of Evolution & Development 42 Development & Evolution of the Landscape and Seascape Land Use Consultants Use Land 2.39 2.40

Figure 2.4: Wedholme Flow Figure Flow2.4: Wedholme Re Moss. theseDrumburgh the Southform and MossesTogether Solway Nature These bogs have been formed as a result peat-forming vegetation as a vegetation resultpeat-forming Theseformed been bogs have yellow/gold colour of the cotton grass foliage is also particularly attractive. of the colour yellow/gold cottonis also grassfoliage attractive. particularly fullybut thesebe by only appreciated visit can onfoot.a the Intheautumn heather and the purple white flowersofthecotton themosses, grasswithin afforded moorgrass purple areas. thedrier of Occasional in be glimpses can heather and heath, and rosemary cotton grass; cross-leaved with cranberry, poolsless These thewetter, in disturbed,are areas. associated withbog hummock-hollow forms undulating, mosaicwith shallowsphagnum-filled an throughassociatedor cutting. withagriculture peat The ofthesurface bog moss.to site affected, a has Each been greateror lesser drainage extent, by highthe extremely water byretention characteristicslevels ofthesphagnum aredome-shaped theytoIn structure, raised and surrounding 3m above boulderor alluvialwet clay basins over accumulating to depthsto ofup 6.5m. Butterflies present include small pearl-bordered fritillary, green-veined white, fritillary, green-veined Butterfliessmallpearl-bordered present include together hedgehogs, rabbits and adders, with frogs common and lizards. supportsandwildlifehabitat deer, diverse includingbadgers, rich roe a stoats, bog Thepeat tograzing meadowsand wet rough way with pasture. rushy margin outer an carr developed of willow wet scrub, and giveswhich birch Theedges ofGlassonwetter have Moss are and Bowness Common and mossesMoss heathland. scrub the Salta a istends thedriestand of towards change, potential pollution by agricultural chemicals and land drainage. potential pollutionchange, drainage. agricultural by chemicals land and the effects ofclimate England. Thebiggestare Natural threats to themosses managed Bownessother areas are agreementsthrough with Common,while Glasson Natural by England Moss ismanaged nowwithparts of together skipper, large meadow ringlet, and brown large heath. of Themajority serve, managed byNaturalmanaged England. serve,

17

Land Use Consultants Use Land prehistory Later 2.45 Earlyprehistory 2.42 I 2.41 2.44 2.43

HUMAN occurred rapidlyrelativelyoccurred Currentresearchsuggests Neolithic. Mesolithic/early thatthis phenomenon have may resulted, fromdecline‟) part, in human during thelate activity However, this apparentlackHowever, obviousof an Iron beAge may a as much Age theIron either marks Crop Cumbria. photographsin aerial from to identified belong could sites Age Iron it difficultidentify of diagnosticThe potterymakes absence to evidence Dramaticdirect is sea-levelduringthere rise noofit. theMesolithic used Copeland the coastal in dunes,andtheGallowayas theydid coast, along finds areabsent,may Palaeolithic have Mesolithic while and hunter-gatherers withinactivity is theAONB. There evidence limited ofpre-Roman identity. local important contributionan of communitieshas andmade to theformation of the era, landscapeindustrial hassignificant played a theeveryday in lives role on thelandscape. theNeolithicdistinctive From mark to themodern processes,the earliest have settlersaeven left permanent theregion in toactivity of themost ofhuman eventsrelate recent visiblerelics more and bygreatly modified been theactionscommunities. ofhuman many Although mostLike ofthose Britain‟slandscapes, of bronze rapier rapier bronze recovered Moss. Salta from cemeteryfound has AONB been Maryport, cremation and a at Ewanrigg, a hoards is metalevidentpartsand several in and ofCumbria, the within mainlyAge the southactivity, Bronze ofburials theform in oftheAONB. Beaker pottery,Age Bronze dating about 2300 from found has BC,been to characteristicthe Scottish while Neolithic/early late sideoftheSolway, about 4500 beenNeolithic tombs BChave found cairns, from dating and on grazing. oftree clearance cover and probably relation of abandonment, in to cycles parts suchasBowness ofthearea, periods through of Common,went The frompollen smallfields. evidence analysiscreate that substantial shows on the impact significant as communities landscape woodland to cleared landscapes The transition oftheregion.gradual to alsoa farming had awould have had and majoron theoak effect woodland and elm-dominated contemporary settlement record. settlement contemporary record. toNeolithic iscoastaland likely inundated have sites, the obscuring across Britain during the 5 late the acrossduring Britain that lossaccepted It is widely thedramatic ofelm fossil from pollen records ntroduction

I NFLUENCES

, Romano-British or even early medieval periods Romano-Britishearly medieval even or much like contemporary Dutch elm like much disease– contemporary

th and early4 and 18

the Solway Coast AONB have the Solway th millennia BC

(known as the„elm .

–

43 Seascape and Landscape the of Evolution & Development 44 Development & Evolution of the Landscape and Seascape Oxford: Oxbow Monograph 17. 17. Monograph Oxbow Oxford: 2.46 2.49 R 2.47 Land Use Consultants Use Land 13 12 11 10 9 Research Seminar and the Council of the Prehistoric Society the of Prehistoric the Council and Research Seminar 2.48

Haselgrove et al 2001 „ 2001 al et Haselgrove M. 2002. McCarthy, Cumbria. of Wetlands Lowland The al et 2000, Hodgkinson Solway Plain, Cumbria. the on settlement Romano-British and Prehistoric 1994. H R Bewley, Highamand Jones 1985, 77

monuments palaeoecological record forpalaeoecological the area to lackdue a unrecognised ofpositiveevidence.However,the dating Iron British sites onthebasisAge period ofceramics, largely gone have photographyfrom aerial several have while beenand, todated theRomano- and Bousteadand Hill sites,Wolstyat several possibleincluding Ewanrigg, Hallphase pre-Roman of Intensivework Plainthesurvey and revealed theSolway transitionalzone a product of a lack of recent lackof as product ofa absence research an of obvious sites and

The Romans arrived in the area in 71-72 AD AD andtheintoin The subsequentlyRomans 71-72 advanced area in arrived subsoils. of cropmarksgravel display and onsand somebe bias thissettlement in putative ofpreferential result as pattern a ofStanwixparade ground Tarraby Romanfort at Carlisle Lane, f were rig‟ „cord practices isagricultural sparse,howeversingle a area ofprobablyIron Age open assteadilymore settlement agriculture Evidencefor and spread. resulted changeinas theregiona becamewould have in dramatic character dry land land (Higham into hectares dry and 33). blocks of6-10 Jonesfig. 72, 1985, of rectangular single-ditchedditchesthe enclosuresevidence subdividing and san plain,On settlements theSolway land dry tendtolocationsin cluster onthe indicates that the middle and later Iron Ages were periodsof later and IronNorthwestthe middle were Ages indicates that – troops. In Cumbria, west of the River Irthing, the west Irthing, took oftheRiver of Wall theform troops.In Cumbria, forts, holding 1000 of thelarge500 and the presence between Stanegate third towersThese every of at mile. smallfortifications a reinforced were by with smallfortletsintervals mile interveningconsisted watch at and wall ofa formal constructed ainstructionsreplaced by This this for frontier. to be 100-105 122 around AD. the Around AD Hadrian Burgh Emperor gave was eventually „Stanegate‟ drawnCorbridge road, between and existingforts the based lineon southernA lining ofdefence, Scotland. impact on civilian life, except in the environs of the environs except on civilianlife, impact the in toRomans have southernhad appear Unlike England,minor the relatively sustained and permanent woodland clearance woodland sustainedpermanent and of more stableagriculturalof more communities to thesouth development suggested may oftheWall that the toconstruction led the have It has been the militaryimprint is where unmistakable. onthelandscape omano d and gravel eskers supporting gravel d and oftendenseconcentrations ofsites,with ound sealed beneathound sealed Wall bank possible Hadrian‟s counterscarp and

(very system narrow furrows) ridges drainage ofcultivation and -British and early historic periods periods and early-British historic Roman Carlisle and the Lands of the Solway the of Lands andthe Carlisle Roman 9 . . Understanding the British Iron Age: an agenda for action. A report for the Iron Age Iron the for A report action. for agenda Age: an Britishthe Iron Understanding - 10 80. . There are a large number There. large ofsettlementare a sites known

19

in commonin – of the much with . Salisbury. Salisbury. . . Stroud: Tempus. Tempus. . Stroud: 11 . In . terms, thislandscape Hadrian‟sforts Wall 13 . There may, however, may, There . 12 Kirkbride . . a via via

2.52 2.51 2.54 Land Use Consultants Use Land 2.50 2.53

place names suchas place presenceof their isthere from littleevidence the AONBHowever, in apart Romans bestmost and -they chose the strategicsites settlement. for BritishAnglianthe mixed and - stronglylike As a origins. societymilitaristic firmly of was people underits a oftheNorthumbrians, thecontrol area Roman administration in the northwestthe early 5 in Romanended administration the in withdrawal. century sections were rebuilt insandstonesectionsrebuilt were on stone wall turf footings. marking thedelineation Romethe marking and between aintended tobeas much a symbolic barrier physicalone, emphatically fromraidingdiscouraging tribes. Itwas imports northern exports and Britannia,enablingtaxation on of movement out into and oftheprovince oftheEmpire, controlling functioned asfrontier The thenorth-western Wall medieval period. medieval settlementagricultural in and the from Ageinto Iron practices late theearly thatthere ison communities. it little Similarly, likely change would been have impact limited AONB, had relatively thisareas,have rural a suchas the may The settlement pattern changed dramatically in the late 9th and early 10th early dramatically9th the and Thein settlement late changed pattern mid-7th tocentury, theBritish belonged have the but by ofRheged, kingdom coastal parallel to the frontier. The turf wall ended at Bowness-The toparallel thefrontier. wall turf road WallHadrian‟s terminates a defences comprised: a sloping a (the bank defences comprised: Burgh-by-Sands toDrumburgh, Beaumont.north From south and the westran, tofromBowness- wall east, that, despite its impressive defences, it may not have been intended nothavemay as a been that, despiteit defences, its impressive Scandinavians, Scots and Normans. From the 5 From ScotsScandinavians, and Normans. Solwaydisputed wasBritons,thecontrol ofbetween Anglians, century,until thelatterofBritain the12th part BetweenRomans the leaving centuries as Irish-Scandinavians colonisedof Cumbria. asIrish-Scandinavians Thenamescenturies ofmany the in the 16 in Bastle, was which suchbuildings, asDrumburghrebuilt withRoman masonry west visible of Carlisle, itslonger evidencein local stonemuchin is very to thecoasttowers mile-fortletsalong extended and Bowness- from suggests evidence thata continued palisade timber Freestanding westward. area knownarea as the from Withinthe AONBof theSolway westernmost Scotland. the (ford) wath continued in its role as the frontier oftheRomanits ascontinued inthefrontier untilearly5 role Empire with thesuccession Aurelius. AD 162 ofMarcus was reinforced Thewall and following into service oftheback theabandonment frontiernorthern around Hadrian‟sto Scotland. Wall a reduced butwas was supportbrought role, duringthe AD140sabandoned centralin oncompletionoftheAntonine Wall a Itwas rapid enable response garrisons from themajor the Stanegate. along but rather to line fighting surveillanceof the provide frontier whole and the major garrison forts at Maryport and Beckfoot. Although the wall is no garrison forts Beckfoot.the major Although thewall and Maryport at the Military Way - and a broad,the Militarya – Wayflat-bottomed-(theand ditch

settlementsfrom this „ period: date th century. „ berm „ Burgh ‟ ; and the Wall itself.Tothe Wall and ; thesoutha oftheWall, ‟ Towards the end of Hadrian‟s reign, the turf reign, Towardsof Hadrian‟s theend (fort). t Bowness- 20 .

on on -Solway through Glasson,through -Solway

„ glacis -Solway which marks the marks which -Solway - by‟ forby‟ instancesecondary is a ‟ ) backed by a deep ditch;by deep )a backed a flat th „ century, the area century, appears to barbarians on -Solway, butrecent-Solway, ‟ . It is. thought th century century „ Vallum on -Solway -Solway AD ‟ ) run ) run th . In

45 Seascape and Landscape the of Evolution & Development 46 Development & Evolution of the Landscape and Seascape The Norman ConquestNorman The to17 the Land Use Consultants Use Land 2.55 2.57 2.56

Figure 2.5: Fortified church at Newton Arlosh Figure Fortified Newton2.5: at church Arlosh Wampool south eastward, and the baronyand ofBurgh-by-SandsWampool south to thenorth. eastward, lyingfrom thewithin thebarony ofAllerdale, with theAONB formed, area few obvious remains apart from part of from part crosstomb obviousa at few apartand hogback remains a settlement, „ Carlisle in 1092 under 1092 inandthe William Henryl and baroniesCarlisle medieval were Williamof Englandof theEasterntook ll farmland fringeoftheAONB. system landscape a feudal distinctively medieval created within thefertile TheConquestthe subsequent ofand 1066 oftheNorman entrenchment Burgh-by-Sands and KirkbridestandBurgh-by-Sands stark and and in contrast to theregular many narrow fields,is in of thelong, still reflected such asthose around tenants. into to strips individual divided belonging The patternoftheoutfields hundred „outfield‟of commonacres several fields extent. These in were was„infield‟ small Theland farmeda aroundperiod. by andhamlet each an of theframeworkMuch of thepresent landscape the medieval in was formed newtowns. locations failed for Newton twobeing the latter Arlosh, They Bay. Moricambe hadSkinburnessMawbray, Raby, granges at and exploited forwilderness.The marshes salt, were CotesSalt in hence sheep introducing in thathadand area grazing an largely hitherto been dykesresponsible somemarshes, draining of theinland for establishing sea extensiveholdings onboth Withinthe AONB sideswere ofthe they Solway. Holm Cultram significantly, foundedin was The monks Abbey 1150. had sites Wolsty suchasthatnear wereMoatedmanorial established most and, in the area, suchasCardurnock,in probably fromdate this period. expanded fromStrathclyde and across most theSolway names of theCeltic of the kingdom century, Crosscanonby.Towardsof the10th theend

- ness‟ a headland, „holm‟ an island.„holm‟ an too, TheScandinavians, leftheadland, a ness‟ 21

th century

2.58 Land Use Consultants Use Land Industrialisation and improvement and improvement Industrialisation 2.59

feature across the farmland feature farmland the across Figure2.6 suchas those Bowness- between ofcommon the 2,400ha enclosedwastes inroads, were drove 1811. Theold parishnot Holm Cultram and thecommonenclosed were until1774 fields Donald parkland around Calvo and these continued to expand into the 17th century. Calvocentury. andaround parkland thesecontinued tointo the 17th expand backward. agriculturally commonNew were outofthe fields made Abbey‟s by themarketgenerated Cultram‟slands, Holm in the area remained economic socialsomeprincipal and piecemealenclosure, focus.of Despite it WithAbbey thedissolution in Cultram ofHolm lost1536 thearea its waths. 1307 onyetScots‟,in todied expedition across another Scotland theSolway where the„Hammer monumenttheEdwardof the mod 1, place ern at as well towers churches, fortified Burgh-by-Sands as ofNewton and Arlosh werethe century characteristic to contribution ofthe14th thelandscape thewhen abrupt to1296 expansion endin an The came Scots invaded. enclosures.19thof peace ofthe18th and layout and century Theera Highland Laddie pub at Laddiepub at Highland Glasson. banksearth passbounded by hedges and toppedby as the suchlandmarks Bownessfieldsunk the surrounding They below are levels. Wath,are ongoing process of agricultural andprocessdrainage improvement ongoing of land centuryaddedimpetusnew to of19th wars the TheNapoleonic the early In 1823 an attempt an Carlisle, was In 1823 at Port harbour tonew made create a tosimultaneously ofcattle-droving thecenturies-old pattern end bringing an ofa thegrowth helped dairying thecoastal industry in while plain, system railway Modernisationcontinued with thedevelopmentofa that ‟s map of 1774 shows areas‟s of1774 ofunenclosedmarsh. map and large In mire

: Rura l lanes boundonare a trees banks with byhedges l lanes on 22

-Solway and Wigton leading from from and -Solway Wigton leading .

.

47 Seascape and Landscape the of Evolution & Development 48 10 Development & Evolution of the Landscape and Seascape 2.60 2.62 Land Use Consultants Use Land fishing and Agriculture 2.61 i Rural

town found more success as a holiday resort in succession to Allonby. townsuccessresortfound more holiday succession asin a to Allonby. port was Sillothnew buttheattempt between aat 1859, made at 1857 and out theregularly laid and developed.secondA plots ofthetownthat never It isbuilt onitsofstaithes still theremains railway, marked bedby a 1854. in flourishedNewcastleon Tyne.Thewas portnever and in filled thecanal with connected to Carlisle by canal whichby intended was canal to to continuedconnected be Carlisle new landscape of war duringtheFirst waslandscape Worldnew Second and Wars created notablelandmark. still firth form a into the1934-1935,embankments butthestone projecting in butsoonit was repaired into disuse. fell was demolished Theironwork Damaged 1887, in viaduct remarkable acrossiron with a 1865. theSolway in together the Carlisle to Sillothcentury: constructed1836-1837 was in railway now mostdisused, ofthe19thTheall railways, obvious the legacy are Even before this,1586 in before Even describes: Camden Scottish safe and it a sincethe unionofEnglish crownsmade enterprise. modestA fishingthe north industry has existed along Cumberland coast ever production also inevidence. sheepand cattleis substantial beef with production. There a industry, dairy years,one significant In recent the change has been to shift silage fromhay grazing.pasturewith predominantly some low-quality patches marshy, ofwet, drumlins suchasthose Bur at Crosscanonby and recenttheoutbreak since in yearsdeclined of foot-and-mouth particularly inseparable partan numbersform have though of thelandscape, their thegrazing.that wandercattleto Sheep and manage on the freelysaltmarshes by „ a regulated land toholdings.have attached individual been grazing now These are ago,the enclosuressharesyears following of200 „stints‟or the common in marshes. Traditionally, since marshes.Traditionally, least the at 16 individualin tenancies held land rights and on the ofcommon grazing the in between The AONBfarming characterised has been therelationship by surrounding landscape. landscape. surrounding the Ministry ofDefenceby communicationmasts for the dominate which industries,and areKirkbride local Silloth isAnthorn usedwhile still usefor in The oldhangarsfirth. it toof themud make airfield in at arestill lying the Silloth, Anthorn: at Longtown,airfields and which Kirkbride aircraft not did munitions and with theconstructionhuge armaments depot factory of at Arable cultivation is found on the better-drained land particularlythe isfoundontheover cultivation better-drained Arable usehas increased,agricultural conservation itshas poor. become nature value byagriculture fertilizing and for drainage, reseeding, soits that while contrast to hasimprovedsuch generallyvigorously thecommons, land been In holdingsdisease2001. Theenclosedin in mainly lies land of20-40ha. whereof there is abundance”. there whereof Sightdelightful and Pastime Horseback with on Spears Salmons hunt inhabitants“The there

ndustry and the marsh Eighteenyears hundred after Wall built,Hadrian‟s was a committee‟, which employs marsh wardens orcommittee‟, „reeves‟ employs wardens which marsh abouts sidesboth on landscape landscape

23

th century and in way and a century regulated [of theSolway] gh -by-Sands,but the areais with pleasant with

Land Use Consultants Use Land 2.63 Salt production Salt 2.64

Figure Crosscannonbyat saltpans2.7: of Remains restoration work to preserve and thispreserve protect torestoration site. work Coast TheSolway ongoingSaltpans. in is AONBinvolved Partnership examples Crosscanonby preserved ofsaltworks Cumbriaare in the foundat pits seacircular still gather holdituntil water Theand tide. thenexthigh best Newton saltpans)(cluster at of buildingscontaining and where Marsh, Saltcotes at stretch remainsof coastline saltworks and found oftheir be can through shallow water at low tide, either probing sharpeither witha bed the sea shallowwater tide, through at low Skinburness. Cardurnock out and carried at Participants barefoot wander but from theforeshore, livelymore activityflounder a or is paddling thefluke Firth. practised nettingthe Solway isin anglers nolonger occasionallySea fish thisas an offishingis local form regarded important Fixed-stake tradition. from theEnvironment licence originin Thenetis Agency. Scandinavian and out local seatrout,under salmoncarried netting by fishingfamilies, for and is firth collection. haaf commercial The the mostof fishing in form distinctive and Thiscockles. non forfor except ceased, has now instances ofinformal the usedsiltation.to lowtidefishermen areas At tractor dredge intertidal by the principal replaced have of is port Annan, which by restricted now whitefish skateand Maryport catching and They Silloth outatsea. plaice, well fisheries Today, commercial mainly are confined to outof boats operating hand-gathered mussel isfishery stockshand-gathered operationalplentiful. when are fork, prong at Holm Cultram Abbey Cultram at Holm extracted times,later, saltand was In medieval extracted locally.The Cistercian monks

„feeling‟for or feet thefish withtheir 24

salt from the sea at many sites many thesalt from theseaat along catching them by hand. hand. themby catching A

49 Seascape and Landscape the of Evolution & Development 50 Development & Evolution of the Landscape and Seascape Land Use Consultants Use Land Settlements 2.65 interest cultural of Features 2.67 2.66

isolated farms on the enclosed agricultural land. agricultural isolated ontheenclosed farms hinterland throughout theagricultural margin and areinterspersed with and minor a Villages country areregularlyalong road. the coastal spaced along co smallvillages, predominantly from closely ranging assembledclusters of S of the contributesThedevelopment. builtenvironment evidence visible farming, the strategic location of the landscape as a frontier between Englandbetween the strategic as location ofthelandscape frontier farming, a historical pattern thecoast by andinfluenced ofcultivation the sea, and ofthebuiltThecharacter withintheAONB environment is strongly of the Ministry of Defence airfield on the Cardurnock Peninsula. of theMinistry ofDefenceairfield ontheCardurnockPeninsula. of the of associatedstyleAnthorn,village withthedevelopmentarchitecture withshelter.These theutilitarian to settlements provide contrast markedly stronglinear a have form.The buildings are either closetogether or terraced and byinfluenced Maryport Sillothhavetheirbeen exposureto and thesea, theAONB. Villages along coastaltowns, stripbetween justlie the outside to their andexamples ofVictorian developmentas resort linked Georgian and towns thelarger Silloth, and Carlisle, ofMaryport also containing Bowness- andincluding Allonbydevelopedgrowth, which formal asbathing a resort, Some ofthesettlements character. periods different of reflect dohowever the littleover centuriesgrown remained predominantly and in rural therefore Thevillages tendedto have economystill on agriculture. based coalfields, AONBwith an Coast outside lies TheSolway west Cumbrian the and heatherthatch. examples ofreed with someusually limited sandstonebuildingsslate are coveredin or pan-tile, limestone. freestone and Roofswood,rubble, rendered oftraditional slate,Welsh red Buttermere sandstones,include and straw, clay, turf, cobble, in landscape. resourcesdistribution available the local ofthedifferent These materials constructiontheir building usedin thegeographical which reflect diversitythe in properties toworkers small cottages.isThere alsogreat substantialAONB, from ranging farmhouses, longhousesplan square and varietyis great inof traditionalThere form a the and buildings in thesize and Scotland asScotland welland as olway Coast‟solway historyof settlement. long are Thesettlements theAONB in ttages to farms linear villages and space between with strung thebuildings,

on -Solway. Port Carlisle includes Georgian includes Carlisle Port terraces-Solway. reminiscent of an industrial heritage and 20 heritage modern industrial more 25

th century century

Land Use Consultants Use Land 2.69 2.68

Figure village coastal 2.8: of The All mosses include Abbeytown and Newton and Arlosh. Abbeytown mosses include the villages in this area. this in area. the villages creatingproportiona ofhedgerow „softer‟boundaries charactergenerally to widelywith housesfewermore There spaced. are are and walls greater a buildings,this in closely section grouped villages aregenerally less exposed, and on the Cardurnock Peninsula owe their locationowe their on thePeninsula Cardurnock toextensive and themore Moricambe Bay and flat landscape.mainly openofthevillagesMany of inland onhigherlocated themparticularlyare ground making prominentthe in its is offrom which derived„fort name thestones‟. Most of these settlements was Beaumont. alsoBurgh-by-Sands and Cardurnock the site Romanfort, ofa or from thewall forts.TheseBowness- include the site fromstonesome built ofRomantaken forts,of thebuildingsbeing ofthesettlements ontheline number located A of Hadrian‟sand Wall are on as Bowness- section.the easternin someWhile alongcoastline, the northern villages such of thethe remainingpart in AONB of north Skinburness contrast those with The villages tohistoriccaravanThere sitesthe buildings. village. are adjacent overlooking of tillAllonby thesea. ofglacial contains number on ridges a moreoccupy prominent, inland,Salta positions located raised further slightly In contrast, thevillages ofCrosscanonbyassociated and withthecoastline. frontagessection seaward oftheAONBanda have stronglinear have form positionlow-lying adjacenta to thecoast. The settlements this in eastern is thelargestAllonby andwith Mawbray village, along and Beckfoot occupies and enclosedthe 19 in and these ofmossesin present areas they wereareas drainedbefore were that

on -Solway, are characterised by narrow winding streets and characterised narrow are by streets-Solway, winding and th century. Villages century. locatedthe fringes along offormer 26

onby onby on

-Solway, Drumburgh, Drumburgh, -Solway,

51 Seascape and Landscape the of Evolution & Development 52 Development & Evolution of the Landscape and Seascape 2.73 Land Use Consultants Use Land 2.70 2.72 2.71

butts at Anthorn forming features in the landscape. inthelandscape. buttsfeatures Anthornforming at at andhangers thecommunicationKirkbride Sillothand masts shooting and today,and theold aircraft with Kirkbride Silloth, still Anthorn evident are personnel during War. Worldmilitary theSecond the at However, airfields fromapart development,built to theestate Anthorn, housedevelopment at untouchedhousinglargely remainedthe AONB within 20th century have by theoldbuildings including customssailors‟baths.and The villages house was The outlet Carlisle, which ofthecanal atPort contains someinteresting keeper‟sthe lock to and cottage re theSolway, of theCarlisle entrance lockSome evidence today, Canal remains the notably barn.farmhouseand Examples includeLamonbyCumbria. and unusualin Cross AONB Farm are originallyalthough and They were thatched fairly common the in features clay daub mixed original pebbles k and with straw roof timbersBracing and dowelled constructed thewalls in and are are archedtimbers frameconstructedof matching boulders. froma set onlarge following inscription onitsinscription following walls: white bearsand crossingfirth the stands towhich of theSulwath adjacent the oftheborder isinfluence the Eskby Boathouse alsoprovided at Rockcliffe, „Bastle‟, common area. theborders in or andof thefortified building, crossing Scotland example from isfarm an fortified oftheSand-wath thebuilt ontheruinsofa head Romantower at It waslocated dominant drumlin large feature elevating ona from thesea. it early whichequally is an Bastle16th century, dates the from at Drumburgh, providingprotection from century from thel4thScottishThe raiders. fortified heavily pointsstrongstonefocal incorporating towerspele dating ston of stylesthe complexmixture thesevernacular in settlements fortified are settlements to thatassociated isAmongst withHadrian‟s notlimited Wall. oftheSolway‟s locationTheinfluence ofthe border onthecharacter are set from back theroadare a most displaying varietywhich ofstone, ofwhitewashed brick and buildings, to differentBurgh-by-Sands has a character otherthe within villages it supply - his SPIRIT lives here Yet the Nowtho‟ o‟er isdone Wills Will boatman. an‟ work lies Will himself An‟ quiet, Wi‟ An‟ride horseback the did everhe footman.none dread the did An‟ boat tide t hesimple Gentle and did guide, “ framed houses probably the17 houses from dating framed probably thatched the occasional Thecottage.village also ofcruck- contains number a Ere metal brig or rail were thowt on,brig honest Here railwereEre metal thowt or therowt Will boatman on. e buildings. The churches at Newton Arlosh and Burgh-by-Sands are are NewtonThe at andbuildings. Arlosh churches e Burgh-by-Sands

.”

steptry an Ne‟er sopure in, can it, time half tide nor . In addition toIn addition themainly houses slate-roofed is o eithero Scotchor EnglishWi‟themon side, 27

A poignant particularly reminderof the th or 18or mains ofthestaithes opposite. nown locally as „clay dabbin‟.nown locally th centuries. Thesecenturies. are AONB , ,

2.75 tracksw Countryand lanes, 2.74 Land Use Consultants Use Land

Port CarlislePort CanalFigureto Carlisle remainsofat loch2.9: the entrance The through the AONB from Carlisle to Maryportas to ofroute itsthe AONBpart through Carlisle from 199km of local and importance.maintained are TheCumbriaCoastal Way runs boundaries. field sunken Theselanes and wellare generally signedand often following Right thearea, extensivePublic An crosses network of Way sections western in particularly ofthearea. are„kests‟walls being fence cobble by replaced and postand alternatives, blackthorngorse, dominated by Increasingly thehedgerows, hawthorn. and not species rich, generally Cumberlandare North styleand traditional The arelaid boulders.hedgerows cobbles distinctive and a and in locally arefaced local with western in and hedgerows sectionsstudy area ofthe a boundaries sidetoof theroad. either These characteristic mounds field thatform material has excavated usedthe beento increase heights oftheembankments sectionsof many feature farm tracks of roads and the AONB.in The arecharacteristiclevels surrounding a below constructed metre field upto a lanes,the patternof resemble roads Sunken thatexistsminor today. Thesystem thatexistedthe 1700s tracks in closely oflanesand would AONB, closely following the line of the Wall. Tracks Wall. of the acrossAONB, the line themossesclosely following tofrom Wallsend Bowness- Wall NationalHadrian‟s Path and Trail Hadrian‟s Part of course the 417km circular around theouter edgesof Cumbria. cyclewayCumbria followsthrough route of similar theAONB its a as part Barrow-

in -Furness. This mainly follows footpaths around thecoastline. followsThe-Furness. mainly footpathsaround This crossknown locallyas „kests‟,topped thearea, by are on -Solway, also crosses the northern area of alsocrosses-Solway, the area thenorthern aths 28

Cycleway, which stretches which Cycleway,

53 Seascape and Landscape the of Evolution & Development 54 Development & Evolution of the Landscape and Seascape

Land Use Consultants Use Land 2.76

stole Middlebie ontheScottishchurches and the bells ofDornock side. on the Subsequent tothe channel in Scotland. routeback theEnglish by raids on Bowness Common. Bowness Common. the „ChurchTrod‟ include from Campfield Marsh crosseswhich to Anthorn used by the Scots and English raiding parties. Famously, raiding parties. English usedthe Scotsthe bellsofBowness- by and Bownessfrom Bowness- Wathcrossed firth Sandsfield over the Peat the over Sandsfield from to Scotland Scottish attempting todrowned cross soldiers were back a tiderisked risingat low considerableIn 1216and tidedanger. 2,000 nearly location CrossingPeat-wath. ofthe approximate this theSolway ofthepart ofEdwardthe armies I, crossing channelspointby theriver wasover Eden a oftheEskand well-used andThe crossing changewithunmarked sediments. themovement ofestuary These wathsfirth. areThe areSolway historical crossing points the over -Solway church were church -Solway stolenbut the Scotsby such oneraid, in abandoned . The Sand-wath crossed TheSand-wath to from Drumburghthe Annan, and the Solway

-wath. Otherroutes -wath. crossed expanses ofthe wider an d The Edward l‟s Monument marksd TheEdward Sandsfield near 29

on -Solway to Annan and wasand to widely Annan -Solway

3.4 Land Use Consultants Use Land processes Natural 3.5 3.2 FUTURE ISSUESAND FORCES FOR CHANGE 3 3.3

Land management, Land change Agricultural Development pressures,part change Climate processes Natural Introduction Key issues are enlarged upon below. issues enlarged Key upon below. are defences, will give torisewill defences, changes. future as Solway, wells as Inner responsethe Human such asconstruction ofsea Natural Solway. processes cyclical Inner theshifting in channels suchasthe currently saltmarshof the are accreting Marshat Rockcliffe ontheeastside coast.swung Conversely, to closer thesouthern flats the intertidal and erodedhaving been years, by has as it Eden the channel away oftheRiver significantlyover thepast fifty hasFirth The changed of theSolway foreshore Forces change involve processeslandscape evolving. and result in that seascapeand The landscape continually oftheSolwayand Coast is dynamic of theAONBcontinue to the landscape shapearelisted below. operated changelikelyin The forcesfor tomain the pastare thathave and planning seascape thelandscapecharacterand quality.and and soin doing, managementmanaging oftheseprotecting, guiding and, changes qualities has an oftheAONB. TheAONBto role play LSCA important in in way that conservesa and change the enhances and distinctivecharacter the trendsof futureand tomanagechoices thatneed be help will made human withconsequenceof interaction use a and thearea. balance ofthelandscape changes aswell physical as as those toand thefabric

o o o o o o o o

settings sites to historic habitats species and bodies water hedgerows trees and transport and traffic tourismand leisure housing industry and energy renewable

particularly changes affecting

icularly

ation

30

An understanding An

55 Change for Forces and Issues Future 56 Future Issues and Forces for Change Land Use Consultants Use Land 3.6

Figure 3.1: Hard sea defences and groynes at Sillothat Figure defences sea 3.1: and Hard groynes Climate change change Climate Change Project, butthe Change likely changestokey are be: changesPredicted are exploreddetail ofin as part West theNorth Climate

mires due to temperature changes and in tochanges of water; mires due temperaturechanges the availability sensitive to the rainchanges key habitatsbogs including and raised fed by replaced being othersarebetter suited which toclimates; new species balances, in changes outandwith some dying species potentially field tovulnerable gales; whichindividual trees are storminess tolossincreased rise tree particularly damage, and giving areas as potential sealevel lying inundationoflow rises; saltmarshesand resultstorminess); as a and bothincreased water ofrising coastal in changes erosionregimesand rise flats (sea level ofsanddunes, summer precipitationof reduced higher temperatures; and availability, reductionspossible soil in and moisture soil erosionresult as a warmer; the length seasonin duetoincrease of thegrowing being theclimate waterwhen tablesand may fall; the frequencyin summersincrease less with of„dry‟ rainfall, average than tables; water of rising Thisflood tothe possibly increased has implicationsrelation and in risk, the frequencyin increase r more winters with of„wet‟

31

ainfallthan average.

