Towards a Sustainable Water Future A Future Earth Conference

24 - 27 September 2019

Conference Proceedings

Contents:

I. Steering Committee ...... 3

II. Organizing Committee ...... 4

II. Sponsors and Partners ...... 5

IV. Programme Schedule ...... 6

V. Water Future Conference: Summary ...... 11

VI. Outcomes ...... 13 1. The Bengaluru – Budapest Science Action Plan towards Sustainable Water Futures ...... 13 2. Note for Standing Committee (Integrated Mountain Initiative) of Parliament on Water Resources ...... 17

VII. Inaugural Ceremony ...... 20

VIII. Plenary Sessions ...... 26 1. Advanced Water System Assessment to Address Water Security Challenges of the 21st Century ...... 26 2. Water and : Challenges ...... 27 3. Role of Big Data, AI, Blockchain Technology in Water Diagnostics and Governance ...... 27 4. Global Water Governance: Challenges ...... 28 5. Water Security: Key Issues ...... 29

IX. Special Sessions ...... 30 1. Report by Integrated Mountain Initiative and Ground Water Future ...... 30 2. Report by UNESCO INC-IHP ...... 47 3. Report by Divecha Centre for Climate Change, IISc ...... 53 4. Report by Consortium for DEWATS Dissemination (CDD) Society ...... 62 5. Climate Change and Water Management at Water Future Conference .....71

X. Session Summaries (as reported by Rapporteurs) ...... 73 1. Assessing Sustainability in Water Space ...... 73 2. Geogenic Pollutants in Groundwater ...... 74 3. Water-Energy-Food Nexus Assessment and Governance ...... 78 4. Groundwater Quality and Assessment I ...... 79 5. Lake Quality Assessment and Case Studies ...... 84 6. Innovatively addressing WEF nexus challenges ...... 85 7. Data Issues and Needs Related to Monitoring Sustainability in Water Space ...... 86 1 8. Freshwater Conservation and Development Planning: Novel Integrative Approaches and Big Data ...... 87 9. Resilience in Urban Water Systems: Methods ...... 87 10. Governance: Knowledge Management and Innovation ...... 88 11. Water-Energy-Food Nexus Governance ...... 89 12. Water Issues, Assessing and Meeting Sustainable Development Goal 6 ...... 90 13. Agriculture and Water ...... 91 14. Analysis of Groundwater Contamination ...... 92 15. Case Studies of Water-Energy-Food Nexus Solutions and Implementations ...... 94 16. Groundwater Quality and Assessment II ...... 95 17. River Basin Governance ...... 97 18. An Integrated Global Vision for Water Security: Approaches and Methods ...... 98 19. Interlinkages in Urban Water Systems ...... 98 20. Solutions in Water Quality Management ...... 99 21. Water Ethics: Concepts and Approaches ...... 100 22. Water Quality Assessment: Case Studies ...... 102 23. Groundwater Assessment and Agriculture ...... 104 24. Solutions to Promote Sustainability in Water Space ...... 104 25. Technology-based Solutions in Addressing Water Quality ...... 106

XI. High Level Panel Discussion Report by Integrated Mountain Initiative ...... 109

XII. Abstracts of Session Presentations ...... 120

ANNEXURE I: List of Registered Participants ...... 205

ANNEXURE II: List of Figures ...... 234

Newspaper coverage ...... 237

2 I. Steering Committee

András Szöllösi-Nagy Co-Chair, Water Future Conference Chair, Sustainable Water Future Program

S. K. Satheesh Co-Chair, Water Future Conference Director, Future Earth South and Chair, Divecha Centre for Climate Change, Indian Institute of Science

Amy Luers Executive Director, Future Earth

Josh Tewksbury Director, Global Hub Colorado, Future Earth

Stefan Uhlenbrook Director, UNESCO-World Water Assessment Programme

Madhavan Nair Rajeevan Secretary, Ministry of Earth Sciences,

Dietrich Borchardt Chair Scientific Steering Committee, Water Future

Anik Bhaduri Director, Sustainable Water Future Programme

Sharad]ain Director, National Institute of Hydrology

3 J. Srinivasan Distinguished Scientist, Divecha Centre for Climate Change

Hartwig Kremer Senior Programme Officer, UNEP, Copenhagen

Johannes Cullmann Director, Climate and Water Department, World Meteorolog­ical Organization

II. Organizing Committee

S. K. Satheesh Director, Future Earth South Asia and Chair, Divecha Centre for Climate Change, Indian Institute of Science

Anik Bhaduri Director, Sustainable Water Future Programme, Future Earth

Aditya K. Kaushik Project Scientist, Divecha Centre for Climate Change, Indian Institute of Science & Co-ordinator, Water Solutions Lab

Chandan Banerjee Project Scientist, Divecha Centre for Climate Change, Indian Institute of Science & Co-ordinator, Water Solutions Lab

Smriti Basnett Senior Researcher and Program Coordinator, Future Earth­ South Asia Regional Office, Divecha Centre for Climate Change, Indian Institute of Science

4 III. Sponsors and Partners

5 IV. Programme Schedule Tuesday, 24 September Inaugural Ceremony at the Indian Institute of Science (IISc) 09:30 09:30 – 11:30 Venue: Indian Institute of Science, JN Tata Auditorium Advanced Water System Assessment to Address Water Security Challenges of the 21st Century (Plenary) 13:30 13:30 – 15:30 Venue: Hotel Sheraton, Grand Ball Room Aerosols, Clouds, Precipitation and Hydrological Cycle (Special Session) 16:00 – 19:30 Venue: Hotel Sheraton, Jupiter Organized by Divecha Centre for Climate Change and Space Physics Laboratory Assessing Sustainability in Water Space 16:00 – 17:30 Venue: Hotel Sheraton, Grand Ball Room 2 Future of Urban Waterbody Rejuvenation (Special Session) 16:00 – 19:30 Venue: Hotel Sheraton, Grand Ball Room 1 Organized by Consortium of DEWATS Dissemination Society (CDD) 16:00 Groundwater Assessment and Analytics 16:00 – 17:30 Venue: Hotel Sheraton, Neptune Water-Energy-Food Nexus Assessment and Governance 16:00 – 17:30 Venue: Hotel Sheraton, WTC Building, Seminar Hall 1 Water Solutions for the 21st century in the Indian Himalayan Region and Climate Impacts on Global Mountain Water Security (Special Session) 16:00 – 19:30 Venue: Hotel Sheraton, Ceres Organized by Integrated Mountain Initiative (IMI) and Global Water Futures (GWF)

6 Wednesday, 25 September

Cryosphere and Water Security (Special Session) 09:00 – 18:00 09:00 Organized by Divecha Centre for Climate Change Water and Climate Change: Challenges (Plenary) 09:00 – 11:00 Aerosols, Clouds, Precipitation and Hydrological Cycle (Special Session) 11:30 – 18:30 Organized by Divecha Centre for Climate Change and Space Physics Laboratory Geogenic Pollutants in Groundwater 11:30 – 13:00 Groundwater Quality and Assessment I 11:30 – 13:00 Innovations to Achieve Sustainable Groundwater Use in India (Special Session) 11:30 – 13:00 Organized by Groundwater Solutions Initiative for Policy and 11:30 Practice, International Water Management Institute and International Association of Hydrogeologists Lake Quality Assessment and Case Studies 11:30 – 13:00 Venue: Hotel Sheraton, Grand Ball Room 2 Leaving No One Behind: Digital Water, Big Data, Technology and Water Security 11:30 – 13:00 Water Assessment in River Basins: Perspectives 11:30 – 13:00 Water and Climate Change Assessment I 11:30 – 13:00 Water and Climate Change Assessment II 11:30 – 13:00 Role of Big Data, AI, Blockchain Technology in Water 14:00 Diagnostics and Governance (Plenary) 14:00 – 16:00 An Exploration of Capacity Building: Needs and Priorities for Advancing Water Security in the Global South (Special Session) 16:30 – 18:00 16:30 Data Issues and Needs Related to Monitoring Sustainability in Water Space 16:30 – 18:00

7 Freshwater Conservation and Development Planning: Novel Integrative Approaches and Big Data 16:30 – 18:00 Groundwater and Climate Change Adaptation 16:30 – 18:00 Innovatively Addressing Water, Energy, and Food Security Challenges (Special Session) 16:30 – 18:00 Organized by Texas A&M University Resilience in Urban Water Systems: Methods 16:30 – 18:00 Sustaining Water Resources (Special Session) 16:30 – 18:00 Organised by the Indian Institute of Science (ICWaR) and the Centre for Ecology & Hydrology, UK Urban Flood Risk and Adaptation 16:30 – 18:00 Water and Climate Change Assessment: Himalayas 16:30 – 18:00 Poster Session 18:00 18:00 – 19:30

Thursday, 26 September Global Water Governance: Challenges (Plenary) 09:00 09:00 – 11:00 Ambient Water Quality for Development (Special Session) 11:30 – 13:00 Organized by United Nations Environment Programme and Environmental Research Institute, UFZ, Germany Governance: Knowledge Management and Innovation 11:30 – 13:00 Water-Energy-Food Nexus Governance 11:30 – 13:00 11:30 Water-Energy-Food Nexus under Drought: Assessment and Quantification (Special Session) 11:30 – 13:00 Organized by Centres for Natural Resources and Development and Institute for Technology and Resources Management, TH Köln, Cologne, Germany Water Issues, Assessing and Meeting Sustainable Development Goal 6 11:30 – 13:00

8 Water Museum: Concepts and Collaborations (Special Session) 11:30 – 13:00 India Water Security: Key Issues (Plenary) 14:00 14:00 – 16:00 Agriculture and Water 16:30 – 19:00 Analysis of Groundwater Contamination 16:30 – 18:00 Case Studies of Water-Energy-Food Nexus Solutions and Implementations 16:30 – 18:00 Groundwater Quality and Assessment II 16:30 – 18:00 Managing Lake Water Quality (Special Session) 16:30 – 18:00 Organized by the Ashoka Trust for Research in Ecology and the Environment, Bengaluru 16:30 River Basin Governance 16:30 – 18:00 Role of Science Diplomacy in Addressing Global Water Challenges (Special Session) 16:30 - 19:30 Organized by Department of Science and Technology Centre for Policy Research Understanding Water Security Paradigms (Special Session) 16:30 – 18:00 Organized by The Ecological Foundation and Indian Institute of Science Water Security in Agriculture and Adaptation to Climate Change 16:30 – 19:00 Water Security, Informal Water Use and Water Access 16:30 – 18:00 Poster Session 18:00 18:00 – 19:30

Friday, 27 September An Integrated Global Vision for Water Security: Approaches and Methods 09:00 – 10:30 09:00 Climate Change and Water Management (Special Session) 09:00 – 10:30 Organized by TERI School of Advanced Studies

9 Ecohydrology: Engineering Harmony for a Sustainable World (Special Session) 09:00 – 10:30 Organized by Indian National Committee for International Hydrological Programme, National Institute of Hydrology, Roorkee Groundwater Governance 09:00 – 10:30 Impacts of Climate Change on Water 09:00 – 10:30 Interlinkages in Urban Water Systems 09:00 – 10:30 Rethinking Urban Water Supply Management (Special Session) 09:00 – 10:30 Organized by Council on Energy, Environment and Water Solutions in Water Quality Management 09:00 – 10:30 Water Ethics: Concepts and Approaches 09:00 – 10:30 Water Quality Assessment: Case Studies 09:00 – 10:30 Groundwater Assessment and Agriculture 11:00 – 12:30 Solutions to Promote Sustainability in Water Space 11:00 – 12:30 Technology-based Solutions in Addressing Water Quality 11:00 – 12:30 Digital Technology for Sustainable Water Management 11:00 - 12:30 Urban Flood Risk 11:00 – 12:30 11:00 Urban Water Resilience and Innovation 11:00 – 12:30 Water Challenges in the MENA Region (Special Session) 11:00 – 12:30 Organized by Future Earth MENA Regional Center, The Cyprus Institute Water Ethics: Practical Applications 11:00 – 12:30 Water Quantity and Quality Considerations in River Basin Planning and Management 11:00 – 12:30 Closing Plenary 13:30 13:30 – 15:00

10 V. Water Future Conference: Summary

Science and policy together have played an outstanding role in addressing and understanding many systemic water risks for decades but is still unable to trace the combined effect of multiple interactions, feedbacks, and fluxes operating in spaces from planetary to local levels. We need new capabilities today to understand the integrated effects of hydrological, biological, biogeochemical economics, human health and human social behaviour at different scales in near real time which will enable us to analyse, automate, correct, predict and minimise water risks. The combined digital science and technology can provide an opportunity to address many of the water governance Fig 1: The Global Water Future challenges facing water scarcity, and add Conference ‘Towards a Sustainable value to the water as a scarce resource Water Future’ . through increasing in distribution and operation efficiency, water and energy, better information for better governance, reduce wastage, extend the life of and towards higher impact on human existing assets, and increase access to wellbeing. better information for better governance. Today, digital science and technology Towards this endeavour, an international have been inseparably connected along conference titled ‘Towards a Sustainable their path of development, and their Water Future’ was organized by Divecha innovative combination may provide Centre for Climate Change, Indian such new capabilities in water science Institute of Science and Sustainable application to understand the effect of Water Future Programme in Bengaluru, multiple rates of changes from global to India from 24 to 27 September 2019. The local level, tipping points of water crisis, conference addressed the current state of and pinpoint opportunities (investment, global water resource challenges, future allocation) with respect to time and space pathways and scenarios, and different and shape our sustainable water future. technological, institutional solutions to This will allow to address many of the accelerate the implementation of water- water governance challenges, and add related SDGs and the 2030 Agenda value to the water as a scarce resource targets with an aim of ‘leaving no one through increasing in distribution and behind’. Around 700 participants all across operation efficiency water and energy, the globe attended the conference thus reduce wastage, extend the life of giving a major opportunity for academics, existing assets, and increase to access to water practitioners, policymakers,

11 Conference Strength 700 Participants 5 Plenaries 10 Themes 6 Cross Cutting Themes 45 Parallel Sessions 20 Special Sessions scientists, civil society and government Plan was an input to a high-level political officials to discuss the direction that the event called the Budapest Water Summit global science community should take organized by the Government of Hungary in order to solve myriad of challenges from 15-17 October. The Bengaluru – affecting our water systems in real Budapest Science Action Plan calls for the time, and develop new frontiers for development of an evidence-informed and innovative solutions. The major highlight value-based digital operating framework of the Water Future Conference include for water across scales that will integrate signing of MOU between the Water various aspects such as hydrology, Solutions Lab, Bengaluru (a joint biogeochemistry, ecology, human health, initiative of Divecha Centre for Climate culture, social-economic behaviour, and Change and Sustainable Water Futures institutions along with understanding Programme) and the Bengaluru Water feedbacks at different scales in near real- Supply and Sewerage Board (BWSSB) time for all stakeholders with an aim to with the aim to establish a collaborative identify, predict and adjust responsible partnership, founded on the principles of production and consumption behaviours collaboration and cooperation, to provide under varying risk conditions based on expertise and resources for undertaking evidence-based science. coordinated and strategic research activities that will underpin the sustainable management and use of water in this time of significant global environmental change. The broad aim is to enhance the contribution of strategic scientific and technical research and innovation to the sustainable management for the city of Bengaluru. Other highlights include, setting up a platform for the launch of the Mountain Solutions lab in 2020 with an aim to understand, analyze and address the impacts of climate change on water availability and security for the Indian Himalayan Region. Fig 2: Budapest Water Summit The outcome of conference titled organized by the Government of Bengaluru - Budapest Science Action Hungary from 15-17 October. 12 VI. Outcomes

Fig 3: The Global Water Future Conference held at the J.N. Tata Auditorium on 24 Sep 2019.

1. The Bengaluru – Budapest Science Action Plan towards Sustainable Water Futures 27 September 2019 Context: We have seen extreme events never observed, with significant loss of life. Humankind is in the midst of an Millions of people are condemned to unprecedented global water crisis. leave their homes each year in search Problems related to water scarcity, water of water and alternative livelihoods. pollution, loss of ecosystem integrity, The water crisis is inextricably linked land degradation, failure of essential to human health, food, and energy. It water infrastructure and extreme climatic has the capacity to significantly disrupt events like floods and droughts are the sustainability of the economy, occurring at hitherto unseen rates and environment and society. In spite of all scales all over the world. The impact is the enormous mobilization of the world’s particularly magnified across the Global governments, civil society and business South, affecting its economy, human communities, we are already off track in health, biodiversity, natural environment implementing SDG 6 and the other water- and society at large. Many cities face related SDG targets. The 2030 Agenda tipping points despite considerable for Sustainable Development will likely efforts to provide water security. Many not be met by 2030, resulting in large regions are facing severe droughts and scale environmental and societal impact crop failures – both of which are set to as we move into mid-century. increase in frequency and intensity. 13 Issues: new innovative real-time solutions. The risks born out of the interaction Towards an evidence between natural processes -- informed and value based hydrological, biogeochemical, and ecological — and anthropogenic digital operating framework: systems (such as engineered systems, law, governance, institutional practices, Science and technology must make cultural systems and human behaviour) a leap in understanding—and then remain difficult to understand, analyse, responding to—the constantly changing couple and predict. These complex water system and close this information interactions result in many unknowns gap. To ensure sustainable water that are rapidly evolving. For decades, futures require partnerships across science and technology, including the academia, governments, UN and social sciences as well as engineering, other intergovernmental, development have played a central role in identifying organizations, civil society and the and understanding systemic water risks. business sector. The realities described The accelerating pace of changes in above motivate the international water water systems and how they interact science and management community with other sectors are creating new risks assembled in Bengaluru, India, to call to society. These are difficult to capture for a set of actions given the sustainable with existing observation and analytic development imperatives associated with infrastructure. More recently, satellite water and other connected development imaging, modelling, artificial intelligence, goals. data integration and assimilation have transformed our view of the water We urge a strategic partnership of system from a local issue to a global scientists, public stakeholders, decision- one. However, the advancements made makers, political leaders and the in science and technology have been private sector to develop a broad multi- outpaced by the growth of the complexity perspective action plan. Specifically, the in water systems. The accelerating pace conference calls for the development of changes in the water system and of an evidence informed and value water delivery services and how they based digital operating framework interact with other sectors are creating for water across scales that will new risks to society that are difficult to integrate effects of hydrological, capture with existing observation and biogeochemical, ecological, human analytic infrastructure. This leads to vast health, cultural, social-economic information gaps, which in turn, result in behaviour, institutions and will help poor decision-making. understand feedbacks in near real- time for all stakeholders. This will As a consequence, the global community enable us to identify, predict and adjust will continue to struggle to meet its energy, responsible production and consumption food and water demands, propelling us behaviours under varying risk conditions towards a stage that cannot be reversed based on evidence-based science. and can lead to political crises. Business- as- usual is no option. We need to develop 14 The Action Plan: with respect to time and space and shape our strategic thinking on sustainable This operating framework must water futures. This framework will be leverage advanced cyber-infrastructure connected and will feed existing platforms and integrate multiple subsystems for improved performance. It also will in the domain of, but not limited to, allow the water community to address hydrological, biogeochemical, and many of the current and expected water ecological and anthropogenic processes. governance challenges, and help manage It can be developed by embedding critical water resources by increasing existing scientific models with big data the knowledge distribution on improving analytics, cloud computing, augmented operational efficiency, reducing waste, intelligence, deep-learning techniques extending the life of existing assets, and and distributed ledger systems like protecting the very aquatic biodiversity blockchain technologies to verify and ecosystem services upon which information flows. The system can be reliable water systems depend. powered by the growing arsenal of free, publicly available digital information What we propose here is a paradigm streams and in near real-time enable us shift. We propose a new innovative to operationalize predictive science and approach on how information is to technological inventions for water-related be collected, processed, and used in decision-making across numerous decision making at different scales. scales. The framework should be value-based and incorporate safeguards against the Such a new digital operating framework ever-evolving challenges related to data is essential to help society understand privacy, cybersecurity and ethics. Such the potential tipping points of the water a paradigm shift is to improve human crisis in order to mitigate the impact. This and environmental health and well- framework would allow us to pinpoint being, increase innovation opportunities, opportunities, such as investment, create jobs and ultimately have a positive allocation, and engineered interventions, societal impact.

The Bengaluru Water Future Conference submits the following recommendations for general consideration, with a view to the proceedings of the Budapest Water Summit 2019 in particular:

Creating a digital environment • Through appropriate capacity development activities facilitate the work of an interdisciplinary team of scientists, humanists, policy specialists and digital technologists to develop the architecture for the integrated digital water management framework across scales. • Develop partnerships with non-water actors who pioneered integrating disruptive technologies and adopt appropriate good practices. • Enable the fast and effective transfer of modern data science, modelling and other relevant new water management tools for the benefit of developing countries, particularly in Africa and South and Southeast Asia. • Facilitate the inclusion of citizen scientists to amplify data capture and provide 15 verification of these important new information streams. • Capitalize on the most recent advances in space technology for the benefit of sustainable water resources management, seamlessly enabling up and downscaling.

Creating an integrated architecture • Use new design tools based on deep learning, advanced neural networks, artificial intelligence, machine learning to map out static (e.g., engineered infrastructure) and time-varying (e.g., watershed state and natural capital) elements of and linked to water systems and develop meaningful and traceable indicators for policy planning. • Implement greater access, openness and transparency in data heritage and governance. • Design ethics-based cyber information systems which take into account the notion of equity, fairness, social justice, conflict avoidance and water-sharing support system • Integrate into this framework the current water resources assessment capabilities. Refine modelling of coupled social and environmental processes, including detection of potential water-related in-country and transboundary conflicts and migration. • Develop machine learning tools that appropriately consider the accelerating hydrological cycle under climate change and invokes non-stationarity for an improved estimation of relevant design values. The impacts of non-stationarity will result in higher occurrence probabilities of extremes, such as floods and droughts, for which the research, technology and policy community will need to develop adequate responses, including social ones.

Developing capacity to deliver digital transformation in the water sector • Gender-sensitive capacity building approaches targeting emerging digital technologies should initiate, from the outset, an in-depth context-specific assessment of the utility for digital technology and big data, and value the differing perceptions and perspectives on the value of digital technologies and digital transformation. • The emerging digital future requires a fundamental effort to advance data literacy of all stakeholders engaged in water security, in order to have a more effective and visible in global discourses and to guard against a growing digital divide that would exacerbate inequalities in socially differentiated groups as well as within and between regions. Apply such frameworks to support sustainability by influencing water culture in general, including consumer behaviour, policy planning, environmental protection, business intelligence, pedagogy, public and private finance and investment-related activities as well as water-related politics. • Stimulate and foster innovations in water institutions, governance through innovative, cyber based applications.

The water science community that convened in Bengaluru is committed to working with all stakeholders to realize the action plan outlined above. 16 2. Note for Standing Committee (Integrated Mountain Initiative) of Parliament on Water Resources

Takeaways from Water Future IHR to the entire nation.

Conference The recent High Panel Parliamentarians/ Legislators Dialogue at the Water Future Introduction: Conference held in Bengaluru organized by Integrated Mountain Initiative (IMI) The Indian Himalayan Region (IHR) supported by Divecha Centre for Climate covers 9 states namely Himachal Change (IISc) and IHCAP raised this Pradesh, Uttarakhand, Sikkim, Arunachal dichotomy with a special focus on the Pradesh, , Nagaland, Manipur, increasing water security challenge in Mizoram, Tripura, and hill regions of 2 the country. The High Panel roundtable states viz. and West Bengal and was attended by Legislators across the the newly formed UTs of J&K and Ladakh IHR and distinguished luminaries from of the Indian Republic. Home to 46 million national and international institutes people as per the 2011 census, IHR starts of excellence including Future Earth from the foothills in the south (Siwaliks) and Global Water Futures. Legislators extending to the in the warned that water wars have already north (trans-Himalaya) comprising about begun as glaciers have started receding, 95 districts of the country. The region reducing the water flow at source/ occupies the strategic position of entire springs. This meet recognised the northern boundary (North-West to North- importance of a multi-pronged approach East) of the nation and touches almost involving all stakeholders from problem all the international borders (7 countries) identification to co-creating solutions with India. It contributes about 16.2% and implementation. The scientific of India’s total geographical area, and community showed the urgency to work most of the area is covered by snow- together with the decision makers and clad peaks, glaciers of higher Himalaya, the communities on these issues as it is dense forest cover of mid-Himalaya. no longer an epoch of climate change but one of climate crisis. There is now a growing recognition and demand to compensate the IHR for IHR’s significance: the ecosystem services of provisioning, regulating and cultural services through Himalayan states provide critical and Green Bonus/Payment of Ecosystem high-value ecosystem services through Services (PES). However, though there its forest cover (India’s 33%), huge is an increasing recognition given to the carbon sink (India’s 33%) and serving services provided by the IHR, IHR is also as the nation’s water reservoir providing reeling under climate stress. This is a annually 1,200 billion cubic metres of water state of dichotomy as climate crisis will through its rivers, among other things. reduce the value of services provided by 17 However, the IHR with its fragile ecology directive of States which aligns with the is undergoing stress with increasing national objectives keeping in mind local urbanization and changing climate. The solutions to local problems. The task is problem of policymaking is compounded huge, and departments alone cannot by the fact that within the IHR, there are solve and mitigate the problems. There differences in the key issues depending needs to be a multi-departmental and on geographical location (Eastern IHR or multi-institutional synergy along with civil Western IHR) and altitudes (High altitude society organisations and grassroots or middle altitude). IHR is witnessing an engagement to identify local problems, average of 100 million tourists every year co-create solutions and implementations. which is set to only grow in the coming States like Meghalaya and Nagaland years putting huge stress on its carrying have recently formulated their State capacity. To exemplify this stress, the Water Policies, Arunachal Pradesh has Ladakh Ecological Development Group’s the Catchment Area Protection Policy assessment shows that the average use and Water Resources Authority Bill of water by a local resident in Ladakh is but not an integrated Water Policy. Mr. 25 litres per day whereas each tourist W. Lowang, Minister from Arunachal consumes 75 litres per day. The number Pradesh earnestly showed his willingness is significant for a place like Ladakh to take back the lessons learned by other which is a water deficit area and is mostly NE states in formulating their Water dependent on snow/glacial melt and Policy. Similarly, Ladakh doesn’t have flow. This issue was raised a water policy in place but its traditional by Mr. Rigzin Spalbar, Ex Chairman Leh wisdom to preserve water is strong. Such Ladakh Autonomous Hill Council. It is also knowledge should also be taken into important to note here that the problems consideration while formulating water of the Western and Eastern Himalayas policies in the region. are very different. Mr. H. Shangpliang MLA Mawsynram said Mawsynram in 2. Prioritization Meghalaya no longer holds the title of the In view of the increasing stress on wettest planet on earth but despite having water resources of the IHR, a call for high rainfall, Meghalaya is facing water prioritisation was raised by different deficit issues due to its topography and stakeholders including NITI Aayog to high run-offs. Similarly, Pu C Lalrosanga, revive and rejuvenate springs as the MP from Mizoram brought attention to lifeline of water resources and control/ the fact that the soil typology in Mizoram check glacier melt. These two issues need is very porous leading to huge run-offs to be taken up as priority areas. As per a due to its less water holding capacity NITI Aayog report, 50% of the springs in and poorly developed conservation the IHR are drying up which has affected techniques. thousands of villages that depend on natural spring water for domestic and Key Points: livelihood needs like drinking water and irrigation. Almost all mountainous 1. Need for an integrated approach regions of India have reported decline The High Panel discussed that the in the number of functional springs. For very first step is an integrated policy example, more than 83% of springs have dried up in Almora, Uttarakhand and 18 water production from half of Sikkim’s stakeholders to realise that rights come springs have reported reduction in water with responsibilities and engagement flow. But despite this, these springs have with top to bottom is the only way forward. not received due attention and continue MLA Ferlin Sangma from Meghalaya to dry up due to increasing demand for stated that Meghalaya has taken water, ecological degradation of the capacity building exercises for the local mountain areas and unsustainable land communities, sensitization programme use. It has been suggested that an for legislators and grassroots workers to inventory needs to be created urgently implement the water policy on ground. for all the IHR states identifying mountain Mr. M. Kikon, MLA from Nagaland raised springs- active and dormant, along with the issue of empowering Water Users detailed geological mapping to identify Association through clear directives and the spring recharge zone. information sharing to improve monitoring of water usage. Mr. Z. Namchoom, MLA 3. Water Security for India (North) from Arunachal Pradesh mentioned that The IHR is becoming increasingly the state is starting to feel the heat of vulnerable to chronic water stress, climate change and have thoughtfully hydrological disruptions, and extreme budgeted for spring rejuvenation. Mr. weather events (floods and droughts) Pradeep Tamta, MP rightly which are becoming a common feature. raised that the crisis in the IHR is a This is highly alarming given that the national crisis and not just of the Indian Himalayas are the source of three mountain States. The discussion ended major transboundary river systems of acknowledging the fact that it is no longer the Indus, Ganges, and Brahmaputra the time to calculate who is correct but that collectively support an estimated what is correct as the right way forward. 700 million people. The future of water security in all of India depends heavily 5. How to engage on Himalayan glaciers, rivers and on The Divecha Centre for Climate Change the health of mountain springs and at IISc and Integrated Mountain Initiative streams. The proper management of our collaboratively propose to engage with the limited water resources is of paramount Standing Committee of the Parliament on importance to ensure food security for Water Resources bringing in stakeholders our increasing population and to avoid from the scientific community, decision the possibility of social unrest emanating makers and grassroots to holistically look out of water conflicts. into the issues of climate change and water security of the Indian Himalayan 4. Principles Governing Water Region as a way forward. For this, an The carrying capacity of mountains needs action plan needs to be developed and to be looked into first and foremost before water policies related to the IHR needs formulating any policy to govern water to be reviewed. The scientific community resources. The integrated approach and civil society organisations are ready upheld considers IHR resources as to work together with the government to commons and its ecosystem services make this task possible. should cater in a sustainable way keeping the principle of equity in mind. It has become highly imperative for 19 VII. Inaugural Ceremony

Fig 4: Inaugural session of the Global Water Future Conference on 24 September 2019 at the J. N. Tata Auditorium.

On 24 Sep 2019, the Inaugural welcome speech. He deliberated on Ceremony was held at J.N. Tata climate change and how it affects humanity Auditorium, Indian Institute of Science, especially in developing countries such Bengaluru. The session was co-chaired as India. He spoke about the water by Dr. András Szöllösi-Nagy, Chair, situation in India and the criticality it Sustainable Water Future Programme currently faces. He stressed the need and Prof. S. K. Satheesh, Director, Future to implement measures to mitigate the Earth South Asia and Chair, Divecha contamination of water resources as Centre for Climate Change, Indian early as possible. He hoped that this Institute of Science. They were joined by conference will formulate methods and other dignitaries, Prof. Anurag Kumar, solutions to address the current global Director, Indian Institute of Science, water predicament and provide a solution Mr. Rajiv Pratap Rudy, Honorable to the academics, water practitioners, Member of Parliament, India, Mr. Md. policy makers, scientists, civil societies Shahiduzzaman Sarker, Honorable and government officials. He concluded Member of Parliament, Bangladesh, Mr. the talk by saying that the outcome of the P.D. Rai, Former Member of Parliament, conference will be a valuable input to the India, Prof. Olcay Ünver, Vice Chair, UN- water summit in Budapest. Water, and Prof. Anik Bhaduri, Director, Sustainable Water Future Programme, Prof. Satheesh talked on some who were guests of Honor. of the major achievements and accomplishments of Divecha Centre for Prof. Anurag Kumar delivered the Climate Change. He spoke about the 20 Future Earth South Regional Office and occurring exponentially. Hence the need its programs such as MAIRS and the for developing new tools such as pattern setup of water solutions lab. He pointed recognition, artificial intelligence, machine out the challenges of water crises and learning and all new techniques that can the importance of sustaining water. He give us hope for the current situation is urged for indulgence of diverse decision very important. This exponential rise of makes in the government, private population gives rise to other problems sector industry, and civil society. He that is if it goes beyond tipping point then emphasized the need for understanding the change is irreversible. Currently we the water-energy nexus which is central are at the point of no return in terms of to sustainability. He concluded his talk biodiversity. Climate change is influenced by indicating that the Centre is working in by hydrological cycle, if this cycle unity of both physical and social sciences accelerates then the climate change is to develop new initiatives for sustainable also extreme. He questioned as to what development under changing climate. science can do to resolve the problems of water such as too little water or Dr. András deliberated on the polluted water. Water is more of a social importance of water crises which is a problem and we need to work with social major cause of worry for scientists. He scientists to resolve it. It is also a political said that the current water management problem and hence we need to reduce practices are not sustainable and that the gap between political and scientific new initiatives need to be implemented community which is also one of the main if we need to sustain water. This is objectives of this conference. COMPASS due to the population boom which is or Comparative assessment of the water

Fig 5: Prof. Satheesh, Director, Future Earth South Asia and Chair, Divecha Centre for Climate Change, Indian Institute of Science, delivering the talk at the Inaugural session. 21 Fig 6: Prof. Anurag Kumar, Director, Indian Institute of Science, and Mr. P. D. Rai, Former Member of Parliament, delivering their talks at the Inaugural session. resources and Water Solution Labs saying that the United Nations paradigm where theoretic knowledge developed by are the sustainable development goals scientific community is applied, are two and if we follow these goals especially major initiatives to assess the current SDG number 6 which is water and global water crisis. A third initiative Global sanitation then it will begin in terms of Lake assessment program is being put in adaptation as well. practice to assess lakes. He concluded his talk by laying out the need for moving Mr. Rajiv Pratap Rudy talked on climate towards a digital water management and change and spoke about how people in discussing the various possibilities to rural areas found about climate change due achieve it. to erratic changes in monsoon rains and extreme heat waves. He said that people Mr. P.D. Rai proposed that as politicians in India still have not yet understood the we should look into the water future for impact of climate change but one aspect the young generation and start framing that is hassling the people is water. He water sustainability into ideology. pointed out that this environmental aspect Politicians have had communism, of water crisis can be used as a factor capitalism, and liberalism as ideologies. to educate them about climate change. Similarly, such ideologies have to be Different government department of built for water sustainability on the planet ministries that handles various projects for our lives. He spoke about the issues such as irrigation projects, dam projects, of water law in India. Laws that govern clean Ganga, drinking water and a few water have always been political and is more have been merged into one called run by the states and not central which the Janshakti Mantralaya. He spoke is detrimental. The water law can be run about some of the challenges faced by by state along the model act which has politicians in India with aspect to water. been put out by the Central government. He talked about visible changes that It is important to look at water law and needs to be addressed such as the snow regulation from the point of equity, ethical cover in the Himalayas are not filled in and cultural. He concluded his talk by recent years and have patches. He talked 22 Fig 7: Honorable Member of Parliament, India, Mr. Rajiv Pratap Rudy and Honorable Member of Parliament, Bangladesh, Mr. Md. Shahiduzzaman Sarker, delivering their talks. about floods occurring at lower areas of sustainability will effectively cope with states because of trees being felled in the climate change through integrated upper regions and states of Himalayas. strategy, adaptivity and equity water He cited that we have not been able to governance. He concluded his talk by channelize the river water in India due saying that Bangladesh and India can to which there are many disputes going work together by improving the bilateral on. Water management which is very relations between the two countries important is not good in India. Population and by building a flood forecasting and growth, removal of forest growth due to warning system. timer, soil erosion and other disasters are mainly caused by floods. He concluded Prof. Olcay Ünver appreciated India to his talk by saying that scientists need take on the challenge on the issues of to educate the politicians and that the water and sanitation and the remarkable scientific language is very difficult to progress that is being made. He also understand by the politicians. He urged admired the Indian Prime Minister, Mr. the scientists not to complicate law by Narendra Modi for receiving a global putting in calculus formula and come up award recognised by the international with solutions to the current water crisis. community of the innovative approaches made by India where the Prime Minister Mr. Md. Shahiduzzaman Sarker spoke gave a speech on the water conservation about water related disasters and crisis and called for a global water action agenda. in Bangladesh. He said that the intensity He said that the UN is coordinating of these natural disasters is increasing mechanisms for water and sanitation every year due to which Bangladesh is issues. These mechanisms have grown one of the worst affected countries as out of many UN agencies, funds, a consequence of climate change. The programs and secretariats as there is no main goal of Bangladesh delta plain single entity in UN system that specialises is to ensure that water, food security, in water. The UN water brings together economic growth and environmental the collective expertise and synergies 23 Fig 8: Prof. Olcay Ünver, Vice Chair, UN-Water, and Prof. Anik Bhaduri, Director, Sustainable Water Future Programme, delivering the talk. of its 32 UN agency members and their pressure on water. The global population 40+ partners. He spoke about the crisis and changing lifestyle add to the of water that cost many lives every year. complexity. 3. Funding, governance and He spoke about the impacts affecting the capacity; 80% of countries say that they entire society and their economies. He have insufficient funding to meet national questioned on how we can balance the targets. Political, institutional and demand for water due to population rise administrative practices and processes in the next decade and fulfil every human are inadequate. In many countries a right to water resource. He said that the serious lack of human capacity across the currently the world is off track to sustain water security is constraining progress SDGs goal number 6 and many countries particularly in the least developing are facing water issues from increasing countries. He said that we must tackle water scarcity, water disasters and from the crisis now or we will undermine the inadequate access to safe water and sustainable development. He pointed sanitation. If we want to sustain SDG out three tangible solutions that can help number 6 then we must address the move forward to attain sustainability. First following three areas. 1. Access to water, is to gain understanding which means to sanitation and hand washing; the lack of understand the linkages between all of these keep people in the viscous cycle the goals and harness their synergies of poverty and can be drivers of conflict while managing any potential conflicts. and destabilising politics. In addition, We also need to monitor more and get loss of productivity due to lack of water some data to find out where we are and sanitation and illnesses. 2. Water failing and help countries make infirm pollution eco systems and agriculture; decisions that can steer policies and pollution is worsening in many parts of direct finance. Second is planning better the world with profound impacts on the which means that governments must quality of water. The loss of wetlands has decide how to incorporate SDG targets a massive impact on the environmental to national planning processes, policies stability and agriculture puts enormous and strategies taking into account their 24 local circumstances. We also need to and shape the future together. create multi stakeholder partnerships and strengthen regional integration, while Prof. Anik Bhaduri spoke about the ensuring inter sectoral policy making Sustainable Water Future Programme. structures across several ministries and He spoke about the structure and vision public, private and civil societies. The of this program and what its objectives third point is taking action. We have to are. He expressed his concern on how intensify water and sanitation as well the growth in complexity of water issues as climate smart environment friendly have changed the dimensions and scope agricultural development, sustainable of scientific advancement. One concern guidelines, nature-based solutions and is the rate of change has increased responsible consumption. We also need and second is the interactions between to significantly reduce food loss and water systems locally and globally have waste using the entire action spectrum gone beyond scientific capability. This is from awareness campaigns and tariff causing a great risk of water resource and regulations to new financial models. hence water management is important We have to ensure public participation to predict and minimize these risks. He and develop human and institutional concluded his talk in accordance with Dr. capacity and make better use of smart András’s point of view on digital water technologies and data. He concluded his science and technology and indicated talk by saying that young generation such that more solution labs be set up at as Greta Thunberg is demanding action, local level to achieve results faster and we can collectively make a difference integrate these labs at a global scale.

