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Original Article Species Diversity and Distributional Pattern of Cockroaches in Lahore, Pakistan Introduction J Arthropod-Borne Dis, June 2017, 11(2): 249–259 H Memona et al.: Species Diversity and … Original Article Species Diversity and Distributional Pattern of Cockroaches in Lahore, Pakistan Hafsa Memona, *Farkhanda Manzoor, Saffora Riaz Department of Zoology, Lahore College for Women University, Lahore, Pakistan (Received 28 Apr 2015; accepted 14 May 2016) Abstract Background: Cockroaches are found as the most common urban pests of tropical countries, prompting economic and serious health risk problem for humans by carrying microbes and allergens, acting as vector for various patho- gens of diseases. The present study was conducted from April 2013 to March 2014 in various human dwelling local- ities of urban area of district Lahore, Pakistan. Methods: Cockroaches were collected randomly by hand, food baited and sticky traps throughout the year. Four species of cockroaches (Periplaneta Americana (P. amercana), Blattella germanica (B. germanica), Blatta orientalis (B. orientalis), and Blatta lateralis (B. lateralis) were collected and identified from the study site. Results: B. germanica was the most dominant indoor species with highest diversity indices in study areas. Overall cockroach species diversity was highest in July–September, 2013 with highest Simpson index of diversity and Shan- non index as well. P. americana was found second broadly distributed in the study area followed by B. orientalis and B. lateralis were intermediately distributed in residential areas and narrowly distributed in hospitals. Residential ar- eas and hospitals were highly infested with B. germanica followed by P. americana. Population index of B. ger- manica for hospitals was double than residential areas. B. lateralis was observed as displacing B. orientalis in out- door habitat through competing with its habitat and food sources. Conclusion: The infestation rate of different species depends on availability of food sources, sanitary conditions and climatic conditions. Cockroach infestation can be controlled with knowledge about their biology and behavior, at- tention to sanitation and effective use of commercial insecticides. Keywords: Diversity, Cockroach, Pakistan, P. americana, B. germanica. Introduction Out of the 4600 species of cockroaches and impoverished living settings are breeding only 50 species have been reported as pests sites for indoor species especially Blattella ger- of human structures and dwellings world- manica (B. germanica) (Bonnefoy e al. 2008). wide. They randomly infringe in human hab- Poor sanitation, disrepair and clutter contrib- itation and never cause threat to indoor struc- ute to increase population of cockroaches in tures (Cochran et al. 1980, Bonnefoy et al. human habitat. Foodstuffs can be contaminat- 2008). Morphologically cockroaches are char- ed with cockroach feces, body parts and path- acterized by their dorsoventrally flattened ogens. Increased population of cockroaches body, head concealed beneath the pronotum, inside the homes will cause asthmatic aller- chewing mouth parts, prominent antennae and gies in peoples which can be life threatening cerci. They are placed recently in their own in some cases (Lamiaa et al. 2007). order of Blattodea (Triplehorn and Johnson The predominant species of cockroaches 2005). found in various types of human dwellings All types of human habitations including in Bangkok, Thailand, Kuala Lumpur Federal hospitals and houses are significantly infest- Territory, peninsular Malaysia, Singapore, Chi- ed with cockroaches. Highly populated houses na, Indonesia, India and Pakistan are: Family 249 *Corresponding authors Dr Farkhanda Manzoor, http://jad.tums.ac.ir E-mail: [email protected] Published Online: May 27, 2017 J Arthropod-Borne Dis, June 2017, 11(2): 249–259 H Memona et al.: Species Diversity and … Blattidae include Periplaneta americana (P. of yeast, 150 bacterial species, 45 species of americana) (American cockroach), P. austral- parasitic worms and 90 species of protozoa asiae (Australian cockroach), Periplaneta to human life either biologically or mechan- brunea (P. brunnea) (Burmeister) (Large ically (Tachbele et al. 2006, Al-Marjani et brown cockroach), Periplaneta fuliginosa (P. al. 2008, Saichua et al. 2008, Al-bayati et al. fuliginosa), Blatta orientalis (B. orientalis) 2011, Akinjogunla et al. 2012, Tilahun et al. (Oriental cokroach), Neostylopyga rhombifo- 2012, Goralska and Kurnatowski 2013, Vaziri- lia (N. rhombifolia) (Stool) The Harlequin anzadeh et al. 2014). They get infected with cockroach, Blatta (Shelfordella) lateralis (B. pathogenic bacteria causing bubonic plague, lateralis) (Walker) (Turkistan cockroach) and leprosy, dysentery, urinary infections, abscess- Hebardina concinna (H. concinna) (Dehaan) es and pimples etc. bacterial species can stay (Sriwichai et al. 2002, Chompoosri et al. 2004). alive on cockroach body surfaces for many Family Blattelidae include B. germanica days (Vahabi et al. 2007). (German cockroach), Blattella lituricollis (B. The parasitic organisms identified from lituricollis) (Walker) (Smaller German cock- cockroaches include helminthes and proto- roach), Supella longipalpa (S. longipalpa) zoans. The helminthes include Strongyloides (Fabricius) (Brown banded cockroach), Blat- stercoralis (S. stercoralis), Ascaris lumbri- tella vaga (B. vaga) Hebard (Field cockroach), coides (A. lumbricoides), Trichuris trichura Blattella asahinai (B. asahinai) Mizukubo (T. trichura), Taenia spp and identified pro- (Asian cockroach), Jacobsonina erebis (J. tozoans are Cyclospora spp, Entamoeba his- erebis), Symploce pallens (S. pallens) (Smooth tolytica (E. histolytica), Entamoeba coli (E. cockroach) Symploce sphaerica (S. sphaeri- coli), Balantidium coli (B. coli) and Isospora ca), Symploce miyakoensis (S. miyakoensis), belli (I. belli) (Thyssen et al. 2004, Salehza- Symploce okinerabuensis (S. okinoerabuensis), deh et al. 2007, Nyarango et al. 2008, Chamavit Symploce paramarginata (S. paramargina- et al. 2011, El-Sherbini and El-Sherbini 2011). ta) and Symploce evidens (S. evidens). Fam- Cockroaches are contaminated with medical- ily polyphagiadae include Polyphaga aegyp- ly important fungi including Candida, Asper- tica (P. aegyptica) and Polyphaga saussurei gillus niger (A. niger), Mucor, Rhizopus spp, (P. saussurei). Family Blaberidae include Rhy- Aspergillus fumigans (A. fumigans) and Pen- parobia maderae (R. maderae) (Madeira icillium spp. (Tatfeng et al. 2005, Salehza- cockroach). Family Pycnoscelidae include Pyc- deh et al. 2007). noscelis surinamensis (Linnaeus) (P. surina- Cockroach associated bacteria include mensis) the Surinam cockroach. Family Oxy- Klebsiella pneumoniae (K. pneumoniae), Sal- haloidae include Nauphoeta cinerea (Olivier) monella spp, Escherichia coli (E. coli), Pseu- (N. cinerea) the lobster cockroach (Cochran domonas aeruginosa (P. aeruginosa), Enter- et al. 1980, Zahedi and Jeffery 1996, Boyer obacter cloacae (E. cloacae), Citrobacter freun- and Rivault 2004, Jeffery et al. 2012, Wang dii (C. freundii), Enterobacter aerogenes (E. and Che 2013). aerogenes) and Proteus mirabilis (P. mirabi- Different studies in Pakistan confirms the lis) which are potential pathogens. There was presence of P. americana, B. orientalis and no significant difference between the overall B. germanica species of cockroaches in Pa- bacteria load on the external surface in cock- kistan (Mlso et al. 2005, Saira 2005, Ahmed roaches found in the food-handling estab- et al. 2010, NIH 2010, Wakil et al. 2012, lishments (60.08%) and households (39.92%) Malik et al. 2013, Syed et al. 2014). (Wannigama et al. 2014). Pseudomonas aeru- Cockroaches are one of the most important ginosa has been demonstrated to multiply in agent which can transmit almost 60 species the gut and excretion of the bacteria contin- 250 http://jad.tums.ac.ir Published Online: May 27, 2017 J Arthropod-Borne Dis, June 2017, 11(2): 249–259 H Memona et al.: Species Diversity and … ued up to 114 days. Further studies also re- Sampling and identification of cockroaches vealed that Salmonella typhi (S. typhi), Shi- Cockroaches were observed and collected gella dysenteriae (S. dysenteriae) and toxi- randomly from April 2013 to March 2014 genic strains of E. coli retained in the gut of with the help of sticky traps, food baited pit- cockroaches for up to several days (Fotedar fall traps and manual catching by hand. et al. 1993, Pai et al. 2003). Specimens were collected from 20 different Present study was conducted with the sites including hospitals (Punjab Institute of objective to report species composition, di- Cardiology, Mayo Hospital, Sheikh Zaid Hos- versity, abundance, richness and population pital, Jinnah Hospital and General Hospital) dynamics of cockroaches in urban areas of shopping malls/stores (Swera departmental district Lahore. Lahore features a five season store, Metro cash and carry and Hyperstar), semi-arid climate ie foggy winters (15 Nov– institutes/office (LCWU, Punjab university, 15 Feb) with few western disturbances caus- UVAS, GCU Lahore and PASSCO), houses ing rains, pleasant spring (16 Feb–15 April), (Mughalpura, Model town, Shadman, Shalmar, summer (15 April-June) with dust rain storms Maraghzaar, Johar town and Jallo town). and heatwave periods, rainy monsoon (July– Global Positioning System of study sites are 16 September) and dry but pleasant autumn listed in Table 1. Traps were kept on the floor (16 September–14 November) (Punjab Mete- close to the wall of room, under cupboards, orology Department 2014). Due to the high bed, storage racks, under
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