Land Use Consultants Use Land energy Renewable pressures Development 3.7

Figure 3.2: Robin Rigg, an offshore wind farm is visibleis on anFigure the offshore Rigg, farm 3.2: wind Robin horizon from along the western coast line of the Solway Coast line of coast horizon theSolway western fromalong the Coast will have a significant effect on development in the county, as thewest effecthave significant thecounty, will a in ondevelopment by energy from renewable this2010 (withtheambition2020) ofdoubling by to the need 10%electricity meet requirementtoA sourced for be ofUK pressures are: in offshore theSolwayrange Firth high Keyonshore and and speeds.. wind Coast has beenCumbrian Britain'sEnergy termed Coast,tidal withthe large

AONB boundary; AONB boundary; development justin at Hellrig proposals oneoutside are including the Pow Siddick,High Orton, and toFurther ofMaryport. thesouth Great the AONB: several smallseveral the AONB: groupsofonshorevisiblewind are turbines at developmentonshoreturbine skylineswind affecting the setting and of ofWigton Bay; the head sites additional beennorth assuitable have identified atand ofRobin Rigg and the from visible already AONB,seen to ofMaryport thewest areRigg Robin turbinesoffshoreturbines:60 offshorewind at wind the in as advocated sea levelconsequenceof sea rise levelThegeneralas arise. approach to ofexposedcoastal area habitatsreduced (flats,be sands, may saltmarsh) the potential in sizeand changes physical appearance as ofthearea, realignment ofthecoast. realignment

Shoreline Management Plan 32

will to be manage

57 Change for Forces and Issues Future 58 Future Issues and Forces for Change New housing and industrial development and housing industrial New 3.8 Land Use Consultants Use Land Leisure and tourism tourism and Leisure 3.10 3.9

pressures are: along bungalows ofmodern into thearea number coast. thewestern Key the 1950‟sthe developmentin seentodayoccurred a 60‟s,bringing and Much of them to vibrant keep supportvillages and services thefuture. in neededbe some ofHousingmay in villages isperipheries likely to continue. onthe popular for are retirementfor pressure development and residential Some parts ofthetowns villages theAONB within and Coast oftheSolway Key pressures result pressuresfrom:Key roads) accommodation. and parking theupgradingdemand and of infrastructure traffic, (including for detrimentally be could affectedincreasingvisitor by associated numbers, TheAONB wealth sites, offers a ofwildlife visitorwhich destinationsand

food or energy crops driven by climate driven climate by change. food crops energy or market increased gardeningperhaps activities,for response in to needs glass includingpotentially houses large farming, barnsor silos, and and orpossible scale larger forutilitarianbuildings demands industry and for the character of intochange the clutter villages; night skies introduce and ofan lighting area which dark quite atmayis which generally night and properties or accommodation; useresidential for asholiday andsold buildingsamalgamated units to farm are converted are off and which mayof„gentrification‟ change thecharacter a thearea, treatments; boundary the associatedalongside drivethe suburbanisationgarden, and ofvillages, housing new for demand plots; . AONB the introductionofenergycrops changing agriculturalpractices the within closelocated schemes tobeing theAONB;and digesters toanaerobic linked farmwith twoexisting holdings, directly and solar turbines wind and panels; energy projectsnuclear domesticand smalland suchas scale renewable grid toCumbria‟s support the to need gridrequirements improve electricity of the consequence as a the „ is Firth being asknown explored the harnessingSolway for energy of tidal schemes: theenergy schemetidal in tidal reachesa upper ofthe barrage the road network bynetwork the road lorriesother large and vehicles can cause which of intolarge static the bringing caravans thearea as useroad, ofby aswell parking;and alterations,including decking, associated planting, hard standing lighting, ofcampsites caravanthe number parks and applications and for

Solway Energy Gateway Solway ‟ ; 33 construction of renewable energy projects; constructionrenewable of

s farming

3.11 Land Use Consultants Use Land

FigureSmall caravan3.3: parklocated Dub Tarns at There is a reliance on travel by car although within thewider studyon travel by area, the is reliance There a car Tr Maryport. pressuresMaryport. Key are: publicand buses train arealso used to access theAONB Carlisle and from

affic and transportation and affic need for roadfor need markings, signs controls, parking and the but also along of the to a character the rural particularlyarea, within villages, responding improvementsthe suburbanising effects changing incrementally ofroad tourist season; the coast,is inwhich likely particularly to issue, the to continue an be AONB, cars along oftraffic the impact and especially the within parked detract from the can of thearea. which character andparking, roadside busypressurefor thepresence times at of cars CoastalAccess Act coastal accessnew routesas a consequenceof the arranged ofpaths,erosionmanagement possible disturbance; and associated monuments damagehistoric in result lines, sitesmay ancient to and thefabricof CycleWay and Path Way Coastal and(PRoWs), theCumbria theHadrian‟sincluding Wall Rightsof Public network ofWays pressures theexisting theuse with of popularityand ofthe walking for associated cycling area increasing and „upgrade‟ sectionscan outofcharacte which be ofroad to roads, disruption, narrow givedamage riseand to to demands

;

; ; . Th . e potential for erosion surfacesdesirepotential forofpath e and 34

r thearea; with Marine and Marine and

59 Change for Forces and Issues Future 60 Future Issues and Forces for Change Land Use Consultants Use Land c Agricultural 3.12

of the landscape. Key pressures are: pressuresof thelandscape. Key are: production may in charactereffectsshape changes thefuture agricultural and Rural diversification. diversification to ishaveenvironmental likely significant positiveopportunities providing and sustainablerural economic for farming subsidies towards agri-environment and wider and ruralsubsidies developmentmeasures, towards agri-environment Commonfrom hasEU shifted AgriculturalPolicy support away production

amalgamation of fields by more commercial land owners including: including: offieldsowners commercial land amalgamation more by degradinglack boundaries field through ofmanagement, removal and or locations; habitats appropriate in wildlife caravanparks, for land tourism, and of floodcreation alleviation, making owners to profitableuses, seek more land such as theuseof agricultural incomes farmingdeclines in financial increased pressures and leading land consequently andthey are grown, the lookof thelandscape; agriculturalfor the needway and production, patterns ofcrops grown demandfoodfor changing crops, energy or climateand change altering includingthe dunes. areas common grazing animals,unfenced grazing especially horses, from the danger vehiclespeeds traffic increased leading and of to theremoval the movementinland; paths ofcoastal further erosionnecessitate ofthesaltmarshes,routes coastal may new which and to ofthe therequirements inland responseadditional alongside across or roads, including farmland, safe cyclefor and the need routes pedestrian introducing pressures for invehiclesizeand responsefarm increases, toas lanes, for theneed woodland, including: including: woodland, succession oflandscapesanddiversity ultimately habitats and to grazing canreduced leadreduction to thedevelopmentofscrub, in the vehicles tovehicles passanother; one

gappy and species losinggappy their diversity; becoming stylelaying, withtheresultthat hedges are Cumberland fewer animals fewer are grazed ontheseareas; ofscrubthe encroachment heath ontoand sanddune communities as grazed; into nolonger rushes woodland if wet meadows wet developing or loss ofdecline gradual or orchards. managementto be are ditches theyretained; requiring if distinctivecharacter; the locally oftraditional withwirefencesboundaries changing the replacement flail by cutting, Northhedgestraditional managed asopposed to more upkeep; ongoing distinctiveearth the locally moundsarea requiring „kests‟ or the in

hange

Marine and CoastalAccess Marine and Act 35

; ;

Land Use Consultants Use Land Waterbodies 3.13

and and Figure ofand3.4:hedges traditionalReplacement Land Key pressuresKey are:

level rise; level incursion intoof salinerisk areas as a lying low result ofstorms sea and agriculturalused; chemicalsincluding from fields are areas, where of waterbodiesvulnerability wetlands fromagricultural and to runoff woodlands hedges,historic walls, buildings. and to difficult manage sites,or providing funding themanagementand for of including through management, encouraging conservation grazingof small opportunitytoan stewardshippositiveschemes secure providing thepromotion uptake or ofmanagement and agreements ofgrant other uses;or farm buildingsinandworking thelandscape, their conversion to houses of being reduced offarm to unitsa number there amalgamation leading inpolythene bales acrosssilage within fields thearea; trends toongoing harvest instead grassof as silage andof hay, thestorage farms;treatment at theinstallation for demand storageand sludge ofbio-digesters for wire fencing has occurredhaswire fencingSolway the across Coast

management the spread of woodland into the mosses. into ofwoodland the spread themosses.

36

‘kests’ with ‘kests’ post post

61 Change for Forces and Issues Future 62 Future Issues and Forces for Change Nature conservation species conservation Nature and

Land Use Consultants Use Land 3.14 3.15

Fabric and setting of historic sites and of Fabric setting historic pressuresKey are: the excavated remains of the Roman m the excavated ofRomanremains 1Historicsites, Edward Monumentandsuch and asthe farms, thefortified Heritage Site Heritage fabricand ofsites.Protecting the quality maintenance, visitors thecondition and require for havingimplications and

signage on the setting of onthesetting signage of historic features; parks,pathsthe effectsprovision ofvisitor suchascar facilities of and settings landscape to sites; suchdevelopment, new silosbarns, as new biodigesters, and altering maywhich alter of renewables thepattern power development oftidal to by and archaeology sub-surface ploughing; roots damage machinery and with potential to change, archaeological remainsof climate damage by shift to arable crops asagricultural a changing a practices,result including hedgerows; losspatterns ancient field and ofhistoric increase thepressuretomay boundaries the field in amalgamateresulting intensification increasing agricultural shift to a arablewhich and crops, andlosshistoricdamageor and character possibly causing of additionaldevelopment and new housing settlement changing morphology squirrels.or pestsrabbits grazing competition grey by or suchasdeer, invasivethe extensionby species such ofdominance as sycamore; pets people, by disturbance traffic; and and land reduced grazing pasture; themanagement in changes unimproved ofgrasslandsother grazing and changesalterations and tomoss wetlands, habitats; mire and development in pressures changes or agriculture farm and machinery; habitats throughout thearea; management in changes the balanceand affecting mosaicof different change affecting climate habitats species; and diversity. natural successionmanagement habitatand landscape affect could lossor siltation ofopen without ofwaterbodies, ofareas water: ongoing (potentiallyditches blockedconsequent with becoming benefits for sediment transportation and lead to archaeologicalor tositessediment lead transportation buried and being archaeological remains; by work todue thewithdrawalofflood defence habitats biodiversity) and eroded and exposed; and eroded Agency; the Environmental

is also a priority. Key pressuresalso priority. a are: 37

fortlet atHill fortlet ile attract Swarthy setting Wall of theHadrian‟s World

Land Use Consultants Use Land

sea level rise and increased storminess, flooding and inundation which which inundation rise increasedsea level and storminess,flooding and andby to damaged roots; sitesor hidden being affect scrub culturallead heritage may and growth and connectivity which sequestration,aforestation carbon for measures to promotehabitat saltpans Crosscannonby at shorelinefeatures, coastal and erode such archaeology asthe may

and Hadrian‟sand Wall 38

.

63 Change for Forces and Issues Future Landscape and Seascape Classification 65

der

. eascapes , ingentle the rises E particularly Criffel particularly ,

39 including Skiddaw, and of the hills of Dumfries and of Dumfries of the hills including Skiddaw, ,

intertidal landscapes

.

andscapes

and Galloway, seen across the Solwayand FirthGalloway, across seen Open areas within the AONB and areas Open wider area study within the AONB views afford panoramic the Lake to District fells south Bowness Common and Common National The Nature Moss Reserves. Glasson Bowness aand heritage closely has richcultural Coast landscape historic of the Solway as a bor „frontier‟on the historical position landscape its linked to between and landScotland and historic is England.use long of a Evidence grazedon the marshes, in and as ridgeseen the field such furrow patterns, the to of „infield‟ „outfield‟ farming linked and and pattern the medieval of Holme Abbey.agricultural broughtmonks improvements by the Cistercian developed along the coastline, including the seaside resorts of Silloth and of Silloth including resorts the seaside developed alongcoastline, the andof the coastal some fortourism, seasonal Allonby. important is area The forretirement. holidays and Birds and flora destinations villages are popular nature to reservesattractand visitors such as Campfield Reserve Marsh RSPB Solway Firth to the Scottish hills and coastline, including the distinctive outline outline hills the distinctive and including coastline, Solway Firth to the Scottish of Criffel, and landward views across coastal plains towards the northern towards coastal plains views across of Criffel, fells landward and Skiddaw. haveof the Lake include District dramaticthe Settlements of profile landscape of the coastal plains and the hilltops of the rolling and undulating of the rolling undulating andplains the hilltops landscape and of the coastal lowland the hills afford can panoramic views. Seaward be across gained views Inland mosses and with raised improved contrast mires Inlandby mosses enclosed pasture, raised mires Open areas andhedges of the „kests‟. The chapters which follow set out information relating out landscape to the set and chapters whichThe follow type, geographical of each and areas the specific characterseascape types, landscapes, They are the AONB. and intertidal across seascape into divided the to which and and formareas the setting includelowland landscapes, those page. the next in the Landscape on as listed Classification AONB, and Seascapes seascapesSolway areas comprise the The AONB extensive of both Coast includes changingcoastline dynamic Firth. InnerSolway This and and Outer and bounded andin is places by saltmarshes, intertidal flats, creeks, sands transition andThe low earth cliffs. between shingle bays,dune sand systems generally along and the west beachdune systems, land and marked by sea is of the andand coast, saltmarshes areasthe mudflats more sheltered northern of the Inner Firth Introduction LANDSCAPE AND SEASCAP CLASSIFICATION

4.5 The setting of the AONB 4.4 Lowland l 4.2 4.3 Land Use Consultants 4 and OverviewSolway Coast landscapes the s of 64 66 Landscape and Seascape Classification Land Use Consultants Use Land 4.6

LandscapeCharacter Area LandscapeCharacter Area LandscapeCharacter Area Type Landscape LandscapeCharacter Area LandscapeCharacter Area Type Landscape Lands LandscapeCharacter Area F4 LandscapeCharacter Area F3 LandscapeCharacter Area F Landsca Landscape LandscapeCharacter Area E5 LandscapeCharacter Area MawbrayE4 LandscapeCharacter Area NewtonE3 Arlosh and Kirkbride LandscapeCharacter Area CardurnockE2 Peninsula L LandscapeType E: CoastalPlain LandscapeCharacter Area WedholmeD3 Flow LandscapeCharacter Area BownessD2 Common and Glasson Moss LandscapeCharacter Area DrumburghD1 Moss LandscapeType D: Coastal Mosses LandscapeCharacter Area BlackC5 Dub LandscapeCharacter Area C4 LandscapeCharacter Area C3 LandscapeCharacter Area WhitriggC2 Marsh and RiverWampool Floodplain LandscapeCharacter Area RiverC1 EdenFloodplain Lands LOWLAND LANDSCAPES LandscapeCharacter Area B2 LandscapeCharacter Area B1 LandscapeType B: OuterFirth Beaches and Dunes LandscapeCharacter Area A4 LandscapeCharacter Area A3 LandscapeCharacter Area A2 LandscapeCharacter Area A1 Rockcliffeand Burgh Marshes A: Type Landscape SEASCAPE/INTERTIDAL THELANDSCAPE/SEASCAPE CLASSIFICATION which fringe the area is fringe theareawhich on mapped seascapeand The landscape the classification for AONB thelandscapes and andscapeCharacter Area BownessE1 to Boustead

Figure 12 Figure 11 capeCharacter Area capeType C: River Floodplainand Marshy Grassland pe Characterpe Area F1 Abbeytown toEdderside

TypeF: : Landscape Character Areas Areas Character Landscape : TypesCharacter Landscape : H G :Undulating Coastal Farmland : Coastal: Town and Urban Fringe Drumlin InnerFirth

H H H G G F5 2 3 Maryport3 Silloth2 Kingmoor1 a 2 Burgh2 Allonby1

Finglandand Kirkbampton Aiktonand Orton Wigtonand Bromfield Maryportto Rockcliffeand

Holm River WaverFloodplain Dubmillpoint toMaryport MiddleBank NithEstuary and Blackshaw Bank Moricam EdenChannel isedLowland

Intertidal Flats and Saltmarsh 40 e Dube -

by

Figures -

be Bay

Sandsand Beaumont

nd nd Aspatria

to to DubmillPoint Mossband

Cargo

Farmland

11-

Hill 12

and listedand below

.

File: S:\4800\4808 Solway Coast AONB LCA\GIS\Themes\ArcGIS9\4808-01_013_Solway_Coast_AONB_LCT_A3_v4.mxd AONB Coast Solway S:\4800\4808 File: the permissio with information Survey from Ordnance Reproduced B H n of The Controller of Her Majesty's Stationery Office, Crown Copyright, Land Use Consultants, Licence Number 100019265 Number Licence Consultants, Use Land Copyright, Crown Office, Stationery Majesty's Her of Controller The of n G H E F C A E F D D

E

10 C D G E E C H Landscape Character Types LandscapeCharacter Key AONB 11: Figure Coast Solway Landscape/Seascape AONB Coast Solway Character Assessment Character Solway Coast AONB LCT Date: 21/09/2010 Revision:4 Source: Land Use Consultants Solway Coast AONB Outerstudy area A:Inner Intertidal Flats Firth andSaltmarsh B:Outer Firth Beaches andDunes C:River Floodplain andMarshy Grasslands G:Undulating Coastal Farmland D: Coastal Mosses F:Drumlinised Lowland Farmland E:Coastal Plain H:Coastal Town andUrban Fringe 4 2 0 1 Km Solway Coast AONB Landscape/Seascape Character Assessment Figure 12: Solway Coast AONB Landscape Character Areas

Key

E5 Solway Coast AONB Outer study area

A2 Solway Coast AONB LCA Type A: Inner Firth Intertidal Flats and E5 A1 Saltmarsh A4 A1, Rockcliffe and Burgh Marshes A2, Eden Channel

D2 A3, Moricambe Bay E1 C1 H1 A4, Nith Estuary and Blackshaw Bank G2 Type B: Outer Firth Beaches and Dunes E2 D1 B1, Middle Bank to Dubmill Point B2, Dubmill Point to Maryport Type C: River Floodplain and Marshy A3 Grasslands E3 F5 C2 C1, River Eden Floodplain B1 C2, Whitrigg Marsh and River Wampool H2 Floodplain C3, River Waver Floodplain D3 F4 C4, Holme Dub C5, Black Dub E4 C3 Type D: Coastal Mosses D1, Drumburgh Moss D2, Bowness Common and Glasson Moss F1 F3 D3, Wedholme Flow Type E: Coastal Plain C4 E1, Bowness to Boustead Hill E2, Cardurnock Peninsula E3, Newton Arlosh and Kirkbride C5 E4, Mawbray E5, Rockcliffe and Mossband Type F: Drumlinised Lowland Farmland G1 B2 F2 F1, Abbeyt own to Edderside F2, Maryport to Aspatria F3, Wigton and Bromfield F4, Aikton and Orton

01 2 4 Km F5, Fingland and Kirkbampton Type G: Undulating Coastal Farmland G1, Allonby H3 G2, Burgh-by-Sands and Beaumont Type H: Coastal Town and Urban Fringe Source: Land Use Consultants H1, Kingsmoor and Cargo Date: 21/09/2010 H2, Silloth Revision: 3 H3, Maryport

10 Reproduced from Ordnance Survey information with the permission of The Controller of Her Majesty's Stationery Office, Crown Copyright, Land Use Consultants, Licence Number 100019265 File: S:\4800\4808 Solway Coast AONB LCA\GIS\Themes\ArcGIS9\4808-01_012_Solway_Coast_AONB_LCA_A3_v3.mxd 10 Seascape / Intertidal Landscapes 71

This area, This as are provided in provided as are are Cumbria Cumbria Landscape

43 42 Maps seascape/intertidal of this location of the . . View towards Burgh Marsh, Edward 1 Monument and towards 1 Monument View Edward Marsh, Burgh 12 : 11-

sheltered upper estuarine environment of the sheltered upper estuarine Firth.Inner of intertidal and expanses flats, comprising water by enclosed the channels is of Dumfriesand and landmass Galloway the north to shoreline the Cumbrian saltmarsh vegetation reflects the age, type of substrate and management of the age, and of vegetation management type of substrate saltmarsh reflects infrequently inundated, more areas stable older, of marsh, the marshes. The the farmland between aresurrounding and transitional are by animals, grazed areas fall these andFlats InnerThe Intertidal within the Firth the sea. and to the south and are The east. of intertidal andthe south large channels expanses flats to are predominantly tide. flats by The intertidal underwater atfringed high important saltmarsh Rockcliffe Marsh and the Marsh, amongst Burgh most in range and Britain,northwest an sequence systems representing important The northern section of coast within the Solway Coast AONB lies AONB northern Coast within the The the Solway within of coast section Intertidal Flats and Coastal Marsh in sub-types the Intertidal and Flats Coastal Assessment Character of saltmarsh communities, moving from the seawardThe of saltmarsh inland. edge CHARACTER LANDSCAPE SEASCAPE/INTERTIDAL AND FLATS INTERTIDAL FIRTH INNER TYPE A: SALTMARSH landscape type and the relevant seascape seascape the relevant landscape type and character Figures

Figure 5.1 Figure Galloway and Dumfries beyond. SEASCAPE/INTERTIDAL LANDSCAPES LANDSCAPES SEASCAPE/INTERTIDAL

5.1 and Introduction location Land Use Consultants

Land Use Consultants 5 10 72 Seascape / Intertidal Landscapes 5.2 Land Use Consultants Use Land K 5.3

The landscape/seascape type covers the following areas: thefollowing Thetype covers landscape/seascape areas: The key characteristics of the Inner Firth Intertidal Firth Saltmarshare: Inner Flats and characteristicsThekey ofthe

ey towards open sea and the sea and towardsskylines and open ofDumfries Galloway. channels. Ripples, pools and water patterns are a characteristicpatterns are Ripples,water oftheflats. pools and expansesare extensive often open and Low lying, ofsaltmarsh feel and the hillsofDumfries Galloway. viewsDramatic oftheLakeDistrict Fells to thesouth ofCriffel and and numbers ofbirdsarelarge characteristic. fringedthe sightsand gorse;cattle sheep soundsand yellow and with of offine areas grasses and are by tolerant species,often grazed saline which and firth open,green bay compriseflat, the Thesaltmarshes fringe which butare visible, developmentthe estuary is human otherwise limited settlementsand developmenton other areas, and the opposite shores of farmland scatteredfarmsteadsthe adjacent seenSmall, within been can embankments. thefringes passaround elevatedwind along of themarshes and that roads line small coastal flooddisusedand embankments,a railway landscape, undeveloped An with theinfluencesof toraised confined man and thatshiftsseasons,light weather timeofday. changing with of the movementThemoodby ofthetidesquality is and influenced of to areintegral theexperience the of space sense Theskiesopen and flats scaleintertidal extending of thelandscape,The large withexpanses of transitional expansesare Open,flat ofsaltmarsh creeks and expansessands mudflats offine and dissecteddendritic by parts times are ofthearea at water, at othersexposed under to reveal with thelongerchanging Largeof erosion term and cycle deposition. and temporaland by character Thedynamic influenced the state ofthetide exposed to thewind. across theseareas. area. of theinland farmlandmossesenclosed areas. and characteristics

Character Area A Area Character CharacterArea A3: MoricambeBay CharacterArea A2: Eden Channel CharacterArea A1: Rockcliffeand Burgh Marshes 4 : 4 Nith Estuary 44

and BlackshawBank

to to

the flat coastal plains coastal the flat

,

Description 5.4 Land Use Consultants Use Land 5.5 5.6

the open sea to the southwest and to the shores of Dumfries and Galloway Galloway and Dumfries of totosouthwestseatheopen andtheshores the Type B,Outer open Character more flatsFirth Thetointertidal extend the into the which Eden channels, Esk,rivers Waver Wampooland and drain. comprises extensive open and firth areas offlats waterThelevel, inner and the sea. The colours and texture of the marshes vary, with marshes shorter,finer the sea.The colours vary, andof the texture erodedcliffs.These frequently low inundated and areaschannels earth are by edgesofthemarshesbysystemcharacterisedseaward fine a are ofcreeks, made bridges ofstonewoodaccessby toand allow Thelower grazing. for drain the marshes, forming a dendriticwitha pattern, themarshes, creeks theforming larger crosseddrain also ofsaltmarsh. includesfloodcreeks andareas Tidal large Firth The Inner extent oferosionin cycles with deposition. and channels sands,muddy of fineand pattern of mudflats dendritic dissecteda by timesparts water, at ofthearea atothersexposed under expanses to reveal quicklytoand changing Thiswith thenorth. dynamic is landscape, a large grass swards of the lower marshes and, in morein salt stable areas taller, marshesgrass swardsand, ofthelower sheep. These areas provide an important habitat for breeding and forimportant habitat breedingan and sheep. Theseprovideareas been historically usedgrazinghave for livestock and domestic and cattle Thetolerant speciesopen such as marshsamphire. unsettled and saltmarshes and barnacle goose, ducks such as wigeon and teal, the red breastedducks the red teal,goose, barnacle and and suchaswigeon pink-footed birdslarge numbersofwhooper swan, including overwintering merganser goosander.merganser and the outer firth environment of Type B, being less open, more enclosed by less by enclosed more the environment open, B, being the outer firth ofType differs from intertidalTheA seascapeand environment estuary within Type horizontal nature of the area, tranquillity,of the dynamismarea, nature horizontal soundsin and ofbirdlife, scale, and the large open views,inland.Perceptual qualities include further ofsaltmarshextensiveareas a gradual more create transition to thefarmland The open skies and sense of space are integral to the experience of the area. of areintegral to theexperience of spacethearea. sense Theopen skiesand ditches found be drainage can fields and and associated linearmarshes medievaltheir saltworking remnant lagoons features built the sea and the onthemargins. Along of landward edge the limited are tobackfeatures places to floodbanksthebuilt inkeep edges, at landmasses of Dumfries and Galloway and the Cardurnock Peninsula, theCardurnockand Gallowaylandmasses and and the Dumfries of a distinctive feature distinctivefeature a of thecharacter thisand areas type, structures extent large visibleacross a publicThe arevertical footpaths.masts large via available Anthorn at relatively unchangedarea an human by activities. accessSome recreational is

reminders of a more ofa the developedreminders beyond world AONB. Gallowaystation andcoast, arethe Dumfries settlements and along of distantThepower presence such development asa ontheskyline, the Scottish shores beyond. to coastal pathspeople theviewsover and flats enjoying themarshes and experiencedwalkersTranquillity, recreational by of thenetwork along

. These are depositional landscapes of fine sand and silt,depositional changeThese sandand which offine are landscapes in many views. Bird -song of t is part 45

.

he character. Human Human character.

,

73 Landscapes Intertidal / Seascape 74 Seascape / Intertidal Landscapes Forces for change Forces Land Use Consultants Use Land features or characteristics Sensitive

and its natural character.its and natural landscapeandof the saltmarshes,nature fringing Thetranquil intertidal open frompanoramic views thecoast. ofopen Thebalance and sea, skylinesseenundeveloped aboveflat in a Changes to grazing regimes toChanges grazing onthe marshes. erosion deposition, and and associatedconsequenceof the channel, as a movement ofthe Eden vice versa) cycle ofchange The (sandnatural to tosaltmarsh spartina and salt storminess Increased toflats erosion ofthecoastalintertidal and leading estuarydynamics level inundationofthe leadingto rise and Sea changing within Carlisle and around theOuterFirth. thosethe AONB,particularly Galloway, and thecoastofalong Dumfries thethoseAONBthe views into outsideseascape, outof from looking and Theeffects ofthe ofdevelopmentonthecharacter setting ofthe the area. thesetting of access with improved recreation, for provision and affecting the coastline,Othertypes thatassociated ofdevelopmentalong including flats intertidal nature and oftheestuarine dynamic marshes. infrastructure, both grid termsin and ofvisibility possible to the alteration energy schemes,Development ofprojects suchastidal on/offshoreor open andor extension along undeveloped land sea skylines ofdeveloped offshorefarmsdevelopment, and wind scale other large particularly and energyrenewable development carbon including onshoreand the„energyPressurescalled coast‟ has been onwhat for distantand District ofthe drumlins hillsLake fells. views and viewsacrossseaward to theScottish thefirth to coast;rolling landwards marshes theflatsand Contrastbackdrops to open between thearea: incursion the daily lending timelethrough ofthesea,development, a Thesense from are protectedrefuges access that areas human and dynamics. sea and level coastal the ecosystem, to in changes itsand sensitivity saltmarshesand flats bay as ofDynamism oftheintertidal thewider part wildfowlskylarksand and in oystercatchers those song (notably of bird pastoral scenes Peaceful, cattle, sounds the ofgrazing main with being quality to intertidal flats tosaltmarsh quality intertidal and fringes. level rise. level tide, and possible tide, and seaward extension inland. coastalflatsreduction marshes,intertidal and a exposed inthe area at low horizons. spring marshes. marshes.

).

or possible interruption or change topossible this sea change by or interruption 46

nuclear, low nuclear, low ss

Land Use Consultants Use Land Guidance for managing change managing change for Guidance A1. A5. A7. A6. A4. A2. A3.

Theinfluences ofthe Influences suchasthe in Bay areas withinMoricambe practiced though currently the from Turf extraction historical, saltmarshes (largely toads.natterjack therare agricultural through runoff, could example which threaten edgeof thesaltmarsh, for Potential pollutionofthepools thelandward at recommendations which would affect the seascape or intertidal landscape. intertidal theor seascape affect recommendations would which distanceaccess coastal route. long the coast a alterations to along support restore (where opportunities restore(where skylines theundeveloped which allow) atoproportion Seek maintain high ofundeveloped to horizons and form the settingform Lake District northern fells, and landscapes within the AONB. fells,District northern Lake landscapeswithin and theAONB. coast alongthe and land of thenorthern Firth, open water the Solway Continue to conserve the Inner Firth Intertidal Flats FirthIntertidal Inner nature for Continueto the conserve seascape of the Inner F of theInner seascape the designationsfor objectives those with ofdiffering donot conflict „integrated designation toEncourage management‟, the ensure help the processthrough ofmanaged realignment. areas such opportunitiesintensivelyas farmed arise, to marshes if saltmarshes, andrestoring drained theextentof„natural‟ Conserve theirconservation status (reflecting as SPA/SAC). interests. t. cultural heritage infrastructure, key settlement natural and and existing hard defencesinstancesreinforce or to to protect maintain Thissomein into should theneed takeconsideration appropriate. processesthe in as to advocated act managethe process change: allow and ofrealignment natural trends patterns,including or thoseconsequenceof climate as a coastal sealevelMonitor in and changes erosionany to determine forming thesetting forming futureto Seek influence closeto landscapes and development within adverse effects. adverse mitigationmeasuresimplementation ofappropriate reduceor to avoid not affected: consider siting, designand significantly the featuressensitivethe reasons defining and views, designation are for ofthisit‟sintegrity seascape,characteristics, and key and significant so thatsetting the Firth Flats overall character Intertidal oftheInner futurethe to Seek influence landscapesdevelopment within forming views. keysectionspreserving the thatform ofskyline to significant horizon example, For the extent upon the ofitsarea. reduce influence

of Shoreline Management Plan the Inner Firth Intertidal Flats. Firth theInner These include Marine and CoastalAccess Marine and Act of the Inner Firth Intertidal Flats FirthIntertidal Saltma the Inner and irth 47 intertidal flats and saltmarshes.flats and intertidal

). Shoreline Management Plan

andmanagement any which may require may which where rsh

to to

75 Landscapes Intertidal / Seascape 76 Seascape / Intertidal Landscapes 5.8 5.7

Land Use Consultants Use Land

Figure5.2 A1 Rockcliffe and Burgh Rockcliffe and A1 Marshes Cumbria Wildlife birds TrustRSPBCumbria area for breeding and as thespring a in TheCoast marshiswildfowling managedby used AONB.for and Solway the Rockcliffe Marsh expanseplaces. islargest the single of saltmarsh the in Thesaltmarsh is to closer which the land whilst theRockcliffe Marsh accrete. continues to extentMarshthe resulting Burgh saltmarsh. Presently, affecting is eroding, of This ofthe ofthechannels Esk, to is and theshifting linked RiversEden siltmove sandchannels, and within natural cycles deposition. oferosion and The seaward undeveloped. edgeand ofthearea dynamic, is changing highly as flats sandmarshes, areextensive,mud and open area thatextendacross this meet theestuary Eden Eskand in lies The theeasternmost wherearea ofthe rivers theInner part Solway, A9. A8. below. below. character seascape describedThe make areasrelevant which upthis are type Seascape/ A10.

Intertidal Flats and Saltmarsh Flatsneeded if and seascapes tranquillity) Intertidal (i.e. F beInner may activities at which odds ofthe thecharacter with measures suchasExplore time/seasonal or restrictions zoning upon Way ActRights of suchRespond asthe legislation to the of requirements Flats and Saltmarsh. Flats and Intertidalseascape and Firth with thelandscape Inner objectives ofthe suchthat itfor netting, haaf example does aquaculture, notconflict anyto aspects Seek influence and ofthemanagement of fisheries F Inner objectives ofthe with thelandscape management any ensuring change is line in distancecoastalpositive long development ofa accesswhilst route resolve issues. issues.resolve

: intertidal landscape character a character landscape intertidal Burgh Marsh Burgh and theand

at irth Marine and CoastalAccess Marine and Act 48 a complex ofmuda sandflats. The and

Intertidal Flats and Saltmarshes. Intertidal is dryer, grassed and is grazedand grassed in dryer, reas

to promotethe Countryside and and Countryside irth to to

5.12 5.11 5.10 Land Use Consultants Use Land 5.9 A2 Eden Channel Eden A2

Figure5.3 sea, including the channel of the River Eden and Bowness Wath. The area the channelsea,including The Eden area of the River Bowness and Wath. comprises coastline, facingCumbria north narrower a stretchof coast and from firth Point, ofon the GlassonThe the western part to Scargravel inner Scotland. Thethe M6/A74structures, settlements, and Scotland. Ministry ofDefence There acrossareviews largeopenarea. thefirth skiesto uninterrupted and The andflight sound calls movement bird of bird and characteristic are ofthis WallHadrian‟s Path. including arights ofway, Wayshort Coastal stretch and of theCumbria Burgh are crossedover Marshes,accesswhich ofpublic land number a by there accessThough toMarshispublic is Rockcliffediscouraged, someopen swanthe whooper noteare Birds feeding. ofparticular usethe riverwaders corridorfor roosting and on themarshes Wildfowl graze summer. and autumn and in winter and instances of development in a largely undeveloped strongwith a instances largely landscape a of developmentin transport corridors visible distancethe main at a transport corridors Scottishalong the coast are 1 Edward the areaisand backed byseriesfortlets. of a mile Marsh the On Burgh King the RomanformsHadrian‟sdefences. sections Wall isheritage,Thishistorical rich and in cultural to area theborder linked and and goosander. goldeneye sense of space and remoteness. Haaf netting is practiced bynetsmen single sensenetting remoteness.is of spacepracticed and Haaf along this stretch of the coastal margin. thisalong stretchof thecoastalmargin.

st Monument forms a local landmark. Monument landmark. local forms a : Campfield Marsh Marsh Campfield

, pink-footed geese and barnacle geese, the geese, pink-footedand geesebarnacle 49

of the southern boundary of thesouthern boundary

77 Landscapes Intertidal / Seascape 78 Seascape / Intertidal Landscapes 5.16 Land Use Consultants Use Land 5.13 5.14 A3 Moricambe Bay Moricambe Bay A3 5.15

Figure5.4 systems of narrow water channels and creeks, waterby and systems channels areas backed large ofnarrow of comprisesflats,The dissectedbay expansesintertidal north. by large of Peninsula Point toGrune enclosedCardurnock the by southwest and to the The firth. expanseof thebay Waverflat drainis Wampooland into the rivers is locatedBay wherePeninsula, the toMoricambe thesouth ofCardurnock narrow margins ofsaltmarshes.narrow by channelsopen lying low and comprises and intertidal river flats, backed coastline and hills to the north. To the south, areas of farmed coastal plain coastal Tofarmed thesouth, of to hills coastlineareas thenorth. and intimate views aremore coastlineof theAONB, oftheScottish afforded northernfrom the This section Firth is thenarrowest and, oftheSolway further inland. Views along the northern coastline northern of theAONB,west inland.the of Viewsfurther along viewslimiting the firth, smalllinear settlementsand up to rise overlook its landfall at Herdhill Scar which form prominentThe villages form at Herdhill which Scar its of landfall landmarks. Bowness- the coastal road and the and the coastalHadrian‟s road of theEden the areais Channel, boundby edge On the southern landward stretchof shore. Bowness- Campfield Marsh Reserve. Marsh Campfield Reserve. saltmarshBowness- to thewest of Herdhill arevisible Scar and on theforeshore. Thenarrow margins of of netsmen thecoast. along Haaf teamsby netting elsewhere.saltmarshes accrete is practiced and erode, processes foreshore, as mudflatsNatural and are affecting theextentof

on on : -Solway include the dismantled railway of the former viaduct oftheformerthe dismantled viaduct railway include and -Solway -Solway and Port Carlisle lie close in Port Carlisle relateand toand proximity-Solway this Moricambe Bay from SeaMoricambe Bayfrom Dyke End 50

on Wall Scar andlowtideKirkland at Path -Solway include a parta of theRSPBinclude -Solway

5.17 Land Use Consultants Use Land A4 NithEstuary and BlackshawBank 5.18

distinctive in the Solway Coast landscape. Coastlandscape. distinctivethe Solway in margins.at theextremitiesThe ontheinland yellow flowersofthegorse are gorse bramble, are and found plover. including Areasgolden ofmixedscrub, presentnumbers ofgeese as well and inthespring includingas waders dunlin The sheep.and grassed grazedand cattle isthelarge drier, area by notedfor Galloway. Galloway. is morearea closelyassociated withtheScottish coastand of Dumfries includes of the area part Nithdesignated Estuary Scenic Area.National This hinterland oftheSolway southeast.Viewshinterland at Coast to the themasts in the skyline ofCriffel and District Fells the flat rising beyond Lake dramatically of themarshes, marginsincludingofthe views distinctivethe inland ofthe views arePanoramic afforded acrossfrom thebay running theroads around inundated when the tidal range is high. Thetidal saltmarshthe when is range inundated high. to closer theland areextensive,marshes ofthebay undeveloped become open and and saltmarshgrazed between the and theembankment sea. Theflats and water channels, including the channel of the River including channels, of the northwestwater Nith.The of the thechannel comprises complexnorthwestsandflats and a and of theAONB ofmud and the of part setting forms This oftheAONB seascapes. area It to lies the characteristic. characteristic. the Cardurnock on Peninsulato Anthorn thenorthof thearea are

51

is is

79 Landscapes Intertidal / Seascape 80 Seascape / Intertidal Landscapes Land Use Consultants Use Land Introduction and location Introduction and 5.19 5.20

Figure 5.5: Views to the Scottish coast fromthe beaches Figure Allonbyat Scottishto 5.5: the coast Views Bay Bay TYPE B SEASCAPE/INTERTIDAL LANDSCAPECHARACTER shores of Dumfries and Galloway. Theintertidal transitional betweenflatsshoresGalloway. andare ofDumfries southwestthe southern Firthand to tosea theopenofOuterSolway the the coastalbeaches at raised across margins, flats expanses large ofintertidal The Coastwestern AONB coast of extends theSolway thedunes from and more open, less enclosed by land masses, and includesmud and sandopen, lessand more masses, land enclosedby sea. Itisopen ofTypeto closer A, environment theinfluencesbeing ofthe environmentfirthestuary intertidal Bwithin Type here theinner from differs depending Theseascapeand sea, and land of thetide. upon thestate forces operate and there and rangedune ofsand are a forces operate systems, beaches pebble and action Wave erosivesaltmarsh Firth. forms to theedges which theInner itis typicallyIn addition boundby more and beaches dunes asthe opposedto whenenvironments which, the tideisappearsof theopensea. in, to part be sub-type 1a Intertidal Flatssub-type Intertidal 1a the within existing assessments, alonglow cliffs and itsTheseascapeis not margins. of classified as part relevant seascape character areas are provided seascapein are relevant character areas Maps ofthis ofthelocation landscape the seascape/intertidal type and This landscape/seascape type covers the areas listed below. theareastype covers listedbelow. landscape/seascape

: OUTER FIRTH BEACHES AND DUNES though parts of the seaward edge correspond parts oftheseaward edge to the though 52

Cumbria Landscape Character Landscape Cumbria Assessment Figures 11- 12.