Fig 9: Inaugural session of the Global Water Future Conference on 24 September 2019 at the J. N. Tata Auditorium.

25 VIII. Plenary Sessions

1. Advanced Water System Assessment to Address Water Security Challenges of the 21st Century

Fig 10: Plenary session of the Global Water Future Conference. The opening plenary of the water about the HydroSOS initiative, which is future conference was on advanced used to monitor and predict freshwater water system assessments with an aim hydrological conditions on a global scale. to address the water security challenges Stuart Bunn (ARI, Australia) discussed of the 21st century. This session was his work on water resource planning chaired by András Szöllösi-Nagy (Water at the Murray-Darling Basin in South- Future). The first speaker Charles eastern Australia. The next speaker, Vörösmarty (Water Future) spoke Veena Srinivasan (ATREE, Bengaluru) about how the COMPASS initiative, a shared her insights about the Cauvery comprehensive assessment system basin. Dr. Srinivasan also spoke about for global water resources can be used the reasons for groundwater scarcity and to monitor the progress of SDGs. Dr. the biophysical processes which might be Vörösmarty’s talk was also interspersed the hidden drivers. She also highlighted with policy implications especially when the science-policy gaps and the need such technologies enter the market. Alan for communication of scientific data. The Jenkins (CEH, UK) addressed the newly last speaker, Pradeep Majumdar (IISc, emerging tools which could be used for Bengaluru), spoke about the increasing tackling water security problems. Dr. demands on water resources in India Jenkins observed that the global issues and how factors like climate change, associated with reliable water availability population growth and urbanization might be engineering problems rather will likely exacerbate the water security than a water security issue. He also spoke problem.

26 2. Water and Climate Change: Challenges

The second plenary session on the to update the global circulation models challenges of water and climate change to take into account the groundwater was moderated by Shailesh Nayak processes to better understand the (National Institute of Advanced Studies, impacts on aquifers. She also called for Bengaluru). The first speaker Dietrich better management of aquifer resources Borchardt (Water Future) discussed for better resilience. Olcay Ünver (UN- the challenges of extreme events of Water, Italy) elaborated on the UN water which extreme hydrological events, in policy brief on climate change and water particular, control water shortages as which describes 5 actions ((1) Act now; compared to long term aridity, and thus (2) Consider water as part of the solution; impact the ecosystem. He called for the (3) Improve water management practices; development of the next generation of (3) Ensure transboundary cooperation in monitoring networks and assessments adaptation; (5) Rethinking financing) for through technological innovation. significant co-benefits for the climate and John Pomeroy (Global Water Futures, for water. Sharad Jain (National Institute Canada) discussed the challenges of of Hydrology, Roorkee) described the water and climate change in the context challenges of water and climate change of Canada and how MEC-Surface & in the Indian context. Dr. Jain discussed Hydrology System (MESH) and Canadian the flood events that have occurred in hydrological models are helping with India during 2000-2018, warming in continental-scale hydrological modelling the snow and glacier-covered in the and water management. Karen G. Northern Himalayan rivers and monsoon Villholth (IWMI, South Africa) highlighted patterns in various parts of India. Dr. Jain that the impact of climate change called for a holistic approach for water on groundwater requires a historical management and decoupling of the use understanding vis-a-vis recharge, quality, of resources with growth flow path etc. Dr. Villholth called for a need 3. Role of Big Data, AI, Blockchain Technology in Water Diagnostics and Governance The third plenary session on the role of interactive maps and charts of national big data, AI and blockchain technology in and international datasets. The next water diagnostics and governance was speaker, Venki Ramachandran (Xylem, chaired by Amy Leurs (Future Earth). India) started by explaining the basics She addressed the crowd by sharing of blockchain technology followed by her expertise with new technologies how such a technology is used to trace in water supply and delivery. The first the flow of water from the source to speaker, Nagaraja Rao Harshadeep every point in the network. He also (World Bank, USA) presented interesting discussed how water meters, coupled use cases of disruptive technologies with a crediting system, could be used such as the spatial agent app developed to monitor existing consumption habits by the World Bank that offers access to and incentivize consumers through

27 differential pricing slabs. Katrina Donaghy theory and mechanism design integrated (Civic Ledger, Australia) presented her over a blockchain platform to address work on using blockchain technology for the problem of water distribution. The publicly regulated water marketplaces. final speaker, Balázs Fekete (CUNY, She highlighted how technology could New York) elaborated on employing bring transparency and improve people’s advanced computer technologies like interaction with the government. GIS and remote sensing for hydrological studies. Dr. Fekete highlighted how highly The next speaker, Yadati Narahari (IISc, specialized GIS could be used to study Bengaluru) discussed an economics gridded river networks and for complex approach towards water distribution modelling. solutions. Dr. Narahari presented game

4. Global Water Governance: Challenges

The speakers in the fourth plenary better understanding of the multilayer of session discussed the challenges in solutions nexus to come up with lasting global water governance. The chair, Ravi solutions for the future. Robert G Varady Narayanan (Asia Pacific Water Forum, (University of Arizona, USA) discussed India) set the context by highlighting that the exigencies of transboundary water harmony amongst governance; science security and the key role played by and technology; and capacity will community resilience in transboundary drive change. Anthony Slatyer (Water water security issues. Sharachchandra Policy Group, Australia) emphasized Lele (ATREE, Bengaluru) highlighted that immediate and quick action needs the lack of emphasis on biophysical and to be taken by governments in terms social justice in SGD6, which focuses of prioritization, policies and decision more only on the quality, availability making for effective management of and sustainability aspects. Indicating water. Claudia Pahl-Wostl (University of a democratic deficit in the water sector Osnabrück, Germany) spoke about the due to the lack of decentralization in the need for the development of a conceptual- system, he recommended an analysis methodological research approach of how water is being governed across framework for transforming a multilevel institutional layers. William Young (World challenge like water governance, role Bank, USA) emphasized that rather than of climate change as agents in bringing focusing on the processes, there is a about a transformative change, changing need to focus on the outcomes when we roles of first nations, and nexus approach are dealing with water – outcomes that towards integrated governance. we get from water now and outcomes that we could get in the future when different Håkan Tropp (OECD Water Governance interventions are made in infrastructure Programme, Sweden), introduced the and governance. OECD principles of water governance that guide in determining what works at different scales (country/city) in terms of implementation and best fit. He urged for 28 5. India Water Security: Key Issues

The final plenary session on key issues regarding water security in India was moderated by Anik Bhandari (Future Earth). The first speaker MS Mohan Kumar (IISc, Bengaluru) gave a summary of the surface level water availability in India and the water scarcity threat associated with overexploitation of surface water. Aditi Mukherjee (IWMI, ) spoke about the role of groundwater in the context of water-energy-food nexus. Dr. Mukherjee talked about the link between water and food security and highlighted some key issues related to depletion and scarcity of groundwater. The next speaker, Shaminder Puri (Water Future) addressed the country’s groundwater as a hidden treasure. He explained the process of aquifer recharge using a lucid Fig 11: Final plenary session of the bank account analogy and outlined some Global Water Future Conference on 27 critical steps to ensure water security. September 2019. They included efficiently managing aquifer recharge, converging science with socio- economic and cultural conditions, and explained how rapid urbanization might employing a new underlying philosophy lead to water scarcity and conflicts and of low water use. Anil Kulkarni (IISc, the economic impact of such events. Bengaluru), a glaciologist spoke about He listed a mix of solutions that need the state of the Himalayan cryosphere to be employed on our way forward, and how it is changing. He gave a primer which included 1) increased agricultural on the major glaciers in the Himalayas, productivity using drip irrigation and including the Karakoram ranges, and climate-smart agriculture techniques how climate change can influence the 2) applying new machine learning and cryosphere and their melt-off rates. The blockchain technologies for efficient next speaker, H Paramesh, a paediatric allocation and distribution of water 3) pulmonologist (IISc, Bengaluru) spoke stringent water quality management. at length about the connection between water and health. He also highlighted the role of medical professionals in environmental issues. The final speaker, Muthukumara Mani (World Bank) spoke about climate change and its effects on communities around the world. He

29 IX. Special Sessions 1. Report by Integrated Mountain Initiative and Ground Water Future

Session SS3: Integrated Session on “Climate Impacts on Global Mountain Water Security” and “Water Solutions for the 21st Century in the Indian Himalayan Region (IHR)”

Global Water Future (GWF) and Integrated Mountain Initiative (IMI)

24 September 2019, Ceres, Sheraton Grand Hotel, Bengaluru

Fig 12: Robert Sandford, Institute for Water, Environment and Health (INWEH), United Nations University, Hamilton, Canada, delivering the talk duing session A. 30 Session A: Climate Impacts on Global Mountain Water Security, Global Water Future.

1. John Pomeroy, Director, Global Water Futures, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Canada

2. Robert Sandford, Institute for Water, Environment and Health (INWEH), United Nations University, Hamilton, Canada

3. Ignacio Lopez Moreno, Institute for Pyrenean Ecology (IPE), Spanish National Research Council (CSIC), Zaragoza, Spain

4. Dhiraj Pradhananga, Dept. of Meteorology and Hydrology, Tribhuvan University, Kathmandu, Nepal

5. Chris DeBeer, Global Water Futures, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Canada

6. Dr. Corinne Schuster-Wallace, Water-health researcher for Global Water Futures

Session B: Water Solutions for the 21st Century in the Indian Himalayan Region (IHR).

1. Vulnerable Smaller Water Resources: evidence of diminishing discharge of spring-flow, declining trends of monsoon rainfall and recent land use changes in Mid- Himalayan Mountain, India- Soukhin Tarafdara and Subhashis Duttab : G.B.Pant National Institute of Himalayan Environment & Sustainable Development, bDepartment of Civil Engineering, IIT Guwahati, Guwahati – Assam

2. Decentralized Water Governance Model in the Central Himalayan Region of India- Vinod Kothari, S.T.S Lepcha and Sunesh Sharma

3. Seasonal water quality variations of palustrine wetland of Barrack- Chindwin basin: Chongpi Tuboi, Michelle Irengbam, Ruchi Badola, Syed Ainul Hussain (Wildlife Institute of India, Dehra Dun)

4. Conservation planning in human dominated riverscapes: case study of Ganga: Michelle Irengbam, Shivani Barthwal, Niladri Dasgupta, ruche Badola & Syed Ainul Husain, Wildlife institute of India, Dehra Dun

5. Climate change vulnerabilities of rapidly growing cities in the Himalaya and policy interventions for mitigation with special reference to Gangtok and the Teesta river basin: P. D. Rai and Rajendra P. Gurung, ECOSS, Gangtok

6. Presentation on Meghalaya’s Integrated Water Policy – Mr Aiban Swer, Director, 31 Meghalaya Basin Development Authority (MBDA)

Conveners:

John Pomeroy, Director, Global Water Futures, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Canada, [email protected] Chris DeBeer, Science Manager, Global Water Futures, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Canada, [email protected]

Fig 13: A presenter presenting during session B.

32 a presentation on the observed impacts Session A Summary: of rapid climate change in the mountain snow, glaciers, streamflow, vegetation Mountain regions provide water and the science needs to better resources that supply over half of the understand, mitigate and adapt to these world’s population. The issues of impacts. Next, Dhiraj Pradhananga gave climate and cryospheric change, and an overview of the needs from science the associated impacts to hydrological for water management both now and in functioning and water resources within the future in the Nepal Himalaya, and and downstream of mountain regions how cold regions hydrological modelling globally are therefore critically important. can be applied in the Langtang River This session focused on a grand Basin to address some of those needs. challenge for the global community: how Dr. Ignacio Lopez Moreno described to develop a global scientific approach to modelling the decoupling of mountain better understand, predict and manage snow regimes from mountain hydrology alpine water resources in the face of around the world under future global dramatically increasing risks? warming using cold region hydrological modelling driven by atmospheric Three core questions that are central to reanalysis products, and sensitivity meeting this Grand Challenge are: of these nival-hydrological regimes to (1) What control does climate change future change in various mountains of have on the security of mountain water? the world. Dr. Corinne Schuster-Wallace spoke about vulnerability of community (2) What improvements to the global health, impacts on women and water predictability of mountain water resources equity to changing mountain water supply are possible through improved models? and regime, and impact on community sustainability and equity. Finally, Robert (3) How do changes in snow, glaciers, Sandford discussed national and global frozen ground and vegetation impact policy and political implications of the mountain water resource predictions? destabilisation of mountain water supplies and what we need to build resilience in Speakers and panellists in this session downstream communities. addressed these issues and questions, and presented examples of research A panel discussion followed the and predictive modelling applications presentations. This included quick from various mountain regions globally, questions from the audience (5 min) focussing on impacts on the cryosphere and roundtable (2 min each) on how our and on hydrological systems. findings relate to our key question: How to develop a global scientific approach to First, Dr. John Pomeroy opened with a better understand, predict and manage description of threats to mountain water, mountain water resources in the face of urgency of mountain water research dramatically increasing risks? needs, the potential to improve mountain water prediction, and a global plan to In general, some of the key needs address mountain water futures around centered on the world. Dr. Chris DeBeer followed with (1) open sharing and accessibility of 33 observations and data quality, and water flow. Their glaciers and (2) improvements and physically-based ecosystems provide some of the clearest Earth system modelling and climate indicators of this global phenomenon. model downscaling A high proportion of the world’s cultural and ethno-linguistic diversity is found in (3) better opportunities for education, mountain areas, representing the legacy training, knowledge mobilization, and the of human habitation and adaptation in informing of policy by science. these challenging environments.

Policy and practice require input from Global mountain water security local communities and those directly challenges: affected by climate and Earth system Increasing degradation of water quality changes, and must incorporate local due to agricultural run-off, industrial waste tradition, knowledge, and beliefs to and sewage discharge. Trans-boundary succeed. competition for water resources. There is now increasing risk from extreme Dr. John Pomeroy, Director, events – heavy rainfall, GLOFS, rapid snowmelt. Mountains are highly at risk Global Water Futures, because concerns are amplified due to University of Saskatchewan, its vulnerability/fragility. Saskatoon, Canada However, there is a dichotomy of Global water security background: sustenance and risk for mountain water Water crisis is looming large in the security. Despite all its provisioning world. By 2030, half of the population will services, it is highly under risk. Recent be living in areas of high-water stress. mountain flood deaths and damage Currently, around 85% of the human from unprecedented precipitation – for population live in arid areas. Increasing example 8225 deaths reported from stress on water availability is leading heavy mountain rains since 2010 in to conflict and water-wars. 6-8 million Pakistan, Afghanistan, Nepal and India. human beings are killed each year from water related diseases and disasters. John Pomeroy asks key With already depleting water sources, questions: there is increasing inequality in regard to access to water. 750 million people 1) How can scientific results be mobilized lack access to safe drinking water, while so that they are relevant for decision nearly 2.5 billion lack access to adequate making in mountain and downstream sanitation. societies?

Global importance of mountains: 2) How can we promote decisions Mountains occupy 24% of the Earth’s land supporting sustainable development surface and 1.2 billion live in it. Mountains under conditions of rapid human provide more than half of humanity with development and concomitant water for drinking, irrigation, industry, cryospheric and climate change? food and energy production. Mountain ecosystems also regulate climate, air 34 WMO High Mountain Summit, Geneva, Sustainable Water Futures 29-31 Oct 2019. Programme: Activities and Outputs Robert Sandford, EPCOR • Climate change scenarios and hydrological model forcing data Chair, Institute for Water, downscaling; Environment and Health • Scenario generation for (INWEH), United Nations atmospheric and hydrological models University, Hamilton, Canada over high mountain regions; • Scenarios and sensitivity analyses Water security and national survival: The to examine impacts on water availability geo-political implications of unreliable (e.g. timing, magnitude, and duration mountain water sources. Threat of of flows) and better understanding and the declining earth system: Planet predicting water management concerns. regenerates through its biodiversity. • Relating these results to mountain The WWF living planet report of 2018 communities for decision support to states habitat loss as the major threat provide for sustainable development, to biodiversity out of many causes such including local ecosystem services and as habitat degradation, exploitation, downstream water use for communities, invasive species and disease, pollution energy and food. and climate change.

INARCH: International Most climate feedbacks involve water. Network for Alpine Research If we follow water, we will find the Catchment Hydrology answers to climate change. Mountains being the source of most rivers will soon become geo-political prizes. Time has Objectives: come to follow the water crisis to avoid To better the planetary crisis. Climate is heating - understand alpine cold regions up very fast and the political community hydrological processes, is not acknowledging it equally. Quotes - improve their prediction, Antonio Guterres from COP24 “To waste - diagnose their sensitivities to global this opportunity would compromise our change, and last best chance to stop runaway climate - To find consistent measurement change. It would not only be immoral; it strategies. would be suicidal.” The World Meteorological Organization Looking at the Sustainable Development (WMO) is convening a High Mountain Goals seriously has become an Summit to foster high-level dialogue and imperative. Youth have risen in the engage decision-makers and local actors Climate protest and on the other hand to develop a roadmap to science-based, there is increasing societal divisiveness. user-driven knowledge and information Following a record-breaking in systems supporting sustainable Europe in 2019, Greenland faced massive development and risk reduction in heat spike dramatically extending glacial mountain and downstream regions. 35 melt. Humanity is ill prepared to deal Dhiraj Pradhananga, Dept. of with change of this scale. With it, goes the human face of climate change. The Meteorology and Hydrology, indigenous and vulnerable communities Tribhuvan University, shall be the most affected and they do Kathmandu, Nepal not have a voice. We can reduce and moderate by protecting water resources Water Resources of Nepal Himalaya: at the local level most effectively. We are Challenges and Future Research Need: no longer in a state of who is right but Gives an overview of the needs from what is right. science for water management both now and in the future in the Nepal Himalaya. Ignacio Lopez Moreno, He then explains how cold regions Institute for Pyrenean Ecology hydrological modelling can be applied in the Langtang Basin to address some (IPE), Spanish National of those needs. Nepal had conducted a Research Council (CSIC), Participatory Vulnerability Assessment Zaragoza, Spain which also captured the voices of people suggesting changes in snow, Increasing water temperature impact water sources and soil moisture. But hydrology by altering river regimes, major change has been in precipitation reduced spring freshet etc. “The largest phase. Increase in temperature and changes in the hydrological cycle due unpredictable rainfall patterns. to warming are predicted for the snow- dominated basins of mid- to higher He brings in perceptions of change in latitudes, because adding or removing climate and water resources from Keri snow cover fundamentally changes the village of Humla District: snowpack’s ability to act as a reservoir • Bakkhu (thick clothes worn by for water storage” (Barnett et al. 2005). people in high altitude) replaced by t-shirt But, it has been observed that snowpack and Docha (thick shoes) replaced by and hydrology respond very differently slippers. to warmer temperatures in different • There used to be good snowfall in parts of the world. The links between higher altitude but lately, only negligible snow regime and hydrological sensitivity snowfall. to temperature warming are not well • Areas that once used to be covered understood yet. This comes from various by snow throughout a year are now bare. studies globally which suggests the • Reductions in crop yields, increase variability in which snow-packs react to in crop pests and diseases temperature. • Appearance of mosquitoes in the recent years. • Jackal, monkeys and porcupine in higher altitude destroying crop.

In Nepal National Water and Weather Week, it was brought to light that both excess and crisis can bring conflict.

36 Maximum temperature is changing fragmentation of many glaciers. Lower at the higher ranges compared to the parts of many glaciers will be gone within downstream lower lands. This is bringing decades or less; larger ones perhaps challenges in resource management in longer. the mountains. Mountains are not getting the attention as it should, science can Vegetation Responses: help understand the situation. There are • Changing fire regime—massive significant changes in snow ice cover fires likely to return many valley forests area in Nepal. Time series images of to grasslands. snow and ice-covered areas in Nepal. • Pine Beetle; example of More than 50% of snow and ice cover is unanticipated shift to take system in lost in less than 3 decades. Glacial lakes different direction are increasing in size and new glacial • Treeline advancement and infilling lakes are forming in recent decades. Science needs: Future research needed: • Observations and open data • Mountain climates are changing, • Development and testing of models, leading to change in headwater hydrology methods and algorithms • How headwater hydrology is • Education, training, knowledge responding to the change in precipitation mobilization, & outreach phase and snow cover area? • Impacts on socio-economic Dr. Corinne Schuster-Wallace, sectors. • Identification of traditional Water-health researcher for knowledge and practices to cope with Global Water Futures these changes. Water gender health- Reflections for Chris DeBeer, Global Water high mountain regions Futures, University of Local Water Security: Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Changing threats to local water security Canada is synonymous to changing threats to health in communities. Health is more Impacts of Climate Change on the than the absence of disease. It is a Mountains of Northern and Western necessity to ensure water of a suitable Canada: quality to enable healthy, dignified and productive lives. Rural populations are Changing Regional Climate: The more dependent on eco-system services western Canadian Cordillera: Dramatic with least investment and are far away change in temperature, more than the from decision-making. Policy and practice global average. Air temperature trends need the community for sustainable have shown a clear and coherent solutions. rising pattern over western Canada. Precipitation trends: certain areas Rights bring responsibilities: This is have witnessed a drastic increase in the framework within which Dr. Corinne annual rainfall. Rapid disintegration & conceptualizes local water security. 37 Location and plan are essential in the Therefore, she urges for research rights-based responsibilities framework approaches to be: because of the following reasons: • Mixed Methods • Rural, remote, and otherwise • Literature, Document, & Policy marginalised communities are most likely Reviews to depend on ecosystem services • Water Measurements & Inspections • Values shaped by reliance on • Expert Panels, Workshops, & Key natural resources, local & traditional Informants knowledge, & beliefs • Geo-positioning & GIS • More strongly tied to where they • Community-based Qualitative live Interviews & Surveys • Least able to invest in prevention • Community Participatory mapping or solutions, or actualise resilience • Photo Voice • Voices of the marginalised are not heard • Policy and practice will not develop A Moral and Fiscal Imperative Water sustainable solutions without their input Futures for the World We Want: • Sustainable development Women have an unfair burden for the imperative following reasons: • SDG3: Good health and wellbeing • They are the most vulnerable • SDG5: Gender equality because majority of the poor are women, • SDG6: WaSH, water quality, illiteracy, disempowered, reliance on management public services, lack of access to and • Leave no-one behind control over financial resources. • Society, economy, environment • Caregivers, fetchers and carriers: • Resource efficiency Bribes and sexual favours, lack of poorly • Human right(s) constructed facilities, high morbidity and mortality. • Insufficient participation in solutions: Women are “less likely to take decisions that improve their personal wellbeing, and more likely to seek to improve the wellbeing of others”

Principles for Understanding Local Water Security: • Coupled-systems approach (EcoHEalth) • Understand both direct and indirect impacts of water on health • Understand knowledge, attitudes, Practices & Perceptions • Community-engaged • Pro-marginalised lens (gender, poverty, discrimination) 38 2013; Paudel et al., 2016). Enhanced Session B Summary: evapotranspirative demand of gradually expanding forest due to afforestation Water Solutions for the and natural regeneration of chir pine may have aggravated summer water 21st Century in the Indian scarcity in already water scarce region Himalayan Region (IHR) of mid-Himalaya facing ‘unaccounted’ multiple drought years. Moreover, land- Vulnerable Smaller Water Resources: use change could bring depletion in soil Evidence of diminishing discharge of moisture as reported from other parts of spring-flow, declining trends of monsoon the world (Deng et al., 2016). rainfall and recent land use changes in Mid- Himalayan Mountain, India- Understanding the inherent complexity Soukhin Tarafdar. Scientific research in in climate, hydrogeology in complex ecology as well as hydrology had long topography as well as serious lack produced compelling evidence of strong of scientific data in Indian Himalayan linkages between the small stream Region, it will be prudent to shift our networks, the surrounding landscape focus from traditional soil and water and the downstream rivers (Nadeau conservation at complex hillslopes unit and Rains, 2007; Meyer and Wallace, to storage-based conservation of surplus 2001). But reckless planning and lack of flow available during the monsoon and policies have resulted in impairment of post monsoon months. Mission to geo- many headwater streams due to excess tagged and rejuvenate the drying springs sediments generated during the rural- is ongoing in different states all across road expansion, road widening, recurrent Indian Himalaya through vegetative or man-made forest fire, landuse change soil and water engineering methods and climate change. without really demonstrating the efficacy supported by scientific data. In an era There are growing recent evidence based when water is becoming a limiting on regional climate modelling studies resource and large-scale alteration of (Halder et al., 2016; Quesada et al., not only landscapes but also streams 2017) that land-use land-cover change and river network is underway through could be one of the drivers impacting the rural connectivity improvements projects Indian summer monsoon. Although, these and damming affecting the ecological land-use land-cover change drivers are sensitive fragile mountain, augmentation large-scale forest to agriculture or pasture of gaging stations of Himalayan Rivers land conversion. In the past (in the mid- should become the foremost priority. 1900s or so), a reverse transformation of Traditional key smaller water resources conversion of agriculture land to fallow should be safeguarded through Source land, reforestation and gradual forest Water Protection Act for assuring long- regeneration in permanent fallow and term water supply needs. pasture land by fire resistant fast growing species of chir pine (Pinus roxburghii) is reported from middle mountain region of Uttarakhand, India (Tarafdar et al., 2019) as well as in Nepal (Ghimire et al., 39 Decentralized Water and the Uttar Pradesh Water Supply and Sewerage Act of 1975 came into being. Governance Model in the The advent of these Acts brought the Central Himalayan Region of supply of drinking water under the State’s India- Sunesh Sharma objectives. At the same time, customary rights were abolished. Uttarakhand Profile: Area: 53483 Km Square Challenges: Population: 10.2 Million • 60% Springs have been drying up Water Dependence: 90% on Springs or dried in the Himalayan region (NITI, Land Use: 71% on Reserve Forest Ayog 2018) due to various reasons but there is a progressive increase in demand Traditional Water Wisdom: of water. • Uttarakhand traditionally depended • Out of 39,202 habitations/ villages upon its naulas and dharas (seepages in Uttarakhand, only 21,363 habitations/ and natural springs). villages have drinking water facility. For • Over the centuries Uttarakhand has the rest 17,839 villages, there is a water developed its own hydraulic technology, shortage either due to the dried-up water which is quite unique in its usefulness. sources or the failed drinking water • The ancient people of this region projects. evolved the hydraulic technology taking • Spring are the lifeline of mountain into consideration all the necessary community but springs as a source of factors which suit the environment of the water, do not even mentioned in the region. National Water Policy of India. While • The people are well aware of the springs are a form of ground water importance of water; they treated water resource, however, there is very little sources as sacred and many rituals are acceptance at policy level. performed around the water sources. • In Uttarakhand around 71% of the state’s geographical area falls under Policy & Water Rights: Reserve Forest (RF), which is technically The development of rights relating to owned by the government. And many water resources in the state can be a times springs source falls in the divided into three periods: Reserve Forest. To get access to RF for • Pre-constitutional period: This can augmentation of spring catchment is a be described as a period of decentralized tedious process. governance, when water was considered • The cost of providing water security a common pool resource and rights per person in the hills is relatively more as over natural resources lies with the local compared to the plains of Uttarakhand. community. This is because of the lack of road • Colonial period: Common property connectivity and difficulty geographical rights were diluted and replaced terrain. instead by private property rights. State • There is no water policy in sovereignty over natural resources was Uttarakhand till now. established. • Post-constitutional period: the Vision 2020: Enhance the quality of life Kumaon and Garhwal Water Act, 1975 of over 100,000 HHs of 1000 villages 40 Evolution of HIMMOTTHAN’S WaSH: Plan for FY 2019-20: Building capacities of various stakeholders • Vulnerability Assessment on Springshed management through • Spring Inventory holistic and coordinated effort to create • Online portal-SMC an enabled environment for water based • Hydrogeological Survey learning and sustainable developmental • DTR preparations action. • Implementation • M & E 2019-20: Scaling up in 650 villages Recommendations: Water Security in 100 villages • A state-wide programme on Impacting 35000 Plus Households Springshed Management through Spring Shed Management Consortium (SMC) Methodology: using Forest-Hydrology approach. 1. Base line survey • A Comprehensive plan of spring 2. Spring Inventory revival, involving local communities would 3. Hydrogeological Survey be useful. The plan must involve capacity 4. Village water security plan building at field level, Data collection, and preparation Monitoring at regular intervals. 5. Capacity building • Participation of women and 6. Institutional Framework & vulnerable section of society leads to Governance structure better water management. 7. Catchment Area Treatment • Mainstreaming Springshed (recharge works) through UWSC programmes through a convergence 8. Operation and Maintenance with existing development programmes 9. Data & MIS such as the Annual Work Plan of Forest Department IWMP, MGNREGA and Springshed Management other programmes Consortium-Uttarakhand Seasonal water quality Establishment: Taking forward variations of palustrine the recommendation of Niti Aayog wetland of Barrack-Chindwin Spring shed management Consortium constituted in September 2018 basin: Chongpi Tuboi Introduction: Objective: • Wetlands with floating meadows State-wide Springshed Management in largely occur in temperate and tropical Uttarakhand freshwaters throughout the world (Junk, 1973). Outreach: Uttarakhand • Phumdis, the floating meadows of the Keibul Lamjao National Park are last Structure: 20 members, line department, refuge of Sangai, Rucervus eldii eldii. NGOs, civil society, experts, etc. • The Ithai Barrage (1983) on Imphal River, has changed the water regime resulting in change of phumdi thickness 41 and vegetation composition (Kumar et Methodology: Sampling design al., 2002; Singsit, 2003). • Monthly sampling for two years (Dec 2008- Nov 2010) from 11 sites Study area in landscape perspective • 6 sites in Loktak Lake (5 inlets), Barak-Chindwin Basin: and 5 in KLNP (2 outlets) • The Loktak Lake lies to the western • Grab samples of water side of the Barak-Chindwin Basin • Has multiple and often conflicting Findings: uses • No significant difference in water quality parameters between the two Loktak Lake: study years (t-test, p>0.05). • Largest natural freshwater Lake in • Water quality in terms of key north eastern India parameters varied significantly across • Area – 287 km2 sampling sites (ANOVA, p<0.05). • The southern zone of the Lake is • Across seasons, there was the KLNP significant variation in terms of EC, • Ramsar site – 23rd March 1990 turbidity, TS, TDS, hardness, Ca, Mg, • Proposed World Heritage Site Na, K, transparency and temp (ANOVA, p<0.05). Resource Dependence: • No significant variation in terms of • Household use pH, DO, TKN, TP and BOD. • Agriculture - irrigation • NTFPs (Vegetables, fodder, Results: fuelwood • The participants of the focus group • Fishing discussion consensually agreed that • Fish farms (periphery) • Water quality has degraded over • Drinking the years • Household use • Water was used for drinking, besides household, agriculture and fish However, there has been a change farming. in resource use. Fishing and vegetable • Water use is restricted to seasonal collection have increased but fodder fish farming - February to July – relatively collection and fuelwood collection has better water quality dropped. • Farmers from Eastern side of the Park mostly rely on river water. Threats: • Local traditional or customary • Nutrient enrichment of lake water laws or institutions for the utilization and • Eutrophication, anoxia and management of the lake is not in place. succession • Change in hydrology, pollution, • Hydrology alteration NTFP collection and phumdis proliferation • Restricted flushing and - altered the use pattern. sedimentation • Pollution - decrease in fish • Unsustainable resource extraction productivity/catch – fishermen opting for • Degenerative practices such as other livelihoods. phumdi aquaculture • Extra expenditures on purchasing drinking water for household uses, 42 pumping of fish farm water (fuel, ecological and economical processes. electricity, labour costs). • Surface runoff could be intercepted • Eastern range 5-7 % of the monthly through plantations along the bank of the household income Lake. • Other ranges, 10-12% of monthly • Commissioning sewage treatment household income plants in Municipal Sewage Management • Extra time spent on collecting Plan to intercept raw sewage at strategic drinking and household use water. locations. • Hyper-eutrophic condition of the • People’s participation in lake Lake could be attributed to management and conservation. • Increase in BOD, PO4, NO3 • Task Force comprising of local • Subsequent reduction in DO communities for lake management to • Destruction of natural flushing monitor water quality and water recharge. mechanism • Varifactors obtained from factor Conservation planning analysis indicated that overall variation in water quality was mainly related to in human dominated nutrient load and soluble salts riverscapes: case study of • Nutrient accumulation, decreased Ganga: Michelle Irengbam DO and increased BOD has led to decreased water quality in the Loktak River conservation planning: Lake 1. Declining aquatic species, 81% • Permanent flooding and disruption from 1970-2012 with an average annual of natural flushing mechanism of the Lake decline of 3.9% (WWF 2016). by the Ithai barrage are major reasons 2. Linkages between hydrological • Erosion from surrounding connectivity and ecological processes catchment area is also contributing to (Tockner & Stanford 2002). nutrient accumulation 3. Off-stream disturbances in addition • Livelihood opportunities have to in-stream threats (Linke et al. 2011) reduced putting extra pressure on household economy Human-dominated riverscapes: • Setting up of local level institutions Ganga river – capacity building – management of lake Threat map: Upper Ganga resources. Morphological changes, water diversion. • People are willing to support and Threat map: Middle Ganga get involved in activities of various line Water diversion, alteration of riparian agencies and govt. departments areas, sand mining, pollution, • Stricter implementation of unsustainable resource use Ramsar Management guidelines and Threat map: Lower Ganga adaptive management through Ramsar Water diversion, alteration of riparian Management Effectiveness Tracking areas, sand mining, pollution, Tool. unsustainable resource use

Recommendations: Objectives: • Regulation of water level through To critically examine Indian legislation consultative meetings to maintain impacting Ganga river conservation 43 To critically examine the global scenario Climate change vulnerabilities of river conservation planning • Scale & impact of threats of rapidly growing cities necessitate urgent strategic actions. in the Himalaya and policy • GoI’s renewed emphasis on Ganga interventions for mitigation restoration has driven the wheel towards with special reference to science-based conservation approaches. • Absence of a river policy to Gangtok and the Teesta river facilitate coordinated planning and basin: P. D. Rai implementation. • Spatial and temporal mismatch in Introduction: planning and implementation. Climate change-induced global warming • High human dependence and is resulting in glacial melt. The retreating strongly linked socio-ecological systems glaciers, formation of glacial lakes and • The need of exploring ways to outburst floods is an issue. The Teesta ensure maximum conservation benefit river originates from the glaciers and in view of the social and economic drains through Sikkim into West Bengal. constraints. • This paper will examine the vulnerabilities and hazards from the Recommendations: phenomena of climate change, changes • Ensuring horizontal and lateral in snow and glacier runoff and frequent connection through soft protection cloud bursts. measures as well as riparian buffers. • The main source of water supply • Integration of science-based for Sikkim’s capital Gangtok comes from and policy backed response actions glacial melt, monsoon and winter rains are mandatory steps to achieving and the underground water systems conservation goals. which form springs dotting the landscape. • Improving institutional design and • How are all these impacting the capacities would help develop a platform water security for Gangtok in view of a for sectoral coordination and spatial rapidly growing urban population is a policy integration question of worry about. • Sectoral policies need to have • This paper will discuss the political an adaptive approach, in sync with the economy of water distribution which adds new information and practices from river to vulnerabilities. conservation science. • The paper will present policy interventions to mitigate water security and recommend measures (policies) to mitigate the impact of climate change on people living in the basin.