.

Land Use Consultants Use Land characteristics Key 5.21

The key characteristics of the Outer Firth Beaches are: Dunes and characteristicsThekey oftheOuterFirth

sanddunes beaches. and areas containedare largely raised of from thesea byViews the inland the mood oftheseascape. dramatically changes with thetides theweather,particularly and affecting the predominant vast opensky are elementsseascapethat a in dynamic with the together low tide, the expanses Thesea,and flats at ofintertidal the distance. mountainin to theFirth Scottish thedistinctiveoutline coastline and ofCriffel large scale open landscape, with panoramicA and theSolway viewsover sixmetres. violent crests storms, with wave reaching expanses seascapethat can to A vary mirror-like ofwater from calm, coastal fringe. stretches ofthesouth,shelterednorthern more mudflats and along systems backedshingle beachessea by pebble and and andto the dune open expansesand Large outtosandflats theopen ofintertidal opening waders.notablyon theflats, feed large sounds waternumbers and ofbirdsthat lapping gently ofthesea, characterised visually dynamic aurally A and seascape and the sights by an Bay)around (e.g. erodingAllonby coastal drumlins where the meet coast, seaConsequences level earthchange are thelow cliffsvisible in ofhistoric coastal margins, the along systems stretching mobiledune sand backing the ofacidicheathand dune raisedAreas beaches heather and at times sea,and exposed. the areasmudflats timeswith large ofsandpartand water at of and under cycles term of erosionlonger the stateand deposition, ofthetide and temporaland character Dynamic influenced strongly and by withchanging somemargins. areas presentintertidal channels, floodedathighalong tide, being being Dyn views. long open skylines and scaledramatic Large landscapewith flats of undeveloped openwater, and southwards from Silloth, and form and southwards Silloth, from

d in the raisedin d beaches.

amic estuarine ecosystem,estuarine amic siltysandswith fine flats and dissected with Character Area B2 Area Character B1 Area Character : : Dubmill: Point to Maryport MiddleBank 53

ed at the interfaceat ridges.shingle with

t o Dubmill Point o Dubmill

81 Landscapes Intertidal / Seascape 82 Seascape / Intertidal Landscapes Land Use Consultants Use Land Description 5.22 Sensitive features or characteristics Sensitive

although an offshore wind farm, Robin Rigg, Robin Rigg, is visible offshoreclearly windthe distance.although an in farm, SSSIs.open andViews skylines with panoramic, are undeveloped, being largely valueand ecological Banks the SillothMawbray designated and Dunes are as diversity heathrich ofthedune maritime communities and of particular are Gallowaythe Lakelandto andFells toDumfries thenorth thesouth. The landwardbyCumbrian contained edge,and distant viewsof ofthehills pebblelow cliffs sanddunes and beaches, and to beaches, raised the shingle expanses Theflat open sea.intertidal and flats water are enclosed ofopenby comprises extensiveshallowseas from extending tothe coastal the margins encompassesseaTheFirth openoftheOuterSolway Outer thedeeper coastal margins. coastal margins. the sites,along parks,caravan shoresidefootpaths, courses car golf and the and Coast , the margins Solway settlementsalong developed Linear ofthe have

and siting in the landscape. sitingthe landscape. in and Views seasideconsistentsettlementof traditional ofsmallgrain, character life. activities ofbird peaceful character, The and tranquil, with sounds marinesensitive and and Saltpans, intertidal archaeology. heritage,and The cultural includingimportant natural Crosscannonby dunesSilloth as SSSI designatedBank, the Mawbray including and communities, valueof the The heath ecological dunes maritime and skylines. undeveloped the relatively landscapesand Views ofacross thefirth mudflats, horizons Theopen, expansive natural character and and ofthesand mastscommunication Cardurnock. at days,of visibility night,at sunseton clear litat when and and farm wind (RobinThevisibility oftheoffshore Rigg)seenfromcoast Maryport is and Silloth prominent. of development,lighthousesThe presence and thedocks particularly at seadefences include thecoast,and hard along at Maryport. and Silloth towns the smallandwhichlinear of settlements, villages extendInfluence birds. wading grounds for feeding important providing mussel reefs beds and pebbleor patches„Scaurs‟ thedistinctive along support beaches and are theyear. edgearound ofthecoastal activity varying userecreational Seasonal and resulting ofthebeaches the tranquillity in

area is important There recreation. for arenumerous camping and „ ‟ and open water of theInner Solwayopen water and ‟ scaurs 54

. s. and

Forces for change Forces Land Use Consultants Use Land

activities such as jet skiing affecting thetranquillity activities suchasjetskiingaffecting ofthearea. visitor thealong pressure coast themanagement requiring ofaccess,and coastal access route. coastal access route. distance the coast alterationslong along a the requirement through for suchInfluencesas the of the Influences and demand windsurfing waterkite and Increasing for sports, activities seascape ofthesettingextenton thecharacter of thestudy area ofthe aroundsouthern CarlisleThe including effects the ofdevelopment and parks caravan with industry, housing and the coastline,Othertypes ofdevelopmentalong suchasthat associated coast Maryport. thewestern and along Silloth between coastal defencesfurther for engineered suchasthose Therequirement infrastructure. grid energy scheme,tidal Development ofprojectson/offshore suchasa or coastaldynamicslevel leadingto inundationofth rise Sea changing and sanddunes. flats intertidal and storminess Increased to erosion ofthecoastal leading ofdistantviews skylines. or open and skylines land sea undeveloped along within horizons,or frommargins, thecoastalviews particularly extension ofdeveloped offshorefarmsdevelopment and wind scale the other large changes which Pressures development renewable for energy including onshoreand AONB. outofthelooking those the views into theAONB outside from and extension possible inland. seaward tide,and at low flatsdunes, sand intertidal and the in exposedreduction area a recommendations which would affect the seascape landscape. intertidal the or affect recommendations would which adjacent types.adjacent large developmentin non-traditional thisor e.g. scale environment, areassetting in Changes outsideand of the area, affecting the„naturalness‟ angles. from some Criffel, the summerin sunsets, thesun setswhere behind qualitiesdark,including The changing oflight, stormy skies spectacular and Criffel. distinctive views outline westward of North andthe tosea theopenand and coastallevel dynamics. sea ecosystem Firth, itsto in wider and changes oftheSolway sensitivity systemslandscape dune of theintertidal and Dynamism of the as part

Shoreline Management PlanShorelineManagement Marine and CoastalAccess Marine and Act 55

af fecting the setting ofthearea. and anymanagement which may require may which e ,

83 Landscapes Intertidal / Seascape 84 Seascape / Intertidal Landscapes Land Use Consultants Use Land managing for Guidelines change B2. B5. B3. B9. B8. B7. B6. B4. B10. B1.

forming the setting of the Outer Firth Beaches and Dunesthe Outerto thesettingFirth reduce forming of futureto Seek influence anddevelopment within, landscapes in dunes and heathland communities. communities. dunes heathland and ofthegrazing controlled the conserve heathlandsto dunes help and their encourage conservation statusSSSI/SPA/SAC): (reflecting as forto heathland Continue thedunes nature conserve and the setting futureto Seek influence and development within landscapesin forming sections of skyline that form the horizon to significanthorizon the sections views. thatform ofskyline For example,preservingkeythe extent upon the ofitsarea. influence Rights of Way ActRights of suchRespond as the legislation to theof requirements appropriate wherenotto need key protect and the appropriate with conflict in remnant engineered seadefenceswhere of suchas theremoval objectives of theAONB.management any or ensuring changes withdevelopment is line in the landscape distancecoastalpositive long development ofa accesswhilst route the Outer Firth Beaches Dunes.Firth the Outer and „integrated designation management‟, Encourage seascapes tranquillity). (i.e. Outer Firth issuesat odds ofthe be thecharacter with may which any noisywater toactivities like biking sports resolve trail help or measures suchasExplore time/seasonal or restrictions zoning upon vegetation. vegetation. Saltpans the ofscrubAllonby by to the Continue conserve removal infrastructure, settlement and natural and cultural heritage settlement interests. culturalinfrastructure, natural and and heritage existing reinforce or defencestomaintain protect hard key Takinginto appropriate. inconsideration theneed someinstances to processesthe in as to advocated act managethe process change: allow and ofrealignment natural trends patterns,including or thoseconsequenceof climate as a coastal sealevelMonitor in and changes erosionany to determine mitigation measures to avoid or reduceadversemitigationor measures toeffects. avoid consider siting, affected: theimplementationdesign and ofappropriate integrity and ofcharacter not thisare land/seascape significantly be at odds with the character of the Outer Firth Beaches and Dunes,FirthOuter Beaches and of the at oddsbe thecharacter with restorationConsider appropriate of land uses removal may or which objectives of differing designations do not conflict with objectives for objectives for designationsobjectives with ofdiffering donot conflict restore (where opportunities skylinesrestore which (where theundeveloped allow) atoproportion Seek maintain high ofundeveloped to horizons and form the settingform Solway, the Lake District northern fells,and landscapes the northern within theLake District Solway, northwestand and land coaststhe openwater north along ofthe AONB. AONB.

of the Outer Firth Beaches and Dunes Beaches and the Outerso Firth that theoverall and theand of the Outer Firth Beaches andBeaches Dunes. Thesethe Outer Firth include Marine and CoastalAccess Marine and Act 56

Shoreline Management Plan tothe ensure help to promotethe Countryside and and Countryside , where

5.25 5.24

5.23 Land Use Consultants Use Land

B12. Figure5.6 B11. Scottish hills, notably Criffel, are a distinctive featuredistinctive a are ScottishCriffel, notably hills, Firth toViews theSolway Galloway, theandcoast and over ofDumfries the Point. stretches ofGrune of dunes south of complex pebble a sandcomprising and coarse beaches, narrow and by shoreline comprisesbacked a This sandflats, extensivemud and area Seascape/ B13. described below. described seascape/intertidalThe upthisrelevant character type areas make which are from the coast line. Thesefrom thecoast that line. provide support reefs musselbeds and expansesflats ofintertidal exposed„scaurs‟ and are seenfurther be out can B1 Middle Bank to Dubmill Point to Bank Middle Dubmill B1

sensitive archaeological sites of the Outer Firth Beaches and Dunes. Beaches and Firth Outersitesof the sensitive archaeological AONB Outer Firth BeachesDunes. AONB Outer Firth and seascapeand it doesobjectives thelandscape ofthe notconflictwith for examplemusselaquaculture, oyster suchthat wild harvesting and anyto aspects Seek influence ofthemanagement of fisheriesand design and implementation is sensitive to the natural character and character implementation design and isthe natural sensitiveto off- In developing line with the with line settlement in cultural infrastructure, natural and and interests, heritage biodiversity. biodiversity. where this ploughs onshingleagricultural beaches conflicts with to measures Seek develop the practice ofsharpening to discourage

: intertidal landscape characte landscape intertidal Silloth Bay Silloth Bay Shoreline Management PlanShorelineManagement road sections road Wall ensure Cycleway ofHadrian‟s 57

r . . a reas . At lowtide At large

85 Landscapes Intertidal / Seascape 86 Seascape / Intertidal Landscapes 5.28 5.26 Land Use Consultants Use Land 5.29 5.27 B2 Dubmill Point to Point Dubmill B2 Maryport

Figure 5.7: Allonby Bay Figure 5.7: Allonby Bay Dubmill Point marks a transition point where the shallower waters ofthe waters shallower the transition Point a Dubmill where marks point Lighthouse, locally knownLighthouse,locally Scar undeveloped largely elements otherwise landscape. an in Lees the structuresbuildings and prominent atSilloth relatively oftheport are seadefences Hard sectionbuilt along have been aSilloth,and ofcoastline at to farms changes. thesouth recent represent offshore groundswind and Views important feeding birds. for to onshore prominent elements along the sectioncanprominent elements lowtide„scaurs‟ At along ofcoastline. be the structuresbuildings oftheat Maryport, and and Port are visually Firth. seadefences Theon theScottishthe Solway hard up rising built sideof flats intertidal with dramaticand days lowtide, views at to Criffel onclear the coastlineViews panoramic, along taking from the expanses in are ofsea on reclaimed sandy soils. stretchesdune farmland ofdunesand a comprising shoreline complexsandandof coarse beaches, pebble of extensivemud andthe openseaforeshore toby a sandflats,backed a This wayFirth to give opensea. from Solway extending area isthe deeper, an The Silloth Dunes and Mawbray Banks are designated The dunesare as lie SSSI. Banks at Dunes Mawbray The Silloth and movements and other coastal forces. The dunes, andThe dunes, thatback theheathlands movements forces. coastal other and the land,dynamic and interface thesea a between heavily by influenced tidal characteristic of this area. characteristic ofthis area. exposedcontrastsopen and seascapethat is thedominan thevast, with which experienced be intimate, more can the dunes,a environment sheltered Amongst habitats thenatterjacktoad, for greatnewts crested adders. and maritimeand heaththem,supportof dune variety a communities, providing

as „Tommy Legs‟ is a local land as „Tommy local is Legs‟ a 58

mark. narro t w

5.30 Land Use Consultants Use Land

beds and reefs that provide important feeding feeding species that providegroundsseveral beds reefs important and of for seen on the beach and furtherand out.seen Theseon thebeach mussel pebble patches support West Cumbria and are ofimportant landmark. an aresignificance andWest and national are Cumbria some Thesaltof the at Crosscannonby pans are best saltworks preserved in part ofline formed theHadrian‟swhich Wall Fortlets, ofdefence towers and the landwardedge Along by is thearea a backed ofRoman Mile number bird.

59

.

87 Landscapes Intertidal / Seascape 88 Lowland Landscapes Land Use Consultants Use Land 6 Introduction and location Introduction and Land Use Consultants Use Land 6.2 6.3

LOWLAND LANDSCAPES Figure 6.1: The marshy grasslands of Black Dub Figureof grasslands marshy BlackDub 6.1: The are notsub-type). character distinguishedlandscape are Mapsas aofthelocation ofthis acrossThese dissected Crummockareas area. and are Holme DubBeck thestudy by AND MARSHY GRASSLAND LOWLANDCHARACTER TYPEC: RIVER FLOODPLAIN landscape type and relevant character areas are provided in type and areas landscape relevant character FarmlandTypesLow and ofthe The Firth. river floodplainsSolway grasslands marshy and Plain within theCoastal lie of drainagenetwork a ditches, watercourses and channels draininto which the Wampool coursesDub, EdenRivers basin Waver, and oftheglacial and of Black lying, floodplain,pasture oflow flat grasslandAreas marshy improved and the follow This landscape type covers the following landscape character areas. landscape type covers character thefollowing landscape

LandscapeCharacter Area : C5 BlackDub LandscapeCharacter Area : C4 LandscapeCharacter Area : C3 RiverWaver Floodplain LandscapeCharacter Area : C2 LandscapeCharacter Area C1: RiverEden Floodplain W ampoolFloodplain

Cumbria Landscape CharacterLandscapeCumbria Assessment 61 62

Whitrigg Marshand River HolmeDub

Figures

11- ( . 12. al though

Description 6.5 Land Use Consultants Use Land characteristics Key 6.4 6.6

Extending inland from the Solway F the from Solway inland Extending The key characteristics of the River Floodplain and Marshy Grassland type are: characteristicsFloodplain Thekey oftheRiver andGrassland type Marshy are: the rivers themselves are visually notprominent. very themselves the rivers This areis visually unsettled, type virtually The views. channels,channelling drainage and ditches themeandering and of course sandybanksofseveral of intimacy eroded metresgiving a it height, degree in greater wooded places enclosedembankments in by and steepwhilst is theEden River pasturethat improved gently flat broad riseseither very sideof therelatively valley, scale enclosure. in type vary and The WaverRiver is extensive enclosedby of areas richeris diversity a supported remnant in ofwildlife mosses. this within The areas areintensively Some areas grazing managed whilst for and production silage in others grazing, suchastheareas grazing, Salta surrounding landit. Elsewhererises is above theagricultural fenland based ondrained usedfor relatively landless are exposed,which agricultural enclosedand by opengradually estuarineflatssaltmarshes but oftheupper environments intertidal ofthefirth, and Severalfences. ofthe thiswire within continuousareas type theare with networks increasingly,patternsby and, defined ofditches,hedgerowsoccasional Theseare predominantlyof thevalley. pastoral landscapes, fieldwith often irregular and marshes enclosedlow lying damp and fensfields theupperrushy in and reaches of openmixture a between coastal marshes,grazedcattle, sheepand by drained Wampool and thethesetransitionWaver, Eden,at landscapesareas comprise Inland, most of the areas dissolve into surrounding lowland farmland landscapes most farmland Inland, lowland of theareas dissolvesurrounding into

gentle river valleys. river valleys. gentle Fen peat soils are characteristic in the dubs upperbroad soils and reachescharacteristicpeat and ofthe Fen the are in surroundingit. lowlanddrumlins and the farmed hills topography landscape, of and rolling open, flat undulating An thecontrasting with Galloway and Dumfries distantin settlementsthe coastline. along northwesttake Character (Landscape whereArea C1), long Carlisle to views the settlementsof urban The presence dispersed scattered. farmsteads where sea-level, are Development ofthe istotheouter confined fringes as thelandareas rises above from visible particularly expanses theflat ofmarshes. within arenot oftheareas, and themselvesTherivers arenot features prominent and managed intensively of streams,densenetwork A ditches creeks and dissectusually theareas, characterised scrub. and roughare by grazing, rushes whilstmarsh areas, The sheepgreen grassisby cattle grazed othersand some in alongviews open landscape river valleys. an withlong creating flat irregular,Enclosureiswith fencing and partial andfragmented occasional, hedges, thatflow the rivers follow courseof which intomarsh, thefirth. flat offloodplainwet pasture,Low lying, areas and with some ofgrazed areas

th eroded riverbankswith eroded places. in 63

irth , following the river corridors following , the river ofrivers is is felt more in the eastern area toarea theeastern the west in felt more of Moss Moss and Common Moss. Commonand Moss.

. 89 Landscapes Lowland 90 Lowland Landscapes Sensitive features or characteristics features or characteristics Sensitive Forces for change Forces Land Use Consultants Use Land particularly when there of when are particularly associatedgorse. trees ribbons and dismantledroads railway and that cross themare also prominentfeatures, al

though the buildings and structures around the are features.significant though and thebuildings The margins structures around approaching theLakelandapproaching Fells. replacement with fencing. with replacement drainageversusor of flail-cutting blocking and channels, laying; traditional boundary of field in hedgerowChanges as neglect management,and hedges such food crops. energy for or changes crops,or different regimes response in grazing in demands to increasing acrossintensification drained, ofagriculture arealready which areas demand for „improvement‟and Drainage of these character areas and ofsea result level as a rise. arecurrentlydrained freshwaters which farmedchangesand thebalance in to of flooding orleading levelintrusion water areas, salineinto or Sea table rise landscapetoseascapes. and surrounding AONB those outofthelooking floodplains,the views into theand AONB outside from Theriver effects ofthe ofdevelopmentonthecharacter setting ofthe floodplains. low lying of thebalance betweennature intertidal theestuarine flats marshes and and both terms in infrastructure, possible to and ofvisibility thedynamic alteration energy scheme,tidal Development ofprojectson/off suchasa or shore grid ofthe inland andfarmland towardsthe firth hills surrounding therolling other farmsdevelopment and wind large scale theviews changes across which Pressures development renewable for offshoreenergy including onshoreand sunseAppreciated of thesea. presence influencesestuarine ofthe Salty, themouths estuaries,a at reminder oftheriver thesurroundingContrast rolling hills. landscapeswith oftheflat low lying pasture. along Long views mosses openmarshy and quality. changed be changeseasily could or water orin sea level by water tablerise, andThesimple balance rushes,mosaicof openwater, pasturedamp and which mossland;remnant „naturalistic‟character. their and undeveloped the by provided remainingdiversity visual variety textural Ecological and and landscape drumlinised farmedinland. lowland and the rolling hills across intertidal the marshesthe moreflats, and and skylines varied formedby The and skylinesdistant, undeveloped horizontal inseaward viewsof thefirth and thelarge, characteropen sky. Horizontal ofthelandscape farmland. the hinterland and and the transitionTranquil at rural nature oftheareas the saltmarshes between

ts.

of areas of marsh and remaining wetland mosses, ofmarshof areas and wetland remaining 64

Land Use Consultants Use Land Guidelines for managing for Guidelines change C1. C6. C5. C4. C3. C2. C7.

Common Moss). Common Moss). Influences suchasthe Theinfluences ofthe at Roundsouth and extraction Hill ofthesandSand gravel pits ofAldoth). (e.g. flood as a alleviation schemes. Drainage consequenceof potential vegetation. couldof higher which the presence levels alter ofnutrients water landscape in Changes qualitycharacter,example for influencing through Moss at Salta or (e.g. Wildlifeconservation bodiesTrust suchastheCumbria toChanges theseof consequencelandscapes as a objectivesthe management of along the coast through the thecoastthrough foralong longrequirement a distanceaccess coastal route. thetransitional landscape. affect recommendations would which and Undulating areasas thehigher toUndulating offarmlandas well Coastal and Farmland, the Manage those areas of hedgerows which exist already by laying. thoselaying. existby areas alreadyManage which ofhedgerows wet mossesor appropriate. where south,area. the studyoutside saltmarshes flatsfloodplains. intertidal the surrounding Theseand the river include (where opportunities allow) the undeveloped skylines which form thesetting form skylinesopportunities undeveloped which (where allow) the atoproportion Seek maintain high ofundeveloped to horizonsrestore and manage the process of coastal realignment through natural theprocessas processes realignment coastalmanage of patterns, trendsincluding or change:any those consequenceof climate as a erosionriverine sealevel/riverMonitor in to changes outflows determine and withof fencesboundaries behedge may traditional appropriate.replacement locations In certain in suchasattheedgesor areas established oflong fields washland of floodbanks.restoration ofnatural processes theremoval through areas,andundeveloped the the Encourage retention offloodplainsasopenand grazing restoringmarsh intensively drained areas and coastal tofarmed margins, theext Conserve effects. implementation ofappropriate mitigationmeasuresreduceor adverse to avoid of theseland wetlands so and that thesetting overallintegritythe floodplains character of, and futuretheto and Seek influence landscapesforming in development within, theof laggfenhighlight erosion)value habitats. and and repairing areas of restorationencourage measures drains (suchas blocking co lowlandContinueto theremnant conserve mosses fensnature for and which would not be suited to the rural character of the area. ofthearea. not would suited be which tocharacter the rural where possible avoid the use of hard engineered details or urban-style solutions the possible avoid engineered where usedetails urban-style of hard or donot conflictmanagement objectives with thelandscape and thearea, for basin,catchment, flood Ensurethat projects risk or river relatingto river the in advocated nservation: discourage drainage; discourage peat extraction discouragenservation: drainage;

, scap the mosses, and the Coastal Plains, Drumlinised Lowland Farmland, the CoastalPlains, and Lowland Drumlinised the mosses, es Shoreline PlanManagement ent of „natural‟ remnant mosses,ent of„natural‟ and fen

is Shoreline Management Plan not significantly affected: not affected: the consider siting, designand significantly which may requirealterations CoastalAccess may Marine which and Act 65

. andmanagement any marshestowards the – seek to

of

91 Landscapes Lowland 92 Lowland Landscapes 6.9 Land Use Consultants Use Land 6.8 Landscape character a character Landscape 6.7

C10. C9. C8. bound by the more developedof Carlisle the more landscape bound by to theeast. enclosedlandscape more scale, characterthan other is areas it ofthesame and type, C1 River Floodplain River Eden C1 of the area at Beaumont prevents views inland in in preventsat Beaumont viewsinland thisof thearea This direction. smaller is a these surround settlements.that bounds woodedbank The raised, edge thewestern ofRockcliffe toformsthesetting theeastand part to theagricultural areas that Theisof Rockcliffe.floodplain closeCargotoby thevillage overlooked and Site Important Geological (RIGS),boundary of of thenorthern forms part thearea, distinctiveescarpmentA sandstone, ofred farmland. surrounding large scale, open Solwayas withtheundulating scale, as well farmland open Firth, higher, large ofthe the grounds risesThethe area comprises becomesundulating. more and flat it enters the firth, where where Eden River tothe outerfringes western ofCarlisle and extendsthe northeastof thestudy in from floodplainarea The Eden River lies wooded banks and low cliffs,enclosedlow create contrasting anwith which and woodedbanks thearea usedandas stretches floodplain by wet ofmarshland bounded and pasture, raised The relevant landscape character areas which make up this type are described up thisare make below: landscapetype areaswhich Thecharacter relevant

becomes braided into sand and gravel banks at Old Sandsfield. In the southeastinto Inthe becomesbanks gravel braided of sandand at Old Sandsfield.

Way Act Way suchRespond asthe legislation, to the of requirements floodplains and wetlands. floodplains wetlands. and development is lineor management in thelandscape with objectives ofthe distance long developmentchanges ofa access coastal whilst routeany ensuring areas to be restoredto to be areas habitats. wetland nature conservation Encourage and these in visionareas these promotefor a study the wider landscapes floodplain marshyboth and river grasslands theAONB within and ecologicaldesignations landscape thoseand donotwith the differing conflict of „integrated designation toEncourage management‟ the objectivesensure help of

and the and area Marine CoastalAccessand Act, . reas reas 66

„RedRocks‟, Regionall a designated

to promote the positive Countryside and Rights and Countryside of

y Land Use Consultants Use Land 6.11 6.10

Figure6.2 Whitrigglees the settlement towards Wampool. the settlementWampool. towards liesof northarea immediately ofKirkbridecontinues thevillage and to theeastof areasunenclosed grazing pasture. The irregular field improved and patterns across open, Bampton Theareaiscourses and Wampooland Beck. flat of theRiver with Whitrig reclaimed marsh Marsh, including followingwet pasturemarsh, and the C2 Whitrig Marsh and River Wampool Floodplain andWampool Whitrig Marsh C2 River The area is characterised by flat, open, smooth and swards isgreen characterisedbright textured Theflat, area by this on theedgeBay, eastern Located grazed of Moricambe comprising area is an offield contributeslevels. lowering to thelocalised thisTurf cuttingisin whichotherwise area few practiced verticalare features. the landscape, where there These thehorizontal distinctive in form breaks grainof are markednarrowand bands outby crossedlow bridges, by oftreesinsections. Bownessand Twovisible. disusedlines Common are railway through run thearea, Moss oftheDrumburghplains,woodedfringes farmed coastal across the lying which is some contiguouswith, in is and flatness enclosedby, low- openness.It areas and hedgesare andWampool.veryThere few giving trees, thearea strongsensea of ditches themeanderingdissected channels,and drainage of the course by River

: The River The Wampool 67

Floodplain, lookingFloodplain, from west

93 Landscapes Lowland 94 Lowland Landscapes Land Use Consultants Use Land Waver Floodplain River C3 6.13 6.12 C4 Holme DubHolme C4 6.14

Figure6.3 present throughout, including Common Moss,presentMoss throughout,including Chapel Cowper Bog.These and areasDispersed, ofscrub. and remnantfragmented ofmossland and areas are managed, with very limited tree cover and limitedwith eroded river channels cover very tree frequently managed, intensively Large partsare ofthearea contributes to ofthelandscape. theopenness bound fields predominantly hedgerows. gappy untrimmed, Thepattern is enclosureopen, irregular and with trees occasional isThe land crossedand drainage fringedby and channels with of Abbeytown. mire ofreclaimed found alongareas the lowerare Waver,south stretchof theRiver pasture, grazed predominantly mire. some are floodplain These reclaimed of which floodplains of ofRabycote marshland and thenorth, Marsh in open river follows floodplain.largely theRiver Waver Itcomprises ofthe areas smallopen flat, at MoricambeBay, firth Waverfrom whereentersthearea theExtending theRiver landscape, though a numberthough rush managed, with a ofareaslandscape, are less pasture intensively ofhabitats. practicesIntensivediversity agricultural in evident parts ofthe are landcover in varied thanareas the surrounding of providing widerfarmland, a placein taking farmland extraction theadjacent gravel the sandand ditchesextents, fences,and withoutAcross thenorthern reeds. that follows Holme Dub and Crummond Beck. It is divided predominantly by wire It wire predominantly by is Beck. Crummond that follows divided and Holme Dub southwestlies toHolme Dub the comprises rushyand of Abbeytown damp, pasture

: The floodplain of the River Waver Waver floodplainRiver ofThe the ed by drainage channels and post and wire fencing, which drainage postby wire channels and and 68

is hasThe visible. landscape more a .

6.15 C5 Black Dub Black Dub C5 Land Use Consultants Use Land

Figur of Allonby. The damp, marshy that landscape lowland cover Thedamp, land variedhas of Allonby. a toarea issouth the The DublocatedBlack towards coast thewestern oftheAONB, lowland farmland in viewsin farmlandlowland area. to ofthestudy thesouth Fells form dramatic toLakeland a the backdrop drumlinsrolling and hills ofthe whi pastureintensively managed of colour texture and variety that contrasts thesmooth, with expanses green of deposits The mosses a environmental archaeological remains. alsoprovide and remains. remains. potentialpalaeo-environmental for significant and deposits archaeological and of of variety support rich habitats, are conservation a importancewhich high nature which are of high nature are ofhigh forwhich conservation importance significant potentialpaleo- and supportsand extensive, thefloodplain of habitats,is variety within located rich a including Moss.present throughout thearea, Salta Moss, The Salta once was which Dispersed, gorse. of scruband remnantfragmented and ofmossland areas are al habitats.practices Intensive agricultural are evident parts ofthelandscape, in contrastsareas theoffarmland,surrounding with widera diversity providing of though a number of areas are less numberthough a ofareaswith intensivelymanaged, are areas rush and pasture, e

6.4: View over Salta Moss and Black Dub from Salta SaltaDubover Moss6.4: and fromSalta View Black ch 69 characterises The parts other ofthefloodplain.