IMI and Mountain Cities- Context Integrated Mountain Initiative [IMI] – Vision of Making India Proud of its Mountains • Mountain Cities conference in SMDS 2 (2012) & Standalone in 44 Mussoorie - Mountain Cities 2014, • Not enough distribution nodes January 20, 2014 • Funds issues – always waiting for a • Darjeeling’s water woes juxtaposed project to augment supply • Mussoorie and Shimla as examples • Not real mapping of demand too • Tanker Mafia Problem definition: • Climate change impacts The political economy of water in the • What do we expect mountain cities: • How do we react • Water is a public good but one which • What are our adaptation can be traded easily, it is also needed instantly by consumers. If demand is high Recommendations: then extraction of a high price is possible- • Water Law genesis of problem • Policies • There is the source, the distribution • Sustainable Development Goals- by Government agency Welfare of Generations Bill • Citizens, hotels and other • Sustainability institutions • Next Steps • Competition for water amongst the citizens Presentation on Meghalaya’s • Water Law in India and its development Integrated Water Policy – • World Bank- The role of Political Mr Aiban Swer, Director, Economy Analysis in Development Policy Meghalaya Basin Operations Development Authority Gangtok- (MBDA) • Population ~ 2,00,000 • Water is sourced from Rateychu MEGHALAYA: WHERE THE CLOUDS [16 km] which is fed from snowmelt and COME HOME The Land and its People glaciers – and stored in Haans Pokhri Comprising of the Khasi, Garo and and other smaller lakes. See figure [Next Jaintia tribes, spread over 22,429 sq. km, slide] in Northeast India. • Tapped to bring in 42 MLPD to • Two of the wettest sites in the world Selep Tank for treatment viz., Cherrapunjee and Mawsynram • It is then distributed [Slide aNer • Increase in drought affected areas, Next] forest fire, changes in wildlife habitats, • About 65 percent residents get migratory routes and stress on flora and water from Selep fauna • Rest have to get it from urban • Climate Change is reflected in flash springs flood, landslides, excessive soil erosion, and damage to agricultural crops. Distribution of water in Gangtok • Identifying adaptation and Municipality: mitigation options in Water Management • Real issues of UFW – Unaccounted and other Cross Cutting Sectors For Water – over 80 percent. Inefficiencies 45 Water and Climate Change: The Shillong Water Conclave, held at Highly vulnerable to climate change due Shillong on 22nd March 2014 brought to its geo-ecological fragility, landscape together Water Ministers of North Eastern and socio-economic profile. States, Local Champions of the region, • Its economy is closely linked to its NGO’s, WUA’s and individuals together natural resource base with national and international agencies. • Land use is changing rapidly • Climate sensitive sectors like Policy Objectives: agriculture, water resources, forests, • Recognise water as a common health, sanitation, and rural development resource affected. Higher temperature, increased • Provide equitable and efficient rainfall and frequency of extreme weather allocation of water to all events predicted • Provide safe and hygienic water • Management of water resources is • Ensure protection and conservation critical for adapting to climate change. of catchments and promote principle of 3-R The State Water Policy 2019 • Enhance resilience to disasters Finalised by Department of Water and impacts of climate change Resources, Government of Meghalaya • Ensure convergence of water Paradigm shift in management of Water related interventions Resources • Promote latest tools and • From supply driven to demand technologies driven • Promote community participation • Strong Community participation in management of water resources. from planning to implementation • Setting up of a regulatory framework • Focus on Water Users’ Associations to realise the economic value of water. • Thrust on Knowledge Creation & Sharing • Remote Sensing & GIS technology • Community Driven Development Approach • Convergence for coordinated efforts

Creation of the Meghalaya Water Foundation and Meghalaya Water Resources Development Agency to assist the Government.

The first Retreat on Water held on July 2013 laid the foundation for the vision, mission and strategic intent.

The second Retreat on Water held on January 2014 prepared to organise the Shillong Water Conclave. 46 2. Report by UNESCO INC-IHP

UNESCO INC-IHP Report of Brainstorming Session on Ecologically Sustainable Water Management: Challenges in Water Scarce Regions

(Theme#5: Ecohydrology- Engineering Harmony for a Sustainable World)

27 September 2019, IISc, Bengaluru

Organized during Water Future Conference- 2019

By Indian National Committee for International Hydrological Programme (INC-IHP), National Institute of Hydrology, Roorkee & Future Earth 47 Session Moderators: Sl. No. Name and email Designation Scientist- ‘F’, Hard Rock Regional Centre, 1 Dr. B. Venkatesh Belgaum, Karnataka Deputy Coordinator, INC-IHP Dr. Jyoti P. Patil 2 Scientist- ‘C’, RMO Division, National [email protected] Institute of Hydrology, Roorkee

Keynote Speakers: Sl. Topic/ Sub Group Focal Name and email Designation No. Theme Senior Fellow, Dr. Jagdish Sharing water between ATREE 1 Krishnaswamy humans and nature for India’s Foundation, [email protected] ecological security Bengaluru Urban Water Focal Area 5.4: Urban Dr. Harry Virahsawmy Specialist, Ecohydrology- Liveability and 2 harry.virahsawmy@ Alluvium health in cities: What is the role alluvium.com.au Consulting, of water? Australia Associate Identifying priority catchments Professor for water resource protection Dr. Bernhard Lehner Department of as a contribution to sustainable 3 bernhard.lehner@ Geography, development and freshwater mcgill.ca McGill University, biodiversity conservation: a Canada national approach for Zambia Mr. Prashant Dhawan Role of biomimicry in Co-Founder 4 prashant.dhawan@ ecologically sustainable water Bio Mimicry, India gmail.com management Scientist- ‘F’, Measurement and modelling Hard Rock Dr. B. Venkatesh of hydrologic regimes under 5 Regional Centre, [email protected] different land covers in Belgaum, Sahayadri mountains, India Karnataka

48 The Sustainable Water Future Students, researchers, academic Programme (Water Future) of Future faculties, and officials from various Earth has organized its first international organisations attended the session. conference in partnership with Divecha Centre for Climate Change titled In the beginning of the session, Dr. “Towards a Sustainable Water Future” Patil familiarized the audience with IHP in Bengaluru, India. The conference was and its activities in India. As International hosted by the Indian Institute of Science, Hydrological Programme had been started Bengaluru. in 1975 and implemented on a six-year programmatic time intervals or phases, The conference addressed the she also briefed about its eighth phase current state of global water resource (2014-2021) and outlined its various challenges, future pathways and themes. As IHP’s secretariat is housed scenarios, and different technological, in National Institute of Hydrology (NIH), institutional solutions to accelerate Roorkee, she also discussed the role the implementation of water-related and responsibilities of NIH in successful Sustainable Development Goals and execution of this phase. She also talked the 2030 Agenda targets with an aim about various international programmes of ‘leaving no one behind’. Around 700 like- G-WADI, HELP, GRAPHIC, ISARM participants from all across the globe etc. running under the umbrella of IHP. have attended this conference thus giving Lastly, she discussed about Sustainable a major opportunity for academics, water Development Goals (SDGs), which are practitioners, policymakers, scientists, to be achieved by 2030. civil society and government officials to discuss the direction that the global Dr. Jagdish Krishnaswamy talked about scientific community should take in order “Sharing water between humans and to solve myriad of challenges affecting our nature for India’s ecological security” which water systems in real time and develop was the first lecture of this brainstorming new frontiers for innovative solutions. session. In initial slides, he briefed about SDGs 6, 14 and 15 that mainly addresses Considering this opportunity, Indian water related issues. He specifically National Committee for International mentioned SDG target 6.6, which seeks Hydrological Programme (INC-IHP), to halt the degradation and destruction of Roorkee organised a brainstorming water-related ecosystems, and to assist session on 27th September, 2019 the recovery of those already degraded. on “Ecologically Sustainable Water This target includes water-related Management: Challenges in Water ecosystems such as vegetated wetlands, Scarce Regions”, which comes rivers, lakes, reservoirs and groundwater, under theme#5 of the IHP-VIII i.e. – as well as those occurring in mountains “Ecohydrology- Engineering Harmony for and forests, which play a special role a Sustainable World”. The session was in storing freshwater and maintaining held at Hotel Sheraton and Moderated water quality. Further, he spoke about by Dr. B. Venkatesh, Scientist F and river dredging and channelization for Dr. Jyoti P. Patil, Scientist- ‘C’ & Deputy waterways. In his opinion, inter-linking Coordinator of INC-IHP. The schedule of rivers will adversely affect the aquatic of the session is placed at Annexure-I. ecosystem. Dredging of river bottoms can 49 Fig 14: Glimpse of INC-IHP session.

50 significantly alter sediment deposition and management and green infrastructure riverine habitats for endangered species, together. This is achieved by combining and damage fish breeding grounds. and protecting the hydrological and Dredging of sediment may also release ecological values of the urban landscape pollutants into the river water, including while providing resilience and adaptive Arsenic. He also showed a case study measures to deal with flood events. In the of estimated submergence of riparian end, he concluded that green infrastructure zone due to Ken-Betwa linking. In the influences health and wellbeing. The end, he emphasised that there is need of green-blue planning can be integrated adaptive management of reservoirs and with major healthcare planning, which barrages to minimize negative impacts on has significant opportunity to implement endangered species. All climate change at a city-scale. mitigation projects should be subjected to environmental scrutiny and defining The third and important presentation ecological flows with clear normative of this session was delivered by Dr. goals in an inter-disciplinary manner for Bernhard Lehner on the topic “Identifying each stretch of the river and link across priority catchments for water resource scales shall also be beneficial. protection as a contribution to sustainable development and freshwater biodiversity The second lecture of the session was conservation: a national approach for delivered by Dr. Harry Virahsawmy on the Zambia”. Firstly, he familiarised the topic “Liveability and health in cities: What audience with the goal of his study and is the role of water?” At the outset, he the methodologies adopted for this. For gave the State of Australian Cities, 2013 precise and better results, he ranked definition of a liveable city, which says priority catchments and rivers for the three “The liveability of a city is judged by the individual Water Resource Protection health, wellbeing and the quality of life of Areas (WRPAs) categories namely water people living within it”. Further, he talked provision; important aquatic ecology and about medical care expenses incurred sensitive areas. Then he combined the due to the physical inactivity that costs results from the three priority assessments Australia $13.8 billion per year (Medibank, in a multi-criteria analysis. 2008). A significant proportion of this cost can be avoided by incorporating He also explained these WRPAs open spaces while preparing an urban categories one by one. Under water plan for a city. Open spaces provide a provision category, a catchment or river space to play, relax and exercise that may be an important water resource ultimately adds to several health benefits area, if it is: including stimulation of active recreation, • high in land surface runoff, contribution to improving mental health • within a headwater region, etc. • the source of water for many people and He also discussed the green-blue • the source of water for agriculture infrastructure planning and design of a (i.e. – dams). city. This plan aims to recreate a nature- oriented water cycle while contributing to Under important aquatic ecology the amenity of the city by bringing water category, a catchment or river may be an 51 important water resource area if it is: water judiciously, whereas cactus and • High in species richness/ palm tree stores water. In his concluding biodiversity, remarks, he emphasized that we should • Important for its aquatic ecosystem go for natural and place specific solution function (e.g. – wetlands) and for a certain problem. We must learn how • Important for river connectivity. does nature filter and clean water? How And under sensitive areas, a catchment does nature optimise the utilisation of or river may be an important water water? resource area if it is: • At high risk for soil erosion and The fifth and last lecture of this session • A river with high sediment transport was delivered by Dr. B. Venkatesh on rates (suspended sediments). the topic “Measurement and modelling of hydrologic regimes under different land Lastly, Dr. Lehner concluded that the covers in Sahayadri mountains, India”. method he adopted for this study allows He presented one of his research works for prioritizing (ranking) catchments and about the impacts of changing land rivers based on their importance as cover on the hydrologic regime of Uttara water resource areas in a relatively short Kannada district of Western Ghats. For time and even in regions with limited data this study, he chose Acacia plantations. availability. The outcomes are now used In the beginning, he gave an outline of by Zambian water resource authorities to the presentation and tried to point out inform their next steps towards gazetting that hydrological effects of afforestation WRPAs. to improve or restore the hydrological behaviour have not been studied yet. Subsequently, Mr. Prashant Dhawan Further, he showed his findings that the discussed about the topic “Role of temporal and spatial distribution of soil Biomimicry in ecologically sustainable moisture is mainly dependent on the soil water management”. In initial slides, he and land cover. The highest peak flow briefed about geological time scale and magnitude was observed in degraded how the life forms evolved in water bodies. watershed, followed by Acacia in In his opinion, water is both an operating comparison with the forested watershed. condition as well as the necessary Lastly, he concluded that Acacia internal ingredient of life. Further, he plantation was very helpful in restoring discussed the term “Biomimicry”, which the hydrologic process which were is the examination of nature, its models, deteriorated due to degradation of the systems, processes, and elements landscape to the level of natural forest to emulate or take inspiration from in over a period of time and also ameliorate order to solve human problems. Ethos, the soil physical and hydraulic properties. (re) connect and emulate are three key It helps in building up of soil moisture and elements of Biomimicry. He also gave moderates the peak flow and increases various examples of Biomimicry from the low flow quantities. natural systems. Mangrove and fishes filter/desalinate water, while by the The brainstorming session ended by process of transpiration; plants regulate giving mementoes to all distinguished their temperature during hot conditions. If speakers of the session and with vote of we talk about desert welwitschia, it uses thanks. 52 3. Report by Divecha Centre for Climate Change, IISc

Towards a Sustainable Water Future A Future Earth Conference

Special Session on Cryosphere and Water Security 25 September 2019, , IISc, Bengaluru

Organized by Divecha Centre for Climate Change, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India

53 Divecha Centre for Climate Change discussion. We received 41 abstracts in association with Sustainable Water from 18 institutes of India and one from Future Program (Water Future) of Future Afghanistan. Out of these 41 abstracts, Earth has organised an international we have selected 18 as oral presentations conference on “Water future- towards and 23 as poster presentations. Latest a sustainable water future” at Indian developments in this area were presented Institute of Science from 24th September during these sessions. to 27th September 2019. It was a global platform facilitating international scientific Panel discussion was chaired by Dr. collaboration to drive solutions to the Akhilesh Gupta, Advisor, Department world’s water problems. Water security of Science and Technology and 19 is generally described as the capacity members were invited for that. It was of society to safeguard sustainable open for all participants of this special access to adequate quantity of quality session. The topic for the discussion water. Himalayan cryosphere due to was “How to reorganise glaciological large concentration of seasonal snow research in India?” Dr. Anil Kulkarni and glacier provide sustainable source introduced the idea of virtual centre to the of water for people living in the mountain participants and followed by Dr. Akhilesh and in surrounding Plaines. However, had spoken about the expectations of due to climate change Himalayan DST on this aspect. All members have region is experiencing higher warming actively participated in the discussion than global mean, causing rapid loss in and raised the difficulties in carrying glacier mass and early melt of seasonal out the glaciological research in India. It snow. In future, this can influence was concluded that, a long term national water availability. In addition, retreating wide network system for the glaciological glaciers will also create new hazards like programme should be needed in such a flash flood from glacier lakes, influencing fashion that of formation of working groups safety and livelihood of people living in the which will be sharing data, equipment mountains. By considering these aspects and other infrastructure facilities for the a special session was organized on 25th smooth research in the field of glaciology. September 2019 entitled “Cryosphere and water security”.

The session covered three broad aspects as given below. 1) Cryosphere processes, dynamics and climate change

2) Cryosphere: risk assessment, mitigation and communities

3) Cryosphere research and policy making

Based on these themes, we had three sessions as oral, poster and panel 54 List of participants:

Sl. No. Name Designation Institute North Eastern Regional Institute of 1 Aditi Bhadra Associate Professor Science and Technology, Itanagar Dhankula Institute of Engineering 2 Aishwarya Ray Research Scholar & Technology 3 Akshay Patil PhD Scholar IIT- Bombay Snow and Avalanche Study 4 Anant Kumar SRF Establishment, Chandigarh 5 Anita Chandrasekharan Research Scholar IIT-Bombay 6 Arya A.R Project Assistant DCCC 7 Ashim Sattar Assistant Professor IIT-Roorkee 8 Ashutosh Kulkarni Project Assistant DCCC 9 Ashwagosha Ganju Former Director SASE 10 Ayushi Biswas Project Assistant DCCC 11 Babu Govindha Raj K Scientist ISRO 12 Bala Nela Research Scholar IIT-Bombay 13 Bhanu Pratap Project scientist ESSO - NCPOR Wadia Institute of Himalayan 14 Bisma Yousuf CSIR-SRF Geology 15 Dhiren Shrestha Director DST, Sikkim 16 Dr. Ajanta Goswami Assistant Professor IIT-Roorkee 17 Dr. Akhilesh Gupta Advisor DST The M.S University of Baroda, 18 Dr. Bhushan S Deota Professor Vadodara Wadia Institute of Himalayan 19 Dr. D.P. Dobhal Scientist Geology, Dehra Dun 20 Dr. Gulab Singh Associate Professor IIT-Bombay Defense Research and 21 Dr. M. R Bhutiyani Scientist Development Organization Dr. Parmanad National Centre for Polar and 22 Scientist D Sharma Ocean research, Goa National Institute of Hydrology, 23 Dr. Sanjay K Jain Scientist G Roorkee 24 Dr. Sunil Dhar Associate Professor Central University of Jammu Dr. Thamban National Centre for Polar and 25 Scientist E Meloth Ocean research, Goa 26 Dr.Ajay Dashora Assistant Professor IIT-Guwahati 27 Dr. Raaj Ramsankaran Associate Professor IIT-Bombay 28 Gautami Samui Project Scientist NCPOR CIIRC-Jyothy Institute of 29 Geetha Priya Professor Technology 30 H.C. Nainwal Professor HNB Garhwal University, Srinagar Snow and Avalanche Study 31 Harendra Singh Negi Scientist Establishment, Chandigarh

55 Wadia Institute of Himalayan 32 Indira Bohra Scientist Geology, Dehra dun 33 Indra Sekhar Sen Assistant Professor IIT-Kanpur 34 Irfan Rashid Assistant Professor University of Kashmir 35 Mansi Joshi Project Assistant DCCC Mohammad Najim 36 Lecturer Kabul Polytechnic University Nasimi 37 Mohd Azam Assistant Professor IIT Indore Nagajothi 38 Research Student Jyothy Institute of Technology Venkatesan 39 Nilendu Singh Scientist Centre for Glaciology 40 Pradeep S PhD DCCC The Energy Resources Institute, 41 Pradeep Vashisht PhD Delhi 42 Pratibha S Project Scientist DCCC 43 Prof. A L. Ramanathan Professor JNU, New Delhi Prof. Argha Indian Institute of Science 44 Professor Banerjee Education and Research, Pune 45 R.C Jain Former Chairman Central Ground water Board 46 Rajesh Kumar Professor Sharda University 47 Rakesh Ranjan Assistant Professor Sikkim University, Gangtok 48 Remya S N SRF DCCC 49 Rupal Budhbhatti Project Associate DCCC State Centre for climate change, 50 S.S Randhawa Scientific officer Shimla Indian Institute of Science, 51 Sayli Tawde RA Bengaluru National Open 52 Shivika Aggrawal Student University The Energy and Resources 53 Shresth Tayal Fellow Institute, Delhi 54 Shubha V Student Jyothi Institute of Technology The Energy Resources Institute, 55 Sonia Grover Associate fellow Delhi 56 Tajdarul Syed Associate Professor IIT(ISM)- Dhanbad 57 Tejal Shirsat Project Assistant DCCC 58 Ulfat Majeed PhD Student University of Kashmir 59 Veena Prasad Project Assistant DCCC Dhanekula Institute of Engg & 60 Vinay Gaddam Associate Professor Tech 61 Vishakha Pandey M.Tech Student IIT-Bombay

56 Program Agenda:

Technical session I - Science of Cryosphere Oral Presentations 09.00-09.15 Inauguration Prof. S. K. Satheesh Mapping glacier velocity on Samudra Tapu using 09.15-09.30 Geetha Priya Sentinel-I D-InSAR data Early 21st century surface mass balance estimates for Anita 09.30-09.45 glaciers in Chandra basin, Western Himalayas between Chandrasekharan 2000 and 2018 Snow water equivalent and snow depth estimation in the 09.45-10.00 Akshay Patil Himalayas Mass Budget and Surface Velocity variations of Glaciers in 10.00-10.15 Tajdarul Syed Western Himalaya Snow and Ice melt contributions in a highly glacierized 10.15-10.30 catchment of Chhota Shigri Glacier (India) over the last Mohd Farooq Azam five decades Glacier mass balance estimation of Naradu Glacier, 10.30-10.45 Rajesh Kumar Western Himalaya Crucial role of Spring shed management for springs 10.45-11.00 R C Jain Revival in Indian Himalayas 11.00-11.30 Tea Break Technical session II - Water Security and Policy (15 minutes each) Himalayan Cryosphere Sustenance: Is­sues, Challenges 11:30-11:45 Ashwagosha Ganju and Opportunities Inventory of Glacial Lakes and its Evo­lution in Uttarakhand 11:45-12:00 Babu Govindh Raj K Himalaya Using Time Series Satellite Data HIGTHIM - An automated tool for modelling potential 12:00-12:15 Pradeep S glacier lakes Climate Change impacts on Himalayan Glaciers and 12:15-12:30 Shresth Tayal implications on energy se­curity of the country Development of Cryospheric Services for Management of 12:30-12:45 Nilendu Singh Utili­ties in the Himalayan region Ice mass loss in Central Himalaya since 1960s is 12:45-13:00 Ayushi Biswas unprecedented in last three centuries 13.00-14.00 Lunch Break Recent changes in glaciers and climate of Shyok basin, 14.00-14.15 Harendra Singh Negi East-Karakoram Future glacier water availability in Satluj and Beas basins 14.15-14.30 Veena Prasad for twenty-first century 14.30-15.00 Poster Presentation (2 minutes) Technical session III - Panel discussion on “How to reorganize glaciological research in India?” 16.00-16.30 Tea Break 16.30-17.30 Poster Session 17.30-18.00 Concluding Session 19.00-21.30 Dinner at IISc main guest house

57 Photo Gallery

Fig 15: Participants at the special session conference on Cryosphere and Water Security.

58 Fig 16: Dr. M Mani delivering lecture.

Fig 17: Dr. H S Negi delivering lecture.

Fig 18: Dr. R C Jain delivering lecture. 59 Poster Session

Fig 19: Poster session in progress. 60 Panel Discussion

Fig 20: Pannel discussion in progress.

61 4. Report by Consortium for DEWATS Dissemination (CDD) Society Survey No. 205, Ground Floor T/F: +91 80-28486700 Opp. Beedi Workers Colony E- [email protected] Kommaghatta, Road, Bande www.cddindia.org Mutt, Kengeri Satellite Town, Bengaluru, Karnataka 560060

Future of Urban Waterbody RejuvenationWater Future Conference 24 September 2019, Hotel Sheraton Grand, Bengaluru

62 water security. As polluted waterbodies About the session: are an indicator of an unhealthy urban environment, the government has Consortium of DEWATS Dissemination decided to undertake a rejuvenation (CDD) Society conducted a special exercise of urban waterbodies across session on ‘Future of Urban Waterbody India, on a mission mode, through its Jal Rejuvenation’ at the Water Future Shakti Abhiyan. It is therefore pertinent Conference, Hotel Sheraton Grand, to discuss and debate existing ways Bengaluru on 24th September 2019 and means to rejuvenate waterbodies, from 16:00 – 19:00. The international the associated gaps and way forward conference was organized by Future to achieve a holistic and sustainable Earth in collaboration with Divecha solution to waterbody rejuvenation. Centre for Climate Change, Indian Institute of Science, Bengaluru, India. This session is aimed to bringing Representatives from government experts from different fields to discuss departments, scientific and academic and understand future perspectives institutes, lake activists, citizen groups, of urban waterbody rejuvenation and civil society organizations, corporate provide a platform for dialogue amongst entities and community representatives various stakeholders involved. The participated in the event. stakeholders included government departments, scientific and academic Background: institutes, lake activists, citizen groups, civil society organizations, corporate Waterbodies have lost their self- entities and community representatives. healing capacities due to unplanned The programme serves as a platform for urbanisation and industrialisation. experts, users and policy makers to share Historically, waterbodies were the their understanding and perspectives primary source of water supply for towns regarding waterbody rejuvenation. The and were conserved in pristine health. speakers were encouraged to share their With increased dependency of cities/ experience on the current issues plaguing towns on piped water supply as well as waterbodies, existing processes and unregulated exploitation of groundwater, systems for their rejuvenation in India, waterbodies have been ignored and challenges in carrying out waterbody have become disposal sites for polluted rejuvenation interventions, government water and solid waste. It is widely initiatives, funding patterns in the sector, known and acknowledged that water and success stories. scarcity is growing and therefore reviving waterbodies has become an inevitable Opening remarks – Mr option. Hence, increased attention is Ganapathy PG, Director of being given by the government, policy makers and sector professionals to Programs, CDD Society rejuvenate waterbodies. Waterbody Waterbodies have lost their importance rejuvenation also aligns with Sustainable in the rapid urbanization that has taken Development Goals (SDGs) 3, 6 and 11 place in past three-four decades. to achieve the larger objective of urban Historically, waterbodies were carriers 63 of stormwater and people preserved the Discussions: natural ecosystem as a symbol of nature’s gift. Over time, domestic and industrial Dr Suresh Rohilla: Waterbody sewage entered these waterbodies; more rejuvenation is now picking up pace with recently, huge quantum of solid waste are policy and decision makers realising polluting waterbodies, which has become their importance. Storm drains that were an eyesore. There is a need to create an supposed to carry storm water during high enabling framework to revive and restore rainfall events have now been reduced waterbodies by addressing the concerns to wastewater channels due to a high of all stakeholders in a holistic manner. degree of encroachments along their catchments and unregulated discharge This session is aimed at: of domestic sewage into streams. The Jal Shakti Abhiyan is yet to define an - Exploring ways to reconnect enabling framework that can facilitate a waterbodies to citizens dialogue amongst different stakeholders. Intent is good. However, the long- - Un-packing the Jal Shakti term engagement strategy needs to Ministry guidelines to rejuvenate urban be defined. For example, Desilting of waterbodies waterbodies may be visualized differently by environmentalists and a water expert. - Highlighting funding patterns for rejuvenation of waterbodies – capital Dr Veena Srinivasan: The Rejuvenation assets and Operations and Maintenance of waterbodies can be looked at from two angles. Constructed (impermeable Panel Discussion on infrastructure such as concrete lining, silt control structures etc.) versus nature- Future of Urban Waterbody based infrastructure (wetlands, bunds, Rejuvenation bioswales etc.). Each has its own purpose. Different stakeholders would see the Panellists: waterbody rejuvenation differently. What is the end purpose of rejuvenation? A Lake 1. Mr Vishwanath S, Trustee, Biome vision document can be one approach Environmental Solutions to garner a shared understanding for waterbody rejuvenation. 2. Dr Veena Srinivasan, Fellow, ATREE Ms Latha Raman Jaigopal: Solid waste management for canal rejuvenation is 3. Dr Suresh Rohilla, Sr Director, a persisting challenge. Liquid waste Centre for Science and Environment management is still manageable as largely domestic sewage enters 4. Ms Latharaman Jaigopal, Co- these channels. Citing the example of Founder, Inspiration and President, CDD Alapphuza town in (Venice of Society India), the canal network was a major source of navigation, trading and allied Moderator: Ms Sonal Pareek Kaushik, purposes but now it has become a site Consultant, CDD Society for dumping solid waste and sewage. 64 Mr Vishwanath S: In order to revive purposes such as flushing, irrigation etc. Jakkur Lake, Rs. 100 crores worth of investments were made. Out of which, Dr Suresh Rohilla: On the question almost 80% went for wastewater treatment of governance, the waterbody and its systems and the remaining 20% went for catchment are governed separately. creating bio-parks, walkways and other While the catchment is governed with recreational infrastructure. Despite all land-use planning department, the this, around 9 MLD (Million Litres per waterbody is managed by the PHE day) of wastewater enters the lake. Lake or similar such authority of the ULB. water management planning is the need With rapid urbanization, the value for of the hour. Silt from lakebed can be water has diminished and therefore it is used by farmers but if the silt is toxic, it required to map the entire watershed in would create more harm than benefits. order to approach the rejuvenation more What purpose is water required for – that holistically. needs to be made clear. The correct approach can be to He made a comparison between implement water sensitive urban design Singapore and Bengaluru. Singapore’s principles to any land use planning. population is 2.5 times that of Bengaluru but the capital infrastructure spending in Ms Latha Raman Jaigopal: In the Bengaluru is 20% that of Singapore. Close context of storm drains, such channels to 40% of the public exchequers’ money reduce the complexities (in form of solid escapes as leakages in Bengaluru. It wastes and sewage) that may enter the therefore requires patrons to look at all waterbody. Therefore, cleaning these forms of water together (an Integrated channels ensures, to a certain degree, a Urban Water Management approach) clean and thriving waterbody. viz. Surface water, rainwater, ground water and treated water. Mr Vishwanath S: On the question of funding, the cost of rejuvenating a In order to give justice to waterbody waterbody is much more than managing rejuvenation, the government requires: a wetland. Developed countries cleaned a) Capacitated staff, b) Adequate their waterbodies only once their economy financial outlay and c) Accountability developed. The Jal Shakti Abhiyan has towards the works. It is better to convert noble goals but funding patterns are not all waterbodies to wetlands as they are clearly defined. easy and cost effective to manage as compared to acres of waterbody along Dr Suresh Rohilla: The role of a with recreational infrastructure. waterbody as a flood mitigation structure cannot be neglected as waterbodies Dr Veena Srinivasan: With respect to absorb excess storm water from their water quality of lake water, instead of catchment during high rainfall events. brining water to meet domestic needs Also, subsurface water systems are from distant sources (as almost all metro much more complex and the role that cities in India depend on distant water waterbodies play in maintaining these sources for their domestic supply) it is systems cannot be ignored. Waterbodies better to utilise lake water for non-potable essentially helps in a) groundwater 65 recharge and b) flood mitigation. the modus operandi?

Dr Veena Srinivasan: With respect to 4. Why no vegetation in storm water waterbody as flood mitigation structures, drains? Can it help abate pollution load? if for most times the waterbody is filled with water, how would it accommodate 5. What is the present way out to the excess storm water during high rainfall manage water effectively? Improved events? The purpose of flood mitigation groundwater management techniques, in such cases would remain unsolved their scope? and may result in flooding despite the waterbody. 6. What about the people dependent on livelihood around the lakes? How to All panellists were of the common opinion accommodate their concerns? that innovative financial and institutional incentives need to be implemented as 7. What is the simplest way to build that would strengthen the utilities and capacities of the junior staff involved also incentivise citizens. Most utilities in with managing waterbody rejuvenation India are not able to recover the cost of projects? supplying water to households even if the water supply tariff exists. There is no 8. What role can youth play in tariff for wastewater collection or sewer bringing about change in the waterbody connection. Therefore, the value of water rejuvenation space? is not realised by citizens. The panellists answered some of the With respect to question on capacity concerns; while others were discussed of officials of Jal Shakti Ministry, they all as many solutions are complex rather opined it is too early to comment. But than simple, hence merit a discussion. all believed that there should be one democratic institution that would manage Expert Presentation 1: all the waters of a concerned ULB. Restoration of Urban Blue At the end of the panel discussions, Acres, the participants posed the following Ms Sahana Goswami, questions/concerns to the panellists; Manager Water and Cities 1. How to effectively ensure Program, World Resource participation of citizens and take up Institute India projects driven by citizen groups? She talked about WRI’s approach 2. Why is the government still in towards waterbody rejuvenation and preliminary stage of discussion with explained their 5 theories of rejuvenation. respect to waterbody rejuvenation? Theory 1: Join the dots and understand 3. Lakes/waterbodies are structures the developmental changes that have for flood mitigation, trade-off between taken place in the lake watershed. aesthetics v/s hydraulic function, what is Theory 2: A waterbody is as clean as its 66 catchment. Theory 3: No water is bad water Concluding remarks: Theory 4: Planning for the big picture Theory 5: Ambition for vibrant living water Mr Andrews Jacob from CDD Society concluded the session and shared two Finally, she spoke on the recipe key objectives attained; for disaster - misplaced priorities for investment. 1) Unpacking the Jal Shakti Guidelines for urban waterbody rejuvenation and Expert Presentation 2: 2) Facilitating a new network partners’ Alapphuza Canal meet. Rejuvenation, Outcomes: Ms Latha Raman Jaigopal, Co-founder Inspiration and The session helped to understand the President, CDD Society current issues plaguing waterbodies, existing processes and systems for their rejuvenation in India, challenges She spoke about the Alapphuza canal in carrying out waterbody rejuvenation rejuvenation works that highlighted interventions, government initiatives the efforts undertaken and how key and funding patterns in the sector. The stakeholders joined together to make the success stories gave the audience hope! project a success. Driven by the Finance The session also helped build a network Minister of Kerala, the historical town of people, organizations and institutions with its intertwining canal networks is working in the water space. under-progress of revival in collaboration with the community and supporting institutions.

Fig 21: Session on ‘Future of Urban Waterbody Rejuvenation’ in progress.

67 Program Agenda:

Time Description Welcome note - Introduction to the session 16:00 – 16:30 - Objectives of the session Presenter: Ganapathy PG & Mr Andrews Jacob, CDD Society Panel discussion on Future of Urban Water Bodies Rejuvenation in the context of Jal Shakthi Abhiyan Panel discussion (10 minutes by Moderator+40 minutes for panel discussion+20 min for Q & A)

Panel Members: Mr S Vishwanath, Biome Environmental Solutions 16:30 – 17:40 Dr Suresh Rohilla, Academic Director, Centre for Science & Environment Dr Veena Srinivasan, ATREE Ms Latharaman, Director, Inspiration & President, CDD Society

Moderator: Ms Sonal Pareek, Consultant, CDD Society Expert talk – Sharing of experiences and case studies (15 mins presentation by experts followed by 5 mins Q&A)

The experts would share their experience with waterbody rejuvenation through case studies and highlight the adopted approach as well as challenges encountered towards WBR. 17:40 – 18:40 1. Ms Sahana Goswami, WRI – Restoration of Urban blue acres

2. Ms Latharaman, Inspiration – Alappuzha Canal Rejuvenation 18:40 – 18:50 Concluding remarks

68 Photo Gallery

Fig 22: Discussions on ‘Future of Urban Waterbody Rejuvenation’ in progress.

69 70 5. Climate Change and Water Management at Water Future Conference

Climate Change and Water Management at Water Future Conference 27 September 2019, JN Tata Room A, Indian Institute of Science, Bengaluru

71 Kamna Sachdeva, Associate Professor, About the session: TERI School of Advanced Studies Sherly M A, Assistant Professor, TERI Climate change across the globe has School of Advanced Studies been affecting water availability through Akash Sondhi, Assistant Professor, TERI altered rainfall pattern and increased School of Advanced Studies frequency of droughts. With high population density and low resilience The above-mentioned speakers gave capacity, all developing and under- a talk on: developed countries are at risk of water security. Thus, water security is a big 1) Water cooperation for climate concern for rural and urban areas as resilience: path to achieve water security urban water supply depends mainly and avoiding conflicts; on water from nearby dams or rivers, 2) Assessing climate smart urban water while agriculture is the main water – availability, accessibility, affordability and intensive activity in rural areas. Climate well-being; smart innovations in agriculture with 3) Sustainable water perspectives in the optimal cropping pattern and weather- context of Disaster Risk and Climate based irrigation can be practised. Water Resilience; and conservation and its efficient utilisation 4) Experience of working in the field of requires water auditing, waterproof climate change and water management utilities, water quality assessment, at grass root level. wastewater treatment, wastewater recycling and reuse. Moreover, the The audience appreciated the applied equity in water distribution is another research approach of TERI SCHOOL OF major concern that involves multiple ADVANCED STUDIES. dimensions including gender, youth, user communities and the like. Hence, a strong water governance structure is also a mandate in order to ensure accountability and transparency in water allocation and distribution.

The session brought together • The academia and young practitioners to address climate change and water challenges at different levels from a multi stakeholder perspective • It aimed to highlight the need for incorporating SDG 6 in any action plan for addressing challenges of climate change through participatory approach Fig 23: One of the participant Academia speakers included, presenting in the session on ‘Climate Ranjana Ray Chaudhuri, TERI School of Change and Water Management at Advanced Studies Water Future Conference’. 72 X. Session Summaries (As reported by Rapporteurs) 1. Assessing Sustainability in Water Space SK Jain (IMD) or National Hydrological Services (NHS). Regional GFCS are presently We need to assess water resources in implemented by IMD (south west space and time, keep on assessing these summer monsoon prediction) , IITM resources for the sake of sustainable and RCC being developed under WMO development. Assess demands put on initiative. National implementation needs water, the matches and mismatches on to be stepped up because IMD etc are road to sustainable development. national repositories of meteorological data required for climate/weather services and also they have capacity to Rajeev Mahajan: transform useful information into usable “Tomorrow’s climate crisis is information. Convening the convergence going to be a water crisis.” of the efforts of all stakeholders with water at core of adaptation strategies. In all the Climate Change scenarios, there will be a global scale problem of Chandan Banerjee: water security. Monitoring and judicious planning of water use along with quality Assessment of surface water observations and timely forecasting ability storage trends for increasing of factors influencing water is the need of groundwater areas in India the hour. This can be done by developing and maintaining of Global Framework Nasa’s GRACE mission enabled of Climate Services (GFCS) under the scientists to estimate and assess guidelines of the World Meteorological groundwater, earlier it was through Organisation. GFCS goals are on well observations. Decreasing trend of Global, National and Regional levels. groundwater in Northern India whereas an National scenarios of implementation of increasing trend is observed in Southern GFCS :- Observation & Monitoring, part of India (possible response to 2002 Research monitoring & Prediction, drought). Rainfall is an important factor and Climate Services Information System for the groundwater recharge. have been implemented reasonably well by National Meteorological and Hydrological Services (NMHS). User Interface Platform not developed. Great strides in Agriculture & Food Security and Disaster Risk Management. No such progress in Water services. Health and Energy are yet to be taken care of by either Indian Meteorological Department

73 Ashlin Alexander: Saumya Srivastava: Assessment of multiple Multi-site and multi-variate modelling approaches hydrological model calibration to address the quest for for spatially heterogenous physically realistic hydrologic catchments models Spatial variability of model parameters Severe flood to drought conditions in for large basins should be undertaken many parts of India. Dried up reservoirs. for realistic basin modelling. The huge Proper monitoring and management of size of the basin requires considerable water resources. Hydrological modelling calibration effort and computation time. is a solution. A good model should These can be optimized by using a have proper representation of dominant layered parallelized calibration using processes in respective catchments. high performance computing. Develop a focused place-based model under a robust and flexible framework rather than using a prior model and fitting it to the catchment under study.

2. Geogenic Pollutants in Groundwater Dr. Prasanna V Sampath: were done based on the summation of groundwater consumption and power Groundwater assessment at consumption which in turn depends on local scales: Case study of the parameter of rainfall amount. If the India amount of rainfall in a particular area is not sufficient for a particular type This study talked about the groundwater of crop cultivation requirement, there consumption at local scale. The comes the use of water by groundwater requirement of doing local scale study consumption which causes large draw- is because the source of majority of the down. Therefore, the policy implications groundwater related problem can be of the present study are that, identifying traced back to the vulnerability of local the hot spot of vulnerability in terms of scale parameters. The challenges of local groundwater consumption and power scale study are the lack of multi-scale consumption is a new scientific technique data. The objective of the present study to plan crop cultivation diversity. It is to estimate ground water consumption optimizes water and power consumptions mainly for agriculture purpose. This and identifies the hotspot of groundwater study picked up 5 top cultivated crops in consumption. different areas of and calculated the Gross vulnerability Index of Javier Castro: The flow those area in order to identify the hot spot of groundwater vulnerability. Calculation system approach for coping

74 with changing groundwater Dr. Mona Dahabiah scenarios Due to large consumption of This study is describing the importance groundwater, groundwater level in a well of characterising intermediate flow suffers large draw-down and becomes dynamics in the aquifer, and sub-surface dry. However, it is difficult to trace geology of the study area in order to back what are wells will be dried soon identify the severity of the groundwater or suffering from huge draw-down (by contamination problem occurred in the change in pump setting) and where that area. He presented a case study to drill the well for water supply. There in Mexico (Mexican Altiplano) in terms comes the importance of groundwater of Fluoride contamination problem in flow modelling and estimation/prediction groundwater. It was explained that, how of the draw-down effect in wells for Fluoride concentration in ground water future. She described nicely here how was released from the sub-surface to do groundwater flow modelling for volcanic rocks and basin fill materials a particular area. Groundwater level which are composed of Fluoride minerals. data, geological data, hydrological data, It was indicated that the development of hydraulic data were used for building up Fluoride problem in the groundwater has the conceptual model and then from that been increased from past time due to the numerical model has been carried the practise of increasing extraction and out. After that the numerical model is deepening of groundwater. He showed calibrated in steady-state/transit state Li as the tracer of different Fluoride in order to check the best fit between contaminated water types in the aquifer the calculated data (model data) and and tied it up with their corresponding observed data and to understand the groundwater flow conditions. He defined groundwater flow directions according to hydrological condition (conductivity) of the conceptual understandings which are different Fluoride contaminated water the major challenges defined during the types and showed how the intermediate present talk. For the area Gordon (poor groundwater flow pattern is driving water country) using groundwater flow the fluctuation in the contamination numerical modelling, she got nice fitting problem. He suggested a new scientific between the calculated (model data) and geochemical approach in the removal observed data up to the year of 2000, of Fluoride concentration from the however after 2000 there was a sudden groundwater in terms of addition of Ca draw-down. Here comes the importance into the aquifer system and decreasing of remote sensing study in this case for groundwater temperature which forms a particular area, which she explained Calcium Fluoride and removes Fluoride as a new scientific approach to face the concentration from the groundwater. challenges. After using remote sensing Therefore, it is important to characterise survey, there was a huge improvement groundwater condition and groundwater between the observed data and the flow system in order to get rid of model data. Predicting/estimating the groundwater related problems. ground water draw-down problem will help to improve the energy cost as well as it will spread the awareness in the common people so that they can plan 75 their water usage for the agriculture sludge should not be disposed randomly. purpose accordingly. It was suggested It should be dumped in a certain place that recharge scenario of the groundwater so that it can’t be a secondary source of system has been poorly monitored and contamination. He also gave brief idea poorly modelled till now which can be a about how the bio-remediation items good idea to work on in future to solve have been used to reduce the As level in the groundwater related problems. the sludge media.

Asrarul Jeelani Dr. Debashish Chatterjee

Water resources and social structure Arsenic in shallow Bengal aquifer: in Arsenic contaminated village in Patna Large scale human-water interaction district. This talk was about the social and suffering. He gave a brief idea survey of arsenic contamination in the about the different mechanisms of As dug well and hand pumps between people mobilization in the groundwater. This belongs to different caste community. study provides a good scientific idea People of different caste from the same about the generation of redox condition village consume water from different in the groundwater in a relation to the wells. This study presented a sociological groundwater level draw down effect and report on the arsenic concentration in the anthropogenic input (wastewater impact) wells belong to each caste community in by showing case studies at Nadia different villages as well as it documented district, West Bengal, India. He showed the several health issues due to the a combined geo-chemical study about consumption of As-contaminated water the several controlling factors driving As and the personal interview reports of the level fluctuation in the groundwater both arsenic affected patients in the villages. spatially (geological occurrence of high and low As water) and temporally. Mr. Sinha Ray Dr. S. A. Pandit He gave a brief idea about the present status of Arsenic and Fluoride Geological causes for high Uranium contamination in the content in groundwater of some parts of groundwater of West Bengal. 12 of India are not well understood as yet. The surface water based PWS system and geological setting in which such waters 338 of groundwater based PWS schemes occur in Punjab, Haryana, Rajasthan, are available in that area. To assess the Gujrat, Andhra, , Karnataka efficiency of the removal technology and and Tamil Nadu are discussed in this to address the gaps in monitory operation presentation. As per the speaker there and maintenance, several renowned are no industries or nuclear facilities institutions have been engaged. The contributing to Uranium contamination in plants should be monitored properly the groundwater of the various regions so that it cannot be contaminated for examined in this work. Secondary the people to use. Also, the sludge contributions through agricultural activity management should be taken care or fly ash emissions from thermal seriously, the media coming out from the power plants have been examined by

76 earlier researchers and found that their Mr. Pasan contribution to Uranium is negligible. Therefore, it is imperative to understand The aims of his study were to assess the the geological environment in which drinking water quality, drinking behaviour the Uranium rich groundwater occurs and commonly use water sources among in the hard and soft rock areas of the CKDu (Chronic Kidney Disease: gradual country where it is widely distributed. loss of kidney function over time) patients Establishing the actual cause can pave in Wilgamuwa, Sri Lanka. CKDu is one of way for evolving mitigation measures. It the severe problems in Sri Lanka. Present is important for the large population which report is based on a case study on 302 is directly dependent on groundwater CKDu patients in Wilgamuwa, Sri Lanka for drinking, domestic consumption and where water samples were collected from irrigation purposes. It helps the local each individual’s water source and then and central government departments measured the water hardness on site as for implementing proper methods of well as in laboratory. From the survey treatment and public water supply. it was observed that Male population was more severely affected by CKDu Dr. R. Srinivasan as compared to Female population. The analytical results showed high Processing of IMIS data base of > hardness values above threshold levels 300000 analyses of groundwaters of for human consumption according to Karnataka has provide basis for generation WHO guidelines. As a conclusion of this of maps showing high (>1.5mg/l), very study it can be said that environmental high (>3mg/l) and abnormally high factors such as higher levels of hardness (>5mg/l) fluoride ground zones in in drinking water likely to be a factor for Karnataka. The districts in which samples the disease CKDu in human health. with more than 3mg/l of fluoride were found to be frequent are Gulbarga, Yadgir, Bagalkot, Raichur, Koppal, and Bellary in Northern Karnataka; Tumkur, Kolar, Chikkaballapur in Southern Karnataka. A holistic approach consisting of delineation of high fluoride ground water areas, their geological setting, petromineralographic study of the aquifer rocks, geochemistry of the aquifers, water-rock interaction modelling, development of sustainable technologies, medical and nutritional intervention for reversing fluorosis, are required for solving the problem of fluorosis.

77 3. Water-Energy-Food Nexus Assessment and Governance

Presenters: Martina Floerke (Ruhr- The requirement of integrated analysis University Bochum), Declan Conway in the WEF nexus domain was also (Grantham Research Institute), Jamie mentioned. One of the presenters, Dr Pittock (Australian National University), Declan Conway urged to strengthen Richard G. Lawford (Morgan State water-energy coordination. University) Dr Jamie Pittock discussed that The chair, Prof. Rabi H. Mohtar opened Simple tools may help farmers apply less the session with a discussion about the water and increase yields. Innovation journey of the Nexus from conceptual platforms enhanced value chains are to more analytical framework and very important to sustain these types of highlighted the need for moving forward reforms. He also mentioned that fixing to have success stories. This session simple issues empowered farmers to goal was to share nexus research related improve their relationships with different to assessment and governance. government institutions.

The first presentation by Dr Martina Dr Richard Lawford discussed the Floerke investigates the possibility of ways of achieving sustainability in the using the water quality (salinity in this Water-Energy-Food Nexus through case) to assess the WEF interlinkages. integrated information, better governance Dr Declan Conway highlighted the need and collaboration. Water, energy and to address climate risks (El- Nino) to food resources and security depends hydropower in Africa. He highlighted the on various factors that are highly draught related decrease in electricity interrelated. Thus, WEF Nexus analysis production in Zambia which in-turn affected and governance requires a systematic food security and small businesses. Dr data and information platform which Jamie Pittock and Dr Richard G. Lawford can be easily accessed and shared discussed governance-related issues in at the cross-sector level. This can be the perspective of sustainable irrigation achieved through user surveys and in Africa and integrated information consultation where users can define their systems. The scale of the challenges specific WEF data needs. Further, giving can vary from the individual level to the scientific support to this platform, analysis national level and world level (SDGs). of existing platforms, development of an inventory of data and tools will help It was demonstrated that the model- strengthen the WEF Nexus platform. based studies can link the water quality to the WEF resources. It was also highlighted that the WEF nexus is all about trade-offs and interlinkages between different SDG goals were discussed. The session advocated different strategies to Transform trade-offs into synergies.

78 4. Groundwater Quality and Assessment I

Mohammad Alhayari: A: Wells/Springs (possible to mean entirety of access to aquifer) Groundwater resources Q: What is the design of public awareness? assessment in Jordan A: Through Religious Figures, Schools, Specific(ally) target(ing) to farmers who • Jordan is a middle-income economy, are at the forefront. population 10.4 million (1.5-2 million in Q: Shakeel Ahmed: You have shown 1952- the GW flow reversal from NW to SE in 53), semi-arid, principle supply is 1995 to SE to NW in 2018 due to various groundwater. obstructions, is this permanent? • Assessment of the A7B2 Aquifer A: Without multiple obstructions, refugee sampling during rainy and summer camps, buildings and unplanned growth season. Q:S.A. Better Planning required? • GW shows significant changes in flow A: Rehabilitation and recovery is not a patterns and dramatic decline in 20 years, realistic possibility especially with refugee mandating changes in groundwater camps. resource management and reallocation. Q: Any creative ways for public Decline of over 100 meters. engagement? • The last GW Assessment was in • A: All recommendations are to remove 1995. This study does a comprehensive obstructions, which is not realistically coverage and compares results with the possible. 1995 assessment. • Comprehensive field campaign used differential gps with topographic survey Sangeeta Mishra, Kavitha to measure levels with unprecedented Ramkumar: Fractal analysis precision in 2017. of water quality time series • No comprehensive hydrological data by Hurst exponent and assessment available in Jordan till now. Generates a trend analysis; the results of confirmation of its instability which are relevant for decision makers. by estimating largest The study provides a sound scientific Lyapunov exponent base for the political discussion on reallocation or exploitation of alternative • Characteristic effect of water quality resources. data addressed as memory effect and • Recommendation: assess illegal instability – randomness, persistency abstraction; public awareness; save and anti-persistency of WQD evaluated water; and most critically identify and by Hurst exponent. Instability (chaos) reform subsidies. calculated by largest Lyapunov exponent. • Concentrations of water (borewell Interactions: samples) cross districts of Karnataka. Quality data of 66 villages. - fluorosis rate • Q: Chair: What are GW Abstractions? sampling above 5. 1.5 to 3-5 was found.

79 • Skeletal fluorosis, dental fluorosis • Behaviour of water quality. tracked for young children and adults. • Awareness of quality of data • Samples drawn extensive. Calcium • Computed water quality index carbonate and kidney stones/medical • Hurst exponent estimation: 2010 – 2018 conditions tracked. • 6 metrics: Fl, No3, pH, TDS, TH, Fe. • DATA: 8 years data. 2010-2018. • H = 0.5 Random walk, greater than 0.5: • First 2 years, 2010-11 and 2011-12, short term memory. high fluoride. Stopped drinking ground • Linear Method, Non-Linear Methods water. Tracking high fluoride. available • Less data in 2012-2018. large data in • Parameter : how to calculate the WQI/ 2010-2012. SI • Bagalkot, Chikkaballapur, Koppal, • Degradation in water quality in the year Tumkur. High Fluoride. Affected by dental wise analysis done. fluorosis. Moderate to severe. • Conclusion: this technique recommended • UNICEF tests for skeletal fluorosis used to compute a water quality index and to map. determine the predictive model for • 30 villages in first field work. Majority of forecasting water quality index. samples show above 1.5. • Fluoride is a geogenic contaminant, Interactions: geological map shows high and unsafe contamination. Granite and granitic Q: Of 6 parameters taken into account, areas, eastern part of Karnataka, semi- one parameter and changes in the arid climate. parameter will affect WQI • IMIS Data used and extrapolated. A: Chair: Relative weight will nullify • Real photos shown. Of dental and changes in WQI. skeletal fluorosis. Q: How to link this with quality index? • Water quality time series data, A: Short-term memory concentrations indicators such as fluoride, Q: Hot spot linkage? manganese, sulphate, total hardness, A: Is sampling is regular/irregular, data TDS, iron and pH, are calculated from diffusion exists or not? Fractal method is 2010-2018. exact to identify hot spots linkages. • Rock samples, borewell powders, Q: Direct sampling to cross check data? phosphatic fertilizers used. A: Data collected from multiple sampling • On WQS: Sangeeta Mishra Continues and ranges and sources. • Chaotic nature of water data. Q: Skeletal fluorosis only elderly? • Several weighted indicators, numerical Because contradictory data exists in nature of water quality. other sites. • Benefits to detect a trend which will A: Not tracked in children, outcome further help to distribute a statistical mentioned through observations. distribution for further attaching a model Children newly exposed do not show to assess/forecast water quality directly signs of skeletal fluorosis. Wrong notion benefiting decision makers. but not established fact. Government • Fractal scaling : false inference on data can be faulty and Misrepresented. statistical significance of trends. Selective record method. • Traditional methods are calculated in the form of spectral scaling. 80 Virendra Tiwari: A Multi properties in simulation of hydraulic movements. Layered aquifers groundwater • Assigned Recharge : recharge values model for leakage assessment tracked and draft assignments to multi- of arsenic contamination aquifers. threat in a part of the ganga • Flow model simulations: • Steady Model (2012) - Transient Model basin (June 2012 – Dec 2017 – for calibration) : • 6 scenarios used: • Assessment of arsenic contamination • As leakages ranging from 500 ppb / between variations of 2 aquifers, I and II. vulnerable As-contamination. To make • Arsenic in ganga basin: geogenic : the prediction at the Village Level! transportation of arsenic through the • Land-holding level : Diara Village at sediments through Himalayan silt and Maner Taluka : Scenario generation from deposited. Concentration however 2010-2022. through exploitation of groundwater, overuse of fertilisers, burning of coal, leeching of metals from coal ash tailings. Summary: • WHO SAFE limit for As is 10ug/L • Overview of As release in groundwater • If we increase draft more than 20% from • Vadose zone (unsaturated) aquifer to semi confined aquifer it would • Phreatic zone (saturated) – Aerobic lead to hydraulic heads and possible organisms consume O2. Anaerobic mixing/leakages. Reversal leakage can microbes reduce FeOOH > release as happen throughout the ganga basin. Fe and As. • Decision making for less contaminated • Schematic model for possible sustainable water future. Geogenic hydrodynamics contamination present in the aquifer • Assessing groundwater flow dynamics system, because of pumping at higher among two-tiered aquifers. rate as a discussion of anthropogenic • Pumping vs recharge. pumping influences. GW level for drinking • Projection: System response to different as well as for agricultural purposes. extraction scenarios. • Contaminants moving in the food chain • Water Balance: Inflow-Outflow/Change systems. in Storage. • 90% use of GW is agriculture - there • Study Area: Ganga River Northern is a need for a precise delineation Boundary of the aquifer system and scenarios, • 1,102 SqKM, 40- 50 m, Avg Rainfall approaches together to make a prediction 960mm/year. for the future. • Arsenic in Handpump: 724ppb in Naikatola; 538 at Kala Diara villages in Dharani Saikia: Assessment Maner Block. of water quality at fluoride • Model Grid Design: Aquifer Mapping Validated through 3 methodologies affected village Dikharomukh (electromatic observations validated of Hojai district of Assam from borewell information – hydraulic conductivity – pumpage- hydrological • Causes of fluoride and how to mitigate

81 the problem the primary concern of the collected rainwater. It is a good solution. study. A: Assam is a land of rivers and water • 165 households: 2010-2018. sources. Water is easily available, 10ft of • Aims: provide fluoride free water: identify available water. gaps: to identify low cost, acceptable and Q: Views of locals identified. Dug well sustainable solution. safety identified. Contamination in • Dikharomukh is an identified fluoride dug well from microbial is very high so endemic area. Govt of Assam undertaken disinfectant. a fluoride free pipe water supply system A: Recommends source filtration and (PWSS), however fluorosis persists, chlorination. study identifies the gaps in the present Q: Even bacteria, in boiling water not all water sources. removed. • Participatory Rural Appraisal. A: Microbiological contamination is higher • household survey – to identify water much higher at many areas. Survival of sources, and the gaps in contamination. bacteria at high temperature is removed. • 165 households mapped – 23% ring But cooled water can be infected. bore well, 32% tube well, 42% both tube well and PWSS. Debabrata Datta: A Machine • Children suffering from skeletal fluorosis. 55 students below 5. Learning Approach to • PWSS: compute water quality index • At Fluoride affected area : water scarcity with uncertainty at fluoride free areas: available water. • UNICEF (2003- 18 units) Public health • Government enforcing the development engineering department identified / water of AI in all fields. In this spirit, looking at not tested. water issues through AI. • More than 1000 people crippled. After • Current approach of water quality 2003. mostly affected children. monitoring. • PRA Activity: environment conservation • Machine learning Bayesian learning is centre identified fluoride at a UNICEF formulated & Lattice Boltzmann well. • AI will be embedded in the long/short • 2013: PWSS Dikharomukh scheme. term memory. Provided fluoride free water. • Modelling sensor based. Home sensor, • Shallow dam catchment, consumer distribution sensors. distance is 10km. No regular treatment. • Water quality: Fuzzy mathematics. • sustainable solution: PRA Activity: • Scattered plots and various plots are matrix ranking required. • First preference dug well from • First Algorithm • Avoid tube well due to over fluoride • Alternating Least Square method: • Awareness Missing information is accounted for. • Can recover missing information. Interactions: • In ordinary least square method coefficient is deterministic Q: one solution is rainwater : collection • Lot of missing information is present and supply. 2000 villages supplied with in primary plotting. Many of the times

82 the data is not normally distributed. We classification together. should represent it as the median. • Bayesian statistics – Likelihood concept • What methods for management and and prior. modelling, • RNN – Recurring neural network. • Sending – metering and real time • Long Short-Term Memory – Leads to analytics and data. Smarter water anomaly, defects. Detrended fluctuation management with the help of artificial Analysis and smoothens data. intelligence. • Verification : Validation • Supply chain management from another • Model Performance: > Data sector. processing > Common water quality • STN- non stationarity indices • Summary: WRM management is critical • Spatio-temporal network is mapped. Interactions: • Parallel model : Chapman Enskog Model Q: What should be the optimal data size • Navier Stokes Equation – Macroscopic. required for optimal prediction • Cannot describe a microscopic A: If Deep Neural Network: Generally, phenomenon cannot be embedded by a more data is more predictive ability. 50 macroscopic phenomenon. sets of data will be sufficient for a machine learning model. Groundwater Modeling: Q: Biggest challenge is to simulate model • Standard modeling, linear flow paths A: Lattice Boltzmann method , GPU assumed in Darcy’s law. method, At any point of time you can tap • New component, dispersion, chemical the result which is not possible with any reactions other model. • Current Approach is Q: Cross disciplinary possibilities? Lattice Boltzmann Model and Machine A: Lattice Boltzmann model is the right Learning Model. model • Experiments not deterministic. > Q: Parameters on pH disaggregate the Possibilistic. data? • Possibility models and not probabilistic A: Segregate the short term and long models to be emphasised. term / pH, limitation of the index. • Lattice Boltzmann modeling applied in A2: Basic deterministic way, possibilistic Rock, and Fractal models. - method, using blockchain. • Machine Learning Algorithm and Q: Method applied depends on data suitability. collected. Data sanitation not stable, pre • Learning depends on memory (Markov monsoon post monsoon data may differ. process and fractal phenomena gives How to deal with these outliers. long A: Anomaly detection using fractal data memory) is nothing but an outlier detection, rough • Down trend in the dynamic level. and noise • Selection of the right algorithms data to be removed. Random forest will • Artificial neural network – Feature segregate out. After segregation. extraction is separate from classification Q: Data from DRDO: Army TERRA-I , • Deep Neural Network – Develop models only data required by the army is to focus that combines feature extraction and 83 on: drinkable, not drinkable, drinkable highly limited. with treatment. WQI A: WQI is a deterministic method. To Chairs Remarks: avoid all degrees of fallacies, degree of Thanks to all members highly engaging match rather than water quality index. discussion. The future is multidisciplinary Q: Enhancing parameters, like fluoride, and integrated approaches. arsenic, uranium, current knowledge is

5. Lake Quality Assessment and Case Studies

This session gave an insight on discourse. Using satellite imagery and sustainable management of lakes by its ability to differentiate land cover measuring water quality, social and based on a thermal setting was creative environmental aspects of urban water approach in the analysing water quality. bodies, impacts of sewage mining on One of the case studies mentioned urban lakes, spatial methods of analyzing that the consistent effects of climate water quality, methods of analyzing urban drivers indicate global water quality will flood scenarios due to encroachment of deteriorate with climate change (reduced lakes and various methods of measuring rainfall and warming). And other case water quality in lakes. The scale of study addressed the old, traditional and each of these projects ranged from cost-effective solution method to reduce analysis of an individual lake to Global pollutants from the water bodies with the lake scenarios with case studies from help of aquatic plants. Bengaluru, Puducherry, Kerala and the world as a whole. Use of present Overall existing interventions does not technologies and skilled use of software address the water quality issues. Water to measure and analyze water quality quality simulation models can assess the were some of the innovations observed effectiveness of various interventions on in the presentations. lake water quality. And the presentations were applied based solutions to One of the case studies highlighted sustainable management of urban lakes. new and vibrant concepts such as Environmental place making that talked about the connectivity and interactions of the lakes with the local population. A special mention of one of the case studies was about analysis of urban floods using HEC-RAS and SWMM software models under various low impact development scenarios provided an approach to know the effects on floods by depletion of lakes and methods to reduce floods around the catchment and lake areas. Sewage mining by industries and its impact on lakes was also interesting 84 6. Innovatively addressing WEF nexus challenges

Panelists: Dr Hong Yang (Swiss Federal system was also discussed. In the Institute of Aquatic Science & Tech), Indian context, the strong links between Dr Richard Lawford (Morgan State various issues like poor groundwater University) and Dr Aditi Mukherjee (IWMI) situation and food security requirement, electricity subsidy for farmers and over- The session tried to address the exploitation of groundwater also came challenges involved in bridging social up in the discussion. It is essential to and are physical sciences related to have interdisciplinary collaborations. water, energy and food security (WEF). To promote it, common goal setting for The session was chaired by Prof. Rabi experts from different disciplines that H. Mohtar (American University of Beirut benefit their sector was suggested. and Texas A&M). He discussed the From the tool’s perspective, usage of state of the art and current challenges the Sankey diagram was recommended of WEF Nexus and its connection to the to capture two-way interactions between SDG applications. The other panelists water and energy transparently. WEF Dr Hong Yang (Swiss Federal Institute Nexus involves various trade-offs. Tools of Aquatic Science & Tech), Dr Richard and data can help in optimizing the Lawford (Morgan State University) and trade-off in various scenarios. However, Dr Aditi Mukherjee (IWMI) highlighted the the limitations and uncertainty involved importance of tools and modelling for WEF in the usage of the model were also nexus, the relevance of Interdisciplinary recognized during the discussion. research approaches and Water-Energy- The need for including the ecosystem Food Governance respectively. services in the WEF nexus was also mentioned. In the Indian context, re- Inequality and variability in the distribution aligning food procurement policies was of water, conflicts related to allocation suggested as one of the methods to model, non-sustainable consumption handle groundwater depletion. Different and non-sustainable business models in incentives for the farmers for using less the WEF domain were identified as major water may also help. challenges. The scale of the challenges can vary from the individual level to the The session was concluded by national level and world level (SDGs). suggesting a new value-based business model where the rules of the game need Lack of policy coherence and “out of the to be changed. As per this model, the box” thinking was identified as some of output of the farmers will not be measured the major barriers in the present system. in terms of the tons produced per hector. The need for a combined crop and Instead, it needs to be measured in hydrology model was also highlighted. terms of different indicators like nutrients, The dearth of interaction among proteins, water footprint, energy usage scientists, engineers and practitioners and environmental parameters. This new from different domains like climatology, business model would help us in building hydrology, governance in the present resilient and sustainable communities.

85 7. Data Issues and Needs Related to Monitoring Sustainability in Water Space Oscar Baez Villanueva: and rainfall over Karnataka Improving the spatio- In Indian context, the regional rainfall temporal representation of products that we have are from IMD, precipitation in data-scarce available at 0.25-degree resolution regions with a temporal latency of 1-2 years. In data-scarce regions the interpolated An accurate representation of the spatio- rainfall may not be appropriate. Satellite temporal variability of precipitation (P) based products (used for rainfall runoff is challenging over data-scarce regions modelling) do well on monthly scales but when only ground-based measurements have lot of bias at daily scales. Spatio- are used because it is subject to large temporal disaggregation of satellite- uncertainties. Several P products are based products and IMD rainfall data currently available; however, they still Soil moisture was spatially downscaled present multiple sources of errors. to 20 m. The downscaled soil-moisture This makes their application difficult will be used to disaggregate the rainfall. for operational purposes. Despite the Groundwater modelling using the improvements in the spatio-temporal interpolated and disaggregated rainfall is representation of P patterns derived by being planned. these methodologies, only one P product is typically selected to compute the final Pranuti Choppakatla: merged dataset. There are different studies that aim to merge P products Calculating satellite derived bathymetry with ground-based information. Despite (SDB) of Mettur reservoir over time to the improvements in the spatio-temporal show the decrease in the capacity of representation of P patterns derived by the river due to accumulated sediments. these methodologies, only one P product Reliable reservoir storage estimates are is typically selected to compute the final critical to addressing water disputes. merged dataset. Therefore, valuable Present calculations rely on expensive information that is better captured by field-based techniques using DGPS and different P products (e.g., detection, spatial echo sounder are the most widely used for extent, and magnitude of certain events) volume estimation. Innovative techniques is not taken into account. This study aims such as satellite-derived bathymetry to develop a merging methodology with using Stumpf equation provide cheaper the aim of improving the spatio-temporal alternatives for the regular monitoring of characterisation of P. Random Forest reservoir capacities to assess influence Algorithm – accurate, does not produce of sedimentation. biases and does not cause overfit.

Subhash Yeggina: Spatial downscaling of satellite remotely sensed soil moisture 86 8. Freshwater Conservation and Development Planning: Novel Integrative Approaches and Big Data This was one of the only sessions of species, and 6) safeguarding river the conference to focus on sustainability connectivity. Key recommendations from an ecosystems and biodiversity were made for new and revised targets perspective. Freshwater ecosystems and indicators for the Convention on make up less than 1% of the land surface Biodiversity (CBD) and Sustainable but account for a significant component Development Goals (SDGs) in 2020. of the world’s biodiversity: ~40% of the fish species and one in three species of Two of these issues were highlighted in vertebrate animals. However, several presentations, on the importance of flow speakers highlighted the alarming regimes to sustain biological and cultural collapse of freshwater biodiversity, noting diversity, and on the magnitude of change that populations of freshwater species in river fragmentation at the global scale. have declined more than 80% since 1970 Neither threat is adequately addressed – a rate that is double that seen on land in any of the current CBD and SDG or in the oceans. targets and indicators. A Connectivity Status Index was presented, providing a An ‘Emergency recovery plan’ to ‘bend robust indicator to quantify fragmentation the curve’ of freshwater biodiversity and safeguard river connectivity. A loss was proposed, identifying 6 priority curated global dam database (Global actions: 1) accelerating implementation Dam Watch) was described, providing of environmental flows, 2) improving an important tool to assess these major water quality, 3) protecting and restoring stressors of river ecosystems through critical habitats, 4) managing exploitation disruption of connectivity and alteration of freshwater species and riverine of flow regimes. aggregates, 5) controlling invasive

9. Resilience in Urban Water Systems: Methods

This session addressed challenges of Science and methods: household water access in a 24/7 water Data collection methods and sources for supply scenario for Coimbatore, the the 24/7 water supply study of Coimbatore projected influences of LULC and water included household surveys, water usage changes in the Cauvery basin, diaries, metering, and pressure sensors finding multi-objective optimal solutions put in multiple sources to estimate baseline for water distribution networks in the case water access. Scenarios of sufficiency, of Pamapur district, Telangana, identifying equity and fairness from multiple sources key points of intervention across urban of water in a 24/7 piped water supply water network in Bhubaneshwar and were then estimated. The Cauvery basin Dehradun, and treating industrial study made LULC projections for 2040 wastewater contaminated with Chromium based on LULC maps between 2000 and Arsenic. and 2018, applying various sub-models

87 and transition potentials. Urban water help shape policies accordingly. A case and agriculture water demand were also for incorporating changes in LULC and estimated using calculations involving water use into projections for future LULC changes. NSGA-II algorithms river water usage is made, since these were used to calculate minimization changes will affect water demand, of cost, maximization of resilience allotment, and therefore any conflict and minimization of over river water usage as well. Since emissions, which were taken as the problems of water management often three parameters to find a range of involve multiple factors to be taken into pareto-optimal solutions for water consideration, finding pareto-optimal distribution networks. Two smart cities, solutions between various such factors Bhubaneshwar and Dehradun, were using NSGA-II is recommended to opt identified to study their water flows on for better-suited solutions for different the basis of their population size, water locations. Studying water flows, including stress and non-revenue water loss. considerations of energy and carbon Water flow across their water supply emissions, can also help identify effective and distribution networks was assessed points of intervention for city planners using Sankey diagrams, and energy and policymakers in order to ensure consumption across the water system as water security and energy sufficiency well as the carbon footprint of operations in India’s rapidly growing cities. Two along the network (using Umberto) were minerals, Saponite and Nantronite, have also calculated. been found to be able to treat water contaminated with hexavalent Chromium New capabilities/innovations: and another mineral, Schwertmannite, Using sufficiency, equity and fairness has been found to be able to treat water as parameters to understand household contaminated with Arsenic. All three access to water supply and estimating of these minerals occur naturally in future scenarios is suggested as a good the Deccan region of India and various way to understand how transitioning to chemical treatment processes using 24/7 water supply will influence water these minerals have been devised to access and behaviours of individuals in treat contaminated industrial wastewater, terms of which sources of water supply which could then be reused. will continue to be used, and this can

10. Governance: Knowledge Management and Innovation

The challenges addressed in this session synthesis for the water crisis scenario included wastewater management and and assessing school-level curriculum for the circular economy of wastewater interest of students in STEM and water- in the case of Delhi, planning and related issues in a rural government implementation of small scale urban school in Odisha. water projects, resolving the groundwater crisis using micro-irrigation technologies Science and methods: in the dark regions of Gujarat, knowledge The study of Delhi’s circular economy

88 of wastewater involves assessing against pathogens and various chemicals various decision-making frameworks and has been tested extensively. An based on literature review, secondary improved water reuse plan for Delhi is data available in the public domain and recommended along with a strong case a few stakeholder interviews, which have for the integrated governance structures, been used to identify gaps in current involving various sectors that could use processes and suggest better practices. different amounts of treated water since The impact of micro-irrigation adoption water demand of the city cannot be met on groundwater extraction is evaluated unless water is reused. The advanced based on an estimation of groundwater water treatment process fits in very well levels over time and regression-based with this proposed water reuse plan for descriptive statistics. The study on STEM sustainable water management. A ‘City education and addressing water-related Rehydrate’ toolkit is developed to analyse issues in school involved an analysis of and implement small scale urban water the weightage of water-related topics projects, based on derived principles in the class 8 syllabus, surveys and and application-based modifications. direct observation of students’ interests This toolkit aims to facilitate the planning in STEM and water-related issues, and and implementation of such projects a statistical test to determine whether since it considers various elements modifications in curriculum and teaching and relationships as individual parts methods influenced students’ interest of a whole. The study on the impact of levels. adopting micro-irrigation techniques on groundwater suggests that adopting New capabilities/innovations: such techniques alone does not result The current approach to treating in any significant change in groundwater groundwater, focused on pathogens, extraction levels, however, combined is rejected as being outdated and with metered water supply, a decrease insufficient and an alternative six-barrier in groundwater extraction levels are water treatment process is suggested, observed, and it is therefore suggested in compliance with a ‘one water’ model that institutions and measures to ensure that requires treated water to be of proper metering of water supply be put potable standards. This ‘advanced water in place to help regulate groundwater treatment’ process involves treatment extraction.