95 Landscapes Lowland 96 Lowland Landscapes Land Use Consultants Use Land characteristics Key 6.18 6.16 6.17

Introduction MOSSES LOWLANDLANDSCAPE CHARACTER TYPE D:COASTAL The key characteristics of the coastal mosscoastal characteristicsThekey ofthe Moss. and TogetherWedholmeFlow Drumburgh theseMoss, Bowness Common, low toraised the a mireslying with refer raised Themosses Coast oftheSolway their rarity and palaeoecological/archaeological interest. within palaeoecological/archaeological The areas and rarity thistheir type ecologicalThewoodland. coastal mosseshigh arealso have value valued and for Nature (NNR), the South form by Solway National MossesReserve managed are Thelargest study mosses GlassonConservation area (SAC). the foundwithin Special Areas of Scientific Interest asdesignated (SSSl) Sites and ofSpecial „dome‟peat include the four largest mosses comprising the South Solway Mosses NNR and are largestare the four Mosses and the Southinclude Solway NNR comprising mosses somea compriseheathland, and areas wet reeds mosaic open water, bog, of raised The poor England. to rise Natural acidicgive soils characteristic vegetation the and Coastal Mosses ofthe GlassonCommon;and on and Wedholme Flow; concentrated BownessaroundPeninsula: theCardurnock in the in The landscape type covers the following landscape character areas. landscape character type coversthefollowing The landscape character areasrelevant provided in are

area theslightly drier purpleusually stands heatherand moor in ofbirch; grass grow important habitat for specialised bird species, most notably redshank and skylark. and species, mostspecialised bird for notablyimportant habitat redshank It sundew, is dragonflies, alsoan great damselflies, butterflies. moths and and with the time of day and weather. thetimewith of day weather. and seasonal yellow/gold brownscolours and ofthe ofgrassfoliage, flowering heather landscapes which withchangeDynamic dramatically theseasons, to from green woodland; wet water mosaics,pools, including moss,marsh, fringing and reeds Low sphagnum mosses, cotton-grass, carnivorous plants, including the uncommon plants,carnivorous theuncommon sphagnum mosses, including cotton-grass, ecologicalsupportingof high rare Landscape assemblages value,peat ofdeep with tranquillity. and sense of remoteness of settlement absence An to intrusion, and contributing a the sunsets notable. often Theshifting qualitiesand oflight are

Solway Coast LandscapeSolway

s. -lying raised mires comprising flat or slightly undulating hummock-hollow mires slightly raised or -lying flat hummock-hollow comprising undulating LandscapeCharacter Area D3 LandscapeCharacter Area D2: LandscapeCharacter Area D1:

, now rare habitatsnow rare , in and recognition nationally been ofthis have and location and Cumbria Landscape CharacterLandscapeCumbria Assessment Moss Moss . Maps . ofthelocationstype and ofthis landscape and Drumburgh Moss.the in Drumburgh included and The are mosses 70

: Wedholme BownessCommon and Glasson Moss DrumburghMoss Figures es are: are:

Flow 11-

12.

and Raised Peat BogPeat Raisedand

Description 6.19 Land Use Consultants Use Land 6.20 Sensitive features or characteristics Sensitive

The mosses of the Solway Coast are flat, low lying, landscapes which which flat, were Coastlow lying,once are landscapes The mossesSolway of the extensive across the Solway basin, before being drained and improved for improved beforebasin, and being drained extensive across theSolway Bowness Common and Glasson and Drumburgh Mosses.Bowness ofGlassonThese the Drumburgh part form and Common and thearound andWedholmePeninsula Flow, found onand Cardurnock include largestThe four depth of6.5m ata of peat places. are mossesarea in thestudy in arepeatland, large shallow They forming areas ofrain-fed agriculture. raiseddomes importance to migratory birds. Land cover to comprises Land importance migratorybog, mosaicofraised birds. a mire, SSSI, South Solway Mosses NNR and are protected by a range of designationsincluding:range protected of Mosses a South Solway are by and NNR their attractive semi-natural landscapes. attractive their arepopular birdareas with The mosses watchers. visitors are also by enjoyed for the bunting snipe) and and reed The soundFlow). (curlew, ofbirds is widespread them,themto as improve habitats nature conservation wetland for (e.g. Wedholme of themosses beencontinue to have subject to subjectand be projects to still Trustthe RSPB, privateownership.Wildlife and though othersunder are Several Cumbria whilst parts oftheEngland, mosses by reserves managed nature form Natural ofbirchfringes woodland.Large parts ofthemossesmanaged by are areas elevationthe surrounding to oflow screeningcoastaldue pastureand by their tall Themosses by orwoodland. contained reeds generally notvery visible are from Solwaycoastal plainsand up to the and short seascape District Fells,and Lake views of long variety overwith a Thislandscape, viewsavailable the tranquil isadjacent a toconfined and thehigher the land dryer around margins. valueand birdlife. biodiversity in high are rich Roads, paths settlement and are include Wetland birch,typically alder and willow. woodlandhabitatsgoat and of are open water, reeds, heathland, someThefringes and wet woodland. ofwoodland

seen from the edges of the mosses. seen ofthemosses.from theedges are locatedstyle coast associated adjacent areas, in withtheSolway which be can with verylimited extraction, themosses development within themselves. water availability oravailability quality. water changedalterations by reeds, wet woodlandin easily water, and could be which balanced heathlands,wet bog, mosaic dry of raised The andopen delicately The the winter. in hue by birchstriking witha deciduouspredominantly purpleFringed woodland, vernaculardistinctive oftraditionalsmallnumber A farmsteads cottages and ofa ofalthoughquality previous landscape, by modified the The natural peat landscape. tranquil occasionalcausing concentrationsthe area, this otherwise localised in ofactivity valueandamenity Of promoted high increasingly for attraction as an visitors to orthe fells Firth District, and Solway of theLake short views across heath views of long Variety across mosslands toof the theseascape thelow-lying vegetation enclosed by reeds. or enclosed vegetation wet woodland SAC

undeveloped and „naturalistic‟ character of the character „naturalistic‟ mosses and undeveloped and, forand, thecoastal mosses,their (SPA)for Protection Areas Special 71

. . „re

-

wet‟ 97 Landscapes Lowland 98 Lowland Landscapes Guidelines for managing for Guidelines change Forces for change Forces

Land Use Consultants Use Land D1.

growth which may affect affect maythe extent which water. growth ofopen AONB. Mosses surrounding landscapes.development within tree or cover.topography in ofinsects deer. visiblespecies, presence roe rare a more with and birds, and presence of higher levels of nutrients which could alter vegetationreedor of higher presence levels ofnutrientscould which alter examplefor through water landscape in Changes qualitycharacter, influencing Moss. Glasson MossDrumburgh and visitor pressuretranquillityIncreasing andexampleaffecting for at biodiversity, Flow). conservation bodiesBowness suchastheRSPB at CommonWedholme (e.g. or to Changes theseof consequencelandscapes as a objectivesthe management of forcrops.energy foodor response demands in regimes to increasing drained, are already which different for crops,demand in changes or grazing acrossof areas ofagriculture Drainage ofwetlandmoss, areas intensification incidencethe salinityor ofseawater Possiblein incursion to theedges increases systems, such ascracking changesin mire tosummer theraised dryingincreased resulting potentially flows waterIncreased in winter contrastingcourses increased rainfall, and with ofthecharacter The onthe effects setting ofdevelopment oftheCoastal or land sea undeveloped horizons. the mosses, particularly openandextension skylines along ofdeveloped other farmsdevelopment and changethe viewswind large scale may which from developmentPressuresoffshore including renewable onshoreand for energy flats. intertidal theseascape with mires distant water marshes thefresh hills ofsaline and and contrast theDramatic landscapeswith oftheflat farmlandand surrounding by alteration thepresencesensitivetrafficor ofpeople,or to disturbance of valueat which amenity The high thelandscape the same timeisparticularly shortFells,or District Lake vegetation viewsonvariations into heath depending dominates, alongviews plane allowing longlowlying mosses to thecontrasting widevertical features arefewa of openness,Sensethere horizontal and where importanceof of high range habitats supportingecological a Thecommon rich and deep basal layersdeep ofthemossesrise. and sea level to due . Seek toof development so reduce that Seek it . the extentAONB ofinfluence outside the to farmland thethe higher theFells south Lakeland approaching Coastal Plains and Drumlinised Lowland Farmland within the AONB, and alsoFarmlandDrumlinised and Lowland theAONB, and Plains within Coastal thesetting form which the highto Seek maintain proportionofundeveloped skylines views and

, the views into the AONB from outside and those outofthelooking AONB outside from the views into, the and

or of erosion. the Coastal Mosses. the Coastal thesurrounding include These 72

Land Use Consultants Use Land D11. D5. D4. D10. D9. D3. D8. D7. D6. D2.

of Way Act Way of suchRespond asthe legislation to theof requirements Continue to conserve the Coastal Mosses Coastal nature miresContinueto for the raised conserve and theareas. biodiversity objectives for basin, flood risk or river donot conflictmanagement or withthelandscape areas projectssurrounding in relatingEnsurethat any catchment, toriver as a result of climate change climate result of as a response dryingto seasonal in wetting and erosion changes and ofthemosses thedevelopmentpatterns, appropriateenabling ofan considered and character of Coastal MossesCoastal of character naturalness). and tranquillity (i.e. parking,at odds and whichbe the to with traffic issues help may any resolve the future, measures visitorin for If required explore including management, opportunities to remove exoticopportunities coniferous plantationsto to and remove Take conservation networkand habitat objectivesmosaic- allow. where appreciationofviewspublic mosses open over the landscape to maintain and of Promotethe creation to woodland openings withinthefringing allow Reserves, and others as RSPB reserves): discourage drainage of themosses drainage Reserves,reserves):discourage others and as RSPBor the status conservation (reflecting Nature ofsomeas National areas Monitor changes in wetness to trendsMonitor quality in any changes water determine and or adverse effects. adverse implementation ofappropriate mitigationmeasuresreduceor to avoid not affected:these consider significantly landscapes are the siting, designand native species. native landscapes and the wider area. the wider area. and landscapes vision AONB objectiveswith theoverall for and consistentsynchronised and NatureMossReserve areTrust Drumburgh Cumbria Wildlife as a Encourage the production Encourage of appropriate. be may and the softeningencourage of unenclosedthe edgesareas ofthemosses and the Encourage retention ofmosslands, floodplainsand mires as and open opportunitiesreasonsand if and oflandscape biodiversity arise. farmed areas toor ontheir wetmosses peripheries appropriate for where mosses theextentof„natural‟ Conserve raisedrestoring drained and mires, discourage mires: raised burning. extractionand peat setting futuretheto and Seek influence landscapesforming in development within, example, tothat ensure example, objectives of associated withmanagement of long-established fields, their replacement withtraditional replacement their hedge boundaries of long-established fields, areassuchin removalpossible of any certain In fences. encourage locations, Where transitions to land fen openwater. and ofenclosedcarr agricultural damage damage portions, than rather large toof skylinesaffectssections, avoid localised

to to , the Coastal Mosses so that the overall character and integrityMossesthe Coastal and of, character so that the overall key views. characteristics intrusionupon valued or to promotethe positive development ofaccess routes whilst 73

.

„ integrated management integrated plans Countryside and Rights and Countryside ‟ helping, for helping, re plant with plant with

99 Landscapes Lowland 100 Lowland Landscapes Landscape character a character Landscape 6.21 Land Use Consultants Use Land 6.23 6.22

Figure6.5 D1 DrumburghD1 Moss The relevant landscape character areas which make up this type are described below. landscapeThecharacter relevant described make areas which upthisare type D12. the south of the moss. the south ofthemoss. The small,Coastal Way. settlement occupieshigher nucleated to ofFingland ground The anddismantledmoss a railway bisected by is alsocrossedthe Cumbria by hasrestoration beenout work carried to „re willowParts the pastand in been carr. birch have ofthearea and peat cutfor with bands includingtrees; stands Itisfringed narrow grazing. ofbroad-leaved ofwet heath,by both dry controlled and wet grassland,maintained scrub and which are byTrust designated theCumbriamanaged Wildlife and SSSI. a Thecontains area southeastNNR located and and isBowness of GlassonandThe area Moss Common. ofMoss,part MossesareaDrumburgh an theSouth mire,Solway of raised is SAC

into disrep on thesettledthey arefalling ofthemossesmargins where floodplains and barnsbuildings and vernacular Promoterestoration sustainable of and reuse objectives management of theAONB. or changes with any development isensuring line in thelandscape

: Drumburgh Moss Moss Drumburgh air.

reas reas 74

- wet‟the mossland.

Land Use Consultants Use Land

6.24 6.25

Figure6.6 D2 Bowness Common and Glasson M Glasson Bowness Commonand D2 under the management of Natural England.The mosses Natural wet and themanagementcomprise under ofdry is and mossland bestrepresentsthe South and preserved Solway themost intact of part and Peninsula ofCardurnock theSouth are Solway Mosses Moss NNR.Glasson Thetwo up this mosslands are thatmake area located the mossland. A road runs across the area, over the peninsula, flanked byover flanked runs peninsula, the mossland.acrossthe area, narrow road the a A been Parts peatcut for restoration have out andwork carried to has been „ with an otherwise horizontal otherwise with an grain. pasture, lies of improved Bownessforms focalarea within and a pointinan Common Rogersceugh Farm,elevatedthat crosses situatedsmall ona area Bowness Common. that fringethe disused follow theedges themossesline birch which railway and of heathland fringed by stands of wet birch and willow carr and areas of open water. and ofopen areas stands fringedby water. willowheathland and carr birch ofwet Views within these mosses are largely contained by the landform and landform the standslargelyViews these contained within are of mosses the by pasture stripof improved thetwomosses. separating

: Bowness Common Common Bowness 75

oss

on the elevated the elevated the areas of re

- wet‟

101 Landscapes Lowland 102 Lowland Landscapes 6.26 Land Use Consultants Use Land Flow Wedholme D3

Figure6.7 District fells to the south. Some human elements, turbines,human wind DistrictSome fells toare including thesouth. fromsouth arePanoramicviews afforded east. and themoss, to theLake including Theis Flow enclosedmargins. areas whichsurrounding by rise offarmland to up the coniferousdeciduousand alongnorthern woodland and plantation theeastern drainage. and extraction fringeofThisThe areaincludesa is ongoing. work mixed hasrestoration beenout work carried across areas subjectto previously peat and is SSSI.England as designated Themossmanaged a for conservation and is being Mosses Solway and ofintact NNR. SAC area raised in Itcontains mire thelargest is flat WedholmeFlow openlowland a and raised belonging, bogpeat to theSouth apparent within these distinctive views to the south. withinthesedistinctive to views theapparent south.

: Wedholme Flow Flow Wedholme 76

Land Use Consultants Use Land characteristics Key 6.29 location Introduction and 6.27 6.28

PLAIN LOWLANDLANDSCAPE CHARACTER TYPEE: COASTAL The key characteristics of the Coastal Plain are: Plain Coastal characteristicsThekey ofthe undulating, low lying farmlandlow lyingalongoccurring the undulating, ofthestudycoastal area, fringes or of flat slightly rural landscape Coast areThecoastal a plainsoftheSolway inland. The plains are a transitionalare a The betweenplains landscape inland. theseascapes oftheSolway geometric pattern ofparliamentaryenclosures. geometric stripfields and narrow larger the„outfields‟around villages, as of is structure thefield largely medievalpattern enclosuresbasedaround a with the northern Firth. thewest coastthrough The along areas and theInner bounding landscapes of the Drumlinised landscapes Farmland oftheLowland above(Type rise them, F) which ofthe drumlinthe coastalhills margins and marshes dunes as and as the well Firth and the rolling landscapes of the Drumlinised Lowland Farmland. The coastal Farmland. the rollingLowland landscapes andDrumlinised Firth ofthe plain plain The landscape type covers the following landscape character areas. landscape character type covers The landscape thefollowing landscapecharacterrelevant in areas are provided CharacterLandscape Assessment

links and defence structures from the Second World structures Second W the defence links and from is for alsovisible, the heritage example ofremains railway and theformer canal industrial the evidenceLater and ofmedieval cultivation land and usepatterns. fields‟. largerand „outer distinctivebanks,with a raised „innerpattern ofsmall fields‟, of beech. of beech. fortifications along the coastalfortifications edges along reflectedthe time in depth ofthelandscape Strong ofRomanremains stripfields. narrow long and enclosure field patternswith older sizedirregular fields ofmedium toMedium parliamentary fields small ofgeometric interspersed enclosures are planted hedgerows ditches Coastalpredominates, and pasture enclosed by including the along roadsides treeslining coastal fringe, avenuesWindsculptured openlandscape,strong flat, with a relationshiplarge scale, A margins and the the ofplains.rural farmland and margins area

LandscapeCh LandscapeCharacter Area E LandscapeCharacter Area NewtonE3: Arlosh and Kirkbride LandscapeCharacter Area CardurnockE2: Peninsula LandscapeCharacter Area E1: s

are are included predominantly as sub-typeCoastal Plain the as2c in included predominantly aracter Area E Area aracter . Maps of the location of this landscape type and Maps ofthistypeand ofthelocation . landscape 77 5 4

: :

Rockcliffeand Seaville to Bownessto Boustead , the Hadrian‟s, HeritageWorld Wall Site, Mawbray Mawbray Th Mossband ese flat landscapeseseflat contrast with Figures

Hill

ar

11-

. well as the regular as theregular well . 12.

to the coastal Cumbria

on

103 Landscapes Lowland 104 Lowland Landscapes Description 6.30 Land Use Consultants Use Land 6.31 6.32

Expanses of flat and open plains extend inland from plainsinland open extend ofthecoastal margins Expanses and theSolway offlat Firth in several parts of the severalparts in Firth study area occupation of the numerous caravans, particularly Silloth.occupation ofthenumerous around caravans, holidayand destinations. residential is seasonally increased through Thepopulation canthe farmland andpeak be at busywith traffic times, these being popular areas canbe orpasswhich sunken, Lanes, elevated attractivesetting. provides an through farmedthe Farmland, Lowland and Drumlinised hills District Fells beyondLake This is agricultural landscape strongly byedge. the coastal influenced its coastal ditches,and linear fields edgesoften on theorientated outer seaward are towards on enclosures.Fields lying veryparliamentary flat aredrained by areas network a of enclosuresinterspersedmedieval from the pattern are with thegeometric oflater Holme Cultra suchThese a settled features historicwell with landscapes have and character as as known „kests‟.locally hedges ofhawthorn blackthorn,maintained and sometimes mountedbankson stone copses with occasional pastureis shelterbelts,well sheltered, more and trees the lining beech trees exposedand coastalparticularly Hedgerow stretches. on also gorse and comprising setting,gappywith sparsecover hedges, tree Peninsula the Cardurnock improved some of with predominantly pasture, grazinglimited areas rough around clay, and occasionallyboulder marinecomprisesdrift, fluvial alluvium, and Remnants of defence structures from the Second World War and other 20th other Remnantsand structures from theSecond ofdefence War World the trees by followfurther which and theembankmentsscrub vegetation, ofcuttings. Lines ofdismantled railwaysthat crossareas picked areout and the northern visible coastal roads and contortedare anfeature. Furtherthe wind coastalattractive and by roads the inland

recent chalet stylebungalows chalet recent housing. suburban and stylesarchitectural oftheseasideresorts Carlisle; Port more ofSillothand Newton historic Victorian villages, Georgian and Mawbray and Arlosh, Newtown; often rectilinear slightland oftenrectilinear the localiseddrainageRoads and lanes ditches. pattern reflecting and of fields are opencharacterand oftheplains. drumlinised the areasfarmland ofaccentuate higher flat Views across the inland this type. centresassociated and Development withholiday is parks evident caravan within the traditional including: cobblesbuildings ofsandstone, stylesvarietyof architecture Settlementsa materials, provide building and of thelevel beneath adjacentwith droving to historically animals. fields, help lanesof winding mixture straightlinearroadsA and cross thefarmland, through stoops theNorth in hedgerowssandstonegate andlaid Distinctive red focal andkey points. hills northwest, ScottishCriffel forming with north and open views Attractive toareseen intertidalthe across flats thefirth, marshes and coastalclustered within closely relatedpastureand Mawbraysuch as and Historic are villages, NewtonKirkbride, Arlosh, Newtown Cumberland style Cumberland

m Abbey landinbeing of The Abbeytown backdrop marks. the with mounted „kests‟. . Characteristic narrow . „outfields‟strip larger fields and raised above the surrounding pasture, orsurrounding pasture, sunkenthe above y raised 78

. Th . is is an agricultural landscape based is landscape ison an agricultural

to the pattern of the fields.the patternof and „clay da „clay and bbin‟ in the

Forces for change for change Forces Sensitive features or characteristics Sensitive Land Use Consultants Use Land inland from Moricambe Bay. The mastsdistinctive Moricambe vertical from features inland Anthornare Bay. at industrial and military use of the area. military useand ofthearea. industrial features in the landscape, particularly aroundPeninsula thesouth and particularly inthelandscape, ofCardurnock features key militarysites, theairfields Kirkbride,century at including Sillothandare Anthorn across large areas of the Solway coast and indicatecoastand historical theSolway continuity of the acrossareaslarge the of

landscape character landscape its ofthe AONB,or setting outlook. and energyvegetation/land changing uses developmentaffecting renewable and the indirect and effectsThedirect change, ofclimate suchtoas storm trees, damage realignment managed recommendations the of change,sea levelincreasedClimate rise, stormserosion the coastal and and theLakeDistrict fells. including , AONB the views area, those intowider theand AONB outofthe outside looking from Theeffectsand ofthe ofdevelopmentonthecharacter setting oftheAONB estates. to industrial provideand housing Kirkbride, outsidearound and the AONB across Expansion including ofresidential commercialdevelopment theareas and sea horizons. land or extension skylines undeveloped particularly along ofdeveloped open and developmentplains whichchangescale theviewsfrom may thecoastal energytidal farms, wind grid andschemes,electricity infrastructure other large offshore includingand Pressures onshore development renewable for energy the disappearanceand of thesandstone fencing gatestoops. neglect of laying, traditional boundaryfield hedgerow managementand in Changes strimming versus e.g. Firth the skylinesand undeveloped oftheSolway Scottish hills. expansesDistinctive over views landscapes to thevast ofintertidal open, sense Strong peacefulnessof ruraltranquillity and some in areas. their flowers along edges. The peacefulsecret and wild sunken rich lanes with fells beyond.uplands ofCumbria andDistrict the Lake green that hills ofthe rolling farmed The thetransitionbackdrop to form the characteristic „kests‟. laid inhedges, styleand Traditional thedistinctiveNorth Cumberland Abbeymonasticand Holme Cultram granges. medieval sites monksarchaeological the Cistercian associated withtheRomanfrontier, of traditionalRich historicalinterest, including villageheritageindustrial cores, and lanes. treesalong sculpturedCoastal and wind lines and hedgerows stands ofcontorted beech historic settled and in Rural character association and thevillages with hamlets. enclosedthe plain.and of themarshesintertidal oftheflats and fields Solway open seascapeexposed, the largescale, intervisibilityThecontinuityand between

the raised „kests‟ the raised 79

, or replacement with post andor with , wire replacement Shoreline Management Plan Management Shoreline ,

.

105 Landscapes Lowland 106 Lowland Landscapes

Land Use Consultants Use Land Guidelines for managing for Guidelines change E1. E3. E2.

Development Frameworks, Development and falling into disrepair. falling intoand disrepair. the in significance maintainedarea, sensitivelynotor developed when properly the historicalstructures, ofand concrete Degradation of cultural ofmilitary landscapesuch ashard rural standingareas ofdisusedairfields. be odds may the expansionat which Pressurefor with uses land ofindustrialthe Influences suchasthe incremental and caravans suburbanisation ofcaravan parks. extent to due theadditionalfarmland for need land) size theincreasing and of campsitePressure development/redevelopmentfor in reduction (including stoops.gate damaging andfarming tractorsnarrow usingthesmalllanes use machinery, of large and influence existing(which may agreements) management as theincreased as well toalteration grazing regimes demandenergy changing crops foodor and for practices farming in Changes use,demand land and uses,land alternative for the emerging in developmentpolicies Theinfluences oftheCumbria etc. upgradingextensions, alterations road signage, or new suburbanisation, and y scale Small newhousing. for settlements,result ofdemand as a Extension development infill areasthe housing of and open between in areas of relation in todevelopment, of roads. thesize as a traffic oftouristand result increased needs parking Pressureswith associated along the coast through the thecoastthrough foralong longrequirement a distanceaccess coastal route. which form the setting to the Coastal Plains of the AONB thosePlains of thesettingCoastal and form ofthe which to the the highto Seek maintain proportionofundeveloped skylines views and affects localised sections of rather than large proportions of skylines. affectssectionslarge localised than proportions ofrather ofskylines. so that it the to ofdevelopment,Seek reduce extentexample ofinfluence for the northernDistrict. fells oftheLake but also coast and theScottish and hills coastalas seen fromthecoastalwithin theAONB,firth theplains and roads to sea,baythe horizons Theseopen over include studyviews area. wider or into consideration the need in someor in into theneed instances consideration maintain reinforce to the in advocated the process as and natural Manage allow processes ofrealignment to act, consideredand appropriate response change. to ofclimate the consequences patterns trends or inany erosion coastal enabling thedevelopment ofan tothe determineMonitor along edgesPlain Coastal changes seaward ofthe effects. adverse reduceor implementation ofappropriate mitigationmeasures to avoid not significantlydesignation are affected: consider the siting, designand characteristics key of integrity qualities, special and character theselandscapes, area, wider settingof theAONBand PlainsCoastal to the futureto Seek influence the and development within landscapesin forming

et incrementalfrom resulting changes home„improvements‟and , cherished views, defining features, defining views, cherished the reasons and for Shoreline Plan, Management Marine and CoastalAccess Marine and Act influencing new housing new influencing sites. 80

where takingand appropriate which may requirealterations may which so that the overall Local

Land Use Consultants Use Land E11. E6. E5. E4. E10. E9. E8. E7.

that the character of the Coastal Plains of theSolway arePlainsthat theofCoastalnot character substantially crops,andfood energyoneffects such and knock other change ofclimate increased theinfluence Manage and responsetodemands for future possible opportunities ofhistoric when interest) arise, usesor (ifnotprotected areasdegraded consider restorationmilitary of land Removeor offormer domesticenergyrenewable projects. and scale of small design sitingsensitiveand communication masts,siting of any appropriate or underground,that forms lines landscape itssuchpower asrouteing setting, landscape and measuresSupport whichvisual reduce impacts uponthe the vergereturn of thelanes. and rich flora seekminimum, avoiding thetoand a protectdetails, engineered use of hard includingkeeping signage,landscape, street lighting, barrierslining and toroad therural with sympathetica encourage is keeping which in approach PlainsCoastalto and the in transport/utilities work oftheSolway related to ofhighwaysinfluenceSeek continue onthenature other and culturalinterests.and heritage settlement defencestoexisting natural hard and infrastructure, key protect altered. fieldand margins. verges promotingand toflora sites manage, along hard wild those or are which encouragingthe useincluding of small herds for ofsmallconservation grazing agriculture, positive from creation reductionhabitat arising any inintensity of theproduction Takeinstead and of silage. chemicals opportunities ofhay for de-intensification,suchas encouragingreduction a theuseof agricultural in the topredundant andsoilingconcrete of structures buildings, including theSolway, of Plains bothCoastal theAONB within thesurrounding and Continue to promote nature conservation through appropriate managementappropriate Continuetoconservation through promotenature area. wider and qualities oftheAONB compromiseor thespecial from they donot detract ofthearea thecharacter whereand of theSolway with existingthecoastalplains within development association in domesticprojects renewableand Promote scale carbon-neutral and adaptive build change capacity thelandscape. in speciesConsider appropriaterobustness to enhance to theeffects ofclimate woodlandsthe future.thesein oftheand tolandscape as features maintain along oftrees planting avenues, andclumps, copses inhedgerows tree within Encourage the treesare removed as theyreplantingwhen and appropriate. hedgerowto Seek maintain lining trees replacing treesroads, thecoastal and in characteristicthe landscape. features but farm theneeds vehicles, accommodate oflarger a so that they remain toreplace or Seek restore stoops thetraditional gate socan that these to surfacesdisused flora. in promotewild concrete airfields

81

.

107 Landscapes Lowland 108 Lowland Landscapes

Land Use Consultants Use Land E21. E20. E22. E14. E19. E23. E15. E18. E17. E13. E16. E12.

funding or new uses new or ofthese.funding historicbuildings derelict opportunitiesforSympathetically if restore arise bogscondition oftheraised mires. and around the Coastal MossesCoastal thethis around might where and contribute to improving the areasin particularly opportunities Seek toditches drainage block and channels Continue to repair restoreContinuetoand repair to improve upon the existing situation. upon thetoexisting improve situation. existing settlement,possible when used and proposalsbe suchthatnew can to the charactersuchdevelopmentin isthat new appropriate with landscape, authorities planning applicationswith thelocal and Work policy to influence historic monuments are not significantly affected. historic monumentsnotaffected. significantly are settings landscape commenting to onplanning suchapplications, thatthe section at a time, or if appropriate blocking drains to improve biodiversity). blocking drainsappropriate if biodiversity). or tosectiontime, improve a at is retainedbiodiversity value byon oneside only, (forexample clearance or ditches andchannels the drainage Manage along such thattheir roads schemes. Manage hedgerows Northschemes. the traditional style. in Manage Cumberland projects,suchcompetitions oras through grant stewardship suitable and settlements. settlements. stone around and the withinand restorecobble walls Continueto and repair and wider wider area and AONB withdevelopment is line management in thelandscape objectives ofthe distanceaccess coastallong changes whilst routeany ensuring or sandstone walls, with boundaries of cobbled wallsof cobbled ). sandstone withboundaries walls, twovernacular storey (e.g. complement thelocal red with dwellings promoting toormaterials authorities, match including and theuseofstyles partnershipin Plains Coastal within the of theSolway, withthelocal adopt appropriate and Develop designfor guidance housing settlement and Consider the setting of Hadrian‟s Wall Consider thesetting ofHadrian‟s with visitor accommodation. those and villageswiderassociated in countryside or andarea, oftheAONB Thisof thearea. developmentin includes influence which policies responses soobjectives applications the aslandscape to to planning support planningto upon and local Seek advise influence authority policies and Marine and CoastalAccess the Marine and Act requirements of legislation of requirements such asthe toPlainsCoastal the coast,the adjacent Where lie respond to the naturalness).tranquillity(i.e. and Plain Coastal of the qualities developed areas blend moreblend areaswith developed sympathetically vernacular. the traditional species,treatment promoting theusesoof native that housing other and andPromoteplanting gardenappropriate development other boundary help resolve any issues which may be at odds with the character andany issues specialresolve be help may at odds which thecharacter with measures visitor for Explore including management, toparking, traffic and

. .

82

„kests‟and to promote the positive todevelopment ofa promotethe , worksRoman when fortletsearth and Countryside and Rights of Rights Act of Way and Countryside hedgerows throughout thearea,

and 6.34 6.33 E1 Bowness to Boustead Hill BownesstoBoustead E1 a character Landscape Land Use Consultants Use Land

Figure6.8 forms the northern boundary of the boundary formsarea northern the dispersed, including the villages of Bowness- thevillages dispersed,including series of edgea smallthe northern Along linear settlements ofthearea, are andcoastalthat toseen road from the Firth theScottish theInner be coast can contained occasionally occasionallyand ditches by gorse, and marshes and which fringes the firth. The fields are bound by hedgerows of hawthorn of hawthorn fringes Themarshes which fieldshedgerows firth. areboundby and the pasture improved slightly grazed undulating which extends rises and inland the from the southern lies Solway.It fringes along comprisesPlain oftheInner mainly to flat ofCoastalwestwards this fromBousteadto area Stretching Bowness-on-Solway, Hill harbour walls harbour oftheport, siltedsincethe 19 up Thesandstone Firth. red ofthelocksremains and Solway outwards towards the smallcomprisesa facing buildings linear settlementCarlisle Georgian ofmostly Port consistingsteepaffording views a bank grassed of toacross Scotland. thefirth on E24. the canal and Victorian railway that once linked Port Carlisle to Carlisle. that onceand railway Portto Victorian the canal linked Carlisle. Carlisle -Solway includes the former theincludes -Solway

stoops styles. hedgerows traditional the replacewith gate and and in opportunities wireSeek tofences modern gate remove posts concrete or

: The coastal road coastal Boustead at Hill The by by hedgerows lining the roads. Wide, expansive views lining outhedgerows theroads.Wide, expansive to reas reas Edwardian promenadeknow as „The 83

„ kests .

on ‟ . Views around theareareaViews around -Solway and Port and Carlisle.Bowness- -Solway th century, are still ascentury, visible as well

Banks‟,

109 Landscapes Lowland 110 Lowland Landscapes 6.37 6.36 6.35 Land Use Consultants Use Land E2 Cardurnock Peninsula E2

Peninsula Peninsula Figure6.9 setting of the pastures, particularly discernable in the trees and vegetation discernablecontorted in vegetation the treesand settingparticularly ofthepastures, distinctive MOD architecture of the buildings in Anthorn village a of and village number Anthorn distinctiveof thebuildingsin architectureMOD visible overelement, distances human long large a militaryairfieldare at Anthornand mastsdistinctive ontheformer that stand Bay.The communication of Moricambe along hamlets outcoastalspread edges the thescatteredaround small,linear villages and peninsula,Isolated and are farmsteads feature. edge particularlynorthern are a distinctive the windsoff firth by coming the fencing. wire and more andhawthorn or low are gorse commonlyeither postboundaries hedges of toField oftennarrow thecoastline. medium scale, perpendicular stripfields running Thefields the plain. aroundand of thecoastalplain peninsula areto small occasionallythe thepeninsula, between around formingcoastal theboundary margin with gorsegrazingexist coastalto smallof rough west.road scrub A runs the sloping,improved intensively orgently and flat managedthough pasture, some areas of coastalfarmland that extend aroundareas theedges comprisesThis thesmall area „ which follows the route of Hadrian‟s followsof Hadrian‟s which theroute Way, Coastal aCumbria dismantled railway, firth and the mosses that lie on the higher ground of the peninsula. The farmland the higherthe mosseson ground oftheand peninsula. lie firth that coastalthe marginsbetween transition Peninsula,of theCardurnock a forming Gravel Pits Nature ReservePits Nature thewest Gravel is to located Bowness- of Haaf Haaf net‟

fishing occurs front. thesea along Alongboundary thenorthern runs the : The coastal road coastal thenorthern along The edge Cardurnock of

The features of the area are strongly influenced by the coastalThefeatures by areinfluenced ofthearea strongly . 84 Beech hedgerow alongtrees fields thatline the

W all all . vallum. The Cumbria WildlifeThevallum.Cumbria Trust Other include ofthearea features the and Wall Hadrian‟s Path on -Solway. -Solway. National Trail

is is

Land Use Consultants Use Land E3 Newton Arlosh and NewtonArlosh E3 Kirkbride 6.38 6.39

Cardurnock Peninsula Cardurnock Peninsula Figure6. former military structures, some of which are in use for agricultural storage.useWide, in agricultural militarystructures, for former some are which of Views are afforded across the flat pasture westwards to the large, open afforded Views across pasturewestwardslarge, andthe flat to are flat the undulatinggently pasturemore landarable and lies Flow. to thewest of Wedholme to size, medium squareregular stripfields fields margins, onthewestern expansive views across the firth take in the distinctiveand of Criffel, views skyline acrossin takeviews expansive firth the from the eastern fringes of Moricambe Bay. Flat pasture predominates, with narrow pastureFlat with narrow predominates, Bay. fringes from theeastern ofMoricambe This which lie in the north and west of the area respectively. Kirkbride Airfieldthe north in respectively. lie andwhich lies of thearea west historic containsNewton thelinearand settlements The of Kirkbride area Arlosh, elevation. of WedholmeFlow, isedge largelywhich otherwise due indiscernible to its low Thestandsfeature are a ofthedirection. ofbirch viewsto thesouth, the indicating farmlandlimiting oflowland WedholmeFlow, extensive inthisareas and views Abbeytown. To thesouth iseast thearea pasturearound and enclosedby thehigher Moricambe Bay, as toexpanses as well areas ofNewton ofhigher and lowland Marsh southwards across the expanses of marshes and intertidal flats ofMoricambesouthwardsintertidal Bay expanses across ofmarshes the and the former airfield hangers airfield the former storageThese a for reused and andunits. industrial moretimes.a To ofdeveloped thepredominates,south Kirkbride, character with canbewhich landscape.microlights, noisy at otherwise rural Theairfield is usedfor and ofthearea wartimetowardsrepresents large development thecentre a an in extend to the Lake District Fells. District Fells. extend to theLake area is located south of the Cardurnock Peninsula and extends tosouthwest isthe south located Peninsula oftheCardurnock area extends and

10 : The masts now standing: The former airfield masts on Anthorn at the on 85

. of areaAn

111 Landscapes Lowland 112 Lowland Landscapes 6.41

Land Use Consultants Use Land 6.40

Figure6. structure of monastic granges and holdings and the later 19 and thelater structureof monastic holdings granges and Thepattern of both medieval land enclosuresbeyond. reflects theolder use viewsoutacrossfirth, allowing the tocoastline flats theScottish water thatfringe dropsThe awayground towards ofthe themargins area to the meet marshes and boundaries at particularly thecoastal edge. nearer stylesarchitectural and materials moststate good ofrepairand in of which representthe area, a mixtureare a of hamlets architecture farmsteadsvernacular across scattered and within thevillages, open flat landscape. Silos landscape. open flat farmalso large apparent. buildings and are industrial ofnew number sheds form buildings across and features prominent the ditches. and drains of field the presence reflecting regular, the more fields rectilinear and around thestraight runninglanes roads winding and common fields, former through issmall alsothenetwork in pattern aof roads with This apparent of mixture varied cobble stones and red brick. Cobbled wallsCobbled brick.stones arecobble commonred and across this area, areThere several historic stonebuildings grouped. tightly strong buildings and beech. Settlementsthisand nucleated along exposedcoastal stretchare with the inland,sparse,though trees notably someis further hedgerow very ash,oak occur replacedincreasingly gappy and fencing by towardsand cover tree fringe thecoastal of slightly higher ground bridgebanks abutments or southwidespread, ViewsDistrict Fellsespecially toare farmland from from theLake the firth. seascapeconnectionsBay marginand to ofMoricambe and thecoastal pasture, area ofimproved open This relatively flat, has isstrongvisual a which E4 E4 Seaville to

11 : Seaville to Mawbray Coastal Plain, view towards Silloth : SeavilleMawbray Plain, Coastal viewSilloth to towards Mawbray

. 86 Thesesandstone includered as as well rounded

. Hedgerows become become Hedgerows th century enclosures.

Land Use Consultants Use Land 6.42

Land Use Consultants Use Land 6.43

the western part of the area and along the River Eden. Views of and the area across the westernpart the along Drumlinised Lowland Farmland to the southwest extend to the Lakeland Fellsto Farmland Lowland southwest Drumlinised theextendto theLakeland beyond. beyond. House Figure6. the Inner Solway Firth and to the east by the M6, although the Coastal Plainalthough theCoastal to andthe M6, extends Solwaytheeastby Firth the Inner tobound of theRiver the channel Theythe westand Rockcliffe Marsh are by Esk. to theFirth east Solway into isof RockcliffeMarsh twodiscrete separated byareas is a flat and open landscape open and is flat a This area. Rockcliffe the in someblocks ofplantation woodland and limited pasture The areas of theriverchannel. arablefarmlandcoursewith the comprisealong thestudybeyond eastwards themotorway, area beyond This E5 E5 provide constant noiseprovide movement. and of line and motorwayrailwaya large overheada by theM74 line and lines power It is and theInnercrossed in Marsh. Firth taking theRockcliffe toavailable thewest, small linear settlement of Rockcliffe, and several smallseveralsettlement and of Rockcliffe, farmsteads arelinear small scattered somecomprisesof Rockcliffe arable improvedland pastureand The low farmland across the area. across thearea. to furtherwith someenclosed more inland become undulationgradually and rises openwesternpasture Marsh to edge thewest,flat Rockcliffe and on the species suchasdeciduous woodlandincluding wet alder as this within woodland asother type areas coniferousincludes well and plantation coverts. shelterincludes belts game The and area of the is woodedthatmany more of theCastletown are part which for isThe shooting land managed Estate. and Rockcliffe and Mossband RockcliffeMossband and area of flat, low low flat, of area

12 : Road to the north of Castletown Wood and: Road north the Castletown to of Castletown The CumbriaCoastal Way Wall and passesHadrian‟s Path through lying Coastal Plain located Plain Coastalat theeasternmost endoftheInner , and is relatively unsettledisrelatively and 88 87

. There areThere extensiveviews . . The abutsCoastal Plain The Scottish border TheScottish border runs .