11. Water-Energy-Food Nexus Governance

Presenters: Mr. S. Ashwin Ram (Madras economic scenario, and its science School of Economics), Dr. Debashish Sen related to Water, Energy and Food (People’s Science Institute, Dehradun) (WEF). The session was chaired by Dr. and Mr. Balsher Singh Sidhu (University Vinay Nangia (International Center for of British Columbia, Canada) Agricultural Research in the Dry Areas, Jordan ). The other panellists were The session tried to deal with the Mr. S. Ashwin Ram (Madras School challenges involved in the socio- of Economics), Dr. Debashish Sen

89 (People’s Science Institute, Dehradun) The government projects and policies and Mr. Balsher Singh Sidhu (University need to be facilitated with the local of British Columbia, Canada) engendered communities so that both the parties are the advantages and disadvantages of benefitted. An approach like Grievance the government policies through different Redressal Mechanisms (GRM) which case studies and literature survey. aims to resolve disputes between the developers and local communities The modelling and the case studies through third party interactions was were studied through the secondary suggested in the session. Educating or data, which includes literature review, creating awareness in the local community or the surveys conducted in the different regarding the different policies and the localities. The potential of the WEF over exploitation of the resources was nexus to contribute to the achievement also recommended. of the Sustainable Development Goals were discussed in the session. The The session was concluded by strong links between various issues promoting an important point in the policy like groundwater depletion, different making which does not only involve power pricing structures for farmers and water in isolation but also an interrelated over-exploitation of groundwater were aspect. The water policy along with the highlighted. The different aspects of the consumption pattern of the crops and policy making were discussed during the farm prices, all together needs to be session. considered while suggesting a change to the policy makers.

12. Water Issues, Assessing and Meeting Sustainable Development Goal 6 1. What are the major challenges effect on the local marine life. Another addressed in the session and what issue which is very crucial in meeting scale do they manifest? SDG is the availability of data and the One of the major water challenge session addressed the role of data addresses in the session is the sanitation in SDG monitoring. Lack of data is a in the context of children in the rural challenge as it hinders the assessment areas. This challenge manifests deeply of progress and reporting relative to into the lives of the rural population as achieving the SDGs. There are 17 SDGs, lack of sanitation facilities and clean 169 Targets and 232 Indicators and they water can lead to health issues that can require robust data for assessment and be life threatening and hence, rendering monitoring. Data is very crucial for proper rural dwellers, especially, children and management of resources and bring women folk vulnerable. The session about nexus between water, energy and also addressed the issue of desalination food and meet the water targets linked of saltwater and related water security with energy and food. assessment. Though desalination provides resilience to water scarcity, it 2. How has the science addressed is not free of ill effects. Brine discharge the challenges and what are the from the desalination unit has adverse limitations? 90 Scientific research at the ground level developed among the rural children and including 200 participants was conducted women. Though the number of toilets and community-based management was in the rural regions has risen, the toilet promoted to better deal with sanitation for facilities are not children friendly. And children and wastewater management. most importantly, lack of clean water The issue regarding the lack of data has supply has rendered them useless. been addressed with the usage of satellite So innovative idea of collaborating data. It provides base line information with children and including them in the with synoptic view and global coverage. dialogue to identify issues was applied. However, satellite data is periodic and In the context of increasing number of requires ground truth for calibration and saltwater desalination units, innovative validation. Further, it cannot provide methods are needed for safer disposal of indigenous and traditional data. brine. Further, to fill in for the lack of data, high spatial and temporal resolution data 3. What are the new capabilities and are used to study resource availability, pathways needed? What are the major integrated water management and innovations? transborder water issues and geospatial Capabilities to articulate the problems data are used as to develop indicators. related to sanitation needs to be

13. Agriculture and Water

In India, about 80% of surface solely dependent on natural rainfall. With freshwater is utilized for agriculture. climate change manifesting as erratic Along with water, chemical additives of monsoon patterns and un-predictable varied sorts which are added to the soil drought conditions the gravity of this for enhancing agricultural productivity situation becomes even worse. Accuracy also end up into the same water bodies. in prediction thus becomes very essential In such cases, contamination of surface for us based on which we can strengthen waters from agricultural run-off becomes the resilience of our farming system. a concerning issue. Development of simulation models that incorporate both sub-seasonal and In this session, one of the key seasonal variability especially in terms of water challenges highlighted was the temperature and precipitation can prove contribution of agriculture to surface to be very handy. With climatic variability, water contamination. The use of low-cost a restriction on water use also follows. It indigenous adsorbent materials obtained becomes extremely vital for agricultural from agricultural waste products like rice practitioners to manage their water husk, coconut shells etc. was proposed usage while also providing optimum to reverse the very impact caused by water to the crops for maximum growth. agriculture itself. The scenario of rain- This is the stage during which intelligent fed was also tinted computational models and machine with observations which displayed 40% learning becomes tremendously useful of our country’s food production being both in terms of versatility and efficiency. 91 These systems are incorporated into systems to facilitate economic use of water irrigation units that monitor parameters like while also maintaining sustainability in crop growth stage, soil moisture content, usage. Additionally, 3-dimensional crop cropping pattern, existing temperature architecture modelling was discussed as and humidity of surrounding environment an efficient tool to address the challenge and other dependent factors to determine of food security in the country. To the optimum water to be provided. This summarize, further studies are warranted information is then conveyed to delivery for each of these scientific contributions systems which regulate optimum amount and innovations. Further development of of water provided to crops thereby a single sustainable framework equipped promoting economic management of with intelligent technology, weather data water resources. and soil characteristics (to determine optimum water uptake by plants) still Use of satellite data and remote sensing remains the need of the hour. have also been employed in agricultural

14. Analysis of Groundwater Contamination

This session on groundwater quality border areas and providing safe drinking and assessment, dealt with some of the water to both villages and the Army. The following themes; the first theme dealt second more critically addressed low- with the challenges of water quality cost means and measures to identify data and surveys in the North East part arsenic (III), in environmental samples of India, given some of the critical and this was effectively one of the most sensitive nature of conducting this work. innovative outcomes of this entire panel. The second theme that was presented, The third mapped out water sources in examined the possibility of low-cost the Western Bengal Basin, identifying boron doped carbon dots as an efficient aquifers and Paleo-channels, focusing means of the determination of PPB levels on sediments in the Paleo-interfluvial of arsenic in environmental samples. The channels to identify arsenic deposition. third and final thing that was presented, Some interesting observations emerged examined low arsenic groundwater around arsenic sequestration where the sources in the Western Bengal Basin exposure to pollutants and wastewater which was an exploratory study with a lot was found. Although the scale that these of possibilities. challenges have manifested are in limited regions, it is certainly possible that their Challenges: applications, observations, outcomes Major challenges addressed in can be scaled for interventions across this panel: all three themes primarily specific challenges across the globe. presented the complex science that goes into addressing the question of water and Contribution of science: the social challenges that it poses. The In the first theme sciences made a critical first tries to address critical and sensitive intervention in both matters of security as issues around collecting water samples in well as safety in the border regions of the

92 country, critical scientific intervention both not limited to boron doped carbon dots, timely and measured have necessitated their applications at micro level areas dialogue of peace in the north-east where costing plays a crucial and critical region of India. The second theme was barrier. Access to low-cost strategies highly innovative in that complex nano would therefore mitigate through materials are applied to specifically test effective information contamination for arsenic but have multiple applications potential. Other recommendations would across a plethora of uses and applications be to explore sequestration strategies comprising of water testing, biological for arsenic and other heavy metals in testing, fluorescent bio imaging, drug situ, while also exploring low arsenic and delivery vehicles, and with multiphoton safer means of groundwater extraction. excitation having a very broad spectrum Effective mapping systems of water of applications. The third theme found quality, remote sampling perhaps, and probably accidentally the possibilities up to date in almost real-time data are of arsenic sequestration in contact with critical parameters near border areas wastewater that can be explored in the that require more application. Western Bengal Basin. Innovations: Limitations of science: Some of the designs of the DRDO, an The limitations of science in this area, effective large-scale water purification including social science, have been system with 15-year life span is an effectively addressing large scale or automated recharging mechanism global scale mitigation patterns that can are of considerable interest in rural be culled out from these experiments, we applications; it is also possible that they are looking at developing new methods, may be deployed in highly dense urban techniques, materials, also new imaging areas during critical disaster periods for systems, at better understanding the safe drinking water. Whether such cross complex processes that drive groundwater application is possible requires more quality assessment systems. introspection, but certainly developing the stream of thinking towards portable New capabilities: hardened and long-term systems of water The quality assessment paradigms filtration is of critical national interest. open up to tracking pollution that are On the other hand developing low-cost both anthropogenic and geogenic testing mechanisms for not only arsenic including the complexity of anthropogenic but other contaminants that are both sequestration of geogenic pollution. New anthropogenic and geogenic perhaps mechanisms of low-cost detection are iron, fluoride, nitrates, carbonates, extremely important in cross applications magnesium, nickel, lead, and other specially in the case of nano materials, effluents and wastewater are critical a better understanding of paleochannels for an emerging future of water where and geogenic contamination also three conditions are established; too leads to possibilities of developing much water; too little water; too polluted effective sequestration strategies. Key water. Sequestration strategies that can recommendations to this effect would be be explored in situ and other mitigation to develop more comprehensive nano strategies for geogenic contamination material detection strategies including but are critical going forward. 93 15. Case Studies of Water-Energy-Food Nexus Solutions and Implementations Presenters: Dr. Pawan Sable (ICRISAT, management of present natural resources Hyderabad), Dr. Bhargavi Tadipatri were identified as key messages in the (Vijaya College, Bangalore), Dr. Hong understanding of WEF Nexus. The scale Yang (Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic at which these issues have effect can Science and Technology, Switzerland), vary from an individual (local farmer) to Prof. Jamie Pittock (Australian National regional (command areas of reservoirs) University) and Dr. Andrea Momblanch to national to global level. (Cranfield University) Implementation of a WEF Nexus Water, energy, and food security are solution requires cooperation among highly interrelated and hence need scientists, engineers and practitioners an interdisciplinary perspective to from different domains like climatology, understand their interactions. This session hydrology, governance and local addressed five interesting case studies population. The lack of interaction of Water-Energy-Food Nexus analysis between these entities was addressed and implementation in Asian countries. in the session. In the Indian context, The session was chaired by Prof. TS the need of collaboration with the local Gopi Rethinaraj from Divecha Centre farmers who are the real stakeholders for Climate Change, IISc, Bangalore. in the agriculture was discussed. The Panellists included Dr. Pawan Sable interrelation of irrigation systems, crop (ICRISAT, Hyderabad), Dr. Bhargavi patterns, electricity subsidy for farmers Tadipatri (Vijaya College, Bangalore), and food security was observed to be Dr. Hong Yang (Swiss Federal Institute an important aspect in Indian agriculture of Aquatic Science and Technology, system. A simple method to quantify Switzerland), Prof. Jamie Pittock the irrigation water needs and energy (Australian National University) and Dr. consumption in different cropping Andrea Momblanch (Cranfield University) systems was discussed. Changes in who presented the case studies of WEF the crop pattern and irrigation system Nexus from India, China, Mekong river can help utilise both water and energy basin and Himalayan river basins in India. resources more efficiently in the dryland The presenters highlighted the multi- agriculture. The concept of Water Energy sectoral expanse of the nexus concept, Integrated Farm Factory was introduced. system complexity and the importance This model revolves around introducing of better understanding of water-energy- corporate culture in agriculture and thus food nexus for better management of making farmers agriculture professionals natural resources. which will benefit as there will be more research and development, food and The need of multi-modal approach nutrition security in agriculture sector. that can capture the trade-offs in the complex system and uncertainty in A case of hydropower dams in climate projections was highlighted. Mekong river delta showed how it would Also, development without damaging affect biodiversity and food security in the natural resources and robust four developing nations viz, Thailand, 94 , Las and Vietnam. The effect study brought out the important facet could also be more far-fetched affecting of nexus modelling to include natural the countries’ economy, and GHG environment. It also highlighted the emissions. Another study drew the line cultural sector (aesthetics, recreation between irrigation, reduced stream flows and tourism) in the nexus modelling and and hydropower potential in China. The future projections. issues addressed in the presentation combine different sectors and can be The session was concluded with the of interest to policy makers and utility message that understanding of WEF mangers. A case of water resource Nexus requires flow of information from management in the two Himalayan various domains. Domains involved may river basins in the view of WEF Nexus change from place to place depending was presented. The vast change in the on the complexity of systems. Also, topography from plains to mountains and multi-modal approach can be adopted to water availability from seasonal snow and better understanding of modelling trade- glaciers makes this region more complex offs between these domains. and vulnerable to changing climate. This

16. Groundwater Quality and Assessment II

Session Summary and for selecting sites suitable for In this session the speakers discussed managed aquifer recharge for water about the challenges related to overcome sustainability. Srinivasa Vittala discussed groundwater overexploitation. about the detailed extensive village level hydrogeological survey conducted in Abilash Paswan discussed about the Koratagere Taluk of Tumkur district, implementation of Decision Support Karnataka and mapping of lineaments Tool for Groundwater Water (DST-GW) using high resolution remote sensing management using both hydrogeological satellite data products. Their study was and climatic data from 2011-2013 over carried out to pinpoint the feasible sites Tumkur watershed in Karnataka to to take up groundwater exploration at understand the temporal groundwater village level which can cater drinking resource evolution. Subash Chandra water needs in a severely water stressed discussed on aquifer mapping employing Bendoni village. Amit Sharma discussed heliborne geophysical (electromagnetic about the study which was conducted and magnetic) methods in granitic hard using multi-source satellite remote rock terrain and adaption of the same sensing datasets to monitor groundwater technique to map large scale fractures irrigated croplands for the kharif, rabi and groundwater pathways using and summer cropping seasons. The transient electromagnetic (TEM) data in main aim of the proposed study was to combination with geological and borehole demarcate vulnerable hotspot areas information. The main aim of the study in the watershed by understanding the was to acquire Knowledge of fractures as interaction between seasonal cropping it is important for groundwater exploration pattern and groundwater dynamics

95 at watershed scale. He recommends and follow up groundwork for evaluation creating awareness among the farmers of ground water potential In hard rock to adapt sustainable agriculture practices terrains of Southern India was discussed would perhaps the best way to escape at large on regional level. from the onslaught of slow ecological disaster. 4. Dr. Abhilash Paswan, NGRI of CSIR presented paper on Groundwater Chair’s Report: management in Semi-arid area: A case study from Tumkur, Karnataka, India. He 1. Dr. Suryanarayana of CGWB, attempted integration of meteorological Government of India presented paper data with the geological structure for on Village level hydrogeological, remote groundwater evaluation on regional sensing and lineament mapping for basis. He highlighted the significance sustainable groundwater development- of structural cum geological studies Case study in a severely water stressed for proper utilization of groundwater area in hard rock terrains of Southern India management with specific reference to . He explained the role of lineaments in Tumkur, Karnataka, India. selecting the location for the high yielding borewells guided by study of Remote Challenges: sensing data. He quoted examples from 1. What are major water challenges Tumkur district, Karnataka. This study addressed in the session? was on a micro level. This session was dedicated to the ground water assessment based on 2. Amit Sharma, University of Rennes, Remote Sensing studies. All the 04 France presented paper on Groundwater papers presented highlighted this irrigated cropland monitoring using multi aspect. In two papers Illustrations were source remote sensing data. In this paper drawn to the water quality particularly the the application of Remote sensing data nitrate and fluoride enrichment along the to establish the depletion of groundwater fracture zone the Nitrate enrichment was in a given location as well as in the attributed to anthropogenic activities. basin was explained. This would help in 2. Please describe the scale at this conserving the groundwater potential in challenge are manifested? any given area for proper water resource Majority of the papers presented was evaluation by selecting different crop confined to semi- arid regions in district patterns. He opined that proper selection level, only a passing reference was made of crop pattern for the better management at regional level. One paper however of water resources. He also mentioned explained the importance of remote the increase of nitrates along the fracture sensing on Regional level supported by zones due to anthropogenic activities multi spectral data.

3. Dr. Subash Chandra, NGRI of CSIR Contribution of science: presented paper on Mapping of fractures 1. How the science (methods, data, and groundwater pathways in hard models, tools) has addressed the major rock by heliborne geophysics. In this water challenge? presentation remote sensing data-based Application of Remote sensing data and aquifer mapping by EM-TEM survey groundwater resources were discussed 96 2. What are the limitations of the current Remote sensing data requires validity scientific methods and institutions check-up at the ground level in order to (including social science) in addressing arrive at correct conclusions. the challenges?

17. River Basin Governance

This session primarily addressed This approach accounts for all uses of challenges of transboundary water water and any gaps in the overall water conflicts in various river basins, including balance is suggested as possible to meet the Mahanadi river basin, the Ken-Betwa through institutional and governance river linking project, rivers in the Keonjhar mechanisms. The study on the Ken- district of Odisha, and it also addressed Betwa river link project suggests the how to build capacity to resolve such need for further investigation on the issues. scope of groundwater development, rainfall variability and climate change Science and methods: impacts on the river basin, as well as The estimated future water use of the the need for proper justification for the Mahanadi river in business-as-usual river linkage before the project begins, trends is calculated, which shows that all all of which can be applied to other such but the environmental flows are sufficiently projects in other rivers. Water quality accounted for. The Ken-Betwa river link and vulnerability assessment as well as project study comprised a comparison community stakeholder engagement are of precipitation, morphometry and the recommended as musts in the planning state of groundwater in both river basins. stages of any river basin project. A framework to assess water conflict Roleplay games are also recommended vulnerability is developed as an indicator for different stakeholders to engage of the state of water management, in, with the aim of making players applied to a project on Baitarani river in understand different standpoints during Keonjhar, Odisha. This study involved the negotiation process and become community stakeholder engagement more transparent and cooperative as well. And the final presentation during situations of conflict. This session recommended certain roleplay games therefore came up with a number of for better conflict resolution, on the basis different recommendations to improve of recorded experiences in different transboundary river conflict resolution, workplace settings. including different approaches to water usage allotment, different considerations New capabilities/innovations: in the planning process and building An alternative sequential prioritisation capacity for the actual conflict resolution for the allotment of river water use process. is suggested, which puts water for life, ecosystems and livelihoods at the foremost, followed by allotment for adaptation to change and then for industrial and commercial usage. 97 18. An Integrated Global Vision for Water Security: Approaches and Methods The challenges addressed in this research/implementation projects so far session include lack of communication and is suggested to be included in all and knowledge mobilization in projects projects, following an initial stakeholder based on past and ongoing projects by meeting, in order to connect with users to Global Water Future in Canada, the need address their solutions and subsequently for capacity development in the context communicate new solutions to them. of Africa, water security in the Cauvery Reforms in current education systems to river basin and in the mountain regions, increase one’s capacity, requirement for specifically Darjeeling. more communication with stakeholders, smart water infrastructure and multi-use Science and methods: framework are suggested to address The presentations on knowledge issues of water security and planning, mobilization and capacity development especially in Africa. Findings from were based on inferences made on running various models in the Cauvery observations of past and ongoing basin indicate pathways and behaviours projects. The Cauvery basin study looked are more sustainable for water access, into future scenarios of water security which should influence policy decisions. using VIC and GWAVA models to study Such models may be applied in other hydrological changes and anthropogenic catchment areas to direct policy influences respectively. The projections decisions there as well. And the study were based on combined climate and on water access in Darjeeling shows that socio-economic changes, along with in spite of being a water-rich area, many different management scenarios. The residents do not have access to public study on Darjeeling looked more into the water supply and rely on non-public water aspect of access to water, by means of supply, generally priced much higher, stakeholder interviews and household to meet their consumption needs. This surveys. suggests a very different finding from the general assumption that people residing New capabilities/innovations: in water-rich areas do not face issues of Knowledge mobilization has been found water access and calls for changes to be to be an effective way to build relationships made in institutional and infrastructural between various stakeholders and systems to improve upon this. to involve community members in

19. Interlinkages in Urban Water Systems

The presentations gave an insight on case studies moved from small towns water quality and sanitation methods in to city to Country scale. One of the case peri-urban areas, effects of urbanisation studies in the outskirts of Bengaluru on extreme precipitation events and the analysed various forms of sanitation interlinkages of urban forms on energy followed and its subsequent spatial balance and local climate. The various mapping. Another case study took India as 98 an example with 34 major urban centres temperature and evapotranspiration as main points within the time frame from rates was observed. Scenarios with 1973 to 2007. The spatial mapping for change in land pattern and it is following the Urban centres with it is change in effects provided a clear indication on extreme rainfall event was modelled and local climate change with increase in run within the various time steps. The urbanization. Innovations in household study concluded with spatial non-uniform surveys for answering questions about distribution trends across various regions. sanitation, using computerized models to The last study considered meteorological run various scenarios on a city scale and data, spatial forms on classification country scale is to be highlighted. Overall and various heat components as input the interlinkages of Urban water systems for various scenarios in the with sanitation practices, local and Global region was run on the software SUEWS climate were well established. and its relative effects on humidity,

20. Solutions in Water Quality Management

The unmet demands of water supply for comparable to the extent of recharge. All an ever-growing population have always in all, what can be made of the situation been a challenging issue in today’s is that water, a crucial component of our world. Over-exploitation of ground survival is on its way to reach crisis unless water from natural aquifers, decline in we understand the gravity of this issue the productivity of wells, ground water and work towards it. Another issue that pollution and contaminated surface is slowly coming into the picture is the water bodies have further added on to contamination of our water supply with the severity of this situation. Increasing pathogenic micro-organisms. A myriad population numbers and the associated range of micro-organisms are present in demands associated with it seem to be water bodies and although not all may be the source of the issue. In India, the NCT harmful, there are some which can cause Delhi region, including cities like Delhi, serious implications on our health. Gurgaon and Faridabad have already become a part of the negatively impacted Science has contributed to the filtration zones of the country. and sterilization of several of these pathogenic agents especially Vibrio and Due to intensification of industrial E. coli species (responsible for most of the activities, studies show that the water-borne gastro-intestinal problems) groundwater in these areas display via the development of a vast variety of salinity concentrations of a magnitude silver, gold and copper nano and ultra- that can be quite concerning, the high filtration devices also functional as anti- salt concentrations being attributed to the microbial agents. However, this has only presence of various fluorides, chlorides led to a newer problem, the evolution of and bicarbonates. Moreover, reports also multi-drug resistance species that are indicate that the rate of evaporation that in no way affected by the anti-microbial occurs is quite significant and is in no way agents used for filtration. Many of the new 99 technologies developed in this direction reach day zero by 2020. Further reports have only led to added risks than useful suggest that about 61% of our ground solutions. While many believe that there water levels have been consumed. remains a need to develop innovations to overcome these water issues, some There is very little water left for may argue that an amalgamation of consumption. With very little time on our newer technologies with the age-old hands, there is a need for us to spring into conventional practices can still be a key action before the water issue reaches a to the problem. state of crisis. A very simple way we can contribute towards sustainable water Traditional methods may have been usage is by adopting sustainable water inadequate especially in terms of the management practices such as water sludge generation and disposal but in re-use and recycle. For this, wastewater association with newer techniques like treatment becomes quite crucial. electrochemical oxidation, use of gamma- Several nano-fibrils and natural based rays, ultra-filtration etc., the filtration and biopolymer materials from domestic sterilization process can become quite waste materials are being employed as effective. For instance, nanofiltration absorbents for a cost-effective, energy with chlorination can be a two in one efficient and versatile treatment process approach, where nano-filters separate with high removal efficiency. However out the biological agents and chlorination there still remains a need to scale-up works to sterilize a system with any the applications and evaluate feasibility residual bacteria. NITI Aayog reports before large scale adoption and use. indicate that about 21 of our cities will

21. Water Ethics: Concepts and Approaches

Susan Smith: Transforming water justice, set policy priorities which are consistent with our values, ethics water: Towards a life- and social norms. LEAW combines two affirming ethical approach to distinct strands of thought: water justice water management ethics and Indigenous water ethics. Indigenous peoples from Latin America, The speaker addresses the failure of Africa, and Northern India contributed to sustainable integrated water resource the EWN-WCC water justice principles management (SIWRM) which does not based on their cultural understandings. solve critical water resources issues i.e., LEAW can be translated into a pragmatic all life with sufficient and healthy water. tool for water managers to take the next The speaker proposes to replace the step towards better water management current paradigm with a Life-affirming by assuring that water is shared equitably Ethical Approach to Water Management with all life. By drawing on principles of (LEAW) which is more eco-centric. LEAW water justice and the natural water law also addresses human dimensions of known to and employed by indigenous

100 peoples, water can be managed for the of governance (local) nexus between benefit of all. access, ownership, control, regulation with caste, class and gender hierarchies Pawan Kumar: Crashing of in planning and policy formulation. 2. Maintenance of Water Resources Abundance and Scarcity: (Hydrologic Cycle), Water-life and water Exploring Water Crisis in livelihood linkages with water for climate Uttar Pradesh (UP) change mitigation and adaptations, and various usage hydropower, industrial, The speaker discusses about the and agriculture. water crisis in UP, through a case study of ‘Water Rights March’ (WRM) which David Groenfeldt: Ethics as encapsulates the complex relationship Action: Using ethics to clarify between social, cultural, economic and environmental dynamics of water politics. water values and create “the WRM identified water crisis and scarcity world we want” with abundance (drinking water in cities like Kanpur and Varanasi) as contradictory The speaker highlights to use an variables. The speaker introduces a ethics-based analysis of stakeholders’ new approach which focuses on the water values to counter the decision relationship between democracy and making which is driven by economic natural resources especially water rather measures. The comparison is made on than dams & displacement, river water four approaches to values-based water disputes, transboundary water politics planning: (1) multi-stakeholder platforms, etc. Speaker explains to locate the water (2) scenario building, (3) ethical matrix, and democracy link within new global and (4) water statements. The first two (regional) and national (sub national) approaches/methods are used for water discourses concerning natural resources, planning and offer a way for diverse and issues around the human-nature stakeholders to identify their priority water relationship. The speaker highlights the values. The other two is used to allow water conflicts of the Kanpur city: proxy the stakeholders to critique and debate war on drinking water between citizens their own water values. The speaker and water institutions, construction of emphasizes that the matrix approach dams and power projects, territorial provides a systematic way to map the disputes at domestic, national and global water values and helps to identify any level, diversion of Ganga River’s water missing values and prioritize the included and environmental degradation, water values. The new methodology combines pollution and loss of biodiversity of the well-established tools of stakeholder river Ganga, etc. The speaker argues that engagement (multi-stakeholder platforms water crisis and drinking water scarcity and scenario-building) with new tools for in UP are arising due to unplanned identifying and prioritizing water values urbanisation and power relationship and ethics. The ethics analysis (the thereby dispossessing people’s right matrix) along with the ethics statement, to water and recommends bringing declarations or charters constitutes a Equity and Sustainability in Water Policy robust way to identify and critique key while focusing on: 1. Effectiveness water values. 101 Mitul Baruah: “... Before, the period of sixteen months. The interviewees included community members, politicians, floodwater used to come activists and NGO leaders, government in gracefully and recede officials, contractors and residents. faster”: Political ecology The speaker listed many disappeared of the Brahmaputra Valley and highly degraded wetlands due to flooding and riverbank erosion. The hazardscape and rethinking residents of the island criticized the the postcolonial state. building of hydraulic infrastructure such as embankments which has led to The speaker addresses that the flooding frequent flooding, unavailability of fish and riverbank erosion has led to the loss and water for farm. The speaker who is of landmasses, large-scale outmigration a native of the island recommends an in- of the local population and devastation depth political-ecological understanding of traditional livelihood practices in Majuli of these disasters, and an improvement River Island, Assam. An ethnographic in environmental policies and politics – fieldwork was conducted in Majuli moving beyond the existing technocratic River Island (largest river island in the approaches. world) where interviews and participant observations were carried out over a

22. Water Quality Assessment: Case Studies

Session summary: rates of fibres, and strands and almost This session looked at the diverse no granules. There is no micro-plastic portfolio of water quality assessment data to start a dialogue together in Sri studies covering micro-plastics and Lanka and India. The second challenge water systems in Sri Lanka, application of regarding water management was more statistical methods to evaluate and adjust complex it looked at complex statistical the water quality monitoring systems clustering of quality measurement nodes of the Freiberger Mulde River Basin an across the Freiberger Mulde tributary, offshoot of the Elbe River in Germany, contamination from effluents released by discovering linkages between catchment industrial setups, the primary challenge characteristics using cluster modeling, is that the consistent monitoring network water quality at scale looking at three is critical for water resource management case studies in Africa and perhaps most the problem is not lack of data per to lack interesting and detailed examination of of conclusive time bound systematic data nitric dynamics in the subtropical waters some indices are tested almost in real time reservoir. This session primarily addressed whereas other indices are only produced five critical challenges; examining micro yearly quarterly and in differential plastics and their degradation, suggests timeframes. A total of 463 water quality possible strategies were examining parameters over 364 monitoring stations micro plastics and its ability to retain contributed data over a period of almost and absorb other toxins, the sampling 20 years 1995 to 2016. There are at that was mapped contained very high once large gaps in data, inefficient data, 102 redundant data, and those form challenge that could make the system more in themselves. The third challenge was to efficient for effective water management. develop for 567 Indian catchment areas In the third instance a spatial mapping of physio climatic model primarily using of Indian catchment areas and a tenfold clustering model and with six indicators cross validation performed across 90+ across 88 catchments in the country percent of the catchment areas including between 2005 and 2007. Spatial metrics water quality assessment indicators led are then expressed on the map. The to effective grouping of water quality fourth challenge is the world water quality indices with catchment characteristics assessment idea is to bring together and outcomes. In the fourth instance, multiple agencies and build a consortium specific use cases of the Africa models or an alliance that can rescale or upscale including alliances and consortium is the work and provide a world stage for built to both upscale and cross examine it. The challenge here is to build to get specific data show the need for close the alliances across different regional linkages between on the ground data specificities primarily begin a social generation systems directly from the engagement process and secondly field and information that is generated have systems of linkages between from orbital mapping of entire regions. hotspots and solutions. The fifth and final This is only possible through extensive challenge for complex dynamic nitrate collaborative models designed to cross cycle, it is not always easy to identify a connect widely divergent work. In the fifth nitrate cycle specially in a reservoir, that instance a complex nitrate dynamic was is also common to receiving storm water exposed to look at the function of nitrates flow and potential effluents that affect the and its actual potential contamination nitrate sequestration, re-mineralization, characteristics, how sequestration in the complex dynamic of the cycle systems work throughout the year contained in a reservoir on which 5 million with fluctuating nitrate content that is people depend. simultaneously connected to storm surges but also to effluent and pollutant Contribution of science: movements denote that pollutants are The limitation of science is largely the complex and variable with time and lack of data in these specific areas leading space and specific psychical patterns to a complete lacuna of any available have to be identified to understand the statistic that can lead to effective policy movement of these vectors. or even begin dialogues on containing an emerging and critical crisis. In the first The limitations of the current scientific instance there is lack of micro-plastic data models in addressing these challenges that allows the beginning of a conversation could be scaling this kind of diverse work and limiting the degradation of micro- and connecting to global applications plastics in surface water areas. In the next while simultaneously retaining the instance even though there was a very specificities generated by that work. The large cache of data spread over a very major innovations of the session focus large number of monitoring stations and a on the large gaps and lacuna that are large-scale region, a hierarchical cluster there both in science and offer enormous analysis led to specific efficiencies, in the potential for cross application not only in efficiencies, asymmetries of information, different fields but in different regions. 103 23. Groundwater Assessment and Agriculture

Challenges: Contribution of Science: The major water challenges addressed The current scientific techniques being in the session was the availability and applied are only reporting the changes access to water resources in different that are happening in the areas of interest. parts of India. Quality of water was also All the speakers in this session have used discussed as one of the challenges as GIS and other techniques only to study a water quality is not uniform throughout problem and report it to the world. The India and the presenters’ study regions. benefits of science have not been used The scale at which these challenges exist to overcome groundwater issues through are enormous. One speaker informed the proper management techniques. audience that the entire Berambadi study area has depleting water reserves due Limitations of Science: to overexploitation of groundwater. The The main limitation of scientific methods area covered by the watershed is 100 used here is that it is mainly a reporting square kilometres. Furthermore, another tool to make people aware of a problem speaker stated that 33% of the population but is not being used to solve a problem. in Rajasthan’s industrial corridor does The capabilities of science are not being not have access to quality groundwater used to provide solutions that can be for drinking purposes. implemented to solve the problem.