The

113 Landscapes Lowland 114 Lowland Landscapes Land Use Consultants Use Land characteristics Key location Introduction and 6.45 6.44

DRUMLINISEDLOWLAND FARMLAND LOWLANDLANDSCAPE CHARACTER TYPE F: drumlins are characteristic of views looking inlandcharacteristic looking parts many from are ofviews drumlins oftheAONB, low greenand elongated landform skylinesAONB.smooth The oftherolling importantsoutheastan as thesetting play role ofcharacter and areas withinthe Largepredominantly areasthe beyond lie area. toAONB thesouth boundary and The landscape type covers the following landscape character areas: landscape type coverscharacter The landscape thefollowing Figures relevant landscape thisprovidedtype and character inareas landscape are Lowland,TheTypewestareas 5 a areand toclassifiedfollowing eastas orientation. northeast Thelandformsubtle is thewestareafromin drumlin oforientated thestudy Lakelandwith theupland a in Fells forming distinctivebackdrop viewsto thesouth. isLowland TheDrumlinised themost in Farmland extensive type character thestudy and Valley in the in Valley and extending Ridge parts in 5A within thesub-types fall Low Farmland into 5Bsub-type

low drumlins. The pattern of rectilinear roads andThe roads both patternrectilinear low drumlins. a lanes of winding reflects A bottomshedgerow ditches. and l with hedges, withprofiles acrossthe farmland, banks edge clear raised ofditches and topped up rise andthat are sunkenlanes, former and down Distinctivewide drove roads, sense slopes,a on theof enclosure. lower topographyproviding by contained shelteredmore intimate landscape thetopsand and along from ofthehills, drumlin landformThe areaslow relief creates of viewsopen fieldswide with stripfields. enclosure field older patternssizedirregular fields ofmedium narrowlong and with Large regular, geometric enclosures fieldsinterspersed ofparliamentary are withsomeproduction crops.arable intensivelyagricultural land, grazing silagePredominantly managedfor and landscape, by withgreendivided fields deeply A rural, agricultural pastoral hedgerows draped over the rolling drumlinlandforms. drapedhedgerows over the rolling

network of minor network r

LandscapeCharacter Area F LandscapeCharacter Area F LandscapeCharacter Area F LandscapeCharacter Area LandscapeCharacter Area F1: 11- to to 12 southwest, whilst the landform in the east is more irregular, the eastin isthough irregular, more whilst thelandform southwest, . . CumbriaCharacter Landscape Assessment ocally knownocally as „kests‟. oads„roller over around coaster‟ theand and wind rolling 89 F 5 4 3 2

: : : : Abbeytown toEdderside Finglandand Kirkbampton Aiktonand Orton Wigtonand Bromfield Maryportto Ferns and wild flowers grow Ferns and flowersgrow the wild in Aspatria Aspatria

. Maps of the location of Maps ofthelocation .

s , Description 6.46 Land Use Consultants Use Land 6.47

This is a peaceful, rural pastures This ofgentlypeaceful, rolling agricultural landscape arable is a and boggy and poorly formallyand valleys. drove drainedWide sunkenlanes, river roads, boggy narrow Islands wellfarmland and dispersed ofimproved settlements by divided are drumlin farmlandto Fells. theLakelandrolling the low, southeastern the although from slopesare ofthe is wellcharacter secluded limited farmland enclosedwith a and outwards,views In lyingplains coastallower some seascapeareas towards the theSolway beyond. western and experiencedthe northern panoramic slopes, views being the with over sheetswest ice southwest then moving thesea. to glacialtill boulder fields acrossof field clay extending a and drumlin Along the A596 inthe A596 Along thesouthernmostthe landscape study section area, ofthe AllerdalewereForest, a hunting once ofWigton thehistoricroyal areas part forest. enclose of smallrangeto hedges, Tohawthorn with a the east of mediumfields. smallstrip fields Westnewton, characteristicmedieval and with their Hayton ofAbbeytown, villages co

nnect scatterednnect farmsteads thedistinctive historic villages, and including linear along the southern boundary of thestudy thesouthernarea. along boundary to Carlisle, followedat Maryport ofpylons lines by vertical features form which theridgelineThe following communication corridor east to west from thecoast landscape. undeveloped openrelatively and distinctive features otherwise provide an in buildingsdispersed andofthewidely Historicfeatures settlements farms and backdropofuplandattractive hills. more coastal setting enclosedthantheadjacentwith an plains, coastal and lesspeacefuland by Tranquil influenced exposed the areasand offarmland, southwest. distance to thesouthfar and ofViews series to rolling theCumbriaover ridges fells,which up in high rise the been have restored. somewhich of directionare fingerwidespread, postand Traditional road signs sparse with tree areas cover. copses smallexposure,with thehedgerow trees and in features important being A hedge and management; exposuretotype with winds coastal stylewith hedgerow trees,though theCumberland throughextent varies the are mainlyboundaries hawthorn oftraditionally Field laid theNorth hedgesin slurryFarmsoutbuildingsand historic tanks. sheds, settlements.large oftenhave androofs,barns, „crook‟ houseslong of„clay dabbin‟ built styles mixtures ofarchitectural withthatched buildingmaterials, and Varied settlements, linear Westnewton,townsScattered villages/small suchasAllerby, landform. drumlinof field mixture patterns theorientation profiles and ofthe rich and vernacular buildings, followvernacular ofthedrumlins. theorientation historic andEdderside, and farmsteads,clusterscomprising oftraditional variation in tree tree covervariation character in acrossareas thedifferent to according coastal

and village „greens‟ and 90

. Characteristic . as There is There aoutlook coastal from , views are out are views afforded , across „kests‟ , or walled bankstoppedwalled or , arefound inthe , shaped glacial by

115 Landscapes Lowland 116 Lowland Landscapes Land Use Consultants Use Land Forces for change for change Forces features or characteristics Sensitive and the westernfringes and ofCarlisle. large Wigton, overheadcorridor, the towns andMaryport, Aspatria lines power of with theinfluence ofthebusy transport character becomes in urbanised more

and outlook.and wider area. and of theAONB laidhedgerows traditionally with theNorthCumberlandstyle. in laying, or with replacement laying, fencing. tofields,hedgerows enlarge of „kests‟,the neglect strimming versus tr boundary field in hedgerowChanges management,and of such asremoval the landscape itsand area, or settingaffecting character thewider oftheAONB energy development vegetation/land usessoil renewable changing and erosion, indirect andeffectsThedirect change, ofclimate suchtoas storm trees, damage out oftheAONB. those looking into settingviews the AONB outside oftheAONB,from the and includingof the on thesuburban character, character piecemeal nature, ofa The ineffectsuse changes ofdevelopmentand land or to those urban more of a AONB. to thesouthareas ofthe estates outlets,industrial affecting retail primarily and housing,new to Aspartia, Wigton provide and aroundthe AONB including Expansion ofresidential commercialdevelopment and outside across theareas Coast southSolway Thetoinfluences uponfarmland theof thefocus distant form backdropsand which horizons ofviews. extension skylines undeveloped particularly along ofdeveloped open and farmland, developmentchange scale other large may the which theviews from Pressures development renewable for energy includingfarms onshorewind and southwest. distance to thesouththe far and ridges fells,which rolling to Distinctive over theCumbriaup high riseviews in exposedmore coastal fringe. The themosses,contrast between thefarmlandand the and distant hills inland of oldfieldevolvingpatternsdemonstratingand The presence thelayered history time. in Theof traditionalhistoric feel villagesfarmlanda and sense give of stepping back of thearea.parts pastoral fromThepeaceful atmosphere,away thebusier with clearroads, drove edgeprofiles ofditches and stoopsof former sunkenlanes, and wide sandstonegate the Distinctivered and interspersedwith villages farmsteads traditional vernacular ofmixedarchitecture. A development. development. ancillaryelectricity developmentgrid suchasnewconnections, associated all and east rural farmed landscape with historic linear settlementsrural farmed landscape historic with characteristic small linear and

to to

west transport corridor westtransport corridor 91

alo ng the A596, infrastructurepressurefor and theA596, ng „kests‟, raised banks topped banks raised AONB aditional of the

Guidelines for managing for Guidelines change Land Use Consultants Use Land F7 F6 F5 F4 F2 F3 F1

finger post direction signs and gate stoops. post signs direction finger gate and oftraditional removal Gradual historicand features suchasstone „kests‟,walls, homesaround holiday (e.g. Bowness- localisedexample conversionsresidentialfor and Abbeytown), for use barn or Housing developmentandareas ofopen infill within historicintact in villages (e.g. landscape. turbines horsepaddocks wind or to changes leading ofthe thecharacter in businessesnew diversificationsuch and as letting landFarm development of for visitor demands. crops,andenergy and changeoffarmlandto alternativeuses response in to land in exampleChanges useincreasedfor through reducedfor demands or food intensification, a reductionintensification, a the useof agricultural in chemicals the and conservation managementnature through such de- Promoteas encouraging where theyand theFarmland, do notfrom of the detract character area. domesticscale smalland and projects renewable in Promote low carbon small and domesticenergy scaleand small renewable projects. communicationnew masts,siting of any design ofappropriate siting and or association with existing development within the Drumlinised Lowland Lowland Drumlinised within the association existing with development and wider area, such as routeing power suchasrouteing linessensitive wider area, and underground, AONB measureslandscapeSupport whichand reduce visualimpacts uponthe po avoiding avoiding signage, streetbarriers lighting, keeping and minimum; road to a lining measures include: could Suitable in approach keeping landscape. with therural encourage sympatheticthe AONB surroundingin a and farmlandtowork the natureto of highwaysSeek influence other and transport/utilities related an soFarmland characterLowland settingthe Drumlinised that the of, overall futuretheto and Seek influence landscapesforming in development within, appropriate and considered response to the consequences of climate change. change. consideredtoand ofclimate appropriate response theconsequences floodingin erosion, Monitorenabling and thedevelopmentofan changes mitigation measures to avoid or reduceadversemitigationor measures toeffects. avoid consider siting, affected: theimplementationdesign and ofappropriate featuresnot defining views, significantly andare thereasons designation for sections of, rather than large portions,large views. than sectionsof skylineskey in rather of, ofdevelopment, localised influence example: for restricting impacts to of thesettingopportunities form skylines which (where allow) theundeveloped proportion a to high Seek maintain ofundeveloped to horizonsrestore and Lake District to the south, outside the AONB. Seek to reduce the extentoutside Districtsouth, to to the AONB.Lake thereduce Seek of fells ofthe northern Lowland toFarmland extending the the Drumlinised coastal plainshorizons totheAONB,within but also viewsofthemosses and

the farmland within thewiderThese andarea.the thefarmland AONB include d integrity of these landscapes, key characteristics, significant and sensitive and significant ofthese characteristics, landscapes,key d integrity st ‟ direction signs. signs.direction th e useande of hard detail; restoring engineered traditional 92

on -Solway ).

„ finger

117 Landscapes Lowland 118 Lowland Landscapes Land Use Consultants Use Land F13 F14 F16 F15 F10 F9 F8 F11 F12

sustainable option, demolition of unsympathetic buildings within the the within of unsympathetic buildings sustainableoption, demolition opportunities it isand, Encourage themostwhere redevelopment for production of hay instead of silage to increase the presence of wild flowerswild to insteadof increase thepresence production ofhay ofsilage enhances the character of existing settlements such as Silloth and Cargo. and Silloth enhances thecharacter as of existing settlements such Keydevelopment inputs area. include new ensuring will protects and the area. beneficial styles are to materials and thewider characterappropriate which of Farmland. SeekLowland the use toDrumlinised of more promote design guidance for development within the Drumlinised Lowland Farmland. developmentLowland forDrumlinised within the design guidance adopt appropriate produceand withthelocal authorities,In partnership developed areas blend more areas blend developed with sympathetically vernacular. the traditional successful street patterns. shouldsettlementand enhancearea aim and ofthe to morphology preserve walls cobbled withboundaries walls, cobble storey red with and dwellings sandstone treatment promoting the use of native species,treatment promoting theuse of native andplanting gardenappropriate development other Promote boundary Farmland. Drumlinised Lowland ofthe villages development This influence which includespolicies in or inthecountryside villageof thearea. to contribute and which thecharacter buildings, greens infillKeyavoiding spaces inputsinclude of thearea. of green may between responses soobjectives applications the aslandscape to to planning support planningto upon and local Seek advise influence authority policies and and objectives for and the vision conservation creations between habitat synergy and measures and productionthe of Encourage is not ofthelandscape that the character ensure substantiallyaltered. change effects crops,and ofclimate energyfood knock-on and other theinfluence Manage and responsetodemands increased for future possible hard ofsmallto manage.conservation grazing are sites those or which includingintensity encouraging ofagriculture, theuseof smallherds for arising any from reductionopportunities Take in positive forcreation habitat thelanes.along especially of thelandscape, certain times at valuedwhich are feature ofyear a new development is appropriate to the landscapes of the AONB and widerand oftheAONB development istonew appropriate thelandscapes naturalness), and within it tranquillity the settlementsand Farmland (i.e. oddsDrumlinised at be theLowland with may ofthe character issues to measures trafficwhich help for management, Explore any resolve and materials whichmatch materials complement thelocalor and two vernacular (e.g. styles forms, architectural promotingshould guidancetheuse of includeKey protection and to provide comment on planning applications tothat to applicationsprovideand commentensure protection onplanning landscapeplanningpoliciesauthorities for with thelocal Work to influence

). New development New toregard thetraditional should also have Cumbria‟s 93

Lowland Farmland landscapes. Farmland Lowland „ integrated management integrated plans so that housing other and .

‟ , helping to ensurehelping , to to

of of Land Use Consultants Use Land F19 F18 F17

that they are suitablegiven trendsthat they are current climate in change. Farmland, Drumlinised thetraditional characterLowland andreflect ofthe planting, speciesthatthesetree ensuring for on suitable Advisechange. ofas aspecies the balance orarise species which consequenceof climate positiveMonitor provide a to and adaptation in changes approach to any effects of climate change and build adaptive capacity in the landscape. changeeffects adaptive of climate build capacity and the landscape. in in the future. in clumps,copses woodlandsthese ofthe and tolandscapeas features maintain the planting ofEncourage avenues, along intree trees within and hedgerows silos. tanksor slurry sited barns, ofconcrete modern as thebuilding prominently tracks, discourage Conversely, development wouldsuch the which landscape affect skills,grantsand and stewardship schemes or with funding. to help competitionshedge-laying of opportunities to such promoteas awareness laying and gap filling of hedgerows on a 5-10 year themost rotation,making ofhedgerowsgap 5-10 laying and filling ona style hedge- stewardshipschemes. north Promotetraditional Cumberland the area through site-specific projects,competitions or site-specific throughgrant suitable and the area repair and landowners to Continuetoencourage

Consider appropriate species Considerto enhancerobustness appropriate to the 94

restore„kests‟ throughout

119 Landscapes Lowland 120 Lowland Landscapes 6.49 6.48 F1 Abbeytownto F1Edderside a character Landscape Land Use Consultants Use Land

Figure6. glacial deposits and drumlins, moulded by glacial ice sheets during the last ice age. icesheets age. glacial thelastice mouldedby during deposits glacial drumlins, and ofthelandscape, the orientationsouthwestthe grain by as dictated following of northeastthe medievalsystem orientated Roads reflecting are ofenclosure. the settlementshape surrounding in are varied Abbeytown size, more at and predominantlyThe fieldsstraight,the are pattern.reflecting regular, field rectilinear Roads ditches. ground road-side this damp of hedges through at thebaseand area bound by Fields native are hedgerow trees,hedges and withfernsgrowing the in dispersed quarriesalong gravel are the southern sandand edge. bel theto open coastalplainswooded lanes the increase sense contrast in of enclosure The winding inirregular and shapeto small from ranging mediumsize.in scale pastureused predominantly grazing silagefor fieldsbeingand with production, Farmland southwestLowland stretching Drumlinised of gently areafrom An rolling ridges, small rounded hills and drumlins with tree clumps are features. hills smallLandrounded is ridges, are cover tree with drumlins clumps and topographylies thewest undulating in . treeand greater and cover of area southeastAn variedDistrict slopes from themore Lake facing ofthearea. isviews coastal in Views visible ofthe acrossto extend theOuterFirth. fells The lying tolow farmland. off-shoreWindFarm views southeast theRobin Rigg over the up from rises coastal plains gently surrounding floodplains,allowing extensive and of the historicAbbeytown, village tolocated theThesouth area Bay. ofMoricambe ow . Tarns Dub is an attractive, low lying lake, well used by birds. numberA of attractive, islowlyingTarnslake,. an Dub usedbirds. by well

13 : View to the Solway Firth from Edderside View SolwayFirth the to fromEdderside reas reas 95

Here fragmented to to

6.50 Land Use Consultants Use Land Maryport F2

type 5A Ridge andRidge Valleytype 5A the in sub-largely isclassifiedThis as northernqualities area ofthemore parts diminish. and theA596 lines, associatedthetranquillitypower rural developments, and where by overhead runs amore character, ofa boundary corridor developed dominated the Along southern enclosuresfield scale associated withintensivefarmingpractices. scale, less intensive, medieval strip fields around the villages predominate lessscale, stripfields around the intensive,medieval villages area, around which medieval strip fields remain. small which medievalOutsidearound where area, stripfields remain.these areas, distinctivehistoric linear with southweststrongrunning parallel, a valleys and ridges system a lowland from thesurrounding areas farmland ground by forming the higher inthesouth lies outsideThisthe AONB ofthestudyis area differentiated area and above Westnewton Figure6.

14 : Views southwardsofViewsthe series rolling hills fromfarmland to Aspatria „ green ‟ villages ofHayton Westnewtonwithin and fall this Cumbria Landscape CharacterLandscapeCumbria Assessment 96

to to northeast grain northeast .

, a , re l .

arge The

121 Landscapes Lowland 122 Lowland Landscapes Land Use Consultants Use Land Wigton Bromfield F3 and 6.51 6.52

Figure6. wartime airfield at Great Orton. Beyond this southern corridor, views south views Great include corridor, airfield at Beyond this southern wartime Orton. developmentsother significant and turbines onthedisusedthe windlocated include low-lying andfloodplainstheHolmeflat oftheWaverthe and River between Dub formingtransitionala landscape to lies This thesouth ofthestudy area, area and Bromfield the Lakeland Fells in the in Fells distance. the Lakeland area is Wigton.The crossedseveral south by overhead large ofthe electricity lines around thetownmoreparticularly southerncharacter, of in boundary urbanised transportmakes of trafficpart corridor Development and the theA596 along eastclear Thefollowing landformmade Fells. low drumlins, a upof Lakeland predominantly is land thefoothillsapproaching elevatedthe moreof basinand agricultural

15 to to : west orientation. View across the DrumlinisedWigton LowlandView the across Farmlandof 97

Land Use Consultants Use Land 6.53 6.54

Figure6. F4 Aikton and Orton Orton Aikton and F4 A large area of inland Drumlinised Lowland Farmland, extending fromFarmland, extending Drumlinised theouter ofinlandLowland area large A arable fields clay indrierareasarable basedon boulder pasture usedgrazing predominantly for and pasture/silage land, improved with some to Oulton ofCarlisle western fringes areas, contrasting with the sparse tree cover of the lower-lying thecontrasting cover with tree ofthe areas, coastalThe plains. sparse lower-lying extents hedgerowacross and hedgerows of woodlandscattered the trees,with small either side of narrow lanes. In the western part thetopographypart western of thearea sideofnarrow lanes. either hasthe a In of buildings, historic retain an villages mainly comprising character, clusters tight knit Fells distant southviews Lakeland views to the Beyond include thissouthern corridor, turbinesthe wind Greatinclude onthedisusedairfield at located wartime Orton. largecrossed developmentsseveral by electricity linesoverhead significant other and toeast more theeasta southeastform, predominantly orientated drumlinised gently southern boundary more urbanised in character. aremoreThe southerncharacter. southernarea in boundary parts urbanised ofthe transportmakes of trafficpart corridor Development and the theA596 along . .

Farmland and remnant mossland north of Oulton northFarmland and of remnant mossland Oulton 16 to to west is orientation apparent. 98

. The area is The area intensivelyfarmed agricultural . Fields are bound by Fieldsnative are to to northwest, whereas whereas northwest,

123 Landscapes Lowland 124 Lowland Landscapes Land Use Consultants Use Land andFingland F5 Kirkbampton 6.55 6.56

Figure6. Biglands and the floodplains of the River Wampool. Lying immediatelyLying an south thefloodplains Wampool. Biglands of River and ofthe of farmland thestretching from area large rolling A ofCarlislewestern fringes to drumlin hills that run throughhills thatrun the area drumlin containssmall,linearhistoric a villages The settlementsarea number including of and furtherinland. drumlinlandform rolling markedly more nearthe coast and transition theundulating irregulargradual from farmlandthe and northern ofthe area this part represents coastalundulating expanseof a farmland, the NationalReserveFinglandrigg scatteredNature at are including across this area, woodland Small areasFells. mosses foothillsofremnant hills and oftheLakeland and to the extend across theundulatingfarmland rolling coastalto thecoast orinland Littlelong ridge andtopsthe broad Bampton sit which along Kirkbampton ofthe areas between hills. between areas strongstructureand the area a ingreater senseparticularly of enclosure, lower Wood .

High hedgerows of hawthorn mounted on banks, and hedgerow treesand hedgerows give High mounted on banks, ofhawthorn 17 : Former drove road leading north towards Thurstonfield FormerThurstonfield road towards drove leadingnorth 99

. Wide viewsWide hills theslopes from ofthe

Land Use Consultants Use Land characteristics Key 6.59 location Introduction and 6.57 6.58

UNDULATINGCOASTAL FARMLAND LOWLANDLANDSCAPE CHARACTER TYPEG The key characteristics of the coastal farmland are: are: farmland coastal characteristicsThekey ofthe it. The relevant areas areCoastal areas TypeThe 2 relevant classifiedit. withinthesub-types asMargin, within the largelyCoast type lies Solway butalso extends AONB boundary, outside andfollows becks and thelandform winding channels thatThis dissect thefarmland. irregular stripof mediumfields,is very predominantly and fieldsnarrow toand small The pattern, field striated acrossextending of a field drumlin glacial till. undulating arable gently occasional pasturescomprises and The fieldslandscape in the northeast of the study area and along the western coast of the Outer Firth. and thewesternarea along Firth. northeast the ofstudy coastin oftheOuter Firth,marginsfrom thecoastal alongstretchthe oftheSolway bounding a Firth Inner This coastalof lowlying undulating landscape occursimmediately farmlandinland Th Figures11-12. landscapeof thistype andcharacter landscape relevant provided areas are in in the Coastal Plain 2C

is orientation and profiles and orientation of the landform. mixture patternsof field winding roads lanes and and the reflects rich both a A network of minor network the undulating roadsthrough A Thepattern hills. wind of bottomshedgerow ditches. and toppedlocally aswith hedges, known „kests‟. flowers Ferns grow wild and t in someprofiles ditches raised parts with clearedge and banks ofthefarmland, of that are sunkenlanes, formerDistinctive and throughwide drove run roads, the from shelteredlandscapesviews more tops with wide and ofthehills, fieldsand The irregularlow relief landform creates ofopen contrasting areas winding and becksarea. the landform through thatrun sizedirregular fields,patternstothe undulating ofmedium by small contained interspersed enclosure with areasfield sizedenclosuresMedium ofolder are copses plantations. woodland crops and with some occasional arable and for largely grazing silage managedand agricultural production land, Predominantly ditches.hedgebanks drainage hedgerows, and landscape, by with green deeply fields pastoral divided rural, agricultural A contained within areas of lower topography.within areas oflower contained landscape type covers the following landscapeareas.following type coverscharacter landscape the

LandscapeCharacter Area LandscapeCharacter Area Cumbria Landscape CharacterLandscapeCumbria Assessmentlocation Maps ofthe . 100 G G

2: 1 : Allonby: B urgh - by

- Sands

and Beaumont

:

he 125 Landscapes Lowland 126 Lowland Landscapes Description 6.60

Land Use Consultants Use Land 6.61

form, river channels channels river form, and patterns. field coast to offarmland theseareas inland.further flats saltmarshfarmland The transition and from theintertidal ofthe open flatthan thewide, less and aplains coastaland exposedmorelandscape dissected becks smallwinding landform, bydrainage and ditches, creates and varied a till. The subtle fields across ofundulating extending a field striated drumlin glacial rural landscape Thispeaceful, occasional undulating isand of gently a pasturearable present, including aofRomanf number present, including as known „kests‟.locally profiles with clearedge lanes, ditches raisedwith and banks toppedwith hedges, formercomprising aredrovedistinctive andthere wide roads some sunkenIn areas the Solway Firth. the Solway timesat other and long woodland, expansive,and are overlooking of the seascape sometimeshedgebankstall the topography, by areas small contained and of torising elevationslandat thecoastal twoand quickly some in of10-25m areas, between the coastal margins,and the the boundary with thesteep banks forming lowland drumlinised landform pronounced low-relief than themore irregular and visually and in terms of the pattern of features and historical land use in and visually termsand offeatures ofthepattern historical land There strong a remains edge. connection thecoastal with setting ofthelandscape,

They comprise clusters of traditional and historicand clusters vernacularstrongly comprise buildings, They oftraditional settlements. Farms often have large sheds outbuildings. and settlements. oftenhave Farms provide distinctive focal ruralfocal landscape.distinctive deeply pointsa provide in buildings dispersedwidely ofthe Historic settlements and features farms and coastal plains. peaceful theadjacentand less Tranquil areas offarmland, open than exposedand distance to thethe far in southwest. south and series ridges over Viewsfells,of rolling to inland theCumbria high risewhich up restored. T sparse with tree areas cover. in copses smallexposure,with thehedgerow trees and features important being tree charactercoverareasvariationthe different across in toA according coastal with exposuretotype winds. coastal stylewith hedgerow trees,though theCumberland throughextent varies the are mainly boundaries hawthorn Field oftraditionally laid theNorth hedgesin androofs,barns, „crook‟ houseslong of„clay built styles mixtures ofarchitectural withthatched building materials, Varied and undulating landformon banks.planted varied ofhedges thenetwork and outviews seascape, across theSolway outlookis coastal sections,There western a from some and of thenorthern with theirby setting. coastal influenced southwest.Crosscannonbyand Allonby the northeastBeaumont and in the in settlements, and the villages of Burgh-by-Sands Distinctiveinclude linear raditional „finger post‟ road and direction„finger post‟and signs,raditional road s

Lanes the landscapethe irregular through land following wind are cultural associationshistoricStrong features and 101 is more abrupt than that between thecoastalabruptthan more plains

or tlets following along the tletsthe along coastal following edge, al though viewsoften contained the are by ome of which have been have ome of which dabbin ‟ found in the historicfound inthe . Views are

Sensitive features or Sensitive characteri Land Use Consultants Use Land Forces for Forces change and the saltpans Crosscanonby.and at courseof Hadrian‟s Wall passingthenorthernaround through area Burgh

Dumfries and Galloway. and Dumfries theDistrict thethe AONB,fellsincluding and Lake Scottish of coast line theviewsthose and wider outsideoutof area, looking and into theAONB from (which may influence existing(which may agreements) management in as theincrease as well toalteration grazing regimes demandenergy changing crops foodor and for practices farming in Changes use,demand land and uses,land alternative for relation roads. in development, toof thesize traffic andPressures increased needs parking as a associated with oftourist result Theeffects of character landscape wider oftheAONB area, and its or setting outlook. and energy usesvegetation/land changing developmentaffecting renewable and the indirect andeffectsThedirect change, ofclimate suchtoas storm trees, damage realignment managed recommendations the of change,sea levelincreasedClimate rise, stormserosion the coastal and and thefocus distantof views. form backdropsand which horizons extension skylines undeveloped particularly along ofdeveloped open and developmentchange scale other large may thefarmland, which theviews from development Pressuresenergy includingfarms renewable onshorewind for and southwest. distance to thesouththe far and rollingDistinctive over ridgesviews fells,which to theCumbriaup high rise in Firth the skylinesand undeveloped oftheSolway Scottish hills. to expanses thevastDistinctive over open, views landscapes ofintertidal of thefarmland. boundaries old field The evolving demonstratingpresence and thelayered history pastoral tranquil A atmosphere. laidhedgerows traditionally with theNorthCumberlandstyle. in with clearroads, drove edgeprofiles ofditches and „kests‟,ban raised of former sunkenlanes, and stoopswide sandstonegate Distinctive red the and WallSite. Heritage Hadrian‟s World archaeological significant sitesincluding the withtheRomanfrontier, associated traditionalRich historicalinterest, including villageheritageindustrial cores, and time. in back ofthe historic feel villageswhere farmland a traditional and give senseof stepping in character historicassociation settled and Rural thevillages with hamlets sculpturedCoastal wind stands and hedgerows trees. ofcontorted beech the distantand inland themore hillsinland, and exposedcoastal fringe. Contrast theexposed and between coastalfields margins thesheltered further

large development ofthesetting onthecharacter oftheAONB 102

stics

Shoreline Management Plan Shoreline ks topped -by-Sands

.

127 Landscapes Lowland 128 Lowland Landscapes Guidelines formanaging Guidelines change Land Use Consultants Use Land G1 G3 G2 AONB, but also the lowland farmland landscapes tonorthern farmlandfellsextending the AONB,lowland of but also the within the These coastalfarmland. include oftheplains views the horizons to thesettingopportunities form skylines which allow) theundeveloped atoproportion Seek maintain high ofundeveloped to horizonsrestore and (where appropriate, takingand intoappropriate, somein consideration theneedinstances or to maintain natural processesallow in as to advocated the act and toManage change. theconsequences the ofclimate process ofrealignment andcoastal appropriate erosion enabling thedevelopment ofan consideredresponse the Monitor along edges changes trendsseaward any to patterns determine or in effects. mitigationmeasures adverse the implementationofappropriate reduce or to avoid not significantlyare affected: considersiting,the reasons design designation for and characteristics,landscapes,key features sensitive defining and views, significant and so that theoverall coastalcharacterintegrity ofthese the undulating of, and farmland futuretheto and Seek influence landscapesforming in setting development within, portions,large views.sections than key of skylinesin rather of, localised impacts to ofdevelopment, extentexample: ofinfluence forrestricting Districtsouth to tothe AONB. southeastreducethe the Lake Seek and outside

finger post direction signs poststoops. direction finger gate and oftraditional removal Gradual historicand features suchasstone „kests‟,walls, or with replacement laying, fencing. tofields,hedgerows enlarge of „kests‟,the neglect strimming versus traditional boundary management, field in hedgerow ofChanges and such asremoval housing new Development Frameworks influencing sites. ofdevelopmentThe statutoryinfluence policies the in Local plan emerging upgradingextensions, alterations road signage, or new suburbanisation, and etc. incrementalyet scale and from Small resulting changes home„improvements‟ newhousing. for settlements,result ofdemand as a Extension development infill areasthe housing of and open between in areas of Influences suchasthe incremental and caravans suburbanisation ofcaravanparks. extent to due theadditionalfarmland for need land) size theincreasing and of incampsitePressure development/redevelopmentfor reduction (including useholiday residential or homes. for conversions barn Crosscanonby),localised Burgh-by-Sands and exampleand for Housing developmentandareas ofopen infill within historicintact in villages (e.g. landscape. turbines horsepaddocks wind or to changes leading ofthe thecharacter in diversification and Farm businesses development ofnew suchas letting land for stoops.gate damaging machinery large tractorsand usingsizeof farming narrow thesmall lanesand along the coast through the for long thecoastthrough along requirement a distanceaccess coastal route.

Marine and CoastalAccess Marine and Act 103

Shoreline Management PlanShoreline which may requirealterations may which

. . of the where where

Land Use Consultants Use Land G4 G6 G5 G7 G8 G9 G10 G11 G13 G12 and culturalinterests..and heritage existing hard defencesreinforce infrastructure, to key settlement protect natural and engineered detail; and engineered restoring„finger traditional post‟ signs. direction avoiding signage, barrierslining lighting, minimum; road to a and keeping therural with landscape.include: keeping measures street Suitable could farmlandto the AONB surrounding encouragesympathetic and a approach in the natureto of highwaysSeek influence other and in transport/utilities work related Promote low carbon and domestic scale renewable projects association in andrenewable scale with Promote domestic low carbon domestic energy projects. renewable scale and communicationsiting of any masts,design ofsmall appropriatesiting and or farmland, coastalsuchpower asrouteing undulating underground,sensitive lines seascape visualand measureslandscape, uponthe Support which impacts reduce existing development within the undulating coastal farmland, and wherethey coastaland within theundulating farmland,existing donot development hay instead of silage to increaseof wild at the presence which instead of silage flowers certain hay times theuseof agricultural reductionin intensification, a chemicals the productionand of managementconservationthrough suchde- Promoteas encouraging nature thecharacter from detract ofthearea. of year valuedof year are featurea of thelandscape, along the lanes. especially Take opportunities for positive habitat creation arising any from reduction creation opportunitiesTake in positive for habitat and energy crops, and other knock-on effectscrops,andenergy ofclimate changeand knock-on other to ensure that the increased theinfluence Manage and food response todemands for future possible of smallsites hard grazing to those or are which manage. includingintensity encouraging ofagriculture, theuseconservationof smallherds for landscape management objectives of the AONB. management landscape objectives oftheAONB. coastal accesswhilst route changes developmentis line any ensuring or in the with applications onplanning relatedtoadvising when Considerparticularly applications. sites, undesignated and designated archaeological Roman fortlets,churches, and ofhistoricConsider thesetting fabric features, and such ashistoric buildings, farmlandlandscape ofthecoastal character is notaltered. substantially Marine and CoastalAccess Marine and Act characteristic features in characteristic in features the landscape. but farmthe needsvehicles, accommodate oflarger a so that they remain toreplace or Seek restore stoops thetraditional gate socan that these settlements agr improvementorbuildings,or changesthe creation ofhistorical of paths, alteration in requirements of legislation of requirements such asthe farmland adjacentthat to ofthecoastal lie In areas thecoast, respond to the landscape. the in robustnessbuildenhance change effectsand adaptive ofclimate capacity to the the future. thesein ofthelandscape as features speciesConsider appropriate to inhedgerowsavenues, clumps, and copses tree within maintain woodlands and to trees along and Encouragethe planting appropriate. removed replanting when of hedgerowto Seek maintain trees,copsesbelts, as trees replacing tree and are they icultural practices,thatthe historicor characteraffect of mightdamage adversely

, key features of historical and cultural ofhistoricaland features key interest to promote the positive development of a long distance longtodevelopment ofa promotethe positive 104

Countryside and Rights of Rights Act of and Countryside Way or archaeological sites. th e usee of hard and the

129 Landscapes Lowland 130 Lowland Landscapes 6.62 Land Use Consultants Use Land G20 G19 G14 G18 G17 G16 G15

funding. to promoteandstewardshipawareness or grants skills,and schemes with to help competitions rotation, making the most10 year ofsuchas hedge-laying opportunities traditional north Cumberland style hedge-laying Cumberlandfillingand north stylehedge-laying of hedgerows traditional gap 5- ona projects,competitions or grant stewardship suitableschemes. and Promote Continueto re silos. ofconcrete tracks,building sited or prominently barns modern discourage Conversely, development wouldsuch the which landscape affect as the schemes,management. toto traditional assist help promoteand withfunding wallsof cobbled ). sandstone withboundaries walls, red with dwellings vernacular (e.g.complement thelocal or match twostorey historic buildings (fortified farmsteads) and ponds through stewardship or stewardship pondsgrant historic through (fortifiedfarmsteads) buildings and land owners to Encourage traditionalmaintain restoreor suchas„kests‟, features coastal villages in oftheundulating the countrysideor farmland. Thisarea. development includespolicies to ofthe influence thecharacter which in spacesavoiding ofgreen inputs infill include between contribute may which buildings applicationsplanning so as toobjectives support ofthearea. thelandscape Key planning local toinfluence authorityupon and Seek advise responsespolicies and to successful andpreserve enhance street patterns. regardhave to thetraditionalsettlementshould and ofthearea morphology toaim which architecturalpromoting theuseshouldof forms,materials styles include and the production Encourage of guidance fordevelopment coastalundulating guidance within theKey farmland. guidance adopt appropriatedesignproduceand withthelocal authorities, In partnership to thewider characterbeneficial ofthearea. to Seek promotethe useappropriatestyles whichof more materials are and coastal theundulating option, within buildings farmland. demolition ofunsympathetic opportunities Encourage redevelopmentitis for and, themostwhere sustainabl villages ofAllonby, Crosscanonbythe linear and Burgh-by-Sands. development protectsthecharacter enhances ofexisting and settlements,suchas ensuring development include isto new appropriatewill thelandscape. Keyinputs protection to applications provide and comment onplanning tothat new ensure authorities with thelocal Work landscapeplanning for topolicies influence the settlementsnaturalness),and it within tranquillity(i.e. and coastal undulating farmland oddsof the thecharacter with to measures traffic help for management, Explore issuesany resolve at which be may objectives for creations conservationthe vision between and habitat synergy and measures and

coastal farmland landscapes. Cumbria‟s coastal farmland pair restorepair throughand „kests‟ thesite area throughout „ integrated management integrated plans 105

.