24. Solutions to Promote Sustainability in Water Space

Susmita Mohapatra: Viable and thus epidemic intensity. More study is recommended to find the possibility of innovative methods for its usage in ground water remediation. sustainable water future

This study focuses on treating polluted Monica Sogani: Microbial water for domestic use using adsorptive Electrochemical Remediation sand filtration process. It tries to solve the System for removal of problem of water wastage by recycling it bioactive compounds from through this filtration process, which is claimed to be cheap and innovative. This Wastewater study uses drumstick (Moringa oleifera) seeds powder and sand mixture to do the This study aims at devising an efficient filtration process. Cationic anti-microbial and novel technique for wastewater protein is claimed to be used as the treatment, particularly focusing on coagulant to reduce the water turbidity. estrogenic pollution, and can produce It is claimed to be able to reduce the fuel during the process. Synthetic turbidity of wells. It is also claimed to be 17-α-ethinylestradiol (EE2) excreted effective for reducing harmful bacteria in the urine by humans is mainly used

104 in female oral contraceptives and demonstrated. It claims to increase the possesses more potentially estrogenic yield of freshwater significantly. So, this effects in comparison with counterparts is claimed to be a cheaper and efficient in natural steroid oestrogens even method of desalinating brine water. This at low concentration. The steroid’s yield is location specific and condition estrogenic potency, in combination with specific , high insolation is necessary for its environmental persistence represents good yield. a potential risk to aquatic organisms and humans. A microbial fuel cell(MFC) Anamitra Saha: Influence that uses Rhodopseudomonas palustris microbe is demonstrated. This kind of of aridity in the basin MFCs are already in use , but this is a characteristics in the Budyko bit modified for this particular purpose. framework: A case study in Using this cell, it is claimed that EE2 the Ganga river basin. compound can be effectively reduced from wastewater , and during this This study tries to study various degradation of EE2 by the microbe , this parameters affecting the aridity MFC can produce more hydrogen than index under the Budyko framework. when it operates without EE2. So, this Understanding the relationship between focuses on a novel method of treating climatic variable and river basin-scale water affected by EE2 , in addition this hydrology in changing climate is crucial method can produce hydrogen efficiently. for policy making and adopting adaptation It is done in lab setup, but further studies and mitigation strategies. This study tries for optimization of the degradation to test some of the traditional assumption process is recommended to scale it up regarding this in Ganga and Damodar to use this method in wastewater plants. basin. Using climate models and feeding the data to hydrological model Baskaran V.: Experimental by statistical downscaling , this study Study on Domestic Solar challenges the traditional assumption Still Desalination with Cotton that basin characteristics parameters are independent of aridity index . It claims Gauze –An Approach to Field that the basin characteristics parameter Model doesn’t represent the basin characteristics solely; it is influenced by the climatic This study focuses on a domestic variables as well. This study points out method for desalinating brine water. few limitations of current understanding Water scarcity is a major challenge in and calls for further research in this area. parts of South India . This study aims at solving that problem in a South Indian coastal city Pondicherry( This study is location specific, as it depends on Solar insolation) . Conventional method of desalination is costly, so it tries to device a low-cost method. A conventional solar still with an extra cotton gauze is

105 25. Technology-based Solutions in Addressing Water Quality Summary: in application, a low-cost sensor for This session saw a variety of inputs detection of nitrates which is an odourless, starting from the development of a low- colourless substance but in larger cost nitrate sensing system that can non- doses highly poisonous is a very critical destructively and continuously monitor intervention, it is further learned that not the quality of water. One can view real time only is the system potable low-cost and on a mobile phone, this is a critical input easily deployable in the field, but can be that this scalable and deployable across adapted and modified to a smaller sensor, the world especially regions that are flood with a more efficient detection capability hit and do not have the scientific systems that covers, currently theoretically, other and techniques for instant water quality contaminants and pollutants. Most assessments. The second input looked at effectively this output is instantaneously the elimination of emerging contaminants or near instantaneously available on a in a multi-barrier water treatment system. mobile phone making this very complex Water treatment systems are primarily scientific technique highly simplified and focused on ozonation as a mechanism accessible to a common person affected to complement the desire for urban in the disaster area and without access to water of desired quality. The objective clean and safe drinking water. The second was to identify specific barrier protocols challenge that was noticed focused on and develop a classification system for a complex barrier elimination system of chemicals in line with the classification urban contaminants that includes both system for microbials. The multi-barrier effluents and bacteriological profiles. water treatment system is certainly Whereas pathogens are classified and an innovation to consider the global have a system of complex classification application in urban settings where chemicals on the other hand have no water quality availability is a significant clear classification system so for chemical concern. The third intervention was an classification in a multi-barrier water assessment of water contamination treatment system mechanisms are used using novel techniques based on to classify in relation to ozonation as such nanoparticles and bio receptors which the four categories of chemicals were works out to far cheaper and far faster in divided respectively into their reactions to the detection of heavy metals allowing for ozone. This is especially critical where in faster response times in the containment wastewater across the world have never of heavy metal pollution in aqueous seen less than 80 chemicals in a sample. media. The fourth presentation looked at The effective removal in the multistage 7 Rainwater harvesting and containment of tier barrier is therefore a scalable model rainwater for non-potable use at school that is critically required across the world in Berambadi, India. especially because the condition of water in urban settings are always linked to Challenges: pollution and quality. The third challenge The first presentation post critical was especially interesting for providing a challenges that were rather promising unique way of using nanoparticles and

106 bioreceptors in combination to detect system that can address the crisis of heavy metals in any aqueous media. water scarcity and simultaneous water The proposition of a low-cost detection quality problem that critically affects system that can be deployed fast for urban centres. This is all the true in India quick results is highly desirable and where approximately 80% to 95% of scalable across the world especially wastewater and sewage are untreated in the developing world where testing and let off into surface water systems mechanisms are limited by the energy critically affecting safe and available and cost barrier. The final challenge water resources. The third session was effectively implementing a rainwater comprises of a complex intermingling harvesting system for non-potable water of nanoparticles and bio receptors to in a village school setting where effective generate an appropriate assessment of chlorination was maintained to bring the water quality and contamination of heavy water to WHO standard for non-potable metals within a very short timeframe and use. at lower cost indices than are normally available. The fourth session examined Contribution of science: through a relation of rainwater collected The identification of particular frequencies from rainwater harvesting system for at which certain contaminants can be non-potable use. detected and its application in the sensor that can be easily fabricated in a low-cost New capabilities and innovations: setting and a highly portable device with an The most important intervention in this output that can be rendered into a mobile entire session was the low-cost nitrate phone and readable by anyone. This is sensing real-time system using mobile intervention that will make significant apps, the application for this is rather changes to flood affected areas, to tremendous and can be scaled from local disaster hit areas, to water scarce areas to global applications it can be linked to and has applicable potential that is global monitoring stations it can be expanded to it is critical that these kind of studies are cost-effective testing solutions that require not only funded better but also provided absolutely no scientific skill whatsoever a global stage to reach the right kind to operate and no knowledge of complex of intergovernmental systems that can dynamics of pollutants to be able to scale and deploy these technologies for understand the outputs. The detection instant use to the most affected people. levels of nitrate in the primary focus of The real-time benefits of a sensor that this innovation but it can be scaled and can detect nitrates and display its output applied to almost any contaminant only on a phone would be almost real-time dependent on the specific frequencies sensing, being low-cost and portable, and detection levels those are at present data being instantly available, no skill theoretical models. In the second session required in operations, whereas this a multi-barrier wastewater treatment is designed for only four nitrates it can plant primarily depending on ozonation also be achieved for other pollutants to remove not only pathogens for which and contaminants. The second session there is a complex classification system was looking at effective barrier systems but also chemicals which needed the classification systems and deploying this development of a new classification in the multistage wastewater treatment system based on mechanisms of 107 interaction with ozone. Thus, it is a last presentation focused on chlorination scalable and critical intervention that of rainwater collected through rainwater can address urban water crisis and harvesting system to provide water provide immediate solutions to problems throughout the year to a village school. plaguing the Indian terrain. Finally, the

Fig 24: Random sessions in progress.

108 XI. High Level Panel Discussion Report by Integrated Mountain Initiative Meeting Summary:

High Panel Discussion: Parliamentarians/ Legislators Dialogue on Water Policy for IHR, Water Future Conference

Date: 25/09/2019

Location: Hotel Sheraton Grand, Bengaluru, India

Time: 11:30am - 1:30pm

Chair: P. D. Rai

Convenor: Integrated Mountain Initiative (IMI) and Divecha Centre for Climate Change (DCCC)

Sponsors: Divecha Centre for Climate Change and Swiss Development Corporation.

Attendees: 14 members A. MP-MLA’s: Ten (10) Member of Parliaments (MPs’) and Members of Legislative Assembly (MLA) from Indian Himalayan States (Refer List 1 to 10 – Table 1); B. IMI: P. D Rai, Chairman and Mr Sushil Ramola, President, IMI. C. DCCC: Prof S.K Satheesh D. Swiss Development Corporation: Ms. Maitree Dasgupta, Head of University Partnerships, SWUSSNEX India, Consulate General of Switzerland (Representing SDC) E. IMI and DCCC Coordinators and Convenors: Golan and P Baisnab (IMI), Anupama Nair and Smriti Basnett (DCCC).

Other Observers (Annex A): I. Senior Government Representatives: Six bureaucrats from the Indian Himalayan Region II. Seven IMI Councillors and Members III. IMI and DCCC Coordinators and Convenors:

109 Table 1. List of Participants in the High Panel Discussion:

Sl. No. Name Designation State 1 Pu C Lalrosanga MP (Lok Sabha) Mizoram 2 Shri Pradeep Tamta MP (RS) Himachal Pradesh 3 Ms Agatha Sangma MP (Lok Sabha) Meghalaya 4 Shri Chau Zingnu MLA Arunachal Pradesh 5 Shri Wangki Lowang Minister, PHED Arunachal Pradesh Shri Mmhonlumo MLA, Adviser, Science and 6 Nagaland Kikon Technology Shri Sharingain 7 Dy Speaker Nagaland Longkumer MLA, Chairperson, Meghalaya State Council 8 Smt Ferlin Sangma Meghalaya on Climate Change and Sustainable Development Shri HM 9 MLA Meghalaya Shangpliang Former CEC, Ladakh 10 Shri Rigzin Spalbar Autonomous District Ladakh Council 11 Prof S.K Satheesh Chair, DCCC IISC, Bengaluru Head of University (Representing Ms. Maitree Partnerships, SWUSSNEX Swiss Agency for 12 Dasgupta India, Consulate General of Development and Switzerland Cooperation (SDC)). Former MP- Sikkim, 13 Mr P. D Rai Member, IMI Convenor and Chairman 14 Mr Sushil Ramola President IMI Member, IMI

Table 2. Meeting Agenda:

High Panel Discussion I: Parliamentarians/ Legislators Sep 25, 2019 Dialogue on Water Policy for IHR Chair: Shri PD Rai, Councillor, IMI and Former MP (Lok Sabha) 10:00 – 10:05 Introduction: Chair 10:05 – 10:15 Context Setting: SDC Panel Discussion: MPs/MLAs, led by Chair. Themes of discussion •Applicability of current national water policies to IHR 10:15 – 11:00 •Climate change and evolving water problems in IHR •Embedding SDGs in formulation of water policies 11:00 – 11:10 Concluding remarks by Special Guests

110 Summary of the meeting:

Fig 25: Attendees of the Ministers and MLAs meet held on 25 Sep 2019 at Hotel Sheraton Grand, Bengaluru.

About a dozen MPs/State Ministers and Conference held in Bengaluru organized MLAs from the different hill states of the by Integrated Mountain Initiative (IMI) Indian Himalayan Region participated supported by Divecha Centre for Climate at the High Panel Parliamentarians/ Change (IISc) and IHCAP raised this Legislators Dialogue on Water Policy dichotomy with a special focus on the for the Indian Himalayan Region held increasing water security challenge in on 25 September 2019 at the ongoing the country. Water Future Conference: Towards a Sustainable Water Future, Bengaluru. It The high level roundtable conference was organized by Integrated Mountain was attended by MPs, MLAs and Initiative (IMI) and supported by Divecha representatives from Uttarakhand, Centre for Climate Change at the Indian Ladakh, Sikkim, Arunachal Pradesh, Institute of Science and Indian Himalayas Nagaland, Mizoram, Meghalaya and Climate Adaptation Programme (IHCAP). members of IMI, World Bank, Divecha Centre for Climate Change, United IHR is reeling under climate stress. Nations University (UNU) and officials It is in a state of dichotomy as climate from national and international institutes crisis will reduce the value of services of excellence including Future Earth and provided by IHR to the entire nation. Global Water Futures. The recent High Panel Parliamentarians/ Legislators Dialogue at the Water Future The members raised several critical

111 areas of concern with regard to water Pradesh earnestly showed his willingness source, water quality, management, to take back the lessons learned by other increasing water scarcity and rapid NE states in formulating their Water decline in freshwater biodiversity. Two Policy. Similarly, Ladakh doesn’t have critical areas of melting of glaciers and a water policy in place but its traditional reviving springs were discussed at length wisdom to preserve water is strong. Such as is the impact of tourism sector in knowledge should also be taken into increasing water stress in the region. consideration while formulating water policies in the region. Mr. H. Shangpliang Hon’ble Member of Parliament from Tura MLA Mawsynram said Mawsynram in and member, Parliamentary Standing Meghalaya no longer holds the title of the Committee for Water Resources, Ms wettest planet on earth but despite having Agatha Sangma highlighted the rising high rainfall, Meghalaya is facing water conflicts due to scarcity of water in many deficit issues due to its topography and rainfed areas. She urged for reduction high run-offs. Similarly, Pu C Lalrosanga, in ecological footprints and for polluting MP from Mizoram brought attention to companies to take responsibility for the fact that the soil typology in Mizoram the mess they have created. States is very porous leading to huge run-offs like Meghalaya and Nagaland have due to its less water holding capacity recently formulated their State Water and poorly developed conservation Policies, Arunachal Pradesh has the techniques. Catchment Area Protection Policy and Water Resources Authority Bill but not an MLA Ferlin Sangma from Meghalaya integrated Water Policy. stated that Meghalaya has taken capacity building exercises for the local IHR is witnessing an average of 100 communities, sensitization programme million tourists every year which is set for legislators and grassroot workers to to only grow in the coming years putting implement the water policy on ground. huge stress on its carrying capacity. Mr. M. Kikon, MLA from Nagaland raised To exemplify this stress, the Ladakh the issue of empowering Water Users Ecological Development Group’s Association through clear directives and assessment shows that the average use information sharing to improve monitoring of water by a local resident in Ladakh is of water usage. Mr. Z. Namchoom, MLA 25 litres per day whereas each tourist from Arunachal Pradesh mentioned that consumes 75 litres per day. The number the state is starting to feel the heat of is significant for a place like Ladakh climate change and have thoughtfully which is a water deficit area and is mostly budgeted for spring rejuvenation. Mr. dependent on snow/glacial melt and Pradeep Tamta, MP Rajya Sabha rightly Indus river flow. This issue was raised raised that the crisis in the IHR is a by Mr. Rigzin Spalbar, Ex Chairman Leh national crisis and not just of the Indian Ladakh Autonomous Hill Council. mountain States.

It is also important to note here that The discussion highlighted the need the problems of the Western and for a comprehensive water policy for the Eastern Himalayas are very different. states of the Indian Himalayan Region Mr. W. Lowang, Minister from Arunachal and explored areas of strengthening 112 research, action and policy directions. • Short description of the kind Acknowledging the need for a sustained, of water-related issues faced in the integrated effort to addressing key water Himalayan region, including dependence issues of the region, a proposal was on natural springs, rise in the intensity made to establish a Mountain Solutions of rainfall and decline in the number of Programme which will include a Water rainy days, neglect of water management Solutions Lab for the region. practices and less frequent winter rains. • Partnerships between SDC and The meeting concluded with the chair, Mr Himalayan and sub-Himalayan states: PD Rai, former MP (Sikkim), emphasizing two climate change adaptation projects- the need for more interactive platforms -Indian Himalayas Climate Adaptation between the scientific community, Programme and strengthening state policymakers and communities to arrive strategies on climate adaptation. at better solutions in building a water • Notes that there has been less secure future. To take forward the emphasis on demand side management concerns of the Himalayan legislators on of water, adaptation, and the revival this issue, a note was submitted to the of springs. Also points out the need for Standing committee on Water Resources management of glacial hazards and highlighting the takeaways from the risks, and glacial lake outbursts and Conference. floods. SDC has current partnerships with National Disaster Management Minutes of the Meeting: Authority, with whom they would like to Attendee from Swiss Agency for work on these things. Development and Cooperation - Ms. Maitree Dasgupta:

Fig 26: High panel discussions in progress during the Ministers and MLAs meet. 113 Mr. P. D. Rai: help solve India’s water crisis--how can He called for attendees to talk about the water be transported from the water-rich challenges that people face in the Indian parts of the region to the rest of India? Himalayan region and their respective • Gives the example of Sikkim, which states. has taken the following steps to improve water management: (1) identification of spring water and proposed places for Shri. Wangki Lowang, intervention, (2) figuring out what needs Minister, PHED: to be done to supplement or replenish • Draws out a brief description of the spring water in selected location, (3) geography of Arunachal Pradesh, the figure out how to coordinate so that water higher part of which gets water from snow- is used in the right way for maximum fed rivers and the lower part from rain- sufficiency within the state, and send fed rivers. Observes a slow increase in excess to other places in the country that seasonal temperature over the years and face water scarcity and contamination. notes that previously perennial streams • Urges all mountain states in the now dry up during the winter, resulting in Northeast to come together to make a search for alternative sources of water water policies with collective objectives. supply. • Arunachal Pradesh is trying to make policies for catchment protection. Pu. C. Lalrosanga, MP (Lok Speaker points out that any state Sabha), Mizoram: programme being limited to only one • Questions the need to ask the department cannot do enough and government for more water supply in spite calls for programmes by the central of receiving high amounts of rainfall; why government to follow a multi-thronged is water during the rainy season going approach since it is not suitable to apply to waste? Points out the need to harvest common solutions in different areas. and store rainwater. • Emphasises on the persistence of • Points to the lack of provisions for jhum cultivation in the state, which he making better use of water resources would like different state departments and highlights the need for better water to jointly address and push for management systems. mountain terrace wet rice cultivation • Calls for state water policies to as an appropriate alternative to shifting be aligned with national policies, while agriculture. focusing on mountain springs since groundwater is not a dependable source in areas with high levels of surface water Shri. Sharingain Longkumer, run-off. Dy Speaker, Nagaland: • Warns about the urgency of the impending global crises owing to climate Ms. Agatha Sangma, MP (Lok change that will occur over the next two Sabha), Meghalaya: to three decades. Points to an expected • Speaks about the private ownership mass migration of people due to limitation of ring wells controlled by different political of resources, especially water. parties in her constituency, pointing to • Asks how the Northeast region can the already worrisome condition of water availability and access. 114 Fig 27: One of the participants presenting during the Ministers and MLAs meet.

• Acknowledges the Jalashakti Meghalaya: ministry for having recognised water as a • Presents a short video on the threat global crisis. that Mawsynram faces of no longer being • Points out that Meghalaya is the the wettest place on Earth and asks what first state in the Northeast to have its own the fate of such places will be in the face water policy and calls for other states to of a changing climate. follow suite. • Also urges for rainwater harvesting • Emphasises on the need for with groundwater recharge mechanisms different departments to be involved in to be put in place in urban and rural areas, collective water management. in order to store and harvest some of the • Calls for the need to shift to organic rainwater that would otherwise flow to agriculture since chemical fertilizers the plains of Bangladesh. cause water contamination. • Speaks of seasonal water shortage • Calls attention to the importance and floods, the effects of which are and relevance of rainwater harvesting, exacerbated by poor management not just for household water supply but practices. Also alludes to degraded also to replenish groundwater and cites catchment areas resulting in water quality Mizoram as a good example of this. problems that make water importable. • Also draws attention to ecological • Would like a forum to be created footprints as a means to increase with legislators from the Northeast and accountability of corporations and other the Indian Himalayan Region to be a part organisations that pollute to the public. of the policy-making process and help IMI bring development in the IHR. Shri H.M. Shangpliang, MLA, 115 Smt. Ferlin Sangma, MLA, Shri Mmhonlumo Kikon, Chairperson, Meghalaya MLA, Adviser, Science and State Council on Climate Technology, Nagaland Change and Sustainable • Announces that a new system has been in approved this year in Nagaland Development, Meghalaya: wherein all agricultural departments are • Also calls for coordination across to help draft Nagaland’s water policy. different state departments for climate • States that sufficient attention is action. being paid to spring sheds in the state. • Suggests mainstreaming of climate According to policy, one spring shed change adaptation and resilience in is selected in every two districts for livelihoods, state-specific action and recharging efforts. capacity building, and to use this as • Also announces that an MoU has leverage to bring more funds into various been signed with the rural department programmes. to divert MGNREGA funds to recharge • Also suggests that there be springs in every village and suggests sensitization programmes of all this as a solution to the lack of funds. legislators and intensive and aggressive Acknowledges Peoples Science Institute sensitization of people at the ground level and ACWADAM for their contribution to about climate change action, to inform this. people about where to start. • Recommends more workshops to be organised to strengthen training, Shri Chau Zingnu Namchoom, support and develop the capacity of the MLA, Arunachal Pradesh: community, and also that end users be • Arunachal Pradesh has not had involved from the beginning and not any major water problems until recently, treated just as end users. but natural springs and rivers are now • Says that there has always been drying up. an attempt to create an integrated water • Notes that efforts to conserve water policy, but every minister faces their own cannot succeed without the involvement unique challenges. Water scarcity issues of communities, especially since the are seen as separate when they are population is low. related to other things like food security. • Also supports that the practice of jhum cultivation be done away with and Shri Pradeep Tamta, MP (RS), replaced with terrace cultivation. Himachal Pradesh: • Notes that the CM of Arunachal • Observes that the water resources Pradesh has urged all MLAs of the state of the IHR are not only of the IHR but to plant trees as part of CAMPA. of much more of India (including Uttar • Requests attendees to help finance Pradesh, West Bengal). good water policy in Arunachal Pradesh. • Urges the need to prioritise water • Counters the statement made by allotment and usage. Suggests that the Agatha Sangma about organic agriculture, government of India must decide and saying that the self-sufficiency of farmers prioritise water for drinking purposes will end if chemical fertilizers are no and for agriculture and reconsider the longer used. 116 amount of water allotted to hydropower opposite stand and is against the people projects since these cause problems in when this happens in India. surrounding areas. • Points that drinking water and Prof S. K. Satheesh, Chairman irrigation continue to be big problems and that the government is not helping with DCCC • Notes that there are many common infrastructure to facilitate water usage in problems faced by most states in the IHR, rural areas. especially agriculture and water. • Suggests a shift in energy source • Points that glaciers and rainfall are from hydropower to solar, and a shift two factors closely related to agriculture towards agriculture that uses less water. out of which the former is easy to study • Says that problems of the IHR must and make recommendations about, but be taken up by the central government, the latter is difficult to study and model. especially since the Himalayan region • Notes that electricity and air are is very big and spread across various also two things that are important to borders, and that state revenues can be discuss in such a context. diverted for this cause. • Recommends the preparation of • Observes that while the Indian an assessment report to come up with government takes an active stand for solutions for various issues and put forth the people when they act against the appropriate recommendations. construction of large hydropower projects in other countries, it takes quite the

Fig 28: Prof. S. K. Satheesh talking during the Ministers and MLAs meet.

117 Shri Rigzin Spalbar, Former environmental problems and make common problems faced by different CEC, Ladakh Autonomous states easier to deal with. District Council • Calls for capacity building to start • Emphasises the need to consider either at school level of college level. traditional wisdom of water management. Announces that the IMI is finalising an • States that the area faces acute MoU with Divecha Centre for Climate water shortage during the winter and that Change to transfer our knowledge and glaciers have started receding, resulting work to students. in less sources of water. • Suggests that a forum be created • Also points that the rivers from today, of parliamentarians and state Ladakh flow through the lowest parts of legislators, who will constantly work on the valley which are in Pakistan. the issues discussed today and across • Observes that policies made in all domains and stakeholders. Delhi and Srinagar have failed in Ladakh and hopes for the making of policies that are more specific to the union territory. Mr. P. D. Rai, Chairperson • Closing remarks including a thank Mr Sushil Ramola, President you to all attendees. IMI • Ends meeting by noting that • Suggests that supply and demand there are many students presenting side water management be made more their work on glaciers in the IHR during state-specific, in order to make policies the conference, almost none of whom more holistic. belong to the IHR. Would like to see more • Would like the IMI to bring in students from the IHR to work on these advocacy in the IHR and make state problems and share their work during legislations give more recognition to such conferences.

Fig 29: Mr. P.D. Rai addressing the attendees of the Ministers and MLAs meet. 118 Annex: I. Invited Guests – Five Government Bureaucrats: Sl. No. Name Designation Chairman- State Environment Impact 1 Tony Marak, IFoS (Retd) Assessment Aut.-Meghalaya. Former PCCF, Meghalaya Former PCCF, Meghalaya COE, Mizoram University, Vice President, 2 Prof Lalnuntlunga MSDF 3 Aiban Swer Director, MBDA, Govt of Meghalaya 4 Dr Pankaj Barua Director, NERIWALM, Ministry of Jal Shakti Director, Science and Technology, Govt. of 5 Shri Dhiren Shrestha Sikkim

II. Integrated Mountain Initiative (IMI) Councillors: Sl. No. Name Designation Mr Ramesh Negi, IAS 1 Vice President IMI (Retd.) 2 Dr Lalbiakmawia Ngente Vice President IMI Ms Fantry Mein Jaswal, 3 Secretary IMI IRS (Retd.) Mr Alemtemshi Jamir, 4 Councillor, IMI IAS (Retd.) 5 Dr Vincent Darlong Councillor, IMI Sustainable Development Forum of 6 Egam Basar Arunachal Pradesh

II. IMI and DCCC Coordinators – Four Members: Sl. No. Name Designation 1 Golan Naulak Programme Coordinator 2 P Baisnab Programme Coordinator/ Rapporteur 3 Smriti Basnett Convenor and Facilitator 4 Anupama Nair Rapporteur

List of MPs, MLAs’ 1. Pu C Lalrosanga, MP (Lok Sabha), Mizoram. 2. Shri Pradeep Tamta, MP (RS), Himachal Pradesh. 3. Ms Agatha Sangma, MP (Lok Sabha), Meghalaya. 4. Shri Chau Zingnu Namchoom, MLA, Arunachal Pradesh. 5. Shri Wangki Lowang, Minister, PHED, Arunachal Pradesh. 6. Shri Mmhonlumo Kikon, MLA, Adviser, Science and Technology, Nagaland. 7. Shri Sharingain Longkumer, Dy Speaker, Nagaland. 8. Smt Ferlin Sangma, MLA, Meghalaya. 9. Shri HM Shangpliang, MLA, Meghalaya. 10. Shri Rigzin Spalbar, Ladakh Autonomous District Council, Ladakh.

119 XII. Abstracts from Special and Parallel Sessions Contents:

1. Special Session: Water Solutions for the 21st century in the Indian Himalayan Region and Climate Impacts on Global Mountain Water Security ...... 130 i. Decentralized Water Governance Model in the Central Himalayan Region of India ii. Vulnerable Smaller Water Resources: evidence of diminishing discharge of spring-flow, declining trends of monsoon rainfall and recent land use changes in Mid-Himalayan Mountain, India iii. Climate change vulnerabilities of rapidly growing cities in the Himalaya and policy interventions for mitigation with special reference to Gangtok and the Teesta river basin iv. Conservation planning in human dominated riverscapes: case study of Ganga v. Seasonal water quality variations of palustrine wetland of Barrack- Chindwin basin vi. A need for Integrated Urban Water Security in the hill towns of Darjeeling, Himalayas, India

2. Assessing Sustainability in Water Space ...... 133 i. Assessment of surface water storage trends for increasing groundwater areas in India ii. Future dynamics of development, climate impacts and water resources adaptation iii. Agriculture and safe operating space: A global analysis iv. Assessment of Multiple Modeling Approaches to Address the Quest for Physically Realistic Hydrologic Models v. Multi-site and multi-variable hydrological model calibration for spatially heterogeneous catchments

3. Groundwater Assessment and Analytics ...... 135 i. Spatial-temporal groundwater trend analysis: Case study of India ii. Groundwater assessment at local scales: BIG DATA and policy implications iii. Groundwater in the hydrological cycle: The known-knowns, the known- unknowns, and the unknown-unknowns iv. The flow system approach for coping with changing groundwater scenarios

4. Socio-cultural and Ecological Dimensions of Water Resources

120 Management ...... 137 i. Hydro-technology in India: stories of disconnections with culture and ecology ii. The Importance of sand in rivers: the socio-economic and cultural impacts of river degradation iii. Threat assessment in Middle Karnali watershed: sustainable utilization and conservation

5. Water-Energy-Food Nexus Assessment and Governance ...... 138 i. Water quality as an indicator to explore interlinkages between the WEF resources ii. Hydrological impact pathways of drought-related electricity outages in Southern Africa iii. The food and water nexus - sustainable irrigation in Africa?

6. Lake Quality Assessment and Case Studies ...... 139 i. Managing dissolved oxygen levels in human dominated ecosystems: a case study of Jakkur Lake, Bengaluru ii. Conserving lake in Bengaluru through environmental placemaking : inclusive approaches in urban ecology iii. Understanding the impact of mining on urban lakes iv. Effect of lake encroachment and depletion on urban floods in Bangalore v. Tropical freshwater lakes of Kerala State, India: Hydrogeochemistry and drinking water potential in anthropocene perspectives vi. Water quality status and trends of the world’s largest lakes vii. Water quality of Oussudu lake in Puducherry - Influence of high turbid run-off

7. Geogenic Pollutants in Groundwater ...... 142 i. Water resources and social structure in Arsenic contaminated village in Patna district ii. Arsenic in shallow Bengal aquifer: Large scale human-water interaction and suffering iii. Uranium rich groundwater in some parts of India: Geological context iv. Fluoride rich groundwater zones of Karnataka, India v. Drinking water quality and the CKDu occurrence in Wilgamuwa, Sri Lanka

8. Groundwater Quality and Assessment I ...... 144 i. Groundwater resources assessment in Jordan ii. Fractal analysis of water quality time series data by Hurst Exponent and confirmation of its instability by estimating Largest Lyapunov Exponent iii. A multi-layered aquifers groundwater model for leakage assessment of arsenic contamination threat in a part of Ganga basin 121 iv. Assessment of water quality at fluoride affected village Dikharomukh of Hojai District of Assam v. A covalently integrated electro-adsorbent ion exchange resin for efficient capacitive deionization (CDI) vi. Machine learning approach to compute water quality index with uncertainty

9. Leaving No One Behind: Digital Water, Big Data, Technology and Water Security ...... 147 i. Smart water solutions: A risk communication tool for sustainable water future in West Bengal, India ii. Understanding decadal LULC patterns in Cauvery river basin using Google Earth Engine iii. Developing regional water security indicators to support sustainable water futures iv. Linkages in water quality variation and hazards among artisanal aquaculture along the Indian coast

10. Water Assessment in River Basins: Perspectives ...... 149 i. Assessing hydrological scenarios through basin futures ii. Imputation of missing rainfall data by artificial neural network with different activation functions for Dabhoi iii. Dam break modeling using HEC-GeoRAS and HEC- RAS : A case study on Aji-1 Dam, Gujarat iv. Effect of community buy-in and availability of funds on the long-term legacy of sanitation projects v. Socio-hydrology model of inter-basin water transfers with stakeholder elicitation vi. Insights from studying patterns of co-evolution of agriculture-water at watershed scale in Cauvery Basin

11. Water and Climate Change Assessment I ...... 151 i. Hydrological controls of methane emissions in contrasting inland water bodies ii. Probabilistic assessment of agricultural economic impacts of regulatory drought management iii. Impact of climate change on water resources of the Rushikulya basin iv. Climate change impact and uncertainty analysis of IDF curves in the Bhubaneswar city, Odisha v. Adaptive EEMD-ANN hybrid model for forecasting south west monsoon of Kerala vi. Investigation of extreme precipitation event over Kerala from the perspective of climate change and cloud microphysics parameterization

12. Water and Climate Change Assessment II ...... 153 122 i. The impact of climate change and climate variability on the hydroclimatology of a major river basin of India before and after 1980 ii. Increasing drought severities due to changing cropping patterns in Marathwada iii. Detection of acceleration in hydrological cycle: evidences from the river basins draining Southern Western Ghats, India iv. Can a calibration-free dynamic rainfall? Runoff model predict FDCs in data-scarce situations v. Copula-based bias correction scheme for zero-inflated RCM precipitation fields

13. Data Issues and Needs Related to Monitoring Sustainability in Water Space ...... 155 i. Improving the spatio-temporal representation of precipitation in data- scarce regions ii. Spatial downscaling of satellite remotely-sensed soil moisture and rainfall over Karnataka iii. Calculating satellite derived bathymetry (SDB) of Mettur reservoir over time to show the decrease in the capacity of the river due to accumulated sediments iv. Morphometric analysis of river Sabarmati basin, Udaipur, Rajasthan India, using remote sensing and GIS techniques

14. Freshwater Conservation and Development Planning: Novel Integrative Approaches and Big Data ...... 157 i. Global Dam Watch: curated global dam data for all ii. Freshwater biodiversity research from local to global scales iii. Conservation planning in human dominated riverscapes: case study of Ganga

15. Groundwater and Climate Change Adaptation ...... 158 i. Holistic groundwater and surface water management for sustaining water resources in rapidly urbanizing cities: A case study in Madurai, India ii. Feasibility of water storage in saline aquifers for drought resilience iii. Groundwater sustainability in the face of climate change in India iv. Bhadar catchment: response of groundwater storage and river flow to anthropogenic and climate drivers

16. Resilience in Urban Water Systems: Methods ...... 159 i. Understanding the effect of urbanization on water resources in Cauvery basin ii. Demystifying household water scarcity in Coimbatore using continuous sensor data iii. Applied mineralogy for sustainable water future iv. Understanding water flows : Bhubaneshwar and Dehradun 123 v. Feasibility study of a new approach in modeling municipal residential water consumption estimation using climate variables

17. Urban Flood Risk and Adaptation ...... 161 i. Flood risk awareness and communication ii. Assessing the effect of model structure uncertainty on the simulation of urban floods iii. Legislative framework for urban flooding and water conservation for Bangalore iv. Design of road crossing for prevention of floods

18. Water and Climate Change Assessment: Himalayas ...... 162 i. Hydro-meteorological drought and wet patterns under changing climate in Uttarakhand hills ii. Variability in snow cover area (SCA) in relation with meteorological parameters of Dokriani Glacier catchment, Central Himalaya iii. Estimation of recent snow series over Mount Lebanon from gap filled MODIS snow cover products assimilated in an ensemble of dynamically downscaled ERA5 reanalyses iv. Community-based fluorosis mitigation in Dhar district, v. Role of snow/glacier melt runoff in Pindar River, Central Himalaya

19. Governance: Knowledge Management and Innovation ...... 164 i. Water security and integrates urban water management ii. Circular economy of wastewater in Delhi iii. CityRehydrate : comprehensive toolkit for sustainable city water projects iv. Effect of STEM education and subjects like local issues and its solutions v. Integrated urban water management scenario modeling for sustainable water governance vi. Water management and Sustainable Development 2030 Agenda - Global governance and local action vii. Can resource efficient technologies resolve India groundwater crisis? Reflections from Gujarat

20. Water-Energy-Food Nexus Governance ...... 167 i. A case for sustainable integrated water resources management using system thinking approach ii. Managing energy - irrigation conflicts through grievance redressal mechanisms (case study) iii. Power tariffs for groundwater : A comparative analysis of the environmental, equity, and economic tradeoffs

21. Water Issues, Assessing and Meeting SDG 6 ...... 169 124 i. Water security assessment and SDGs

22. Agriculture and Water ...... 169 i. Demonstration of novel framework for surface water management at agricultural catchment level- sustainable & technological approaches for pollution control ii. 3-D crop architecture modeling: A new tool to achieve food security iii. Increasing the resilience of Indian agriculture to monsoon variability through optimized irrigation strategies iv. A machine learning approach for agricultural water management to balance the effect of climate changes v. Data assimilation into land surface models: implications for terrestrial feedback vi. Development of high resolution multi-layer soil moisture information vii. Evaluation of satellite based ET0 models for all sky conditions