New development should New also ‟ , helping to ensurehelping , -specific -specific

e 6.63 Land Use Consultants Use Land Allonby G1 character Landscape areas 6.64

Figure6. north becomes has a inrolling and more strong and undulating somethelandform areas totown isof Allonby theseasideThe resorttopography gently ofMaryport. Thisarea more strongly influenced by the coastalthan location by inland stronglyinfluenced themore more area, with some parts likening topographically varied. topographically varied. the saltpans Crosscanonby. at of Romanthe line include the westerncoastline fortlets follow towers which and and The historical ofthe features villages them. whichto extend along area thelinear and below runningabove, rise drop thevillages, to thecontours,perpendicular and patternsmedieval theyof field Where long remain, scale, are smallnarrow, a and and to to

northeastto south is is 18 located in the in located south thesmall stretching from coastal ofthestudy area, : Undulating: farmlandAllonby south of to to areas of coastal plain, thoughelevatedareas more and plain, ofcoastal to to southwest grain. southwestThe aregrain. western parts ofthis area 106

131 Landscapes Lowland 132 Lowland Landscapes Land Use Consultants Use Land Burgh- G2 6.65

theScottishnorth and coast beyond. theseand take the largeareascoastalin edge of thatlie estuary marsh and to the areasgained andViewsbe acrossofthehigher towards the can fromsomeFirth the within the linedand „kests‟sunkenlandform by lanes thatare hedgerow and trees. shelter particularly lowerand in enclosure areas. largely Views contained are by ofwoodland copsesareas and sense settlementsof foundaround alsocontributethe exposurecoastalHigh edges. open and hawthorn hedgesmountedon banks, small areas a with providing senseintimacyand of enclosurethatcontrasts themore from BeaumontSands, Kirkandrews- and contains thearea north, and ofhistoric number a settlements Burgh-by- including oftheInnerreaches Firth.of Hadrian‟s Thecourse bounds Wall to thearea the the in immediately lies easternThis south Marsh andMarsh area Rockcliffe ofBurgh

by -Sands -Sands and Beaumont 107

on -Eden. The landform is undulating is undulating -Eden. Thelandform and varied,

Land Use Consultants Use Land characteristics Key location Introduction and 6.66 6.67

TOWNAND FRINGE LOWLANDLANDSCAPE CHARACTER TYPEH: COASTAL the Kingmoor Nature Reserve and Rockcliffe. Maryport and SillothMaryportsmall and Rockcliffe.NatureReserve and are townsthe Kingmoor andsettlements Maryport, an ofSilloth, area ofurban fringe west of Carlislebetween the to are outsidecloseit, butinlarger Lying of theAONB boundary, proximity indicate the location ofthese indicate areas. located on the western coastline, whilst Kingmoor and Rockcliffefurther and onthewesternlie inland coastline,located Kingmoor whilst The landscape type covers the following landscape character areas:landscapecharacter type coversThe landscape thefollowing types the within areas towns areincluded fringe asCoastalUrban and Fringe and Urbancharacter The coastal power to and lines overhead developmentrelated activities. leisure of builtdevelopment, suchsidings, asrailway largeprominence infrastructure roads, settledThese the east oflandscapes,are thestudy area. characterisedby the

settingof the landscape to the and moods depending on weather and moods seasonaland on weather changes. depending largeskiesVast changing Firth, with viewsoutacross seaward theSolway colours frontier. associated withtheRoman heritage industrial including sites and Richarchaeological historicalinterest, the noiseby from busyroads, lines. ports railway and fragmented a In places, andwhich sometimes landscape is influenced discordant ofCarlisle.on thefringes usesparks,land includingairfields, mixed and allotments, railway caravan sidings fringe compriseUrban areas disparate a collection very with ofdevelopment form of the part areas locally the surrounding of opencoastalplains and flat, form landmarksspires, prominent from Buildings structures, suchas church and theand of the man-madeformsthe shoreline shape coastal edge Hard, Silloth.the seaseasideand in resorts ofMaryport the Georgianand materials,facades Victorian ontobuilding including fronting and characterisedSettlement facades cores and by are distinctivearchitecture styles types. of different areasor fringewithlooselythem, surrounding ofurban disperseddevelopments settlements ofdevelopment a and wider Linear range types oldcentres with areas,openinLow-lying generally and flat character. settlements of Maryport settlementsSilloth. ofMaryport and

LandscapeCharacter Area LandscapeCharacter Area LandscapeCharacter Area Cumbria Landscape CharacterLandscapeCumbria Assessment 108 H H H and wider wider area. and AONB

3: Maryport3: 2: 1: Silloth Kingmoor

and and Cargo . .

Figures 11

and and 12

to

133 Landscapes Lowland 134 Lowland Landscapes Description 6.68 Land Use Consultants Use Land Forces for change for change Forces 6.69 Sensitive features or characteristics Sensitive

western coastline of the study area and have old cores, with Silloth based around a and old withSilloth based have a cores, around western coastline ofthestudyarea different in are Thetowns coastal seascape Maryport of theAONB. ofSillothand landscape different uses and the relationships within have other areas and with settlementof different types,developments a land TheySilloth. represent and range fringethe seasideat at thewestern area, of Carlisle and towns Maryport and of places within largely thestudyThese lie three outsidein areas the AONB occur and planned Victorian centre Victorian planned seaside These planned as atownsresort. adjacent to lie coastalbeaches along the historically havingport size,with a Silloth and developedcharacter and Maryport as industrial land uses, rather than housing. housing. uses,rather land than industrial unitscommercial other and an more characterised area sidings,Carlisle, railway by industrialLarge structuresof more featurea are fringeto the urban in west of settlements, intheshoreline. particularly viewsalong points surroundingcoast theseand within areas from areas alsofocal the from form of theexperience important an ofthe structures themform associated part with seaand Thedocks large sea defences,walls. and by characterised promenades

open and undeveloped horizons. undeveloped open and extension Maryport,particularly shore at Sillothand skylines ofdeveloped alon fromviews may large other which changefarms and the scaledevelopment windoffshore and Pressures development renewable for energy including on weststreet. trees ofthehigh ofpine clump tocoastal the plain the town the from of Maryport viewsfrom Seaward andSilloth, and in theSilloth distinctive views ofthearea. the geodiversity whichthe contributecliffsof Maryport, along Thethe north red coastlinein with theRomanfrontier Maryport. in sites Sites structures ofhistorical interest, and includingassociated archaeological andMaryport Silloth. within thetraditional to ofplace contributing thesense seaside resorts of streetsDistinctivedetails,cobbled street furniture posts, and suchas lamp Maryport. and Silloth front in facadesVictorian andTraditional onbuildings Georgian associated withthesea coastal into roads thecoastal farmland. along extend chaletthe suburban recent style bungalowsand Outlying housing This is notalways Rigg, Robin visiblehorizon. at open acrossthe farm Views wind to theoffshore of areas settlements open mowngrass within and the settlements themselves. interspersedareaswith development ofagricultureSmall the at edges ofthe

a tranquiland ofdisturbance.landscape has areas . The coastal edges within The coastal edges arehard these areas and 109

east, and „The distinctive and Green‟

to to g Land Use Consultants Use Land Guidelines for managing for Guidelines change H4. H3. H2. H1.

and wider wider areaand energy character oftheA renewable development thelandscape affecting Theinfluences ofthe Influences suchasthe senseof place. local ofSillothchanging distinctiveness developmentonthefringes modern and Thesheds,development oflarge unitsindustrial forms other ofinappropriate and character. historic townscape may which notboundaries fitintosympathyin thelandscapebe always or with settlementdensityproposals ofhousing,or developmentoutside for the current open areasMaryportanddistinctive Silloth ofand increase within Infill in an the ofthe integrity months, and winter any uponthecharacter and effects ofstaticnumber caravans;especiallythese the visibilityof the landscape in in development/redevelopment/suburbanisationPressurefor increase in and the vegetation/landchangingand uses, species alterationtrees, or adaptation indirect andeffectsstreet The direct change, ofclimate suchto as storm damage area, theviewsintowider settingand and AONB outside ofthe AONB from the includingsuburban character, piecemeal nature, ofa of the on thecharacter The ineffectsuse changes ofdevelopmentand land or to those urban more of a development. associated ancillary gridconnections, all electricity and infrastructurepressurefor development and Theinfluences suchasmajor new recommendations which would affect thecoastline. affect would which recommendations the thecoastthrough foralong longrequirement a distanceaccess coastal route. surrounding coastal plains and lowland farmland landscapes. farmland plains lowland coastal surrounding and those outofthelooking AONB. the use of hard engineeredthe useof hard details and barriers, markings,avoidingto signage, such as: lighting roads carparks or changes farmlandlandscapes, lowland coastal plain and including surrounding proposed work utilitiesthe in toand related Seek influence transport consideredand appropriate response change. to of climate theconsequences erosion coastalMonitor in enabling thedevelopment changes of an reduce adverse effects.reduce mitigation theimplementationdesign and measures ofappropriate to avoid or thesetting form which character of thearea. character and integrity ofthe integrity and setting futuretheto and Seek influence landscapesforming in development within, portions, sections,ofskylines. localised large rather than the extent ofinfluenceforreduce of development, so example that itaffects the firth,bay to and the over openwater mosseslowland farmland, and skylines and views the highto Seek maintain proportionofundeveloped northern fells of the Lake District and the Scottish hills and coast. Seek to Seek fells oftheLake theScottishDistrict and northern coast. and hills

of the AONB landscape and wider area, so widercharacterand area, the AONBthat the overall landscape , and its and setting outlook. and Shoreline Management Plan Marine and CoastalAccess Marine and Act se landscapesnot consider siting, significantlyare affected: of 110 the seaside resorts. These include views over the seaside over views resorts. These include

to maintain the rural and undevelopedrural and the maintain managementand any which may requirealterations may which ONB

135 Landscapes Lowland 136 Lowland Landscapes

Land Use Consultants Use Land H13. H12. H5. H9. H8. H11. H10. H6. H7. H14.

housing, to help reduce views of more utilitarianmore therural development in housing,toreduce of views help existingparks caravan and including development, woodedstrips around Increase access Increase appreciati to and seafronts oftheseasidetowns anyresolve help issuesbe may at odds ofthe which thecharacter with measures visitor for Explore including management, toparking, traffic and siting, design and implementation of small and domestic scale renewable implementationdomesticand renewable and scale siting,design of small sensitivecommunication masts,appropriatesiting of any and underground, suchplains, of theAONB surrounding power and aslines coastalrouteing measureslandscapesettingSupport whichand reduce visualimpacts uponthe of proposals. This will include issues such as form, massing, height, colour colour issues massing,of proposals.form, height, suchas This include will Encourage the maintenance and creation Encourage or ofintact of hedges boundaries landscape. the affect rural wider detrimentally situations development would withintowns which urban Discourage edge and cultural interesthistorical and orarchaeological sites. affectthe historic characteradversely ofsettlements, of features key changesor historical agricultural buildings, in practices or thatmightdamage to creationapplications related improvement or of paths, of alteration of trees and scrub where appropriate. where scrub of treesappropriate. and by removal exposure localised encouraging Maryport of thesandstonecliffs at south ofSilloth. course benefitsat thegolf which landscapes, example habitats species, for and managementconservation and area, isto which appropriate and thewider owners/land land Work with managers/farmers/tenants to promotenature lowlandand farmland plain landscapes. coastal more surrounding areas blend developed with sympathetically the promotespecies,the use treatment which of native andPromoteplanting gardenappropriate development other boundary them into thelandscape.integrate toand and usestructures, woodland or tolandscape, buildings toscreen help of the area. of thearea. projects they donotenergy/carbon-neutral fromwhere thecharacter detract edge landscapes by providing by to design landscapes developers guidanceonthesiting edge and appropriate development/redevelopment Influence within towns urban and characteristics and features. Monitor for incremental expansion or change. incremental change. for characteristics Monitorexpansion or features. and applicationsdevelopment ensure protects on planning to valued enhances and used. materials and churches, when advising on planning applications. Consider particularly advisingConsider particularly when churches, applications.on planning Roman fortlets,sites, undesignated and designated archaeological ofhistoricConsider thesetting fabric features, and such ashistoric buildings, townscapes and where it where townscapes sensitiveand does to notthreaten damage landscape and is panels) sympathetic ofthe interpretation to thecharacter developmentassociatedany as car withvisitor parks access (such as featuresensure thelandscape: historic in sitesunderstanding their to aid Promote of the agreement of appropriate access interpretation to and archaeological sites. archaeological

Whereadvice has notbeen sought commenttaken, or 111

.

on of geodiversity, by example for so that housing other and or or

Land Use Consultants Use Land 6.70 Landscape character a character Landscape 6.71 Land Use Consultants Use Land Silloth H2 6.72

Figure6.6. factories dispersedaround and thefringe. eastern also veryvisible from are the industrial Silloth, approaching theroads as are estates ofdifferentnumber a small itsport, anddevelopments a typesof Silloth, around of on lies thewesternThearea coast and Bay closeto comprises Moricambe thetown number of large aircraftAn oflarge extensivenumber area ofcaravanhangers. parks and allotments area disusedToairfield the ofSilloth eastwartime beyond. a atthefringes and naturalcontrast withthecoastalandenvironment pasture ofthecoastal margins facingseawards. road, fencing These homes and modern associated gardens and more suburban stylehousing old core recent andalong extend bungalows thecoastal include and shelteredaccommodation homes.divided, Behind retirement and the in Some ofthebuildings built as now Skinburness of these were hotelsare many and meadows from theeast, seen across views in distinctivelandmarks thetown approaching open The structures of thetown. associatedChristare and edge withtheport Church the sea as known and open large A Silloth‟s expansegreen lies space port. frontage between theVictorian extends promenade alongthe westernfacingseafront of towardsdock the small Victorian facade of grand housesFirth. onto toface theSolway orientated was Silloth fringe. H15. H16. H many oftheseunits many Fringes of works. andsewage surround land areas scrub grassland of semi-natural developments, of large area including a sidings,railway units,industrial depots a and land comprisesinterspersedthisagricultural open area numberwith a ofindustrial Located in the northwest of the study area, closethe northwest in Kingmo Located of thestudy area, to the H17. vegetation. filteringof viewsby landscape, ofthelandformbecause and from thesurrounding Views and theareaare barriers. within contained visible itself thearea is notvery depotsas sidings acting limited PRoWwith therailway and network, storage large This tracks. areaconcrete inaccessible, is largely cross 1 Kingmoor and Cargo Kingmoorand

boundaries (as appropriate to particular areas). to (asparticular boundaries appropriate enclosure hedgerow stonerural native suburban character; within or walls Consider the setting of historic features when advising on planning planning advising when features Consider thesettingon ofhistoric design which references the traditional vernacular; avoiding the of referencesvernacular;avoiding creation thedesigntraditional which townscapecharacter.and Keyinputs existing land- promoting include: may developmentnature, newin that ensure design isand appropriate scale to byand development, and applications, comment providing onplanning authorities protection with thelocal Work landscape policies for to influence applications. applications. infill of fields clustersof between infill into ruralareas. encroachment ofhousing,or avoidingof along villas thecharacter Victorian maintain thewaterfront, guidance for development forMaryport, and Silloth seekingguidance within particular into designand withlocal adopt appropriate In partnership authorities,produce

.

19: Silloth from ‘ Silloth from originated a plannedoriginated includesa and Victorian seaside a resort . „The and Green‟ a course golf is along alsolocated the seaward The landscape is crossed by a railway line and severalis and and crossedThelandscape earth byline railway a reas reas T 113 he Green’

112

ed by minor roads veryminor a by and or Nature Reserve, A

to to 137 Landscapes Lowland 138 Lowland Landscapes 6.71 Land Use Consultants Use Land Silloth H2 6.72 Land Use Consultants Use Land Maryport H3 6.73

Figure6.6. of Silloth, a small port, and a number ofdifferentnumber a small itsport, anddevelopments atypesof Silloth, around of on lies thewesternThearea coast and Bay closeto comprises Moricambe thetown factories dispersedaround and thefringe. eastern also veryvisible from are the industrial Silloth, approaching theroads as are estates meadows from theeast,seen across views in distinctivelandmarks thetown approaching open The structures of thetown.associatedChristare and edge withtheport Church the seaas known and open large A Silloth‟s expansegreen lies space port. frontage betweentheVictorian extends promenade alongthe westernfacingseafront of towardsdock thesmall Victorian facade ofgrand housesFirth. onto toface theSolway orientated was Silloth fringe. number of large aircraftAn oflarge extensivenumber area ofcaravanhangers. parks and allotments area disusedToairfield theofSilloth eastwartime beyond. a atthefringes and naturalcontrast withthecoastalandenvironment pasture ofthecoastal margins facingseawards. road, fencing These homesand modern associated gardens and more suburbanstylehousing old core recent andalong extend bungalows thecoastal include and shelteredaccommodation homes.divided, Behind retirement and the in Some ofthebuildings builtas now Skinburness of these were hotelsare many and steep west facing cliffs steep cliffs west facing and includes that is ontheslopes located drumlin from theshore, ofa rises steeply Georgian in style style basedin plannedand grid Georgian on a are areadistinctively townscapethat fallsthecharacter and within architecture anddevelopments,mines thefoundries industrial thearea serving in coal comprises a small section of the settlement of Maryport, including the pierthe including settlementcomprisessection small a Maryport, ofthe of southwestern is in located oftheMaryport corner studythis and area character area is located on the site of a Roman port, though the modern town developed townport, thoughduring themodern is onthesiteRoman located ofa encompassesdunes thetownofsandthe coastand toof thenorth area locatedthe pier below and southwest. it to the Allerdale Ramble run run of thealong western edge Rambletheshore. Allerdale the area following the 18 th

century around thearound shipyards port and century which other grew alongside .

19: Silloth from ‘ Silloth from originated a plannedoriginated includesa and Victorian seaside a resort „The and Green‟ a course golf is along alsolocated the seaward of sandstone forming a distinctivesettingsandstonea dock thesmall for forming T 113 114 he Green’

. The Cumbria the The and Cumbria Coastal Way Maryport GolfClubextends along Maryport . . Maryport The . A The area

File: S:\4800\4808 Solway Coast AONB LCA\GIS\Themes\ArcGIS9\4808-01_011_ZTV_A3.mxd AONB Coast Solway S:\4800\4808 File: 100019265 Number Licence Consultants, Use Land Copyright, Crown Office, Stationery Majesty's Her of Controller The of the permission with information Survey from Ordnance Reproduced CumbriaCounty Council. The terrain model suppliedwas by heightsof 2m aboveground level. The visibilityiscalculated from viewer EarthCurvature is takenintoaccount 2d G3 1a B2 F2 C4 B1 E4 F1 2d G2 8c 2c G2 2c B1 A3 E4 B1 F1 1b E2 C3 A3 E3 5b A2 D2 C2 2b 10 1a

E1 2b 2b 5a 5b 12b 2b A1 1b A1 1b F4 F5 C1 2b 2c 8b 5d 6 2d 5b 5b 12c Type G:Undulating Coastal Farmland Character Assessment Character Landscape/Seascape Visibility of Solway Coast AONB Solway of Visibility Coast Estuary andEstuary Marsh Type C: River Floodplainand MarshyGrasslands Intermediate 5d: Urban Fringe Key Theoretical of 13: Figure Zone AONB Coast Solway 12c: Limestone Foothills 12b:Rolling Fringe 6:Intermediate Land Type A:Inner FlatsFirth Intertidal and Saltmarsh Solway Coast AONBLCA Type F: DrumlinisedLowland Farmland Type E:Coastal Plain Type D: CoastalMosses 5c: Rolling Lowland 5b:Low Farmland 5b:Low Farmland 5a:Ridge & Valley Lowland 1a: Intertidal Flats HigherLimestone 11a:Foothills UplandFringes 8c: ValleyCorridors 8b:Broad Valleys Main Type B: FirthOuterBeaches andDunes 1b:Coastal Marsh Coastal Margins 2b:Coastal Mosses 2a:Dunes Beaches& 2d: Coastal Urban Fringe 2c: Coastal Plain Cumbria LCA CumbriaCounty Coun Dat Source: Land Use Consultants Revision: e: 21/09/2010 Solway Coast AONB LCA CumbriaLCA Outerstudy area Solway Coast AONB Zoneof Theoretical Visibility(ZTV) d Lan 4 2 0 1 cil Km Setting to the AONB and Wider Landscape 141

AONB,

115

. indicates theindicates of the SolwayZone of Theoretical Coast Visibility Zone of Theoretical Influencefrom Visual areasindicating visible the - : 13:

Seek the opportunity to comment on or comment influence Seek to the opportunity applications development or key essential which AONB, couldits alter which lie of the within view or affect adversely cherished the views,characteristics, defining features, which was or designated the AONB features for reasons including from all areas fromcouldthe views of the AONB. and which setting affect

To the west, the setting includesthe off- west, the To of the Solwaythe open waterwith Firth, To the south, and the fellsCumbrian of the south, the settingTo the northern includes foothills with Skiddaw Mountains, point. visiblekeyWindfarms informing this focal a Hill. of backdrop the direction, include Wharrels the fells, High against Pow and windfarmshore the horizon. Rigg along Robin visible 13 Figure Figure Figure To the north, the setting the To includes and hills and of Dumfries southern the coast To the east, lowland plains extend across the Valley. lowland extend across east, the plains Solway the Eden To towards Basin and its intervisibility with surrounding areas, and also shows of intervisibility withand shows the surrounding outlines its areas,also and and withinwidertypes/areas the AONB area. Views out of the AONB AONB surrounding the the out of andacross to hills,Views particularly lowlands the southerly andSolwaya Galloway, and fells of the Firthin the southern Dumfries to part Lake and of an integral northern the fells,directionDistrict essential to are AONB below , special to and qualities.describesone of its the setting The section the AONB. canareas of the AONBfromAONB wherebe those includes both setting The the the areareas whichand from the AONB, seen i.e.seen, when looking towards boundaries.when withinAONB, looking out from its and are Views available to from the following areas direction. in a views in the northeast keypoint this focal Galloway, to with Criffel areas visible and it is the AONB, those from. areas of development in consider surrounding the effects to will It be very important of it, the AONB, and in to out area, the into the views those setting on the and the AONB backdrops to protect and key to seek views, particularskylines to within within the guidance described as change, provided landscape from undesirable chapters. previous of the AONB. the setting are to following The guidelines of relevance SETTING TO THE AONB AND WIDER AREA AREA WIDER AND AONB THE TO SETTING S1.

7.6 7.5 7.7

7.3 7.4 Land Use Consultants 7 7.1 7.2 7.8 change Guidelines for managing 7.9 10 142 Setting to the AONB and Wider Landscape Land Use Consultants Use Land S5. S4. S3. S2. S6. S12. S11. S10. S9. S8. S7. S13. S14.

unnecessary suburbanisationunnecessary countryside. ofthe toundeveloped therural and that it is and appropriate character avoids theusecloseof hard detailssetting engineered avoiding to such the AONB, lines, including lightingroadsroad barriers, car parks or signage, the within proposedto Seek influence changesand transport/utilities to work related response considered and to change. theconsequences ofclimate thedevelopment appropriate associated AONB,enabling ofan effects onthe thosehave could erosionwhich coastalMonitor in particularly changes proportions large ofskylines. examplefor of development,so that itaffectssections localised than ofrather thesetting form towhich to reducetheextent theAONB. Seek ofinfluence undeveloped skylinesthe highviewsto and Seek maintain proportionof setting. reducemeasuresor adverse toeffects avoid and ontheAONB landscape its Consider siting, designandmitigation theimplementationofappropriate implementation of renewable energy/carbon-neutral projects they energy/carbon-neutral implementation ofrenewable where do communicationsiting of any masts, siting,appropriate designand and AONB itspoweras routeing and linessensitive setting,such underground, measureslandscapeSupport whichand reduce visualimpacts uponthe landscape. landscape. anyresolve oftherural thehelp issuescharacter be may at odds which with measures visitor for Explore including management, toparking, traffic and change. climate the species or in ofspecies whichchanges balance as a arise consequence of positiveapproachMonitor provide toa planned adaptation and any not detract from the character of the thecharacter not from area. detract including re-wetting low low areas as re-wetting lying a responseincluding to stopping drainage. diversea encourage range landscape,of habitats species inthewider and enhancePromote tonature and practices conserve conservation and coast. undeveloped Seek fringes. tothe retentionsections oftheremaining ensure of the sculpturedtreesEncourage retention ofthewind thecoastal along structures. landscape, the rural and to buildings or usescreen woodland to help ofdevelopmentinstone developmentviews or around walls reduce to help the maintenance Encourage creation or hedges ofintact of layed boundaries change. suburbanisation),asmonitoring (avoiding as well incremental expansion for or siting issues guidance ontheirand colourproviding detailed suchascaravan theedgeof theAONB near and commentingonapplications, through the appropriate Influence development/redevelopmentcaravan sites ofany Maintain/clear open areas from elevated and open areas to enable open and public to areas open elevated Maintain/clear areas from appreciation of open panoramic of open appreciation views. Promote visibility and understanding of geodiversity. Promote understandingvisibility and ofgeodiversity.

116

Land Use Consultants Use Land S18. S17. S16. S15. S20. S19.

Encourage partial sand pits regenerationto Encourage restoration promotenatural of of parks. caravan applications, modifications toredevelopmentof planning including or of Consider thesettingadvising ofhistoric when features onthedetermination damaging the fabric of sensitive archaeological sites and historical features. sites thefabricof sensitive historicalfeatures. archaeological damaging and parks)settling is sympatheticsites ofthedesignated to the does and notrisk anyensure developmentlandscape: associated withvisitor car access (suchas historic sites are betterunderstood inthe suchthat they asfeatures of Promotethe agreement of appropriate access interpretation to and ofconcrete tracks,building sited orprominently barns modern silos. woulddevelopment which landscape therural particularly affect such asthe with funding. Converselyhelp stewardshipschemes discourage to trees ofhedges, planting usewoodlands, making and or of suitablegrant drystone features, buildings or ponds,laying,up and gappingwalls, hedge thesetting form ofhistoricwhich oftheAONB,such asmaintenance inthelandscapesmanagement aspects Promote landscape all oftraditional vegetation uponthem. vegetation countryside. countryside. housing designsettlement for and the new within Adopt guidance appropriate to particularappropriate areas). stoneboundaries orwall (asenclose nativewithin rural hedgerow dry promote the traditional creatingvernacular, avoid suburbana character, to thelandscape inwithexisting settlement:and appropriate character comment onplanning applicationsproviding development is suchthatnew policiesto protection Seek influence landscape and for development, and by

117

143 Landscape Wider and AONB the to Setting 144 APPENDIX Land Use Consultants Use Land Appendix 1 Project brief Natural Beauty. Itisthe only organisation thatlooksafterthe AONB asawhole. andenhancementof theSolwaythe commonthread ofconservation Coast Area ofOutstanding local authoritiesandwildlife groups. work Partners towards awidediversity ofinitiatives, with resenting, landowners, landscape groups, communities, thetourismsector, government agencies, The Solway Coast AONB comprises local, Partnership regional andnationalorganisations rep- The AONB Partnership 20th Century. onto the Vikings, Medieval (Monastic), Post-Medieval, Agricultural andIndustrialerasintothe tance, from theBronze Age, through totheRomaneraandHadrian’s Wall, a World HeritageSite; The landscape oftheSolway Coastisalsoof great archaeological, cultural and historicalimpor- being ofhighimportance. wildness andremoteness oftheSolway Coasthasremained relatively undisturbed withtranquillity Seascapes are alsointegraltothecharacterof AONB andare fundamentaltoitssetting. The reflected intheirhighdegree ofprotection. ist for birds, invertebrates, reptiles, mammalsandrare plants. ofthesehabitatsis The importance tionally scarce habitat). habitatsex- Within eachoftheselandscapes typesarangeofimportant with thecontrastinginlandlandscapes offarmlandandlowland raisedmires (representing ana- landscape ofopenseaandriver channels, foreshore, saltmarshes, sand dunesandclifffeatures, One ofitsmostdistinguishingqualitiesiscombinationdifferent landscape types; thecoastal (SAC),Conservation SpecialProtected Area (SPA) andRamsar. of SpecialScientificInterest (SSSI)NationalNature (NNR),candidateSpecial Reserves Area of swans andducks; thesaltmarshes, mud-flats and lowland raised mires having designationsofSites for roosting andfeeding grounds for tensofthousandsover wintering wildfowl includinggeese, km oftheCumbriancoastline. Itisanationally protected landscape andinternationally important scenic,of itsnationally important botanicalandwildlife quality. Itcovers 115sqkm, following 59 andRockckliffe nearCarlisle,Maryport Cumbria. The area wasdesignatedin1964recognition The Solway Coast AONB isoneof37 AONBs inEnglandandoccupiesacoastalstripbetween Background A map ofthe AONB studyarea isattached. ough CouncilandCarlisleCityCouncil. funded by NaturalEngland(NE), Solway Coast AONB, CumbriaCountyCouncil, Allerdale Bor- and willbeavailable for useby partners, stakeholders andcommunities. The studyisbeingjointly area, effects ofpotentialdevelopments, assessthenecessityofacomprehensive review boundary setting, updatingandimproving theexistingstudy. The studywillinform themanagementof Character Assessment for theSolway Coast Area ofOutstandingNaturalBeauty(AONB) andits Solway Coast AONB would like tocommissionconsultantsundertake aLandscape/Seascape Introduction Beauty Landscape Character Assessment Brief for theSolway Coast Area ofOutstandingNatural

119

regional work. Seascape Character Assessment for the AONB, whichlinksclosely tothewidercountyand The AONB outanew Landscape/ managementplan(2009-14)identifiesaneedtocarry ter assessmentfor theSolway Coast AONB, withuptodateenvironmental guidelines. quently ithasbeenagreed withtheNaturalEnglandtocommissionanew Landscape Charac- This reportisnow 14years oldandisshowing ‘its age’compared tomodernLCAs. Conse- AONB landscape. Forces for change are considered andmanagementprioritiesare identified. This first report, theLCA, isanobjective descriptionand classificationoftheSolway Coast sociates toproduce ‘The Solway CoastLandscape’, aLandscape Character Assessment (LCA). Commission(now NaturalEngland)employedIn1995 theCountryside ChrisBlandford As- andtoestablishimplementlandscape policies, • tointegrate • toestablishprocedures ofthegeneralpublic, for theparticipation • toestablishandimplementlandscape policiesaimedatlandscape protection, • recognise landscapes inlaw asanessentialcomponentofpeople’s surroundings, • ment to In 2006theUKformally ratifiedtheEuropean Landscape Convention, whichbringsacommit- special purposesofthe AONB outtheirwork. designationwhencarrying addition theCRoW Act alsoplacesadutyonpublicbodiesandothers, tohave regard tothe thorities toprepare aplanfor AONBs intheirareas andreview theplansevery five years. In andRightsof The Countryside Way dutyonlocalau- Act (CRoW)2000placedastatutory enhancetherelevance oftheSolway Coast • promote publicandpoliticalawareness for theSolway andsupport Coast • enableprovision tobemadefor recreation where itisconsistent withtheconservation • promote sustainabledevelopment andappropriate quietenjoyment; • andenhancetheSolway conserve Coast • worksThe Partnership to: participation andintegratelandscape intobroaderparticipation policy. policies withpossibledirect orindirect impactonlandscape; environmental, agricultural, socialandeconomicpolicies, aswell asinany other authorities andotherparties; management andplanning; their identity; pression ofthediversity oftheirshared culturalandnaturalheritageafoundation of around, orvisit, thearea. of naturalbeautyandtheneedsagriculture, forestryandotheruses; landscape intoregional andtown planningpoliciesandalsocultural, Area ofOutstandingNaturalBeauty; AONB toallwholive andwork inand establishprocedures for stakeholder localandregional AONB;

anex

145 APPENDIX 146 APPENDIX Advice on • Examples ofcriteriabasedpolicyandgood practiceapproaches tolandscape characterfor •

General • TheLake DistrictNationalParkLandscape Character • –following Landscape Strategy arefresh totake intoaccountchanges inlandscape during • CumbriaLandscape Character(Technical Paper No5updated) • Information onlandscape characterandtheclassificationofCumbria’s landscape by cross • The documentwillinclude: The ScopeoftheGuidance Cumbria Landscape CharacterGuidelinesand Toolkit –beingdeveloped 2009. CA.asp http://www.cumbriacc.gov.uk/planning-environment/countryside/countryside-landscape/land/ Technical Paper 5-Landscape Characterwascommissionedfrom Capita asa • LS.asp http://www.cumbriacc.gov.uk/planning-environment/countryside/countryside-landscape/land/ • ( • Cumbria development around towns, villages, andhamlets. semi-natural habitatsandthehistoricenvironment onlandscape character. control, includingtherole ofbiodiversity andgeodiversity features, ecologicalnetworks and locally sensitive. develop finergrainedlandscape characterassessments for areas thatmightbeconsidered the lasttenyears andalignwithLDNPA guidelinesand Technical Paper 5. referencing to incorporated areview carried ofLandscapeoutin2001. ofCountyImportance Plan in2003. Itreviewed andupdatedtheCumbriaLandscape Classification. Italso Structure Plan Working theCumbria and Lake Paper tosupport DistrictJoint Structure and publishedby CumbriaCountyCouncilstaff. landscape guidanceaimedatbothdevelopers andlandmanagers. This wasalsoproduced would besympathetictolocalidentityandregionalcountryside diversity. Italsoincluded produced for eachDistrictCouncilarea toensure thatnew development inthe change onthelandscape. theneedfor Itsupported designsummaries’tobe ‘countryside introduced guidanceontheimpactof various typesofmanagementanddevelopmental (1998)reflectsThe CumbriaLandscape Strategy thelandscape charactertypesand Council staff. covers all AONBs inthecounty. This wasproduced andpublishedby CumbriaCounty types withanumber ofthesebeingsubdivided, making37charactertypesinall. This character documents. These include The CumbriaLandscape Classification In addition totheabove, there are anumber ofcountywidelandscape 1995) establishedagenericclassificationofCumbria’s landscapes into13broad character

guidance the needtomove away from local landscape designations andtheneedto

on

the

‘character based’

approach for Assessment andGuidelines

policy

formulation and

development

assist withtheassessmentofindividualplanning applications • inform thedevelopment andimplementationof • character orlikely tointhefuture. change inthepastandtoindicatethoseforces ofchangecurrently influencinglandscape To identifyfactorsintheSolway Coast AONB thathave influencedlandscape andseascape will beusedto: The LCA Framework in withCumbriaCountyCouncil’s LCAandtheNorth West Landscape Character Character Assessment (LCA)ofthewhole Solway Coast AONB area fitting To provide anup-to-dateanddetaileddistrictlevel Landscape/Seascape Aims aspx http://www.naturalengland.org.uk/regions/north_west/ourwork/landscapecharacterframework. details, pleasesee: Landscape CharacterFramework inassociationwithregional landscape partners. For further Convention ImplementationPlan. stepfor NWEnglandistodevelopAn important aRegional NE isworking withDefraandEnglishHeritagetodevelop anddeliver theEuropean Landscape North West Region give adviceongeneralprinciplesoflandscape characterassessmentatthelocalscale. and provide adviceonthemove away from approach thelandscapes ofcountyimportance and policyformulationused tosupport andimplementation. The approach shouldaccord withPPS7 guidance onlandscape characterthatidentifiesthe key, uptodatedocumentsthatshouldbe management regimes onlandscape character. Benefits would bedrawn from providing strategic Cumbria. They alsoallhave arole toplay indeterminingtheeffects ofdevelopment orland Collectively thesecouldprovide theenvironmental characterevidence basefor thewholeof Biodiversity ofCumbria-anevidence baseiscurrently beingprepared andwilllinkinto • CumbriaHistoricLandscape CharacterisationProject 2008)provides (January character • actasatool • The • Landscape characterassessmentfor the • The project willalsodraw on: outdistrictbasedlandscape characterassessments, Generalguidanceoncarrying • decisions onlandscape character. of thecountyby July 2008. information for theLake DistrictNationalParkarea. The work willbefinalised for the rest value criteriathatcouldhave relevance tothelandscape characterguidance. conservation andgrantaid schemesandlanduseplanningpolicies conservation and capacity analysis. Wind

Energy for spatialplanningusewithinthe

Landscape Capacity Assessment Areas ofOutstandingNaturalBeauty. AONB AONB Management Planpolicies, (2006) identifies landscape sensitivity sensitivity

and

147 APPENDIX 148 APPENDIX Involve arangeofcommunities, • develop • understandalocation’s sensitivitytodevelopment andchange • Provide • Undertake aLandscape/Seascape Character • Identifykey environmental features, • To incorporate theresults ofany relevant existingstudiessuchastheCumbriaHistoric • To provide environmental andenhancethecharacterofSolway guidelinestoconserve • • outinLandscape Character To provide anassessmentofthecharacter, • Objectives oftheemergingCumbriaLandscape formCharacterGuidance and part • monitorlandscape changewithinthe • andcommunities toimprove engagewithpartners understandingofthecharacter • provide anassessmentthatcaninform andrespond tootherlandscape/seascape, • helpformulate prioritiesandprescriptions for landmanagement, • including base-lineinformation andkey indicators. areas. survey, identification, mapping, classificationanddescriptionoflandscape charactertypesand management plansandlandscape strategies; character typesandareas toinform thefuture development oflandscape policy, recommendations, develop guidelinesandidentifytargetsfor identifiedlandscape/seascape climatechange),(particularly landscape sensitivityandcapacity for change, make Seascape Assessment by EnglishHeritage. Landscape Character, Cumbria SPDandthe Wind Energy ‘up andcoming’Historical Land andSea’by theEuroparc Atlantic Isles, July 2008). development control. (Notingtheinterfaceoflandandsea, reference, work on ‘Connecting strategic matterssuchasonandoffshoredevelopment, windenergy andonoffshore Coast AONB toguidepolicydevelopment, landscape andheritagemanagementother types andareas. field survey, identification, mapping, classificationanddescriptionoflandscape character Undertake aLandscape/Seascape Character component landscape typesandcharacterareas set inaccordance withthemethodology of theSolway Coast AONB, includingculturalandnaturalheritageresources, andits complement theNorth West Landscape CharacterFramework AONB’s landscape cultural andhistoricalstrategies advice offered by the AONB andpartners and senseofplace

an future

evidence

strategies

base

for for Assessment Guidancefor England

conserving future partners

biodiversity, monitoring AONB

and/or and stakeholders inthe development oftheLCA. distinctiveness andqualitiesofthelandscape involvingAssessment (LCA) deskstudy, involvingAssessment (LCA) deskstudy,

of enhancing heritagefeatures,

change

within the

landscape, and Scotland,

biodiversity andheritage the forces for change

landscape

Toolkit, local

April 2002.

distinctiveness

of and

wildlife, the field

AONB,

must alsotakeThe LCA intoaccounttheNE’s Commission,Countryside NE, andCCC: consultantsshouldmake clearhow thiswillbeachieved. pointthelandscape must characterassessmentsalready useasastarting producedThe LCA by Guide toBestPracticeinSeascape Countryside Agency andScottishNaturalHeritage, 2002)anditsaccompanying Topic Papers and guidance provided inLandscape Character The consultantswillbeexpectedtodevelop basedon for theLCA adetailedmethodology Methodology recreation and accessibility. biodiversity, geodiversity, historiccharacter, natural and manmadefeatures, airandwaterquality, integratedcharacterisationstudies,particularly whichgive equalweight tolandscape character, It shouldtake intoaccountthefindingsof recent developments inlandscape characterisation Any otherrelevant guidance/studies. • Guidance themostrecent planningpolicies, • It shouldtake intoaccountthefollowing: least 5kms)andconsiderareas whichare key tothesettingof AONB. tify where landscape typesandareas continue outsidethe AONB boundary, (toastandard ofat shouldcoverThe LCA thewholeofSolway Coast AONB area. Itshouldalsoclarifyandiden- Scope ofstudy NaturalEngland’s NationalCharacter • Campaignfor theProtection ofRuralEngland • Biodiversity evidence basefor Cumbria • CumbriaLandscape Classification, • RegionalLandscape CharacterFramework • QualityCountsInitiative Countryside • Commission) Characterstudy(former Countryside Countryside • Solway Coast • HistoricLandscape Characterisationfor Cumbria • NationalCharacter • landscape characterassessmentguidanceandtopicpapers produced by theformer • Character guidanceandtoolkit Countryside Agency PPS 22, emergingLDFpoliciesandstrategies, theNorth West RSSandemergingRS2010 AONB ManagementPlan2009-2014 Areas Assessment, strategiesandguidanceavailable includingPPS1, andemergingCumbriaLandscape Landscape Strategy

Assessment, Area ClimateChange Area Climate ChangeProject Phase2Guidance. (MarineInstitute, Tranquillity Mapping

Guidance for EnglandandScotland(the Adaptation Project Phase2 Ireland, 2001andDefra2005). PPS7,

149 APPENDIX 150 APPENDIX and theways inwhichthesewilllead to thedevelopment oflandscape guidelinesand, ultimately, forces for change, climatechange, particularly sensitivityandcapacity for changeinthelandscape to examinedraftlandscape charactertypes andareas andtocontribute totheunderstandingof evant stakeholders from the AONB andlocalcommunities. partnership The events shouldserve Devise andrunaminimum oftwo events (eachbeing aself-containedworkshop) to involve rel- 4. Consultation zoom andadescriptionoftheimagereference totheappropriate survey record. photograph shouldincludethefollowing: nationalgridreference (12figures) andbearing, date, records willalsoberequired, ofthefieldsurvey process. asanessentialpart Records for each describe how they propose to dothisinascost-effective away aspossible. Digitalphotographic electronically, for examplethrough theuseofdata loggersinthefield. Consultantswillneedto ensuring thatconsistencyismaintained. The fieldsurvey findingsshould preferably be captured to utiliseofficerand volunteer timefrom the staff,AONB unitandotherspecialistsupport whilst team shouldbemadeupofexperiencedandcompetentsurveyors andprovision shouldbemade between three key componentsof theseascape: coastal, hinterlandandmarine. The fieldsurvey and contributionofbuildingsotherstructures tolandscape characterandtherelationship ofadeskstudy.be identifiedaspart Thefieldsurvey shouldalsoaimtonotethe relationship and seascape, andidentifyrecord any aestheticorperceptual characteristicsthatcannot of commonlandscape andseascape character, inform thewritten descriptionsofthelandscape The fieldsurvey componentofthe totestand work shouldserve refine thetypesand areas 3. Fieldsurvey the deskstudyanalysis shouldberecorded intheGeographical Information System. will involve officersfrom the AONB andshould draw on available localexpertise. The results of about thedefinitionoftypesandareas ofcommoncharacter. Wherever possiblethedeskstudy consultants propose, (mapping tobe1:25,000orlessifpossible). Itshouldleadtoinitialideas objectives theapproach ofthestudyandsupports tofieldsurvey anddatacollectionthatthe An approach shouldbeusedthatprovides anappropriate level ofdetailtomeettheaimsand mation Systemwhichmust becompatiblewiththesystemusedby the AONB Unit(Map Info). onto detailedsurvey forms. area ofseascape tobeassessedneedsclearly established. Materialshouldbecompiled regional seascape unitswiththestudyareas must beidentifiedfrom theoutset. Inaddition the including theexistingstudies. For thepurposesofseascape assessmentany existingnationaland Complete adeskstudywhichincludesoverlay mapping toreview allrelevant source materials 2. DeskStudy from CumbriaCountyCouncilandNatural England. project steeringgroup ledby representatives from the AONB andincludinglandscape specialists Confirm thetimetable, methodology, consultation requirements, milestonesandoutputswitha 1. General The consultantswillberequired to: Requirements ofthecontract be required. townscape studyandidentificationof key features, local forces for changeorstrategieswillnot area intermsoftheirbroad characterandrelationship tothewiderlandscape. A fulldetailed shouldconsiderthelandscape characterofvillagesandothersettlementsinthe The LCA AONB must includeanassessmentoftheseascapes inthe The LCA AONB.

All geographical datashouldbeassembledinaGeographical Infor

- A • Anidentificationanddescriptionofthecoastal, • For eachlocalseascape unit, thefollowing shouldbeprovided: tional Character Areas. with theCumbriaLandscape Classification, RegionalLandscape CharacterFramework andNa- Ideally theareas shouldbenestedwithinthetypestogive ahierarchical structure, dovetailing Locationmap andphotographs for thetypeandeacharea withinitshowing examples • Adescriptionofthecharacterarea(s) withinthelandscape charactertypeidentifying • Adescriptionofthelandscape characterwhichincludesanidentificationofkey • For eachlandscape typethefollowing shouldbeprovided: ate inter-linkages. analyses ofthelandscape. Landscape descriptionsshouldbestored electronically, withappropri- lines shouldbeclosely considered here. organisations andcommunities. toinformThe future otherstrategiesandguide- useoftheLCA ofthefieldsurvey andprovidedpart by andstakeholderAONB officersandmembers ofpartner tions oftheircharacter. Suchdescriptionsshouldrecognise otherrelevant factorsrecorded as by usingthedatacollectedtomap theirextentandprovide clearandconcisewritten descrip- for typesandareas must beidentified, mapped, classifiedanddescribed. Thiswillbeachieved scale of1:25,000. For seascape assessmentstheappropriate seascape unit(s)andsubdivision classifying thelandscape intoappropriate landscape charactertypesandareas atarecommend oftheworkThis part shouldcompletethecharacterisationprocess by identifying, mapping, and 5. process toenablefeedback tobevaluableandgenuinely contributetothefinalproduct. focus onlocally relevant landscapes. Consultationevents shouldtake placeearly enoughinthe strategies. Workshops shouldbeheldataminimum oftwo oflocationswithinthe AONB and to beprovided. with thenationalJoint Characterareas. Ifthisdoesnotprove possible, aclearexplanation needs Ideally theareas shouldbenestedwithinthetypestogive ahierarchical structure, dovetailing Considerationshouldbegiven todescriptionsatbothlow andhighwater(tidalareas) • Locationmap andphotographs for theunit, • Classificationanddescription characteristics of key characteristics. key characteristicsandcharacterisinglocaldistinctiveness. characteristics, ecological, physical andhumaninfluences(cultural historic). where thishasaneffect onwhatfeatures are exposedorconcealedfrom view examples ofkey characteristics. identifyingkey characteristicsandcharacterisinglocaldistinctiveness description oftheseascape charactertype(s)andareas(s) withintheseascape unit GISshouldbeusedtoaidboththestatisticalandmanual typeandeacharea withinit, hinterlandandmarinecomponents

showing 151 APPENDIX 152 APPENDIX To allow userstointerpret andusethedatacorrectly, care must betaken toensure thatsuffi- Metadata used itshouldbeinMicrosoft Access. GIS datashouldbesupplied inMap Info format andESRIShapefile format. GIS data copies ofthefinalarereport required Coast AONB brandguidanceandshouldbeengaging, fully illustratedandaccessibletoall.10hard include GISdata. should besuppliedasanelectronicThe LCA version inbothword andPDFformat andshould Final report giving reasons why they have notbeenaccommodated. trail, demonstratingwhatcommentshave beenmade, how they have beentaken intoaccountor including resolution ofany conflictingcomments. Thisprocess must provide an appropriate audit will berequired tocollateallthecommentsreceived andtomake alterations torespond tothem, electronic versions ofthereport, inbothword andPDFformat shouldbesupplied. Consultants landscape guidelines, sitivity andcapacity for change, andtheways inwhichthesecanbeusedtodevelop appropriate landscape/seascape units, typesandareas provisionally identified, identify forces for change, sen- The draftreportshouldcontainacontentsbreakdown, descriptionsofthemethodology, andthe Committee, CCC, CaCC, ABC, NEandotherrelevant stakeholders includinglocalcommunities. by theProject SteeringGroup, must bepresentedThe LCA initially asadraftreportthatcanbeeditedandcommentedupon Draft report 7. Outputs planning policyfor the AONB. seascape strategies(tobedeveloped atalaterdate)canbeusedeffectively toguideandinfluence Local Development Framework process sothatthispieceofwork andultimately thelandscape/ The mechanismusedtodevelop thelandscape guidelinesandtargets must becompatible withthe tial thattheirPhase2guidanceisusedasabasisfor thiswork. ofthelandscape strandofNaturalEngland’spart climatechangeadaptation project, soitisessen- relation toclimatechange, drawing onrelevant information andstudies. This work willbeusedas and thesensitivitycapacity for changefor eachlandscape/seascape charactertypeandarea in attentionshouldbepaidtothepotentialimpactsofclimatechangeonlandscape Particular tween thelandscape characterisation, stakeholder consultation andtheforces ofchangeidentified. carried outinatransparent mannerwithspecificcriteriaidentified. There mustbeaclearlinkbe- development ofappropriate landscape/seascape strategiesfor the AONB. This work needstobe recommendation for landscape enhancement. These willbeusedatalaterdatetoinform the used by theconsultanttopropose relevant landscape andseascape guidelinesandtargetany tifying anddealingwithforces for changeetc. The identified forces for changeetc. willthenbe should beidentified. Tender documentsshouldoutlinewhatissuesmightbeanticipatediniden- and future trends), sensitivity andcapacity for change for eachlandscape/seascape typeandarea Following theclassificationprocess, the forces for change(includingpastchanges, current issues 6. Forces for change andlandscape guidelines

The reportshouldbeprepared toahighgraphical standard utilisingtheSolway identifytargetsandshouldincludeGISmapping.

AONB staff, partnership theSolway Coast

Two hard copiesand, AONB Joint Ifalinked databaseis Advisory two be heldattheSillothoffices ofthe AONB unit, toinclude: A maximum of4meetingswiththeproject steeringgroup shouldbe costedintothecontract, to ofthe contract).this aspectwillnotbea major part process forstaff intheLCA by work maximisingopportunities shadowing ortraining(although The tendershouldincludedetailsofhow you willbeabletoincrease theunderstandingof AONB outcomes. Consultantsshouldallow for thisinvolvement intheirtenderpreparation andcosting. and12daysmation andsupport field work inorder togenerate ownership oftheoutputsand anticipated thatkeyIt isfurther AONB staffwillalsobeavailable partnership toprovide infor- should allow for thisinvolvement intheirtenderpreparation andcosting. stage itisanticipatedthattheequivalentofatleast 10working days willbeavailable. Consultants A leadofficerfrom the AONB willbeableto work withtheconsultantsonstudyandatthis consultant andthe AONB partnership. The Landscape Character isseenasajointprojectAssessment (LCA) between thesuccessful 8. Management for circulation by the AONB. Five copiesofaCDshouldbesuppliedcontainingallproject outputs. The CDshouldbesuitable CD Character Network website (www. landscapecharacter.org.uk). time shouldbeallocatedtothistask. The onlinecollection toolcanbefound ontheCountryside methodology. oftheLCA andsummary information abouttheLCA A halfday ofconsultancy Consultants willberequired tocompleteatleastthefirsttwo sectionsdescribingthebasic Descriptionofany existingorproposed applications oftheLCA • methodology oftheLCA Summary • includingthename, Basicinformation abouttheLCA • Network website. The databaseisstructured intothree mainsections. Assessments inEngland, whichisaccessibleviatheLandscape (previously Character Countryside) A record shouldbecompletedintheDatabaseofLandscape Character describingtheLCA have notbeenaccommodated. comments have beenmade, how they have beentaken intoaccountorgivingreasons why they conflicting comments. Thisprocess must provide an appropriate audittrail, demonstrating what a consultationperiodandtomake alterationstorespond tothem, includingresolution ofany should besupplied. Consultantswillberequired tocollateallthecommentsreceived following Two hard copiesand, two electronic versions ofthedraftreport, inbothword andPDFformat description ofeachfieldwithintheattributedata. elementsdefinedwithinUKGemini(version 2.1)andshall, all themandatory Metadata willbecreated for eachGISlayer of forming part study are describedandthatcontactdetailsfor theowner ofthedatasetare clearly identified. the databaseare clearly definedinthemetadata. Itisalsovitalthatthepurposeandscaleof (www.GIgateway.org.uk). datasets. cient metadataissuppliedwithany LCA access details thatcategories andtechnicaltermsusedin important Itisparticularly Metadatashouldfollow theUKGEMINIProfile date, the finalreport. geographical extentand Metadatawillinclude inaddition,

includea 153 APPENDIX 154 APPENDIX report, payment onproduction ofanofficialinvoice. draftreport,and satisfactory 55%payment submissionofthefinal anda further onsatisfactory completionofthedesk andfieldstudy The chosencontractorwill bepaid45%onsatisfactory Payment tember 2010. willbecompleted,It isexpectedthattheLCA signedoffandallinvoices processed by 30thSep- and landscape guidelinessubmittedby 30thJuly 2010. The full, final andCDsshouldbesubmitted by 30threports April2010draft Forces for change 2010 The draftreportsandCDsshouldbesubmitted by 28thFebruary 11. Timescale tion between thetwo phaseswhenproviding breakdown ofcosts. phases willbeletasseparatecontracts. Consultantsare therefore asked tomake acleardistinc- Although itisanticipatedthatthesameconsultantwillbeappointed for bothphases, the two sum, excludingtheinputtoproject beingprovided through the AONB staffandvolunteers. funders) for bothphasesandany tenderneedstherefore tobeatorpreferably beneath that aware thattheseresources total£20,000(excluding VAT andsubjecttoformal approval from forThere theSolway isalimitedbudgettofundanLCA Coast AONB. Consultantsneedtobe 10. Budget proved by Allerdale Borough Council. cannot beundertaken untilthesekey healthandsafety documentshave beenassessedand ap- and healthsafety work methodstatement(s)for thefieldsurvey work. Thefieldsurvey work Soon afterbeingappointed theconsultantwillberequired toprovide detailedriskassessment(s) wetland sites. specific significanthazards, thenature inparticular ofestuarine environment, saltmarshesand regulations, codesofpracticeandguidance. Pleasenotethatthefield work inthearea presents The successfulconsultantwillbeexpectedtocomply withcurrent HealthandSafety legislation, 9. HealthandSafety City Council)andNaturalEngland. will rest withSolway Coast AONB (CumbriaCountyCouncil, Allerdale Borough Council, Carlisle Copyright andownership ofthereportandany digitisedinformation andphotographs produced no limittothenumber ofclaims. your submission. Publicliabilityinsurancecover shouldnotbelessthan£5,000,000perclaimwith liability andprofessional indemnityinsurancecover andpremiums paidshouldbeenclosedwith topersonsandproperty arisingoutoftheexecutionof injury ofthecontract. Evidenceofpublic The successfulconsultantshallindemnify Allerdale Borough Councilagainstallclaimsinrespect AONB UnitinSilloth. The chosencontractorwillberequired atthe toliaiseinthefirstinstancewithBrianIrving 3. 2. 1.

Final meetingandpresentation oncompletionofworkshops andfinal report Interim meetingstoassessmilestonesmet content, andoutputs. Initial meetingtoagree process, methodology, timetable, milestones, workshop outlineand For more on01697333055. information aboutthecontractplease contactBrianIrving Cumbria Silloth Liddell Street Solway Coast AONB Unit Dr BrianIrving be opened’ Friday 6thNovember 2009andsignedacross thesealandclearly marked ‘Sealed tender, notto Please sendyour submission, toarrive by 12noon, accept thelowest tender. Solway Coast AONB reserves therightnottomake Partnership any appointment andnotto management andanswer questionsfrom AONB members. partnership proposed methodology, outputs, consultation, managementofthework, healthandsafety presentation ontheirtendersubmissionproviding detailsoftheirresponse tothebriefoutlining consultantsmayThe shortlisted berequired toattendaninformal selectionmeetingtomake a Theabilitytowork totheagreed timescaleanddeadlines • Previous experienceinthisfieldofwork • Abilitytocommunicate inwords andgraphics. • Aclearunderstandingofthebriefandexplanationhow itistobecarried out • the project, basedonthefollowing criteria: Selection willbebasedonbothvaluefor money andtheproposed approach andtimescalefor Selection ofchosencontractor Namesandcontactdetailsofthree referees. • A • Details • Adescriptionofhow thebrief’srequirements would bemet, • Tender SubmissionsShouldInclude: top study, meetings, etc. for allthoseinvolved withtheproject. Invoices withadetailed breakdown must besupported oftimeexpenditure onfieldwork, desk (where applicable). days andday ratespermemberofstaff), overheads, travel andsubsistence, VAT the study, anoutlinetimetableanddetails/costsofany sub-contractualarrangements. the proposed methodology.

fixed

of price

the

cost relevant

for

the experience

work,

including

of

staff,

a in

breakdown

particular

the of

consultants’

project includingabroad indicationof

manager, fees

(number to

be

involved of

work

in

155 APPENDIX 156 APPENDIX Land Use Consultants Use Land 7.10

Information sources/references Appendix 2 The following information sources were used to inform the study. used sourcestoinformation The thestudy.following were inform CPRETranquillity Mapping CPRE Fr NorthWest Landscape Character NationalCharacter Areas (updated 2005) NaturalEngland Biodiversityof Cumbria CharacterisationProject CumbriaHist Toolkitand CumbriaLandscape Character Guidelines PlanningDocument (2007) CumbriaWind Energy Supplementa 2001 TechnicalPaper 5 Assessment The CumbriaLandscape The CumbriaLandscape Strategy (1998) Cumbria The CountrysideCommission Solway The Coast Landscape (CCP (1997) ) Plan2009 (2009 SolwayCoast AONB Sta Document Name and Date amework - 2016

(1995) oricLandscape - 2014) -

LandscapeCharacter

Character tutoryManagement

120 ry ry

TechnicalPaper 5 Toolkitis merginga existingof LCAs and http://www.cumbriacc.gov.uk CumbriaCounty Council http://www.cumbriacc.gov.uk CumbriaCounty Council http://www.cumbriacc.gov.uk CumbriaCounty Council http://www CumbriaCounty Council CountrysideCommission ChrisBlandford Associates AONB Author and Source CPRE NaturalEngland http://www.naturalengland.org.uk NaturalEngland CumbriaCounty Council CumbriaCounty Council http://www.cumbriacc.gov.uk CumbriaCounty Council

.cumbriacc.gov.uk

for The

Land Use Consultants Use Land assessments Existing 7.12 7.11

The Countryside Countryside The for (1995) Landscape Coast Solway The Assess AONB Council Country Cumbria Classification Landscape Cumbria The Council County Strategy ( Landscape Cumbria The County Assessments Natural England Framework, Character West Landscape North England Typology, Natural National Landscape Natural England Areas National Character Assessments Landscape National areas character seascape National scale Assessments Seascape National Assessment Introduction Landscape classification hierarchy a Appendix 3 other other assessments this project. providesof assessmentstable The summary following a existenceatthestartof in assessment. showsintegratesand work the new the project, how hierarchy toa compriseof This about theassessments section information provides existenceatthestartof in (updated 2005), 2005), (updated

1998) Cumbria

(199

ment

7 )

schematic - given Not known Not 1:50,000 1:100,000 1:50,000 1: 250,000 1: 250,000 Scale

maps are

1 21 Interim 1999 1999 Interim 2002 Guidance or before Undertaken Guidance 1999 Interim 2002 Guidance and before Undertaken Guidance (1997) 1999 Interim 2002 Guidance or before Undertaken Ongoing work 2002 since Updated 2002 since Updated n/a Guidance 2002 A

ccordance with

Details 8 landscape types landscape 8 Details types seascape t Toolkit and Guidance Character Landscape Cumbria Draft the into incorporated 2009 Reviewed Assessment Landscape Cumbria sub and Types Assessments and County Areas National Character between tier intermediate an Forms AONB) the in (5 types landscape updating. Broad subsequent Some study. A desk based areas character broad scale on Based dated. is now Original work Firth Solway into falls coast AONB All Assessment. Seascape Practice in Guide Best to Figof See 4.1 Co Additional ypes andypes sub

nd

(below) f - - types including including types it it with types based on the the based on types have been retained have been - mments 2010

Character Character

. and and

The original original The

scale scale

157 APPENDIX 158 APPENDIX Land Use Consultants Use Land 7.13

Commission Assessment Figure15 Figure14 the around inAONBwithin and provided are types and Mapsandlandscape oftheNational level Countypresent areas character

: Cumbria Landscape Types and Sub-Types Types Sub-Types Landscape and Cumbria : : National Landscape Character Areas Character Landscape National :

Scale

122 Guidance (1997) Guidance 2002 A

ccordance with Figures14-15.

Additional Co Additional

mments

File: S:\4800\4808 Solway Coast AONB LCA\GIS\Themes\ArcGIS9\4808-01_010_NCAs_A3.mxd AONB Coast Solway 100019265 Number S:\4800\4808 File: Licence Consultants, Use Land Copyright, Crown Office, Stationery Majesty's Her of Controller The of permission the with information Survey Ordnance from Reproduced West Cumbria CoastalPlain

10 CumbriaHigh Fells SolwayBasin Eden Valley National Character Areas Key Areas Charater National 14: Figure SolwayCoast AONB Landscape/Seascape CharacterAssessment Revision: Date:21/09/2010 Source:Natural England WestCumbria Coastal Plain SolwayBasin Eden Valley CumbriaHigh Fells Outerstudy area SolwayCoast AONB 4 2 0 1 Km 8b Solway Coast AONB Landscape/Seascape 8b Character Assessment

2b 5b Figure 15: Cumbria LCA Classification

Key

Solway Coast AONB

Outer study area 1b Type 1: Estuary and Marsh 1a, Intertidal Flats 1a 1b, Coastal Marsh

5d Type 2: Coastal Margins 2b 2c 1b 2d 2a, Dunes & Beaches 2b, Coastal Mosses 2b 2c, Coastal Plain

2b 5d 2d, Coastal Urban Fringe 2a Type 5: Lowland 1b 5a, Ridge & Valley 5b, Low Farmland 2d 5d 5c, Rolling Lowland 2b 5d, Urban Fringe

2c 2b Type 6: Intermediate Land Type 8: Main Valleys 5b 8b, Broad Valleys 5b 8c, Valley Corridors Type 11: Upland Fringes 2a 1a 11a, Foothills Type 12: Higher Limestone 12c, Limestone Foothills 5a 12b, Rolling Fringe

6

01 2 4 Km

12b

Source: Cumbria County Council

12c Date: 21/09/2010 2d Revision:

8c 10 Reproduced from Ordnance Survey information with the permission of The Controller of Her Majesty's Stationery Office, Crown Copyright, Land Use Consultants, Licence Number 100019265 File: S:\4800\4808 Solway Coast AONB LCA\GIS\Themes\ArcGIS9\4808-01_009_Cumbira_LCA_A3.mxd 10 APPENDIX 163

(1:25,000)

(1:25,000) for AONB for AONB (Level 3) (Level New Classification of of Classification New New Classification of of Classification New Landscape Types (Level 3) (Level Types Landscape Landscape Character Areas Areas Character Landscape

)

Types Named -

123

Areas

and Sub Typology

Regional Landscape Landscape Regional Regional Landscape Landscape Regional

Types

ape Types (Level 3) (Level Types ape - -

(typically at a scale of 1:50,000) of scale a (typically at (typically at a scale of 1:50,000 at scale a (typically

(scale 1:250,000 or50,000) (scale 1:250,000) Landscape

AONB Landscape Types (detailed types) (detailed Types Landscape AONB (typically at a scale of 1:25,000) 1:25,000) of scale a (typically at

National Seascape Areas Seascape National Local Landsc Local e.g. National Character Areas Character National e.g. National Character Areas (Level 1) (Level Areas Character National

Local Landscape Character Areas Areas Character Landscape Local

- National Landscape/ Seascape Types Seascape Types Landscape/ National Landscape National e.g. (typically at a scale of 1:25,000) 1:25,000) of scale a at (typically - -

- Cumbria (Level 1) 1) (Level (Level 3) (Level e.g. e.g. urrently No Landscape Character Areas Named Character No Landscape urrently

C Currently No Landscape Character No Landscape Currently Solway Coast Solway AONB AONB AONB AONB Areas (Level 2) (Level Areas Types (Level 2) (Level Types Region/ National ParkNational Region/ new AONB assessmentnew AONB Region/ National Park Park National Region/ England England e.g. e.g. The following flow chart summarises the how the how the existing following summarises The landscapeflow chart character the hierarchy, fits. where fitclassification into and the new assessment classifications The

Land Use Consultants 7.14 10 164 APPENDIX Land Use Consultants Use Land 7.15

Previous and Fit names and subdivides the character types into areas to bring out differences. types subdivides thenamescharacter into and areas outdifferences. to bring underclassificationThe new of landscape consideration. uses descriptive more variations and differences found withinbe thatcan areas thespecific withintypes of theselistedvery Somegeneral below. types donot are convey and the presented Thethe were previous typeswhich in AGRICULTURALLAND MOSSLAND COASTALMARGIN Existing Types with the previous AONB classification AONBclassification previous the with

Roughpasture Improved pastureand arable land RaisedPeat Bog Cliff Sanddunes Saltmarsh Foreshore sea Open and river channels

n

ew ew

Solway Coast AONBSolwayt Coast

124

LOWLANDLANDSCAPES SEASCAPE/INTERTIDAL Proposed Types ypes Solway Coast LandscapeSolway

Type Type Type F: Type E: Type Coastal Plain Type CoastaD: C: Type RiverFloodplain and Marshy Type B: OuterFirth Beachesand A: Type Fringe Farmland Grassland Dunes Saltmarsh

H G

:Coastal Town and Urban :Undulating Coastal Farmland

Drumlinised I nner

F irth l Mossesl

IntertidalFlats

Lowland (1995) are (1995) are

and and

Land Use Consultants Use Land 7.16

e The landscape character assessments. character landscape assessments. fits previous classificationslocal with sub and theexisting regional in national, types classificationexplains oflandscape the new table Theareasfollowing how and Fringe Lowland Farmland Lowland Farmland Lowland Lowland Lowland Grassland Marshy Lowland Dunesand Beaches Seascape/Interti Intertidal Flats Type Seascape/IntertidalA: Landscape Seascape/ Landscape Types AONBNew Coast Solway Classification xisting LCAs n

ew ew

Landscape Type Landscape Type Landscape Type F: Landscape Type E: Landscape Type Landscape Type C: Landscapes

classification of types and areas and r areas and types classification ofand

dal Landscapes Type B:dal Landscapes

H G D: : : Drumlinised Coastal Plain Coastal Urban Townand Undulating Coastal Coastal Mosses River Floodplai River

I nner nner Outer Firth Outer Firth

Lowland Lowland

125 F

n and and n

irth -

LCA toEquivalent Not classified within Included sub within Included SolwayCoast AONB and Land Improved within Part included Pasture Arable within Included Farmland within Part included SolwayCoast AONB and Land Improved within Part included Pasture Arable Includ Plain toEquivalent Grazing Rough and i within ImprovedIncluded Pastureboth and Land Arable wi Included in Cumbria Mosses toEquivalent AONB Raised within Part included PeatBog within Included CumbriaFarmland in Part Sub Landscape withinPart included within Included Part SolwayCoast AONB withinPart included within Included inEstuary and Included in Marsh Cumbria CoastAONB within Included within Included Exis to Relationship

i i in Cumbria ncluded ncluded and inEstuary Marshncluded Cumbria in ed within ed within

LCA

in Cumbria thin

sub 2 Type Coastal Margin, sub 2 Type Coastal Margin, sub with in in LCA -

Type elationship with SolwayBasin NCA Solwa SolwayBasin NCA SolwayBasin NCA SolwayBasin NCA SolwayBasin NCA SolwayBasin NCA Coastal Types Margin Landscape SolwayBasin NCA

SolwayAONB Coast - LCA type 2d in in

- LCA

type2c Coastal Plain Cumbria in n

Type Type 5 and ImprovedLand Pasture Arable CoastalTypes Margin Landscape

in in

sub LCA LCA

y Basin NCAy LCA LCA LCA SolwayAONB Coast ting Classifications SolwayCoast AONB

- in Cumbria types Coastal Urban FringeCoastal Cumbria in Urban

Lowland Coastal Low and Plain

, sub , LCA in in

LCA Solway Coast - - -

type type Coastal

typeLow LCA

LCA

LCA

Coastal

LCA

in in

Solway

LCA in in in in

165 APPENDIX 166 APPENDIX Land Use Consultants Use Land Survey Survey Appendix 4

sheet example 126

KE Number PHOT CHARACTER SEASCAPE DRAFT LANDSCAPE/ AREA: CHARACTER SEASCAPE DRAFT LANDSCAPE/ TYPE: ...... if SURVEYall several) LOCATIONS(include WEATHER: ……………………………………………………………………...... NAME...... DATE:………………………TIME:...... LUCFIELD SURVEY FORM ……………………………………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………………………………… Note condition: their physical/human/visibleKey characteristics their and significance/ contribution to character. ……………………………………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………………………………… CharacterAssessment Y WORDS/PHRASESY SEASCAPE/ CHARACTER VISUAL LANDSCAPE/ FOR OGRAPHS (also location mark on map)

Ref GPS/Grid

Location –

SolwayCoast Landscapeand Seascape Direction/Bearing/Notes

......

167 APPENDIX 168 APPENDIX Comment onroadlining/ signposting/ anyroadside clutter VISIBLEFEATURES HYDROLOGY/WATER/COASTAL LANDFORM/ SEASCAPE ELEVATION Geological/Geomorphol Solid PHYSICALAND INFLUENCES-GEOLOGY SOILS ……………………………………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………………………………… Communications Buildings Settlement/Industrial Other ifTick present. Make note seenif anotherin character area or type beyond. Transition (50 Lowland (10 Flats(<10m) Sealevel (0m) ...... Shoal/sandbank/scar Raisedbeach New RedSandstone Lake/tarn/water/pool Spring/well River/stream/beck Hills Terraced Rolling Coastallevels Flat Masts/poles park Car Bridleway/footpath Disusedrailway Railway/station Tracks Ruralroad/lanes roadMain Motorway/Dual

-

- -

50m)

- LAND LAND 75m)

ogicalForms

Rocky Cliffs slopesGentle Floodplain Meander Ditch Bog/moss/mire Pier/har Bridges Ruins Fortifications Church Tower Landmark Hall/parkland Farmbuildings

...... outcrop

/bastle

bour/dock

bldg/mon.

Other......

DEPTH-

Drift/Soils

Sandy beach Shingle beach Sanddunes Plateau Escarpment Brackishlagoon Salt madeMan lake Verydeep (>20m) (10Deep 5 2 Shallow(0 ...... Esker Drumlins clayBoulder Raisedgravel beach Estuarine mud Warp Alluvium Peat Sand Caravan/campsite farmsWind Workings Quarry Dispersedsettle. Linearsett Nucleatedsettle. Village/hamlet Suburb/townedge - -

10m 5m

marshcreek

SEA

-

- 20m)

- height...... le. 2m)

......

Lighthouse Coastaldefence Industrialbuilding Airfield Romansite Earthworks andRidge furrow Historicfield Tumuli Other...... sea Open Estuarychannel Flat mossesFlat sands Flat Flat saltFlat marsh mudflatsFlat Estuary

......

bdry ......

.