23. Analysis of Groundwater Contamination ...... 172 i. Arsenic in shallow Bengal aquifer: Large scale human-water interaction and suffering ii. Geochemical characteristics of groundwater in Wilgamuwa Region, Sri Lanka iii. Analysis of bacteriological quality of domestic water sources in Kabale Municipality, Western Uganda iv. The challenges of water quality survey in Northeastern part of India v. Determination of ppb level of Arsenic in environmental samples by nanosensor Boron doped carbon dots

24. Case Studies of Water-Energy-Food Nexus Solutions and Implementations ...... 173 i. The energy-water nexus in dryland agriculture: a case study of southern India ii. WEIFF: Water and energy integrated farm factory iii. Sustaining food production and conserving hydropower potential in China iv. Hydropower in the Mekong: the food, energy and water nexus v. Nexus modelling to inform robust water management climate change adaptation

25. Groundwater Quality and Assessment II ...... 175 i. Village level hydrogeological, remote sensing and lineament mapping for sustainable groundwater development - Case study in a severely water stressed area in hardrock terrains of Southern India ii. Impact of mission Kakatiya on groundwater regime and socio-economic status - A case study from Pedda Cheruvu, Chepur village, Armoor mandal, Nizamabad district, Telangana State iii. Mapping of fractures and groundwater pathways in hardrock by 125 heliborne geophysics iv. Groundwater management in semi-arid area: A case study from Tumkur, Karnataka, India

26. River Basin Governance ...... 177 i. Exploring an alternative approach to inter-state basin governance: The case of Mahanadi Basin, India ii. Exploring surplus and deficit criteria for Ken-Betwa river interlinking project iii. Development for transboundary water governance: Application of serious games in multi-stakeholder dialogue iv. Water Conflict Vulnerability and Stakeholder Engagement in Water Resources Planning

27. Water Security in Agriculture and Adaptation to Climate Change ...... 179 i. Water pricing system in Kerala: Sustainable or not? ii. Satellite based evidences of shifting in irrigation practices over Punjab and Haryana iii. Irrigation adaptation due to water scarcity iv. Trading water: quantifying inter-state trade of cereals in India v. Bridging water supply-demand gap in dryland agricultural production systems to maximize economic water productivity vi. A Critical sectoral assessment of the effectiveness of economic instruments in improving water use efficiency

28. Water Security, Informal Water Use and Water Access ...... 181 i. Mapping water scarcity in India using Water Poverty Index ii. Impact of neoliberalisation of urban water supply on the urban poor in the slums of Rasoolpura, Hyderabad iii. Living in a city built by private firms: Water and vulnerability in the millennium city of Gurugram iv. Integrated exploration, analysis and improvements to water based institutional mechanisms in informal settlements of India v. Fetching Water and Gender Dynamics in Indian Households vi. Water In the World We Want: Canada´s Journey

29. An Integrated Global Vision for Water Security: Approaches and Methods ...... 183 i. Experiences and definitions of water security by mountain communities ii. Knowledge to action in Canada’s Global Water Futures project iii. Rethinking training for water: Towards the African water vision and the SDGs iv. Prospects for future water availability in Peninsular India

126 30. Groundwater Governance ...... 185 i. Societal awareness and water learning as adaptive water management strategy in water stressed areas ii. Human Arsenic exposure risk via crop consumption and global food trade iii. GIS-Based spatial distribution of groundwater quality and regional suitability evaluation for drinking water iv. The costs and benefits of managed aquifer recharge

31. Interlinkages in Urban Water Systems ...... 186 i. Old wisdom for new resilient smart cities : an introspect for SDG 6 ii. Sanitation in future cities: Groundwater and sanitation interlinkages in peri-urban Bangalore iii. Observation of the impact of urbanization on precipitation trends in India iv. Integrated urban water and energy balance for urban planning

32. Solutions in Water Quality Management ...... 188 i. Water resources management for inclusive development of the society ii. Examination and remedial action on water quality of Rajgangpur, Odisha iii. An Integrated approach to manage overexploited aquifers of Semi -arid region, NCR, India iv. Remedies for bacterial contamination of Jiya Bharali River by using modified river sand v. Removal of Cadmium and Lead from aqueous solution by Hydroxyapatite/ Chitosan hybrid fibrous sorbent vi. An overview on recycle and reuse of treated wastewater in industries

33. Water Ethics: Concepts and Approaches ...... 190 i. Transforming water: Towards a life-affirming ethical approach to water management ii. Exploring the water crisis in Uttar Pradesh iii. Using ethics to clarify water values and create “the world we want” iv. “… Before, the floodwater used to come in gracefully and recede faster”: Political ecology of the Brahmaputra Valley hazardscape and rethinking the postcolonial state

34. Water Quality Assessment: Case Studies ...... 191 i. Analyzing microplastics in water systems: A case study of Negombo Basin Estuary, Sri Lanka ii. Application of multivariate statistical methods to evaluate and adjust water quality monitoring network in Freiberger Mulde river basin, Germany iii. Discovering linkages between catchment characteristics and water 127 quality using catchment classification iv. Water quality at scale; Three demonstration cases on water quality and services in Africa v. Investigating nitrate dynamics in a sub-tropical water reservoir using D17O method

35. Groundwater Assessment and Agriculture ...... 193 i. Deciphering the recharge of groundwater by Narmada canal irrigation, Gujarat ii. Assessing the processes governing solute concentration in groundwater: Insights from an irrigated semi-arid catchment iii. Irrigation draft estimation at village scale: A step towards microlevel groundwater management iv. Sustainable groundwater management strategies for a wastewater irrigated agriculture system

36. Solutions to Promote Sustainability in Water Space ...... 195 i. Desalination by RO and multi stage flash distillation as a solution to water crises and comparing both of them ii. Viable innovative methods for sustainable water future iii. Microbial electrochemical remediation system for removal of bioactive compounds from wastewater iv. Integrated methodology for sustainable solutions to water related issues v. Experimental study on domestic solar still desalination with cotton gauze vi. Economic valuation of ecosystem services: A case of Veli wetland system in Kerala vii. Influence of aridity on basin characteristics in the Budyko Framework

37. Technology-based Solutions in Addressing Water Quality ...... 197 i. A low cost real time nitrate sensing system using mobile Apps ii. Elimination of emerging contaminants in a multi-barrier water treatment system iii. Assessment of water contamination by Lead ions by rapid optical nanoparticles-based bioreceptor techniques iv. Rainwater harvesting and primary treatment for non-potable use

38. Urban Flood Risk ...... 198 i. Reliability assessment of Bangalore storm water drain network considering LU/LC change and lake condition ii. Flood impact assessment in real time: A case study of iii. Coastal flooding in Vietnam and effect of along its deltas iv. Probabilistic flood model for quantification of risk for insurance perspective 128 v. Evaluation of the combined sewer system of Bangalore using SWMM

39. Urban Water Resilience and Innovation ...... 200 i. Creative, Ingenious and sustainable water strategies for urban water resilience ii. A water sensitive approach for cities in India iii. AquaGen - A sustainable water management system iv. Innovation capabilities in Water Governance for accelerating sustainability transitions

40. Water Ethics: Practical Applications ...... 201 i. Reshaping Rivers through Public Art ii. Creating a water positive community that champions long term water management solutions iii. Nibi (water) Declaration: Anishinaabe water governance in the Treaty 3 area in Northwestern Ontario (Part I: Governance and Indigenous normative values) iv. Nibi (water) Declaration: Anishinaabe water governance in the Treaty 3 area in Northwestern Ontario (Part 2 – Governance and water management)

41. Water Quantity and Quality Considerations in River Basin Planning and Management ...... 202 i. India and Australia: A comparative assessment of water and river basin planning ii. Modernization effects on sustainable water allocation - Yoda Ela, \ Sri Lanka iii. Water infrastructure carrying capacity of Mahabaleshwar, a town in Western Ghats iv. Qualitative assessment of water and sediment of Dhaleshwari River in Savar, Dhaka, Bangladesh v. Prediction of Jamuna River bank erosion condition using deep learning vi. The role of vegetation in river response to a flood

129 1. Special Session: Water Solutions for the 21st century in the Indian Himalayan Region and Climate Impacts on Global Mountain Water Security i. Decentralized Water organizations, line department and experts. Himmotthan Society is Member Governance Model in the Secretary and responsible for taking Central Himalayan Region of forward the SMC objective in a planned India manner and working for a state-wide Vinod kothari, S.T.S. Lepcha Springshed management programme. and Sunesh Sharma Overall idea is to build capacity at the Panchayat Level, as they are the real In Indian Himalayan Region (IHR) Water custodian of natural resources which governance evolves around the “springs” included water. Integrated efforts of all and act as lifeline. In Uttarakhand more line department and civil society will than 94% rural water supply is driven ensure water governance system more through spring fed systems. About robust. A few important protocol need 71% of the State’s geographical area to be incorporated at the Panchayat is categorized as forest cover and level which included (i) an inventory and mostly the recharge zones of springs regular data of village water resources are located in forest areas. The state and its management plan; (ii) Detail forest department is also undertaking mapping of springs in reserve forest areas measures for groundwater recharge, and recharge plan; (iii) A specific fund under its watershed approach. However, allocation on water management and its to optimize the results it needed a regular monitoring would provide strength scientific approach for aquifer mapping to village economy, whilst ecosystem and dedicated long term planning and services at large, thus improving the management on spring-shed/catchment. quality of lives Himalayan communities. Considering the importance of springs in IHR, NITI Aayog has constituted a working group on “Inventory and revival of ii. Vulnerable Smaller springs of Himalaya for Water Security”, Water Resources: evidence and report presented to government of of diminishing discharge of India. spring-flow, declining trends Uttarakhand Forest department of monsoon rainfall and has proactively referred NITI Aayog’s recent land use changes in recommendations on spring’s Mid-Himalayan Mountain, management and constituted a Spring- shed Management Consortium (SMC). India. The SMC is headed by the Principal Soukhin Tarafdara, G.B. Chief Conservator of Forests (PCCF), Pant National Institute of Uttarakhand. The consortium has 18 members which included civil society Himalayan Environment & 130 Sustainable Development, between the spring, seeps and low-order stream is deciphered through electrical and Subhashis Duttab, conductivity, temperature and stable Department of Civil isotope measurements. Engineering, IIT Guwahati iii. Climate change The Indian Himalayan Region is at the cross-roads where major anthropogenic vulnerabilities of rapidly drivers such as damming, road-cutting growing cities in the and land use change are severely Himalaya and policy impacting the natural flow regimes interventions for mitigation of not only the large rivers but also the interlinked smaller springs and with special reference to streams. Additionally, declining trend of Gangtok and the Teesta river monsoonal rainfall between 1965-1980 basin periods is reported from most populated mountain region of lesser Himalayan in P. D. Rai and Rajendra P. Uttarakhand (Basistha et al., 2009). Gurung

Water availability for headwater Climate change induced global communities across Himalaya is largely warming is resulting in glacial melt in the sourced by smaller water resources like Eastern Himalaya at an unprecedented springs, seeps or wet-weather springs rate. The retreating glaciers, formation and streams. Threat to these key of glacial lakes and outburst floods are resources will have a cascading effect on a major cause of concern. The Teesta vulnerable communities, their livelihood river originates from the glaciers in the and several interdependent ecosystems. Eastern Himalaya and drains through Results are presented from detailed Sikkim into West Bengal. This paper will study in two headwater catchments from examine the vulnerabilities and hazards water-scares region of Pauri district, from the phenomena of climate change, Uttarakhand, India. changes in snow and glacier runoff and frequent cloud bursts. The main source of The precipitation variability of Indian water supply for Sikkim’s capital Gangtok summer monsoon during 2009 to 2018 comes from glacial melt, monsoon and period showed inter-annual variability with winter rains and the underground water drought, intermittent multiple deficient systems which form springs dotting the rainfall period and normal monsoon rainfall landscape. How are all these impacting years. Analysis of long-term records of the water security for Gangtok in view of spring-flow through flow duration curve a rapidly growing urban population is a indicate a significant reduction in low question of worry. This paper will discuss flows as well as during high flow periods. the political economy of water distribution The land use change analysis highlights which adds to vulnerabilities. The paper that over a period of nine years the area will present policy interventions to mitigate under the pine forest has increased by water security and recommend measures (+) 40% whereas, the agricultural land to mitigate the impact of climate change has reduced by (-) 48%. The interlinks on people living in the basin. 131 iv. Conservation planning Chongpi Tuboi, Michelle in human dominated Irengbam, Ruchi Badola, riverscapes: case study of Syed Ainul Hussain; Wildlife Ganga Institute of India Michelle Irengbam; Shivani The Loktak Lake is a palustrine wetland Barthwal, Niladri Dasgupta, located in the Barak-Chindwin river basin Ruchi Badola & Syed Ainul of Northeast India. The Lake is known Hussain for its characteristic floating meadows, locally known as phumdis. The southern Conservation of freshwater systems part of the Lake is protected as the has remained peripheral to terrestrial Keibul Lamjao National Park as the last conservation planning, resulting in poor remaining habitat of the Eld’s deer in conservation and degradation of these India. We examined the seasonal pattern ecosystems. For rivers, conservation of water quality to improve conservation planning is complicated by their measures. Significant difference in connected nature, non-feasibility to terms of water quality parameters were conserve entire rivers and non-inclusivity observed across different parts of the lake of habitat features. Economic and and seasons (ANOVA, p<0.05). Principal social constraints in human dominated Component Analysis identified three basins further complicates planning. factors which explained 92.9% of the Considering these issues and taking total variance of the data set. Our study the Ganga as our subject, we adopted revealed that the Lake is hypereutrophic a multistage systemic approach to that has adverse impacts on ecosystem outline river conservation strategies and level processes. Restoration of the derived the most feasible approach in Lake requires an integrated approach in the context of human dominated river reduction of nutrient inputs, enhanced basins. Additionally, Indian policies were flushing mechanism and restoration reviewed to identify underlying issues of environmental flow which has been hindering river conservation. These disrupted due to damming. include the commercial focus of policies, nescience of river connectivity and lack of vi. A need for Integrated protection of rivers that are prime habitats Urban Water Security in for several rare and endangered species. Strategic prioritization and zonation the hill towns of Darjeeling, of rivers to set aside “optimal sites” for Himalayas, India focal species and areas under multiple Lakpa Tamang, University of management zones is recommended. Calcutta

v. Seasonal water quality The study is an attempt to understand the variations of palustrine aspects of water security encountering wetland of Barrack-Chindwin the issues of water crisis in the hill towns of eastern Himalaya. An in-depth study basin of different parameters that govern the 132 nature and scenario of present-day The centralized public water supply water security in Darjeeling town have system conveying through the reservoirs been undertaken through a rigorous situated at distant locations (Sinchel field study during 2017-18. It is observed reservior) and the local water sources that owing to a mountainous landscape, (natural springs) catering majority of the town is not suitable for large-scale the population are mainly incorporated extraction of surface and ground water, for assessing the different parameters and hence is more dependent on the affecting the water security in the town. local water sources like natural springs.

2. Assessing Sustainability in Water Space i. Assessment of surface Basin (LMSRB), Lake Malawi outflows sustain hydropower, irrigation, urban water storage trends for water supply and flow requirements for increasing groundwater a Ramsar wetland. In the early 20th areas in India century, lake levels dropped below the Chandan Banerjee, Water outflow threshold. Such an event poses risks to Malawi’s future sustainable Solutions Lab development. The study develops a stakeholder-informed water resources Recent studies suggest that groundwater model for the LMSRB to (a) examine the has increased in central and southern potential impact of climate change and parts of India. However, surface water socioeconomic development on future which also contributes towards the lake levels (b) assess risks to existing sustainability of water resources in these and proposed downstream infrastructure semi-arid areas has not been studied from lake levels dropping below the yet. In the present study, Surface Water outflow threshold (c) assess the ability of Extent (SWE) and Surface Soil Moisture water management options to address (SSM) were selected as proxies of surface potential future risks. Addressing calls for water storage. Granger-causality test is model-coproduction the study iteratively used to test the hypothesis that rainfall engages stakeholders to collect data, is a causal factor of the inter-annual insights and priorities to inform the variability of SWE, SSM and TWS. development of a Water Evaluation And Planning (WEAP) model for the Lake ii. Future dynamics of Malawi Shire River Basin. development, climate impacts and water resources iii. Agriculture and safe adaptation operating space: A global Peter Conway, University of analysis Leeds Ajishnu Roy, Presidency University In the Lake Malawi Shire River 133 Agriculture plays important role in v. Multi-site and multi- exceeding planetary boundaries mostly in Africa, Oceania, Asia and South variable hydrological model America. In some of the dimensions, calibration for spatially condition is improving gradually. But to heterogeneous catchments be sustainable, biophysical resource Saumya Srivastava, Indian consumption and emission should be improved significantly. There can be three Institute of Science main driving forces behind planetary boundaries - agriculture, industry and Hydrological modelling is an household consumption. The study indispensable tool for watershed calculates how much agriculture is simulation in water resources planning globally responsible for exceeding and management. Model calibration, planetary boundaries. validation, parameter sensitivity and uncertainty analysis are essential prior to the application of hydrological iv. Assessment of Multiple models. Various methodologies have Modeling Approaches been devised to perform the above to Address the Quest procedures in an efficient manner. The current study compares the performance for Physically Realistic of these methodologies for the spatially Hydrologic Models heterogeneous catchment of the Ashlin Alexander, Indian Mahanadi basin in India. Institute of Science

This work aims at developing a flexible framework that helps to identify the apt model structure or set of feasible model structures for the study catchment. This so identified model structure or structures would enable to model the dominant hydrological and biophysical processes for the study area. This work is undertaken from the motivation to develop a focused place-based model rather than using a prior model and fitting it to the catchment under study. The work aims to provide an insight on how to systematically implement and evaluate alternative modelling approaches for process representation. This systematic Fig 30: Session on Assessing model analysis helps to understand the Sustainability in Water Space in progress. reasons for inter-model differences in model behaviour. It helps to gain insight on dominant physical processes when applied across different catchments. 134 3. Groundwater Assessment and Analytics i. Spatial-temporal is local” given the alarming depletion in groundwater resources at local scales groundwater trend analysis: and uncertainties in rainfall due to climate Case study of India change. A detailed assessment of Bankaru-Swamy available groundwater resources at local Soundharajan, Amrita scales requires information regarding rainfall and crop distribution. Taking Vishwa Vidyapeetham advantage of publicly available BIG DATA, this study developed a data-intensive In this study we have focused on the approach for groundwater assessment comprehensive analysis of long-term at high-resolution. The major objective of groundwater layout and trends using the this study was to estimate groundwater observation well data collected over 22 consumption at the local scale that can years (1996 to 2017). Groundwater level help policymaking at the “global” level. data were collected from about 25,000 The approach outlined in the study locations across India at pre-monsoon, allows identification of local hotspots that monsoon, post-monsoon (Kharif) and require policy interventions to enhance post-monsoon (Rabi) and has been water levels, improve productivity, and categorised into seven groundwater reduce energy costs, thereby tackling the regimes, spatially. The objectives water-energy-food nexus. The learnings are to understand the groundwater from this research will be helpful in fine- fluctuations (spatio-temporal) at annual tuning policies to local challenges and in to decadal scale and identify the trends creating a bottom-up approach towards in groundwater level (i.e. increasing, sustainable solutions for agriculture. no change and decreasing) at various regions. This study will aid in identifying the hotspots of rapidly depleting areas iii. Groundwater in for possible groundwater management the hydrological cycle: measures. The known-knowns, the known-unknowns, and the ii. Groundwater unknown-unknowns assessment at local scales: Shaminder Puri, Water BIG DATA and policy Future implications Prasanna Sampath, IIT Much is known and understood about Tirupati the prevalence of groundwater on all continents. Despite this knowledge, the FAO predicts that agricultural output will governance of this resource is in a very almost double by 2050 to address global poor state. There is an urgent need to demands. While global resources are arrive at convergence of the science, the enough to meet this increase, the “devil policies and the practices in hydrogeology 135 Fig 31: Groundwater Assessment and Analytics session in progress.

as a critical part of the hydrological- change in its characteristics due to the anthropological ecosystem. deep circulation and longer interaction times with the geological framework. iv. The flow system Thus, a wide system-view analysis of partial evidence represented by surface approach for coping with (soil and vegetation cover) as well changing groundwater as hydraulic, isotopic and chemical scenarios groundwater characterization in the Javier Castro-Larragoitia, related geological media where the depth of actual basement rock is paramount Autonomous University of as well as discharge areas is evaluated. San Luis Potosí The objective of this work is to discuss and show the applicability of GW flow The use of the Tothian groundwater systems theory to asses and propose (GW) flow system theory where local, solutions to GW-management problems. intermediate and regional systems are defined, enables a better understanding of the groundwater functioning. Local systems have relative short travel distances and are the more vulnerable to pollution and climate change. Intermediate and regional flows travel long distances and suffer a stronger 136 4. Socio-cultural and Ecological Dimensions of Water Resources Management i. Hydro-technology its catchment. The death of the river is the drain of the groundwater aquifers. in India: stories of The river has to be considered as a disconnections with culture single unit from its head to its mouth. and ecology The major issues which our rivers are Paulina Lopez, Centre de facing are due to anthropogenic activities like sand mining, waste dumping, land Sciences Humaines encroachment, filling of the watershed etc. These have direct impacts on everything The dominance of a technological which depends on the river life. One must approach in water management in understand the rivers before planning any India has led to several problems of action for river management. It should water quantity, access and quality, and be multidisciplinary approach. The river leading to biodiversity, cultural and is not just a stream of water which is environmental stresses. This perspective just passing by. It has life and lives in it. excludes questions of an ecological This study mainly focuses on the socio value of landscapes, the time frames of economic and ecological impacts of the a natural systems, or interdependences river sand mining. between water biodiversity, population and culture. An innovative approach is needed to achieve sustainable water iii. Threat assessment in management planning. The present Middle Karnali Watershed: investigation places the management sustainable utilization and of water resources in the debate on the Anthropocene suggesting a need conservation for an epistemological shift for the Binita Pandey, Resources understanding of the space. Himalaya Foundation ii. The Importance of sand Sustainable utilization and conservation of aquatic biodiversity depend on in rivers: the socio-economic analyzing the factors posing a threat and cultural impacts of river to the aquatic ecosystem. Baseline degradation information on threats to fish biodiversity AR Vishnuprasad, Vayali and socio-economic status of fisher communities were obtained through the Folklore Group questionnaire survey. Fisher folks (n=240 individuals) from five municipalities and Rivers has an important role in rural municipalities were surveyed. The maintaining the groundwater balance areas are reported to be in higher threat of its own catchment area. Mostly there of over-harvesting and destructive fishing is a give and take policy between the practices. river and the groundwater aquifers of

137 5. Water-Energy-Food Nexus Assessment and Governance

Fig 32: Socio-cultural and Ecological Dimensions of Water Resources Management session in progress.

i. Water quality as paper we have used salinization as an example to mark the synergies and an indicator to explore trade-offs between water quality and interlinkages between the related WEF resources. We show that WEF resources high salinity levels lead to a degradation Martina Floerke, Ruhr of water quality and thus impact food production, energy production, aquatic University Bochum ecosystems and sustainable industrial production. Thematic scope: Trade-off analyses around the water-energy-food nexus and implications for the environment ii. Hydrological impact With the help of the Water-Energy- pathways of drought- Food perspective not only water quality related electricity outages in problems can be understood, but more over water quality can be used as an Southern Africa indicator to explore the interlinkages Declan Conway, Grantham between the WEF resources. This is Research Institute, London addressed using two approaches: a School of Economics conceptual model approach and large- scale water quality modelling. In this In situ and remotely sensed time series 138 of precipitation, river flow and lake levels nexus - sustainable irrigation are complemented by interviews with key informants and a survey about awareness, in Africa? impacts, and response in businesses in Jamie Pittock, The Australian the capital city Lusaka. Results show that National University drought conditions prevailed in large parts of southern Africa, reducing runoff and Irrigation schemes are complex socio- contributing to unusually low lake levels economic systems at the nexus of food and in the Kariba reservoir that contributed water management. Instead of providing to unprecedented hydroelectric load food security, in much of Africa they are shedding across Zambia. This study failing. We intervened at six schemes in presents the hydrological response and Mozambique, Tanzania and Zimbabwe impact pathway of drought during the from 2013 with two farmer-led measures. 2015/2016 El Niño in the Zambezi basin Simple to use tools, the Chameleon and and its association with power outages in Full Stop, enabled farmers to measure Zambia. The hydrological impacts were and manage their own soil fertility and severe and complex, exacerbated by moisture. Our work reframes irrigation dry antecedent conditions, changes in schemes as complex socio-ecological exposure and management decisions. systems and posits that multiple, mutually Insights into hydrological responses reinforcing interventions are required if and the complexity of differing impact land, energy and water are to be used pathways can support design of more most productively to supply food. We adaptive management strategies. sought to change the incentives for farmers, businesses and governments to iii. The food and water make irrigation more sustainable.

6. Lake Quality Assessment and Case Studies i. Managing dissolved from constructed wetland and inflows from overland runoff and precipitation. oxygen levels in human Over the period the nutrients levels dominated ecosystems: a in the lake, particularly phosphorous, case study of Jakkur Lake, nitrate and ammonia have increased Bengaluru manifolds. In this work, we evaluated the current condition of Jakkur Lake and Priyanka Jamwal, Ashoka recommended the reductions in nutrient Trust for Research loadings required to maintain the in-lake in Ecology and the DO levels. Environment (ATREE) ii. Conserving lake Jakkur Lake is man-made lake located in Bengaluru through in the city of Bengaluru, India. The environmental placemaking: lake receives tertiary treated effluent

139 inclusive approaches in paper aims to model the flows of the lakes and their interdependence on each other urban ecology and to model the impacts on Jakkur and Amrita Sen, Azim Premji its downstream lakes due to diversions University to the power plant where they receive partial or no water from the STP. In this presentation, we argue how in an era of globalization, multiple forms of iv. Effect of lake individual experiences can be discursively integrated to create a shared sense of encroachment and depletion place-identity, to conserve the lakes in on urban floods in Bangalore the city of Bengaluru. To this end, we use Aisha Sharma, Indian the term ‘environmental placemaking’, to Institute of Science illustrate coproduction of interventions in attempts towards sustaining urban Urbanization in Bangalore has increased ecological commons like the lakes. It is faster than expected in recent decades. a qualitative study, conducted through Bangalore, once branded as “City of semi-structured and in-depth open- Lakes”, is now witnessing the drying of ended interviews conducted across the the water bodies due to a rapid increase three lakes in peri urban Bengaluru. in the urban areas and anthropogenic The rationale for selecting these lakes is contributions to the local environment. their concurrent associations with both The temporal analysis of water bodies traditional, livelihood and culture-based, indicates a sharp decline of 58% in and recent, recreation-focused patterns Greater Bangalore, accompanied by of usage. 466% increase in the built-up area from the year 1973 to 2007 (Ramachandra iii. Understanding the and Mujumdar, 2009). The objective of impact of mining on urban the study is to analyse changes in lake capacity and depletion and its effects on lakes flood inundation in the Bangalore city. Shashank Palur, Ashoka Trust for Research v. Tropical freshwater in Ecology and the lakes of Kerala State, India: Environment Hydrogeochemistry and Bengaluru’s lakes have seen a drinking water potential in new lease of life with multiple lakes Anthropocene perspectives undergoing rejuvenation efforts, primarily Aditya K, ESSO-NCESS by managing the raw sewage flowing into the lake. Although the general motive The present study has made an attempt is aesthetic, there have been social, to evaluate the various hydrogeochemical ecological and hydrological benefits from properties and determining drinking water these activities. Through these activities, potential of three prominent lake systems lakes have been somewhat restored, in Kerala viz. Vellayani, Sasthamkotta except in the terms of water quality. This and Pookot which are situated in three 140 geographically distinct locations and to wetland which is situated 10 km away suggest some management measures in from Puducherry. It not only recharges the Anthropocene perspectives. The present nearby aquifers, but it is also a home for study helps in assessing the water quality a large variety of flora and fauna. It hosts of these lakes which helps in benefiting about 20,000 migratory birds every year. the people who are directly or indirectly This study aims at analyzing the water using these lakes for their day to day quality of lake, understanding the threats needs. to the lake and suggesting remedial measures. Results obtained suggest that vi. Water quality status and Osudu Lake is moderately polluted and shows a trend of eutrophication in future. trends of the world’s largest Run-off carries wastes from different lakes sources and hence is a major concern. Laurence Carvalho, Centre The rainwater samples were taken, and for Ecology and Hydrology it was slightly acidic in nature. The value of turbidity in Lake Sample, sample of nearby bore-well and tap water clearly Lakes and reservoirs are critical water explains the presence of run-off in water. resources underpinning sustainable Since, lake has a fragile eco-system development. Data from Earth and cannot undergo self-purification, Observation are now available globally pollutants can get accumulated easily. to support monitoring SDG Indicator Hence, few efforts like diversion for 6.3.2 (good water quality). We use prevention of leaching of nutrients newly available EO data on chlorophyll from catchment area through nearby status of the world’s 1000 largest lakes, plantations would definitely yield healthy, combined with data on catchment land hygienic and sustainable environment. use, populations, weather and lake Barriers can also be provided around the characteristics, to understand the drivers lake such as slurry walls, cut-off walls, of water quality. The analysis indicates and geo-membrane walls for preventing that the sensitivity of the chlorophyll the contaminants from entering the water response varies significantly by lake body. Proper sanitation measures and type, especially in relation to latitude, environmental education to public are altitude and water depth, with shallower essential to keep the water bodies clean lakes being most sensitive. and safe. vii. Water quality of Oussudu lake in Puducherry - Influence of high turbid run- off Anjali Deshmukh, Pondicherry College of Engineering

Osudu Lake is a large and shallow

141 7. Geogenic Pollutants in Groundwater

i. Water resources and geogenic As and exceeds WHO guideline value. Groundwater flow is slow and social structure in Arsenic contributing for distribution pattern contaminated village in As. High As aquifer sediments are Patna district composed of grey silty sands, whereas Asrarul Jeelani, Centre low As aquifer sediments contain white /brown sand and are reducing in nature of Social Medicine and with more sediment–water interaction. Community Health, High Fe contents of the sediment are Jawaharlal Nehru University associated with high As in groundwater. Groundwater is predominantly reducing This study attempts to understand the conditions at near-neutral pH with high social and health implications of arsenic HCO3- along with redox sensitive species poisoning in a village of Patna district. The and low concentration of SO42-, NO3-, common manifestation of arsenicosis as DO. Another major challenge is As in food- skin lesions, skin pigmentation, keratosis chain. Bioaccumulation needs proper on palm and sole had been found however attention to regulate policy. Increased rare manifestations were also reported. risk of As contamination is a challenging As water resource utilization, the issue, risk has to be minimized. Aquifer villagers are using hand pump, dug well mapping is necessary to delineate and bottled water supplied by a private safe aquifer for drinking water supply, vendor. The caste variable had also which will comply with the health-based been found. The common manifestation guidelines for a long-term basis. of arsenicosis has increased by 1.3% within six years of span in the village. The iii. Uranium rich physical manifestation on skin has been groundwater in some parts found in children as well. This raised the need for setting up a proper surveillance of India: Geological context system in the village. To minimize the Deepak Salim, Divecha ramifications, dug the community has Centre for Climate Change, suggested well utilization. IISc

ii. Arsenic in shallow Drinking of Uranium rich groundwater Bengal aquifer: Large scale (water having Uranium more than 60ppb) human-water interaction and and its extensive use in agriculture over long duration is considered health hazard. suffering Many districts of Punjab, Haryana, Debashis Chatterjee, Rajasthan, Gujarat, Andhra, Telangana University of Kalyani and Karnataka and Tamil Nadu are reported to have high Uranium content Groundwater is contaminated with going up to 350ppb. In the absence 142 of anthropogenic causes, geological Transplant Unit, Teaching environment assumes importance for such high abundance of Uranium in Hospital, Kandy groundwater. It could be due to high CKDu has become a severe health Uranium content in Siwalik sediments in issue in Sri Lanka. Although the exact Punjab, Rajasthan and Gujarat; alkaline causative factors are unknown, drinking igneous rocks in Rajasthan; widespread Water is considered as one of the uranium mineralization at shallow factors that contributes to CKDu. The depths in Proterozoic sedimentary cover main objective of this study was to and basement granites in Andhra and systematically investigate the quality of Telangana; radioelement enriched K-rich the water consumed by CKDu patients late Archaean and Proterozoic granitoids in Wilgamuwa. The main objective of this in Karnataka and Tamil Nadu. study was to systematically investigate the quality of the water consumed iv. Fluoride rich by CKDu patients in Wilgamuwa, a groundwater zones of recently identified CKDu hotspot in Uva Karnataka, India Province. Information related to drinking water sources was collected through an Kavitha Devi Ramkumar, interviewer administered questionnaire. Divecha Centre for Climate Water samples were analysed according Change, IISc to standards methods. Majority of CKDu patients (84%) consumed moderate Parts of 20 districts among the 30 to hard water and the hardness values districts of Karnataka in southern India were above the threshold levels for are at risk of being exposed to dental human consumption according to WHO and/ or fluorosis because of high fluoride guidelines. content in ground water. A holistic approach consisting of delineation of high fluoride ground water areas, their geological setting, petro-mineragraphic study of the aquifer rocks, geochemistry of the aquifers, water-rock interaction modelling, development of sustainable technologies, medical and nutritional intervention for reversing fluorosis, is required for solving the problem of fluorosis. v. Drinking water quality and the CKDu occurrence in Wilgamuwa, Sri Lanka Pasan Hewavitharana, Nephrology and Kidney

143 8. Groundwater Quality and Assessment I

Fig 33: Groundwater Quality and Assessment I session in progress.

i. Groundwater resources groundwater situation, which is highly relevant for decision makers in the water assessment in Jordan sector. They provide a sound scientific Mohammad Alhyari, Ministry base on which the political discussion of Water and Irrigation on water reallocation or the exploitation of alternative, more expensive water A nation-wide survey was carried out to sources can be build up. assess the current groundwater situation and to evaluate the changes that have ii. Fractal analysis of occurred since the last groundwater assessment from 1995. Groundwater water quality time series level contour maps and thematic maps data by Hurst Exponent and were produced for the different aquifers confirmation of its instability at a national scale. The long-term by estimating Largest groundwater monitoring data shows a continuous groundwater level decline Lyapunov Exponent in most of the aquifers by up to several Sangeeta Mishra, Thakur meters a year in some areas. The present College of Engineering and study covers the main aquifers and carries out a trend analysis over the last Technology, Mumbai twenty years. The results show a dramatic Fractal dimension, D of WQD is 144 computed by Hurst exponent (H). flow model of a multi-layered aquifer Rescaled range analysis has been carried system from a part of middle Ganga out to estimate the value of H and D. The River Basin, Patna, Bihar, simulated Hurst exponent can classify a given time for understanding the hydrodynamics series in terms of whether it is a random, a under steady and transient conditions for persistent (long term memory) or an anti- assessment of groundwater leakages by persistent process (short term memory). assigning input and output stresses now Further, the presence of chaos in WQD and on the projected ones. Model utilizes (a dynamical system) is detected by 3D aquifer geometries from geophysical evaluating LLEs. Concentrations of water observations and aquifer properties (Bore well samples) quality indicators of from in-situ measurements. The results various districts for Karnataka has been revealed that the groundwater dynamics collected for the study. Concentrations between two aquifers with increasing of the indicators such as fluoride, nitrate, pumping from AQ-II is leading to rapid manganese, sulphate, total hardness, depletion of piezometric head and total dissolved solids, iron and pH are possible mixing of arsenic contaminated measured in the samples of water water to the deeper aquifer from the collected for a period ranging from 2010- shallow aquifer. This reversal in the inter- 2018. Bagalkot district of Karnataka aquifer leakage has been simulated in state is selected as our domain of study. both regional and microscales, and the The Hurst exponent (H) of the mean areas vulnerable to the leakage reversal concentration of all these water quality have been indicated. The results provide indicators during the period mentioned safe pumping rates at a micro-scale for estimated as more than 0.5 but less than the farmers and sites for the decision- 1, which indicates that water samples makers to provide alternate supply of of Bagalkot are of persistent in nature water. (long memory effects) and the trend at a particular point in time affects the iv. Assessment of water remainder of the water quality time series. The estimated value of LLEs of quality at fluoride affected the same data shows that there exists a village Dikharomukh of Hojai chaos (instable) in the data. District of Assam Dharani Saikia, INREM iii. A multi-layered aquifers Foundation groundwater model for leakage assessment of Dikharomukh village, an identified arsenic contamination threat fluoride endemic area is located at Hojai district of middle Assam. Government in a part of Ganga basin of Assam has taken an initiative of Virendra Tiwari, CSIR fluoride free Pipe Water Supply Scheme - National Geophysical (PWSS) in the year of 2013 to mitigate the problem, but still cases of fluorosis Research Institute occurred frequently. There are three types of drinking water sources like ring The study presents groundwater well, hand tube well and a PWSS. The 145 main objectives of the study were to vi. Machine learning identify the existing gaps of present water sources and to find out an easy, low cost, approach to compute acceptable and sustainable solution. water quality index with Through PRA methodology and various uncertainty tests conducted it may be concluded that Debabrata Datta, Bhabha ring well is the best source of water for domestic uses. Atomic Research Centre Decision maker’s usual objective is v. A covalently integrated to reduce to zero the gap between the electro-adsorbent ion simulated and the observed system exchange resin for efficient behaviour, but this goal is generally impossible owing to the unavoidable capacitive deionization (CDI) uncertainties inherent in any modelling Md Islam, Indian Institute of procedure. Uncertainty analysis in water Technology, Madras quality (WQ) modelling can provide information on the goodness of WQ status The present invention describes the and enables to pin down the hotspots. preparation of an efficient electrode The paper presents the Bayesian earning for CDI via in-situ polymerization with scheme for computing water quality index styrene monomer onto rGO to create a by fixing the appropriate prior probability single molecular construct for electro- distribution of measured concentration adsorption and selective ion permeation. data of water quality indicators. Water This electrode was used in desalination quality data by this method can be process for the removal of different ions converted into a structure data which can (viz. cations of different charge including be used to draw the decision trees so Fe3+, Mg2+and Na+ and anions of that multilevel decisions can be taken to different charge including Cl-,NO3-, F-, develop further an epidemiological model. SO42- In this work, an integrated electro Health risk assessment is recommended adsorbent-ion exchange resin using via an epidemiological model provided graphemic materials is synthesized. The the given data represents the drinking material was hiving high surface area, pathway of exposure. electrical conductivity, porosity and high specific capacitance and was found to be a perfect candidate for CDI electrodes. The material was used as an active CDI electrodes and experiments were performed for removal of different ions (having different charge and valency) from water. It was observed that the adsorption capacity of the composite are 3-4 times higher than normal graphemic materials/other carbon materials and have excellent cyclic capability.