……………………………………………………………………………………………………… downslopeseaand Relationship noteiffacing onto (eg etc) to estuary, thelandscape characterSettlement edge (defined/loose) ……………………………………………………... Pattern Density Materials/style Era/age/style charactertypebeyond. another or in Make areapresent. Tickif a noteseenif on theform SETTLEMENT LANDSCAPE WITHIN THE Rural Settlements Shape Size type beyond. or area Make present. Tickif a character noteseenanother if in on theform FIELD PATTERNS BOUNDARIES AND Make present. charactertypebeyond. Tickif noteseenanother aor if in on theareaform (IncludingLAND COVER sea). USE/LAND/VEGETATION Land use use WoodlandLand Settlement Commercial Sea Sand Mudflat Saltmarsh Moss/Wetland Heathland Relict parkland Historicparkland Paddocks Arable Ley/improved Wet meadow pasture Permanent Roughgrazing Other...... Compact Dispersed Linear Nucleated Sandstonegatepost Fences...... Hedges Kests Walls Ditches/drains Banks fields Strip

–

- dry stone dry

native

Wood pasture Belts/shelterbe trees Hedgerow trees Scattered Copses/clumps Avenues trees Parkland plantation Conif. Orchard Scrub Coppice Stuntedwood Yewwoodland woodland Decid. woodland Mixed Other...... Low density Dense Hedges Railing Fence Walls

–

– mortared

o

post wire & rnamental

......

lts

...... Other...... Green Common grasslandAmenity Parks Gardens Residentialcare Bungalows Houses Rendered S Tile roof Cobbles Brick S Regular Irregu Sinuous Geometric l ands ate roof ate

tone lar

Modern 1920s Victorian Georgian Medieval Unenclosed Large Medium Small ...... Other...... Marina camp Holiday Campsite/caravan Golf course Recreational ...... Nursery Military Transportation (+ Disused size) quarry (+ quarry size) Active M unitsIndustrial ineral Working ineral

169 APPENDIX 170 APPENDIX ……………………………………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………………………………… Views from: ……………………………………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………………………………… Views to: ……………………………………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………………………………… Views this within landscape: glimpsed,contained, eg VIEWSnature enclosed, (include focussed, open, panoramic) does How from consistent thelandscape make descriptor. you feel? useof materials? Circle Focus aestheticspecific elementsdoes characteristics onhow to contribute arise eg unity the PERCEPTUALCHARACTERISTICS

SCENIC BEAUTY SCENIC BIODIVERSITY ECOSYSTEMS/ FUNCTIONING NATURAL EVIDENCE OF DIMENSION /HERITAGE HISTORICALAND EVIDENCECULTURAL OF ARTIFICIAL LIGHTING NOIS TRANQUILLITY OFPEOPLE DIFFUSION IMPACT HUMAN VIEWS NATURALNESS/WILDNESS MOVE BALANCE DIVERSITY ENCLOSURE COLOUR TEXTURE PATTERN SCALE GRAIN LINE FORM

E/DISTURBANCE MENT

Outstanding/good/moderate/poor Good (damaged) condition (intact)/fragmented/absent Continuous/ none /limited/ widespread Good condition (maintained)/ Continuous/ none /limited/ widespread evident/Absent/ apparent/ dominant noisy/disturbed peaceful/ Silent/ Tranquil/active/disturbed dense/ localised/ everywhere Few/ continuous None/ widespread/ limited/ Panoramic/open/focused/glimpsed/no views Wild/natural/tamed/man modified busy still/Dead/ calm/ discordant/Harmonious/ balanced/ chaotic simple/ diverse/ Unified/ complex Tight/ enclosed/ open/exposed colourful/ Natural/ garish Smooth/rough very textured/ rough/ R vastIntimate/ small/ large/ oflandform/apparent/weak/none orientation Strong angular/ Straight/ curved/ sinuous sloping/ rolling/ Vertical/ horizontal andom/ organised regular/ formal regular/ andom/ organised [See definitions in p.35 of LCA guidance] guidance] definitions[See ofLCA p.35 in

fragmented/ruined (neglected) fragmented/ruined

localised or Notewidespread if elements perspectives. and from visual/functional ofrepairfeatures ecological State and LANDSCAPE/SEASCAPE CONDITION - Landscape/seascapecharacter (masts/quarries/industry) Anydetracting features surroundingareas Viewswithin areaand to cleanlinessshorelinesof includingnaturalness and Riverscoastaland fea features/heritage Historicand cultural intactnessof character materialsstyle,and and development pattern Settlements/buildingsand intact? Fromwhich era are features Boundaryfeatures agriculturallandcover Farmedlandscape coppice)(eg includinghistoric management Treesand woodl wetland biodiversity Semi Featuresattributesand

overallintegrity/intactness - natural habitatsand

sand drainage systems

-

including

ands

-

tures tures - -

unityof

-

...... Scenicbeauty ...... Viewstosurrounding areas Viewswithin area ...... Naturalshores marshesSalt Mudflats/sands estuarySea/ Rivers ...... fieldRelict systems/pattern Histor Historicbuildings . Settlements Farmbuildings ...... Historicfield patterns Railings Walls Hedges Hedgerow trees ...... Currentagricultur Historicfield patterns ...... Avenues/fieldtrees/clumps Coppice Woodland ...... Ditches Mosses Waterbodies required Item/feature ......

icparkland

-

add others as others add

- the physical state of landscape and intactnessstateand physical oflandscape -the

al

land use land

....

...... Changing:enhancing/declining Stable:maintained/neglected/damaged ...... Changing:enhancing/declining Stabl ...... Changing:enhancing/declining Stable:maintained/neglected/damaged ...... Changing:enhancing/declining Stable:maintained/neglected/damaged ...... Changing:enhancing/declining Stable:maintained/neglected/damaged ...... Changing:enhancing/declining Stable:maintained/negle ...... Changing:enhancing/declining Stable:maintained/neglected/damaged ...... Changing:enhancing/declining Stable:maintained/neglected/damaged ...... Changing:enhancing/declining Stable:maintained/neglected/damaged feature asappropriate, andjoin line torelevant repair/directionState of of change. Circle ...... e: maintained/neglected/damaged ......

...... cted/damaged

171 APPENDIX 172 APPENDIX woodlands, (eg factors habitats, Natural semi-natural to sensitive what?): SENSITIVE CHANGE, CHANGE? WHAT TO TO AND WHAT FEATURES THE OF SEASCAPE LANDSCAPE/ VIEWS AND ARE Human factors(land/sea Human historicsensitive elements, use,tosettlement, what?): boundaries, field ……………………………………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………………………………… vegetation/derelict buildings/drainedareas vegetation/derelict to wetlands): inegRestore specifics field elements any apparent restore (list ofdegraded landscapes/dead ……… ……..……………………………………………………………………………………………… …..………………………………………………………………………………………………… ..…………………………………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………………………………… enhance (list and Conserve egwalls): specifics any apparent field maintain in LANDSCAPE/ GUIDELINES SEASCAPE ……………………………………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………………………………… farms etc): of wind (including anystorminess/temperaturechange evidenceof erosion, health views of vegetation, change/sea toclimate List specificsrise/increased any issues level relating ……………………………………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………………………………… neglect) (eg management etc): development due(note recent changes Visible any and toin change present changes ……………………………………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………………………………… Visible past(past changes etc): development,past management KEYISSUES/ FORCES VISIBLE CHANGE/PRESSURES FOR ……………………………………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………………………………… wirelines/poles/fences/lighting/signage):skylines effects change,including and ofdevelopmentor seascapelandscape/ Inter-visibility surrounding consideration with (include of ofimportance ……………………………………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………………………………… at which mitigation views,would work): impacts screen would woodland (ie state scale influences/ seascape woodlandLandform/ scopeand to tree cover/ mitigatepotential visual ……………………………………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………………………………… factors Perceptual naturalness, (eg balance,openness, sensitive? sounds,tranquillity, ): wildness, ……………………………………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………………………………… (note any evident needs, including maintenance) needs,including evident maintenance) any (note

END ……………………………………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………………………………… MANAGEMENTBROAD THIS FOR OBJECTIVE/VISION AREA ……………………………………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………………………………… (if apparent in field) in (ifapparent

173 APPENDIX 174 APPENDIX

STAKEHOLDER WORKSHOP STAKEHOLDER LANDSCAPE CHARACTER CHARACTER LANDSCAPE SOLWAY COAST AONB COAST SOLWAY LandUse Consultants SolwayCoast [email protected] Fax: 020 7383 4798 020 Fax: Tel: 020 7383 5784 020 7383 Tel: ASSESSMENT ASSESSMENT Lon 43 Chalton Street 43 Chalton Preparedfor March don NW1 1JD by

20

10 AONB

S

Workshop facilitators Workshop participants changedyour in How has thelandscape lifetimes, for thefuture guidance 4. landscape change qualities and key special characteristics, Names, boundaries, 3. enjoy Places to viewslandmarks and Secial beachesviews, Seascape: skies and environment/landscapeNatural locations features/wildlife 2. Workshopexercises Objectivesworkshop ofthe 1.

Exercise Changes3: and Pressures in the landscape Exercise 2:Testing The Character and MapsDescriptions Exercise 1:is WhatSpecial a Introduction Why?

...... 8 ...... 3 ...... 5 CONTENTS bout the AONB Landscape i

...... a nd nd ......

10 15 . . 15 10

3 5 6 5 3 1 1

175 APPENDIX 176 APPENDIX 1.7. 1.6. 1.5. 1.4. 1.3. 1.2. 1.1. 1.

1.8. INTRODUCTION workshops, exercises are where carried Three the the results outduring ofwhich to: consultation The where objectives ofthestakeholder toand generate to aimed achieve active participation The consultation technique stakeholder consultation Effective to is the processsuccess key and oflandscape Coast Solway In2009 The purpose of this exercise was Thepurpose of this was exercise

Cumbria LandscapeCumbria Classification landscape that are landscape ofkey to thesetting importance ofthe at the AONB Visitor Centre, Silloth. A total of total A Silloth. at theAONB Visitor Centre, Exercise 1: 1: Exercise WORKSHOPEXERCISES OBJECTIVESOF THE WORKSHOP and the key characteristicsthe key and theperceptualof thelandscape. experience and names/titles areascharacter identified theassessment; by the area the boundaries, Thepurpose ofthis was to exercise seek participants‟opinions onthelandscape perspectivesused onthelandscapebe to local to add thereport. needsaspectswhat and Theinformation to conserved be why. will ofthelandscape; Thepurpose ofthis“what was to is about various exercise determine special” chapters ofthisthe following report.presented in appropriateinformation to the inform the For assessment, widecharacter a are ofviews range represented.values and ensuring character upon thelandscape assessment the for undertaken a character landscape undertake assessment the for (LCA) and contribute totheprocessand ofLCA. attended. attended. Exercise 2: The overall aim was toaim was allowwho live Thethe district peopleandtooverall in understandwork Exercise 3:Pressures and the report and provide and input the report for intolandscape. theguidance thefuture usedbe to information The will known it. information add ontheforcesforchange in place in seentaking thatthey sincetheyof thechanges have thelandscape have

validate thecharacterisation validate map reasons why; people as important/specialunderstand what value about theAONB the and Solwaythe processCoast explain and and purpose toof LCA relevance perceptual experience. perceptual , AONB What Is Special What a Testing the Character Maps and Descriptions Descriptions and Character Maps the Testing a participatoryworkshop afternoon a w AONB AONB commissioned Land Use Consultants (LUC) UseConsultantscommissioned Land (LUC) Future Change Change Future (1995), and incorporat(1995), and bout bout to seek boundaries, names,boundaries, – characteristics key and -wide landscape character landscape assessment.-wide AONB 3 the AONBthe Landscapea

participant‟s observations experiences and 21 participants and 6 facilitators6 participants and es as areas within thesurrounding areas held on Februaryon held 25 . . AONB . Thestudy. builds AONB AO NB NB nd Why? nd in 1995thein and to to AONB

th 2010 ; ; SEASCAPE:VIEWS, BEACHES AND SKIES 2.1. 2. EXERCISE 1:WHAT IS SPECIAL ABOUT THE The following tables show Theofthefollowing thefeatures

coast Sunsetsand sunrises around the GrunePoint The mastsat Anthorn Allonbyand Silloth The promenadeand beaches at seascape All What isimportant Dunesat Mawbray and Silloth What isimportant following headings: headings: following why. and Thesethecommentsprompted by consider to important be were AONB LANDSCAPE AND WHY? LOC NATURALENVIRONMENT/LANDSCAPE FEATURES/W

Places to enjoy: access & recreation, tourist facilities. accessPlaces to & enjoy: tourist recreation, facilities. CulturalIdentity; Historic and Heritage ViewsLandmarks; and Special beachesviews, Seascape, skies; and environment/landscape locations;Natural features/wildlife

ATIONS

in thein Solway

Criffel. differentwith seasons. In thesummer the sunsets behind Spectacularcolours and variations lightin tha scenic„wild‟and placetovisit seascapetogether with the views toScotland make it a wide The openspaces, the scalelarge of skies and area. „natural‟setting and contribute tothe „wildne large the structures and the way they contrast with the split.Some seeit as a „blot landscape‟,on the others like Alarge presence in thearea around which opinionis b Popularwith families, theseare tourist attractions which partof the drama and dynamismof the landscape. variation The and change in the climatic conditions thatis Why is it important flowers the that grow there special The habitatit provides for birdsinsectsand and Why is it important rings rings

money andmoney

5

AONB employ landscape which participantswhich landscape

menttothe area .

.

ILDLIFE

t changet ss‟ of the

177 APPENDIX 178 APPENDIX SPECIALVIEWS AND LANDMARKS along PortCarlisle Canal Dismantledrailways and route NewtonArlosh Marshes Edward1 What isimportant Coastalpath/cycleway saltmarshes Intertidal mudflats Raisedbeaches at Dubmill Silloth Coastline Heritage Tranquillity Bowness Haafnetting along the shore at Sand Stormsand stormy skies What isimportant d

unes

interest st

roadfrom Allonby to

Monumentat

and and

P oint

Indicatesthe c skyline. Sillothviewof with the elegant church spire onthe approachto the town. isparticularlyThisa attractive seashoreliand The dynamicexperience you get looking outwardstothe structuresfrom WW2 land.of the Also remnants industrialof structures and grazing The marshes are partof longa history of the use (problemswith power boats,motorcycles) isThis reason the why people visit.Should conservedbe Partof the cultural heritage of the coast featureof the coastline Ecologicalinterest and biodiversity as stormskies Fantasticexperiences stormsof and grey, steely and Why is it important the industrial the revolution. historyof roadalong the former canal at PortC network Structuressuch as thebridges Abbeytown,at the historicallinks with Scotland Importanthistoric monument thatrelates t Why is it important wildlifeand marshes, affordsand Good Birdfeeding grounds deposited coast

in pathsystem,

theprocess of material beingmoved and

ofdismantled and inlandand . transportand manufacturing

largescale viewsoutward tranquillity. eg. eg. ontinualchange neand the views towards Silloth on the a t Dubmill P

whichallows access tothe coastline with

and diversitywildlifeof

. . railwaysacross area, the and the

a

naturalsetting, including oint .

and thed

andGrune Point s arlisle speakof th wellas an attractive , in thearea during of thesea and ynamicnature of .

. o the the o

.

.

e

HISTORIC HERITAGE CULTURAL AND IDENTITY Bownessand Annan Solwa P Submergedforest off Dubmill Crosscanonby Saltpansat Allonby and fortlets Hadrian Sillothand planned the townsof Maryport Allonby, NewtonArlosh and Historicvillages eg.Mawbray, StHolme Cuthbert Churchesat What isimportant Wind turbinesat Moota The mastsat Anthorn Caldbeck The TV mastsat Sandale golf The course at Silloth coastlineand beaches Viewsalong the western Viewsto theLakeDistrict ViewstoCriffel BownessCommon RodgersceughFarm on inlandand eg.from Panoramicviews What isimportant oint

y Viaducty between

‟ s

W

all and Romanand all Abbeytownand

acrossthe Firth ofseascape

and

exchange/links with Scotland. Historicalinterest and the culturaland historical sea Indicatesa depthof history in changing the landscape and heritage. preservedBest in Britain. names. frontier. northern the shoreline, andthe history of the area as a Romaninfluences, relating particularly to the defences on continuityof historical settlements evident in thearea. Victorian settlementpatterns, from themediaeval settlements to andRange variation of architecture and distinctive historicinfluences of theAbbey on the surroundin Buildings,structures and archaeology thatrelate tothe Why is it important areaof the Thought asof being detrimental to theviews and around area the Contrasting man partof the scenery seenCanbe from allaround the Solway coast Partof the coastal walk characteristicpartof the AONB The dunesand sense the of wildness they bring are a Partof t renownedsunsets in the summer Distinctivepart of the seascape them mossesflatand plains in theforeground contrasting with Criffeland and roun then scale Large Why is it important - level change .

7 he settinghe and sense of place of AONB the

The Romaninfluence isref plannedseaside . , 360 ,

° . .

-

madestructures that can widelybe seen viewsacross .

.

d to the

resorts.The c Partof the areas old industrial

theFirth toScottish coast

and thesetting for .

.

LakelandFells lectedalsoin place hangeand

and formsand , with, the

setting g areag .

.

179 APPENDIX 180 APPENDIX

Cycle Routes CumbriaCoastal Wayand CrosscanonbyNature Reserve Maryport Abb Solfest/Kitefestival/Beer The Greenat Silloth the dunes The plantsand flowers along WallT Roman locationsaround thecoast RSPBreserves, otherand Orn What isimportant Haafnetting Heritageof fisheries, including Portand Carlisle Portsat Maryport and Silloth Beckfoot Quakerburial grounds at Anthornand World War2 airfields at Orton What isimportant PLACES TO ENJOY e ithology ytown rail m

ile

fortand Hadrian‟s

atGrunepoint,

festival

accessshouldperhaps not improvedbe somesaying it needs tobe improvedand others saying Hadrian‟sWallpath. Thereisissuean with access, with toiletslimitedand amount accommodationof along narrow the roads. routesSome are dangerous and arethere problems with walks, The birdlife and the wetlands attractions marina,harb Historic sandstonein buildings the architecture, The the historicchurch and the useof local drawsvisitors eachyear beach surfing,Kite kite flying, windsurfing, horse riding on the space Open that isvery popular Naturalsetting and for the wildlife H coast the numbersof birds visit the area T Why is it important Traditionsunique to Solway. the linkstothe Titanic. peopleof and goods sea.by Maryport alsohas historical Strong historicallinks Partof cultural and religious history of area. the WW2.Historical value. beaches,are allpart the history of the areas through remnants the aircraftof markings Largehangers, landing strips and other Why is it important he areahe offersbirdwatchers istoricintere es es and otherseasonal activitiesalong the coast that seatown .

.

our,promenade and Romanfort are all st

andsignificance

resort. The Limited facilities,few pub

toshipbuilding and the movement

.

.

enormous

Aquarium to . .

on someon of the feedand breedalong .

.

structures,such as .

, visitor, centre, varietyand sor even

large large

KirkbrideAirfield Microlightsand gliding WatchtreeNature Reserve roadsquiet Footpath network/bridleways/ What isimportant

at at

Recreational opportunities established Man issuesaccess about surrounding them Importantaccess routes across area, the but there are For Why is it important walkingand enjoying the countryside of the area. - madenature reserve 9

.

thatisrelatively newly .

.

181 APPENDIX 182 APPENDIX 3.1. 3. EXERCISE 2: TESTING THE CHARACTER MAPS The following tables takes each character type character each tables takes Thefollowing QUALITIES NAMES,BOUNDARIES, KEY CHARACTERISTICS, SPECIAL the landscape. Any changesareto Any thelandscape the landscape. also summarised. comments characteristics theperceptual/experienceof thekey and on boundaries, AND DESCRIPTIONS around edges the of the area Development of tourismin t habitatsin the estuary energyTidal development theand impacts this willhave on the natural processes and Mudflats andsaltmarshes willchange because of their dynamicnature Future Senseof tranquillity Peaceful,pastoral scenes of grazing cattle and theimpression of peaceful,a natural Special Qualities Uninterruptedviews across the infirth A1and A2 to Scotland The noise, flightand movement of birds isalso featurea A1 of feature Sounds areamplified across the estuary making the sounds of birds a parti Mile fortlets backthe areas A1and A2along shoreline the A2A1and Haaf netting on the Bownesscoast skies, Open s Spectacularsunsets and sunrises are particularlya important feature of the area skies Quality lightof isalso importantan influence on the moodof the area, including very dark Ripples,pools a Key Characteristics A2A1and could be viewed assinge a area, belonging tothe inner estuary Boundaries A2could referredbe toas the BownessCoast Perhapsmore widely understood as the “Inner Estuary” Name Workshopcomment MARSALT LANDSCAPE ESTUARY A:UPPER TYPE INTERTIDAL FLATS AND

Change

enseof space expanseand are integralan part of theexperience of theare SHES ndpatterns of the water are characteristica of the flats

AND AND

LANDSCAPECHANGE hearea and intrusions of new developmentrelated tothis

in details participants‟and turn

cularlystrong

setting.

concern grubbing The up of he Future Viewsare also possible from C3 and C1 tothe coast of Dumfries and Galloway define asthese separate character types,distinct form the floodplains Should moreempha ShouldC1: bethis extended tofollow the course of theRiver Waver Should beC2 extended southwards further along the course of the RiverWhampool Holme DubCrummockand Beck floodplainfollowing the co Should beC3 split into twoor three separate areas toreflect the distinction between the Boundaries naming the of the andtype areas the The Name Workshopcomment MOSSES LANDSCAPETYPE C: tourismin the area, should sensitive.be Developmentassociated with the existingvillages and andtowns related toexpansion of tranquillityof the area. Expansion caravanof parks isconcerna and the impact it willhave on the perception Future Baskingsharks, dolphins and porpoises visitthe area Storms thatcanbe experienced at Dubmill point Senseof remoteness, large spacopen Special Qualities Cardurnockcould be included aspart of areas the historical heritage Remnantsof concrete marks for aircraft and anti andSilloth t shouldB2 include mention viewsof the toRobin Rigg Reference tothe spectacular sunsets should be made B1 in theand wide open expanse of sandflats B1 Mastsat Cardurnock are a verylarge presence across area the so should be mentioned Includereference tohard sea defences as Dubmill, not atjust Silloth EiderDuck should identifiedbe asimportant an species sand The dunes are designated SSSI referenceAdd tothe prehistoric forests off Dubmillpoint Key Characteristics shouldB1 be smaller, with A2extending further westwards differentabe type, distinct from the outerfirth foreshoreand The typesperhaps include manytoo dif Boundaries referCould Name Workshopcomment LANDSCAPETYPE B:

descriptionshould include reference tothe sense wildnessof specific tothe sand dunes

typeincludes floodplain and wetland rather than marshes,which should be reflected in

Change Change

he MawbrayBank dunes belong to B1 not B2 tothem as the “Outer Firth”

sisbe placedon the drained enclosed farmlandaround the mossesor dgerowsand replacement with wirefences isvery common and a

urseriverof the Waverand the glacial basin of Black Dub, LOWER FIRTH BEACHES RIVER FLOODPLAIN, MA FLOODPLAIN, RIVER

eare speciala quality of the Cardurnock marshes

ferentthings. The beachesand dunes should maybe

11

-

tankstructures on the marshesaround

RSHESAND DRAINED

AND DUNES AND

and

183 APPENDIX 184 APPENDIX

E1: SunkenE1: lanes are also a keycharacteristic in areathis NorthCumberland style is usedacross the area Reference tothe technique of in it new developments) areathisin is brought out, particularlyasis theregreat pressure tochange this (or ignore isimportant It Key Characteristics ArableE6: land,notpasture partof the characteristics of E Type Coastal Plain beE5 extended toinclude partsof and G2 airfields/modern the developmentsincluded as Kirkbride,such as the old airfield largeand Inconsistencywhere “town fringe” characteristics of G2are also found in aroundE5 Boundaries “Edderside”E5: maybe bettera name Bowness,E1: Drumburgh and Boustead suggested as moreresonant names farmWolsty and alsoformer siteof Wolsty Castle all liewithin the WolstyE5: may useful abe meaningful addition tothe ofname the area (Wolsty Hall, WedholmeE4: doesn‟t really mean much locally.“Waver Plainsuggested asalternative an Name co Workshop LANDSCAPE TYPE E: condition the of thepeat bogs Agri Future Change referShould tobogs not mires Medievalfarms lie adjacent to D3 includingthe mention of reedbunting around the edges of the Some modifications should madebe to thespecies of birdsmentioned in thedescriptions, viewsacross areas bog. of includethe l Notjust short views in theseareas. The descriptions viewsof the should be modified to Mention the hardedges define theboundaries to theareas drainedof peat oc are Areas thathavebeen modified by man Notsure of use the of the work“naturalised” todescribe thetype as cultural landscapes subsequentrestoration programs allow to sphagnum the torecover extractionand moredetai emphasisMore needed in the Key Characteristics on thedraining bogsof for peat RSPBand some areas are privately owned reference The to the mossesbeing RSPBreserves isincorrect. They are part NNR, part Key Characteristics SaltaShould Mossbe included asan area within typethis Boundaries Namesreflect the character andtype areas the well Name Workshopcomment LANDSCAPETYPE D: - environmentschemes could change character

argevistas, open skies available fromthe tops of thedrumlins, and the long casionallyfringed wetby woodland, and stands of birch occurmostly on areas

thatthe vernacular architecture of the settlements,farmsteads and buildings

mment

l shouldbe provided about the damage to the mossesand COASTAL PLAINS

COASTAL MOSSES

Westmoreland

hangers, thoughstill classed as type E. Should

style

andshould help tocontinue toimprove

hedge la

yingis mosses incorrect

area)

. It. is factin

2001, andhas since beentransformed into one of the largest man disusedairfield become theburial ground for livestock during foot the and mouth crisis in The Watc improvedof farmland and settlements) divided boggyby valleys Could describecommon a acrosspattern F4 and F5 ofraised areas settlementsof (“islands in it new developments) areathisin is brought ou isimportant It thatthe vernacular architecture of the settlements,farmsteads and buildings Key Characteristics Should boundarybetween F2 andF1 lie further west below) boundary) toreflect the historic se Should boundarybetween F4 andF5 be further east (so the RiverWampool forms the Boundaries NotveryF5: familiar,though no suggestions for a bettername MaryportF4: to Wigton ShoulF2/1: Namesfor F3F2, and F6 ok Name Workshopcomment LANDSCAPETYPE F area,part but of a diversification farmingof practices Kirkbrideand prevalence the of turf production havingeffectan on thecharacter of the Sandstonegateposts graduallydisapp Removalof field boundarieseffecting thecharacter Trafficintensification and road side parking Smallincremental changes concernareof area Traditionof hedge la Future herdwick b Thesight of sheepand Solway The medievalsettlements around the Cardurnock peninsular,including Bowness centuryenclosed common pasture associatedfield systems whereenclosed narrow strips are surrounded 18by andE2 couldE3: draw out historic the field pattern more. Medieval Viewsof the Isle of Man possible clearon days Largeskiesopen Tranquiland quiet landscape Peaceful,pastoral qualities, particularlyandE3 in E1 Special Qualities Should bethis separatea partsE4: of thecentral area are more akin toifC3, drained improvedand farmland. inland(F1 and F2). The ridge as featurea areaof the E Anthorn erectedin the 1960s theE2: links toWW2 and airfields the should mentionedbe as wellas the masts at 5: the5: flatness and opencharacter of thearea isaccentuated by the ridge thatrises up londs

b Change elgium elgium

htree Nature ReserveDEFRAa owned site establishedat Great Orton. The (native to(native Cumbrian Lakebrought Districtand winter) downin d bethis called AbbeyHolme “Tarns”

b

lues.

yingbecoming weaker, leading toloss of distinctive feature across the

Scottish black t, particularlyasis theregreat pressure tochange this (or ignore cattle grazing thepasture:grazing cattle : LOWLAND FARMLAND areaof C type

ttlementand field patterns more accurately (seenote

earing face face

13

sheep,

k

endal roughs, cheviots,roughs, endal swaledales, f riesians,

a yrshires, - madenature reserves in , nucleatedvillages and h oushires, th

and 19 and

- on - th

185 APPENDIX 186 APPENDIX

Continuedindustrial developments and increase lorryin traffic through the area Change The historicaldepth associatedin with the WW2 airfields Key Characteristics thein „fringe‟ areaaround butSilloth stillregarded as belonging tothe farmland type. inconsistencywhere thearea around Kirkb clearerboundary between the outskirt G2: shouldbe smaller, with the road running through EastCaus Boundaries Kingmoor the NatureReserve Kingmoorand House whichliewithin thearea G1: Kingmoor perhapsa better and mo Name Workshopcomment LANDSCAPETYPE G: thatand they maydamage oldthese lanes Concernsover thelarge farming machinery and tractors thatnow use the narrow lanes Future geological The features and drumlin nos strip The fields and ancient enclosures, particularly in west the F2 of TheF4: Romanfortlet Swarthyat Hillis a distinctive feature Special Qualities system valley IncludedF5: the Finglandrigg Wood NNR. Isth F4 andF5: areThere some parks located across the area dispersedindividual farms morewith outfieldsand varied fieldpatterns settlements F4 andcouldF5: a distinction be made between the twoareas. F5 contains morenucleated enclosure(ancient pattern) and outfieldenclosure F4 andF5:more detail should givenbe about the mixture enclosedof common field (notablyRockcliffe) LargelyF6: 19 long a time FormerlyF5: included Ingelwood Forest, majora hunting area that remained unsettled for UnsureF2: about the area beingreferred toas more wooded Eur ope.

Change

andlarger field system, whilst F4 has more of mixturea smallof villages and

th

Centuryenclosure with some small ancient settlement and field systems

TOWN FRINGE TOWN s Sillothof and farmland the of E. Type A perceived respecific name than “West Carlisle”, referring to e ine the west F2 of

r ide containside lota similarof the elements found

ismore like C Type than F as part river a of

e wayhead forminga

LANDSCAPE 4.2. 4.1. 4. EXERCISE 3:CHANGES AND PRESSURE The following table liststable Thefollowing thepressures drivers changethatparticipants and for

LIFETIMES,GUIDANCE FOR THE FUTURE HOWHAS THE LANDSCAPECHANGED IN YOUR might be seen. seen. might be onthelandscape toas continuing act andchangesidentified future possiblethat AONBrecentin the landscape within memory. place Th the farmland the and the small, narrow lanes notsuitable for current the structure of usingthe roads, tractorsetc., whichare Increaseheavyin agricultural machinery TRAFFIC & ROADS industry Hadrian‟sWallfor the local tourist increasingly The important ro along thecoast for this typeof recreation improvedand pat Coastal the Cycle Route, Hadrian‟sWall birdwatchers and walkers mayalterwith The typeof tourism, such as morecyclists, andthrough w sheerand volume of peopletravelling visitingpeople the area, improved facilities associatedwith risea in the number of Potentialchange isthe development TOURISM Future change Largerfarming machinery and vehicles using thenarrow lanes Declinein dairyfarming si Workshopcomment What haschanged? e following tables show the key changestables showkey ashaving takenfollowing identified thatparticipants e the

alkingaround the area

hsand access and to

ncethe foot and mouthoutbreak le of

15

preservedhistoric landscape Need tocontinue topres character the (andidentity?) of the AONB. internationallyimportant site and intrinsic to morereadable tothe public because it isan Wouldlike toseeHadrian‟s Wallbe made overcoming. placeslikeHadrian‟s Wall whichneeds improvinginterpretation and access to ownership andsome opposition to Some partsof the area are privatein thein area encourage shouldThere b Guidancefor the future . sensitivedevelopment of tourism

e guidancee thatwill

ervewella

.

S I S N THE

187 APPENDIX 188 APPENDIX

aregrown under plastic suchas newcrops of potatoes andmaize becomecould more widespread as crops „Polly changesin andFlooding flood defences related to agreements HigherLevel Stewardship (HLS) re The LANDUSE one establishedtobe in Silloth digesters, thein „Communityrenewable energy‟ production KirkbrideBlackdykeand Biomassplants ( offshore to„beyond the carrying capacity‟ The building „tooof many‟ farmswind Onshoreand offshorewindfarms BarrageTidal DEVELOPMENT ENERGY RENEWABLE flooddefences related tosea level Increasedriskflooding of and need for tidal mosses willpeople livingbe closer wetlands to and level rise enclosedlandscape mightoccur seawith Rewetting of drainedland and loss of CLIMATECHANGE sitedeclining or notimproving as hoped. scheme the and the co the ownerswithdrawing their animals from on the busy/fastroad, which has resulted in grazing. animalsAlot of have been killed SSSI the sites (dunescoastaland heaths) by roadsisissuean for attempt the tomanage speed The cars travel atal cyclists lanes/makingit dangerous for walkersand networkof roads and damaging the lorriesvehiclesand are using the small to thetowns and to thefarms, bigso Deliverygoodsof in bulk ac of thelandscape/seascape - tunnel agricu formof sludge digesters,anaerobic -

wetting of the mossesthrough . This . which ruralland drainagesystem

willchange the landscape as –

also usegrass. Aplanfor aerobicdiges lture‟and glass houses ndition SSSIof the

ong theong coastal )

rossarea the ters at at ters

rise

roadsthrough things likeculverts habitatsin the area. Dealing with water on Protectingproperty as well as the unique commitmen The properenforcement ofthis t maintained. Theretention sensitiveof views characteristictheareaof and needs tobe The bigundeveloped skies arekeya Plansstrand management shorelinemanagement and riverbasin requireWill speedcameras along the coastal road forNeed trafficcalming measures, signs and roads forNeed trafficmanagement unclassifiedon o Scotlando should be prioritya

ttoit on thepart of landowners ategiesthat will protect homes

guidance tosteer changesto

schemeand .

.

allunde Increasednumber of QUARRIES EXTRACTIONAND MATERIALSOF Changeto t silage buildingof concrete platforms for agriculturalbuildings being erected. herds,large chicken s amalgamation the of farms: bigger dairy Shift tol off qualityWater affected by agricultural run area. wateron the course management of the aretwo pumps in theAONB) with affects Pump drainageschemes turnedoff (there Agency united the utilities and Environment Sincethe 1980‟s the boards havegone dealwith this problem agr drainagesystems across the area. No clear clearingditches the which hasaffected the funds usedto responstake acrossarea. the The EnvironmentAgency managesthe ditches and „gutter‟clearance traditional„kests‟ and issues overwho style hedgelaying, the disappearance of the The decline of the traditionalCumberland

eements orpressure on land

/erectinggrainof silos have cutbeen theyhaven‟t been . r same the ownership

arge scale arge Utilitiescharging for wastewater. enantfarming , industrial, ibility for this, butas sandpits heds largerand

–

fewerof them

farmingand

–

whichare - ownersto The The –

17 -

clearance structure the whoof manages the ditch regardingrewetting the of the mossesand changesthein sea level, new policies systemacross the area whichaddresses changes in the drainage The management pollutionof and water engagementconsensusand on themselves,but needsthere tobe Far the ditches,ie the land o whoof isresponsible for the clearance of needsThere to be layingmanagementand of wa Encouragementof traditional forms hedgeof merswillneed todrain theirland .

aclearer understanding broughtabout by wners. ter courses.ter

approach.

189 APPENDIX 190 APPENDIX 5. WORKSHOP PARTICIPANTS AND FACILIATORS KevinNewe DorothyHallsworth AnnePattinson Dropin Session BrianMelville FaulknerMike andMr MrsK Rudkin Tim Heslop AlasdairBrock John Molyneux CaronNewman CollierJohn AnthonyMarkley Pam Taylor John Redgate Bill Angell ChrisPuxley RichardWood K.Melville Halbert Val Pauline Goodridge John Martin PaulMacrae MaryJansson SamOxley JennyWain BarbaraHepburn BrianIrving Ro Name WORKSHOP FACILITATORS se Wolfe

Leader,Allerdale Borough Council NaturalEngland JointAdvisory committee AONB( Parish Councillor) EnglishHeritage Carlisle Cit CumbriaCounty Council SolwayFirth Partnership NaturalEngland Volunteerand Resident Port Sillothof Harbour Master AllerdaleBorough Council ResidentAONBin ResidentAONBin CarlisleCouncil City SolwayCoast Community VolunteerGroup LUC LUC LUC CumbriaCounty Council SolwayCoast AONB SolwayCoast AONB SolwayCoast AONB Organisation ResidentAONB ResidentAONB, Burghby SandsParish Council BurghMarsh Committee ResidentAONBin Al Residentand Volunteers lerdaleBorough Council

y Councily

Land Use Consultants Use Land OrrSteven OxleySam Macrae Paul Jansson Mary UseConsultants: Land CollinsMike (English Heritage) Newman Carol Rose Manager) Wolfe(AssistantAONB group:Steering Acknowledgements Historic Hind David Mrs and Rudkin Mr K Worsnop Sheila Jim Worsnop Bill Angell John Martin Volunteers: (Allerdale Evans Richard Borough Council) (Allerdale Payne Ian BoroughCouncil) (Cumbria Wain CountyJenny Council) Pasley(Natural Stuart England) Sue McMillan (AONB) McMillan Sue (AONB IrvingBrian Manager)

al advice provided by:

191 APPENDIX Produced by Michaela Corrie Design [[email protected]] Produced

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