146 9. Leaving No One Behind: Digital Water, Big Data, Technology and Water Security i. Smart water solutions: A part of Karnataka and northern part of Tamil Nadu states in India. This study risk communication tool for accounts for the change in major land sustainable water future in use classes along Cauvery basin for the West Bengal, India year 1991, 2001, 2011 and 2016. The Bhaswati Ray, Sivanath Landsat imagery dataset from USGS has been classified using Google Earth Sastri College, University of Engine. The major focus of study is on Calcutta agricultural classes, which were derived seasonally. This study was conducted The world is facing global water crisis to analyse decadal change in Cauvery with the capacity of the hydrological river basin. Use of seasonal variation of cycle outstripped by increased demand, satellite imagery composites helped in pollution of water resources and detecting agriculture land use with more poor water management. The United accuracy. Nations World Water Development Report 2017 warns that, by 2030, only 60 iii. Developing regional percent of the world’s water demand will be met by existing water resources. Water water security indicators to scarcity is likely to be severed by climatic support sustainable water stress, rising demand and pollution. futures The rural population in West Bengal, India are affected by diminishing water Sophie Sheriff, University of reserves and exposure to contaminants Dundee like arsenic, salinity and fluoride in the groundwater system with severe health Across river basins, patterns of water impacts. A web-based interface would availability may vary considerably. help in information sharing amongst all However, achieving water security stakeholders and co-designing smart must consider many other aspects water solutions. including water access, local- and basin-scale management, quality and the extent and magnitude of water- ii. Understanding decadal related hazards. Prioritising areas to LULC patterns in Cauvery target basin management strategies river basin using Google also requires an appropriate evidence- Earth Engine base, which requires understanding and representation of the variability of water Ganesh, ATREE, Bangalore security over space. The aim of this study was to develop a regional water-security Landuse/landcover change is a major assessment methodology. Aligned to issue faced in peninsular India which the abovementioned challenges, the includes Cauvery river basin in southern 147 objectives were to, i) consider multiple southern coast of India. The Aquaculture water use sectors and, ii) integrate production is traditional in nature and additional water security measures with dependency on natural resources are water availability, iii) support uptake of very high. The Hazards such as mortality, results for decision-makers. diseases and retarded growth posed by water quality changes could lead to iv. Linkages in water quality economic risk for aquaculture farmers. The analysis shows with water quality variation and hazards among changes there is variation in hazards, artisanal aquaculture along however, resource management the Indian coast practices of the community could manage Rosewine Roy, Presidency the hazards through various collective action measures. University

The paper focuses on interlinkages between water quality variation - Hazards- Economic Risk in aquaculture along with

Fig 34: Leaving No One Behind: Digital Water, Big Data, Technology and Water Security session in progress.

148 10. Water Assessment in River Basins: Perspectives i. Assessing hydrological inconsistency or missing values can give misleading results. Imputation of missing scenarios through basin values in observed data is essential futures requirement for researchers before they Kangkanika Neog, Council move on to compare it with downscaled on Energy, Environment and values of climatic models where ANN can be used effectively. Inconsistency or Water, New Delhi missing rainfall data can give misleading results. This research focuses on Water Resource Planning and imputation of missing daily rainfall data by Management encompasses activities like following climate pattern using observed planning, developing, and managing the data of stations before and after missing quantity and quality of water resources data period along with use of observed among all water users. However, with the data of nearest rain gauges stations. increasing understanding of limitations The concept is applied for rainfall data on water supply and growing demand, for three stations of Dabhoi taluka of several reformulation of water resource Vadodara district of Gujarat. planning methods globally. Our research takes a step-back from the traditional method of water resources planning and iii. Dam break modeling delves into these new paradigms. The using HEC-GeoRAS and study recommends inclusion of water HEC- RAS : A case study on conflict vulnerability assessment and stakeholder engagement over and above Aji-1 Dam, Gujarat the traditional linear water resource Apurba Nath, NIT Silchar planning as it exists now. Flood forecasting is a process where we can estimate and predict the magnitude ii. Imputation of missing and timing of flood by using earlier flood rainfall data by artificial records of that zone. India has witness neural network with different of some of most dangerous catastrophic activation functions for flood due to several reasons such as structural failure, maintenance error, Dabhoi earthquake failure etc. Dam break failure Sanskriti Mujumdar, is one of the key factors of flash flood. The Maharaja Sayajirao It is essential to make an Emergency Action Plan (EPA) in advance to take University of Baroda some preventive measure before dam failure. The primary purpose of the Climate change studies involve long study is to determine the risk zone as term analysis of precipitation data, well as inundation depth and inundation comparison of observed data to that extent, if dam break occur considering available using GCMs / RCMs where various scenarios. The model also gives 149 information about magnitude and time of of water resources. We develop a socio- flood related knowledge. hydrological model for an IBWT scheme in southern India named Inchampalli- iv. Effect of community buy- Nagarjuna Sagar link for transferring water from Godavari river basin to Krishna in and availability of funds river basin. A socio-hydrological model on the long-term legacy of that accounts for bi-directional feedbacks sanitation projects and improves predictability is developed M. Nazli Koseoglu, The for interbasin water transfer system. The model shows the importance of feedback James Hutton Institute between the donor and recipient basins for water transfers. Over recent decades significant amounts of resource and effort has been directed to WASH projects to address the challenges vi. Insights from studying of insufficient safe water supplies and patterns of co-evolution poor sanitation. However, despite these of agriculture-water at benevolent investments, when planned watershed scale in Cauvery without the inclusion of socioeconomic factors, sanitation infrastructure gradually Basin become dysfunctional, either abandoned Neha Khandekar, ATREE, or used for purposes different from the Bangalore initial objective of sanitation. Life cycle costing (LCC) methodology enables a rapidly evolving economy an estimation of the scale of the full with several sectors heavily relying on economic burden of maintaining and water for day to day operations, with operating the sanitation infrastructure rising demands from various sectors and on communities. This study addresses stakeholders including the environment. the major gap in LLC applications to To apportion water fairly and sustainably sanitation projects by analysing different within river basins, a reasonable scenarios of community buy-in and estimate of water availability is sought. funding availability. Water availability projections in a typical hydrology model are carried out over a v. Socio-hydrology model period of time using hydro-meteorological of inter-basin water transfers input parameters and refining the model for given context. Within the growing with stakeholder elicitation uncertainties globally and human–water Sai Veena Sunkara, Indian systems become highly inter- connected, Institute of Technology, this study takes a step forward in the need Bombay to extend the science of socio-hydrology to develop understanding of evolutionary patterns within a basin complicated with Inter-Basin Water Transfers (IBWTs) are inter-connected human-water system as a common approach for managing water Cauvery; to be able to form humans as scarcity that seeks to take advantage of endogenous part of the modelled system the regional differences in the variability for studying it in its entirety. 150 11. Water and Climate Change Assessment I

Fig 35: Water and Climate Change Assessment I session in progress. i. Hydrological controls cycles are the dominant controls of methane emissions in two very different of methane emissions in aquatic systems. These cycles being contrasting inland water inescapable, we suggest that careful bodies water quality management is essential Carole Helfter, Centre for to minimise the future aquatic in a changing climate. Ecology and Hydrology

We studied methane emissions from ii. Probabilistic assessment two contrasting inland water bodies of agricultural economic (River Thames, London, UK and impacts of regulatory Okavango Delta, Botswana) using eddy covariance and flux footprint analysis. drought management Continuous, spatially integrated Ian Holman, Cranfield monitoring at fine temporal timescale University is inherent to this technique and this allowed for the investigation of diurnal and Drought frequency and intensity are seasonal flux dynamics. We established expected to increase in many regions unequivocal correlations between the and water shortages could become natural hydrological cycles and methane more extreme, even in humid temperate emission patterns at the two sites. climates. This presentation describes Using state-of-the-art methodology, we a novel approach for the probabilistic demonstrate that natural hydrological risk assessment of current and potential 151 future economic losses in irrigated flooding and urban drainage problems agriculture arising from the interaction had affected several major cities of India of climate change and regulatory and other countries resulting in loss of life drought management restrictions, with and economic damage. Several of these an application to England and Wales. events were attributed to changing climate The study suggests that collaborative patterns and rainfall characteristics approaches between environmental under urbanization and potential climate regulators, agriculture and other water change. The present study investigates users is needed to balance the multiple the changing characteristics of IDF competing demands for water (including curves of urban Bhubaneswar due to the environment) within a changing potential climate change. climate, whilst supporting food security, resilience and rural livelihoods. v. Adaptive EEMD-ANN hybrid model for forecasting iii. Impact of climate south west monsoon of change on water resources Kerala of the Rushikulya basin Kavya Johny, Amrita School Damodar Panda, Utkal of Arts and Sciences, Kochi University Forecasting Summer Monsoon Rainfall The main aspect of the paper is the rainfall of India is a complex problem for the and runoff are closely associated. The hydrologists and meteorologists. The evapotranspiration and the temperature use of hybrid decomposition-data driven trends are showing declining trend. The models are the recent improvements, ground water potential is very high due but these approaches differ significantly to the porosity of the basin. The need of in the framework adopted. This study the hour is the storage of more rainwater presents an adaptive hybrid modelling during surplus time. The basin trend is framework so called Adaptive Ensemble opposite to the trend prevailing in the Empirical Mode Decomposition-Artificial globe. Neural Network (AEEMD-ANN) model for forecasting South West Monsoon Rainfall iv. Climate change impact of Kerala. The diverse statistical measures and uncertainty analysis show the improved performance of AEEMD-ANN over EEMD-ANN hindcast of IDF curves in the and forecast strategies. Along with Bhubaneswar city, Odisha the mean predictions, the model could Meenu Ramadas, Indian capture the critical dry and wet year Institute of Technology, rainfalls of the State reasonably well. Bhubaneshwar vi. Investigation of extreme Rainfall intensity-duration-frequency precipitation event over (IDF) analysis is an important concept in Kerala from the perspective hydrologic design. In recent times, urban of climate change and 152 cloud microphysics The initial results are reflecting that the microphysics scheme has a great parameterization impact on forecast skill. Also, model Leena Khadke, Indian under-estimated the precipitation over Institute of Technology, the ocean and overestimated over land Bhubaneswar possibly due to orographic convection. This study not only aims to identify the The research effort is trying to highlight role of climate change through long term the contribution of climate change for past data analysis but also efforts are the occurrence of extreme events and made to understand the performance of to quantify the high-resolution numerical the high-resolution model in replicating model’s ability to accurately predict these events. these events with adequate lead time.

12. Water and Climate Change Assessment II i. The impact of observed temperature and precipitation changes and their correspondence to climate change and the large-scale circulations and climate climate variability on the change impacts could have important hydroclimatology of a major implications for water resources river basin of India before management. This mapping will be useful for the policy makers in developing and after 1980 appropriate management strategies. Sonali Pattanayak, Divecha Centre for Climate Change, ii. Increasing drought IISc severities due to changing cropping patterns in The most striking feature of this study is the shifting of observed signals before Marathwada and after 1980 over Mahanadi river basin. Sneha Kulkarni, Indian This analysis has provided convincing Institute of Technology, evidence that one of the India’s major river basins Mahanadi has experienced Bombay an altered hydroclimatic condition after This study deals with the drought 1980. It can be concluded that Mahanadi severities with respect to the trends in river basin is sensitive to both climate summer monsoon rainfall, groundwater change and variability and it has altered fluctuations, soil moisture variability and with respect to considered time periods changing crop types over the Marathwada and seasons. The study suggests that both region, Maharashtra, India. This analysis climate change and variability are likely has been carried out for the period 1996 to impact the overall hydroclimatological to 2016. Over this region increasing water changes in future. The mapping of the 153 scarcity and depleting groundwater level model predict FDCs in data- have accentuated the agrarian crisis and farmers distress from the last few scarce situations decades. The present study is based on Basudev Biswal, Department both the climatic and anthropogenic roots of Civil Engineering, IIT of enhancing the drought severities. This Bombay study tries to investigate the interlinked relationship between rainfall vagaries, Regionalization methods are commonly soil moisture fluctuations, changing followed to solve the problem of cropping patterns and droughts. discharge data scarcity by transforming hydrological information from gauged iii. Detection of acceleration basins to ungauged basins. As a in hydrological cycle: consequence, regionalization based FDC predictions are not very reliable where evidences from the river discharge data are scarce quantitatively basins draining Southern and/or qualitatively. In such a scenario, Western Ghats, India it is perhaps more meaningful to use a Merin Mathew, National calibration-free rainfall runoff model that can exploit easily available meteorological Centre for Earth Science information to predict FDCs. The objective Studies of this study is to test the hypothesis that a calibration-free dynamic rainfall runoff The acceleration of global hydrological model can be used to predict FDCs in cycle is likely to be due to climate change data-scarce regions. leading to increase in number of extreme rainfall events and increased rate of v. Copula-based bias evaporation. Potential consequences of anthropogenic climate change in water correction scheme for zero- resources have been widely investigated inflated RCM precipitation and numerous studies suggest that climate fields warming is likely leading to alteration and intensification of hydrologic cycle. The Rajib Maity, Indian Institute Trends in hydro-meteorological variables of Technology, Kharagpur has been examined using Mann-Kendall, Sen’s Slope Estimator and sequential Bias correction of RCM output is Mann-Kendall tests to determine the required before being used in hydrological change point in hydrological regime. A modelling. The propose methodology aims decreasing trend in rainfall and streamflow to overcome either of two shortcomings was observed during the months of June of the existing methodologies: i) focus and July; and a comparatively increasing on the bias in either mean or extreme trend in the months of August and not all the quantile, and ii) exclude zero September. values from the analysis. A mixed joint distribution between observed and RCM precipitation is formulated using copula iv. Can a calibration-free with proper consideration to zero values. dynamic rainfall? Runoff 154 13. Data Issues and Needs Related to Monitoring Sustainability in Water Space i. Improving the spatio- modelling and water budgeting. Further accurate, high spatial resolution are temporal representation of crucial to improve the understanding of precipitation in data-scarce temporal and spatial variations. In this regions study, we presented a simple regression Oscar Baez Villanueva, TH model and compared with random forest- based approach for spatial downscaling Köln annual TRMM 3B43 rainfall from spatial resolution of 25 km to 1 km for Karnataka. An accurate representation of The following objectives are laid in the the spatio-temporal variability of present study. To downscale the soil precipitation is crucial for a wide range moisture and rainfall from coarse to fine of hydrological applications. In many scale. To assess the optimum scale of developing countries, the network of rain the downscaling for each variable. gauge stations is sparsely distributed, therefore the use of only ground- based measurements to represent iii. Calculating satellite the spatial variability of precipitation is derived bathymetry (SDB) of subject to large uncertainties. There Mettur reservoir over time are several reanalysis- and satellite- based precipitation products, however, to show the decrease in the studies have shown that they still present capacity of the river due to multiple sources of errors. Therefore, accumulated sediments this study presents a novel methodology Choppakatla Lakshmi capable to improve the spatio-temporal representation of precipitation by Pranuti, ATREE, Bangalore merging different precipitation products and ground-based measurements. Estimating the storage capacity of reservoirs is a major problem in India especially when there is continuous ii. Spatial downscaling of sediment deposition. Field-based satellite remotely sensed soil techniques using DGPS and echo sounder moisture and rainfall over are the most widely used for volume estimation but are expensive. Given the Karnataka time and the number of reservoirs it is Subash Yeggina, Indian difficult to carry out these estimations Institute of Science using the field-based techniques at regular intervals. Satellite derived Accurate precipitation and soil moisture bathymetry is a better option. The study data with high spatial resolution are used the Stumpf model. The study utilizes crucial for many applications such as Blue and Green Bands in Google Earth irrigation management, groundwater Engine to calculate the Satellite-Derived

155 Fig 36: Data Issues and Needs Related to Monitoring Sustainability in Water Space I session in progress.

Bathymetry. The model uses difference management of these resources is required in absorption of each band and the ratio for sustainable development. Watershed of these to know the corresponding prioritization based on morphometric water depth. The objective is to provide analysis has gained importance in soil and evidence of siltation and calculate volume water conservation and management. estimation of the reservoir using satellite Remote sensing and GIS techniques for derived bathymetry at regular intervals drainage analysis are very valuable and for particular tunable constants. time saving. The morphometric analysis of a watershed provides information iv. Morphometric analysis regarding the watershed characteristics, drainage pattern, basin geometry, of river Sabarmati basin, regional topography, nature of bedrock Udaipur, Rajasthan India, and groundwater potential zones etc. It using remote sensing and is also found to be of immense utility in GIS techniques watershed prioritization and conservation of natural resources at watershed Pooja Kumari, Central level. These results may be used in University of Gujarat basin management development and hydrological studies. This would enable In developing countries like India, water to be made available in nearby natural resources like land, water and water scarce area as well as to increase soil are normally depleting day by possibilities of efficient utilization. This day, due to their wide utilization with would also help to prevent soil erosion increasing urbanization, industrialization and to mitigate the hazards by improving and population. Therefore, planning and soil conservation. 156 14. Freshwater Conservation and Development Planning: Novel Integrative Approaches and Big Data i. Global Dam Watch: conservation management of inland waters into their decision-making. Policy curated global dam data for makers need clearly defined targets and all practical indicators for assessing progress Penny Beames, McGill towards the conservation and sustainable University management of inland waters and their species. The conservation community Global Dam Watch is an initiative by has an essential job to play in providing leading academic institutions and NGOs the necessary guidance to land and water to curate and share high quality, freely managers and policymakers on how to available global dam data. This effort integrate conservation management of builds on work done by the Global Water inland waters into landscape decision- System Project to create the Global making. Reservoir and Dam Database, which was published in 2011. GRanD was iii. Conservation planning developed by more than 15 researchers in human dominated and institutions (Lehner et al. 2011). The initiative aims to maintain the world’s riverscapes: case study of most comprehensive, freely available Ganga global dam data by curating information Michelle Irengbam, Wildlife on the location and characteristics of Institute of India dam, reservoir, and river barrier datasets at global and regional scales. Wetlands of the Indo-Gangetic plains support major human settlements but are ii. Freshwater biodiversity undergoing severe declines. The study research from local to global aimed to assess drivers of degradation of two seasonally flooded wetlands in Bihar scales and propose sustainable management Sonja Jähnig, Conservation options. Major drivers included International overexploitation, pollution, encroachment and conflicting management regimes. Over a decade ago it was stated that The local communities persisted on the protection of freshwater biodiversity is a water economy, while the rest of “the ultimate conservation challenge” and the local economy was supported by “immediate action is needed.” However, agriculture. The study assessed drivers conservation is still failing freshwater of wetland loss and proposed sustainable biodiversity. The 2018 Living Planet management solutions for these wetlands Report shows an 83% decline in monitored with management implications for other species in freshwaters. Solutions urgently wetlands in the region. need to be found. Landscape managers need better guidance on how to integrate 157 15. Groundwater and Climate Change Adaptation

i. Holistic groundwater supplemented by farm ponds, but the low relief means that reservoirs can’t be and surface water constructed without excessive sacrifice management for sustaining of productive agricultural land. The study water resources in rapidly explores the feasibility of using relatively urbanizing cities: A case small-scale ASR systems on deltaic islands to provide resilience against study in Madurai, India drought and the periodic loss of surface Aman Srivastava, Indian water storage from cyclone driven Institute of Technology, flooding through aquifer characterization Bombay and simulation.

Historically, the Vandiyur Tank iii. Groundwater Cascade Systems (VTCS) have been sustainability in the face of a primary water source for the people climate change in India of Madurai, a South Indian district in Tamil Nadu. In recent years, the VTCS Ratan Jain, Central Ground water levels and groundwater levels in Water Board the region have sharply declined due to unsustainable groundwater extraction Adaptation strategies proposed for rates. Due to limited holistic hydrological mitigating the increasing stress on understanding of the region, groundwater ground water resources due to climate is still depleted, while conservation efforts change for enhancing recharge of at VTCS have limited efficiency. The groundwater aquifers, mandating water current study showcases the importance harvesting and artificial recharge in of holistically managing groundwater urban areas, ground water governance, and surface water resources for the incentivising to promote recharging of betterment of the society. ground water, intelligent power rationing for irrigation ,optimizing water use ii. Feasibility of water efficiency, conjunctive management etc. have been examined at great length in storage in saline aquifers for terms of the technical feasibility as well drought resilience as social relevance of implementation in Andrew McKenzie, British the light of extensive experience gained Geological Survey in the country.

The area of West Bengal iv. Bhadar catchment: is an example of a deltaic system with response of groundwater islands where the population rely on storage and river flow to groundwater for public supply and irrigation. Groundwater resources are anthropogenic and climate 158 drivers reversal from earlier declining trends. However, the verdict on primary cause Mohammad Faiz, for the change remains divided between International Water anthropogenic and climatic factors. More Management Institute (IWMI), than 50,000 decentralized RWH structure India built has received fair of attention and is stated to be the primary reason Saurashtra region in state of Gujarat, behind the improvement, however a located in western-most part relying closer inspection reveals that evidence heavily on groundwater for irrigation supporting is either local, or anecdotal has witnessed widespread groundwater lacking scientific rigor. Here, we fill this depletion. However, in recent years, gap by looking at relative contribution of there has been signs of improvement anthropogenic and climatic drivers in the with number of the studies corroborating observed improvement in groundwater the increase in groundwater storage or storage.

16. Resilience in Urban Water Systems: Methods i. Understanding the effect water scarcity in Coimbatore of urbanization on water using continuous sensor resources in Cauvery basin data Rashmi Kulranjan, ATREE, Apoorva R, ATREE, Bangalore Bangalore

As urbanisation continues to grow In India and similar countries with rapidly the consumption of resources intermittent public water supply and gets higher. Resources being scarce, multiple source dependence, this there is a need to account for the demand study aims to understand the nature for water from cities. In this study, of constraints faced by households abstracted water quantity and population in accessing adequate water. When density in towns were assessed through constrained by inadequate water supply the analysis of time series dataset (1991- or storage capacity, public water supply 2011). An attempt has been made to systems need to be adapted to address find a relationship between the extent them. In contexts where water pricing is of urban area as detected from remote often considered as an important lever sensing data, population distribution for controlling urban water demand, this and the level of abstraction of water. A study helps unpack the nature of urban river basin approach is chosen as all water scarcity. hydrological process within the basin are interconnected and interdependent. iii. Applied mineralogy for sustainable water future ii. Demystifying household Gopalakrishna Parthasarthy, 159 National Institute of to SDG6. It includes a quantitative analysis of the water available across Advanced Studies all stages of the value chain through developing volumetric flow diagrams and In this talk the importance of applied a framework for evaluating each city’s mineralogy in water treatment studies are water network through four lenses of discussed, with significant interdisciplinary sustainability. approach. Applied Mineral Chemistry, a growing transdisciplinary research field that, encompasses such diverse v. Feasibility study of a disciplines as the prospection, extraction new approach in modeling and refinery of ores, the manufacturing of municipal residential water materials, and the impact of minerals on the environment and on human health. consumption estimation In this paper the following aspects are using climate variables discussed: (i) mineral chemistry of Surendra J, Atria IT, high pressure clay minerals and their application in salinity-related problems, Bengaluru (2) Mineral Chemistry of trioctahedral A major concern for several researchers phyllosilicates and their application in experienced in any estimation technique environmental chromium related water is the lack of quality and quantity problems and (3) Role of hydrous of the data. The effect of combined sulphates in arsenic related water and individual parameter analysis for science, with a focus on sustainable modeling water consumption has not development. been studied so far in a comprehensive manner. Proper methodology to improve iv. Understanding water the accuracy of the fuzzy technique, flows : Bhubaneshwar and when the data are nonlinear and non- Dehradun stationary is very few. So, there is a wide scope to improve the accuracy of the Aishwarya Varadharajan, fuzzy technique. Development of Fuzzy- Medha, Development wavelet hybrid models for various input Alternatives scenarios based on climatic variables. Performance Evaluation of developed Raw water, potable water and hybrid model with other model like wastewater in urban environments are ANFIS and selection of best model. In often viewed in isolation rather than in this research work, Discrete Wavelet coherence in Indian cities. To enable transform is coupled with fuzzy logic a systemic understanding of the entire method to improve the accuracy of the value chain of water across a city, a estimation. The proposed study involves study has been carried out in four Indian the development of Wavelet-Fuzzy cities, assessed to be among the most technique for modeling the urban water vulnerable. The paper describes the consumption estimation. urban water system of 4 Indian cities by assessing vulnerability, sustainability performance and the findings in relation 160 17. Urban Flood Risk and Adaptation

Fig 37: Urban Flood Risk and Adaptation session in progress. i. Flood risk awareness Claris Thomas, Indian and communication Institute of Science Hrushikesh Sandhe, Walter P Urban flooding is the major problem Moore faced by most of the cities in India due to inadequate capacity and encroachment The objective of the presentation is to of drains and water bodies, poor share basic data needs for urban flood maintenance of storm water drains, risk awareness and communicating with improper planning, and climate change. stakeholders. The flood and floodplain The drainage system in Bengaluru is basic information should be shared and currently insufficient to cope with the educated with local community. This increased volume of water generated from information can be shared using an high-intensity rainfall and as a result, the internet-based interface. This will help runoff inundates the urban settlements reduce damages and loss of life during in low lying areas and submerges the severe events. roads. So, the study aims at assessing the effect of model structure uncertainty ii. Assessing the effect of on the simulation of urban floods and model structure uncertainty also to identify the sensitive flood prone on the simulation of urban over the study area. floods 161 iii. Legislative framework collection ponds traditionally called Kere and integrating water conservation and for urban flooding and water development plan with its system of Raja conservation for Bangalore Kaluve and Kere into the city development Reshmi Manikoth Kollarath, plan. BMS College of Architecture iv. Design of road crossing Cities globally have been facing for prevention of floods problems related to water management leading to water shortage during the Gowri Shankar, Department dry periods and cases of urban flooding of Chemical Engineering, during rainy seasons. This is true in the Ramaiah Institute of case of many Indian cities and especially Technology, Bangalore in the Bengaluru Metropolitan region. This uncontrolled growth has led to the This paper presents an approach to encroachment of natural catchment estimate reliability of a SWD network areas and increased the impervious (system) in fuzzy framework. The areas in the city. This paper explores approach includes: (i) estimation of the conservation of excess water during reliability of conduits in SWD network the monsoon season which causes in fuzzy framework, (ii) construction of urban flooding for reuse during periods a reliability block diagram (RBD) for the of scarcity. The objectives of the study network, and (iii) use of the RBD and include identification of areas in the conduit reliability estimates to compute Bangalore Metropolitan Area which are reliability of SWD network using Fuzzy prone to urban flooding, redeveloping Monte Carlo simulation-based procedure. the drainage pattern for more efficient disposal of excess storm water into

18. Water and Climate Change Assessment: Himalayas

i. Hydro-meteorological catchment in Uttarakhand State of India. Rainfall and streamflow data time series drought and wet patterns were used to analyse meteorological and under changing climate in hydrological drought and wet patterns Uttarakhand hills using Standardized Precipitation Index Anil Kumar, G.B. Pant (SPI) and Standardized Discharge Index (SDI) at multiple time scales of 1-, 3-, University of Agriculture & 6-, 9-, 12- and 24-months. The primary Technology objective of this study is to assess the hydro-meteorological drought and wet This study was conducted to assess conditions at two stations, Naula and meteorological and hydrological drought Kedar, located in the upper Ramganga and wet patterns at two stations, Naula River catchment in Uttarakhand, India. and Kedar, located in the Ramganga River

162 ii. Variability in snow cover Seasonal snowpack exerts a key role in many hydrological and ecological area (SCA) in relation with processes over the world. Thus, it is meteorological parameters of mandatory to obtain reliable multiyear Dokriani Glacier catchment, snowpack data for several scientific Central Himalaya and operational applications. At most of the mountainous regions of the world Jairam Yadav, Kurukshetra observational data of snowpack does University not exist, or the series are too sparse, small or incomplete. New high-resolution Snow cover plays an important role snowpack dataset for Lebanon was in mountain hydrology, availability of developed. We have used the state-of- water in the river system and avalanche the-art reanalysis, mesoscale models, events. Our effort to integrate remote gap filling remote sensing algorithms and sensing (Landsat 5 TM, 8 OLI and data assimilation routines to generate Sentinel MSI) with meteorological the snow series. The current approach data set (Temperature, RH and solar investigates the possibilities of developing radiation) were pointed out interesting high resolution snow datasets over results. Obtained isotherms (~ 0, 1, and regions with no observational data with 2°C) were analyzed by an extrapolation relatively low computational expenses. method using near-surface temperature lapse rate (NSTLR). The present study iv. Community-based aims to: (1) evaluate spatio-temporal variability of snow cover; (2) assess fluorosis mitigation in Dhar possible relationship between snow cover district, Madhya Pradesh extent and meteorological attributes; (3) Debashish Sen, Peoples reconstruct snow cover extent using concept of isotherms. This study is more Science Institute significant for demonstrating the future Fluorosis is a disease caused by high scenarios of glacier recession. concentration of fluoride in drinking water drawn from the ground through sources iii. Estimation of recent like handpumps and tube wells. It results snow series over Mount in physical deformities which affects Lebanon from gap filled socio-economic conditions of the people. The case study presented here is of Dhar MODIS snow cover products district in Madhya Pradesh where this assimilated in an ensemble crippling disease is affecting vulnerable of dynamically downscaled population groups and children. The major cause is dependence of people ERA5 reanalyses on groundwater which has high fluoride Esteban Alonso-Gonzalez, levels. There is an urgent need to promote Pyrenean Institute of safe sources of drinking water based on Ecology, Spanish Research hydrogeological studies and participatory approach. This kind of participatory and Council scientific approach is safe, sustainable

163 and less expensive than the installation Ningombam Prikash Meetei, of defluoridation units attached to hand pumps which become dysfunctional after Wadia Institute of Himalayan some time. Awareness and community- Geology led actions are essential for the success of such programs. This in turn requires Snow/glacier melt is a vital component informing policy makers and civil society of the river flow for the Himalayan river. organizations about fluorosis mitigation The sources of the Himalayan rivers are through participatory approach. The snow/glacier melt runoff, rainfall runoff objective of the work was to provide and baseflow. In the present study, access to naturally occurring fluoride hydrological modelling has been applied safe drinking water to those most in need to assess the contribution of snow and through community involvement. glacier melt runoff in Pindar river. By using SNOWMOD , the snow/glacier melt runoff contribution is estimated to be v. Role of snow/glacier ~33 %, while rainfall runoff and baseflow melt runoff in Pindar River, contribution is to be estimated ~24 % and Central Himalaya ~43 % respectively.

19. Governance: Knowledge Management and Innovation

Fig 38: Governance: Knowledge Management and Innovation session in progress.

164 i. Water security and and technologies. integrates urban water management iii. CityRehydrate : Peter Scales, The University comprehensive toolkit of Melbourne for sustainable city water projects True urban water security involves a Aishani Goswami, TERI range of outcomes including resilience of School Of Advanced Studies supply, guaranteed high quality potable water, the ability to use a wide range Increasing awareness of climate change of water sources and outputs to the and water scarcity among citizens and environment that are pollution free or organizations leaves them concerned guaranteed to do no harm. An integrated and often in a state of helplessness as treatment process able to take in water to how they could help. This state often from a range of water sources has been arises from not having enough knowledge developed and validated, inclusive of in the water related subjects or not guarantees of performance for both knowing whom to approach and how to pathogens and chemicals. go about. The intention of this study is to develop CityRehydrate, a toolkit as a ii. Circular economy of guide to help these interested people to wastewater in Delhi take action, according to their intended Ishita Jalan, Council on objective for their project. Energy, Environment and iv. Effect of STEM Water education and subjects like The research study is focused local issues and its solutions on highlighting the challenges Padaraj Umakanta Nayak, and opportunities that exist for the Government High School, stakeholders to develop circular economy solutions for municipal wastewater. Alpingal, Jagatsinghpur, The study provides a framework for the Odisha urban local bodies and businesses to identify the potential value in creating Function of students plays a vital an intervention of circular economy in role for the development of a country. their water systems. The framework was Scope for them from elementary stage developed through an interview with to recognize, finding the cause, making fourteen experts in wastewater along plans & make some scientific hands on with a literature review of seventeen models to solve local water problems can international cases on circular economy lead to a better water future. Introducing of wastewater. The framework that was a practical based subject “Local issues developed incorporated institutional and & its solution” & integration of STEM regulatory contexts, business cases, education in school curricula can be scale, participatory approach, finance considered to provide such scopes for 165 developing interest & process skill of the Nidhi Nagabhatia, United students. Nations University- Institute for Water, Environment and v. Integrated urban water Health management scenario modeling for sustainable Effective water governance interventions water governance require appropriate and effective Chitresh Saraswat, water security policies, a thorough understanding of the interconnected Australian National socio-economic, socio-cultural and socio- University political interlinkages. And, solutions to address water accessibility, availability, The goal of ensuring water availability and quality-related challenge, requires and sustainable management of balancing science, technology, and water for all by 2030 is one of the top financial commitments moving towards priorities of the UN-SDGs. The fragile a development goals/targets-oriented institutional capabilities induce the pathways. To advance and enhance transitioning towards the sustainable engagement, equity and inclusivity urban water paradigm to accommodate challenges in the water sector it remains the uncertainties. This research pertinent that diverse stakeholders’ draws sustainable water management needs integrate into governance agenda strategies to achieve water security and action planning. The plans and after a literature review, policy analysis, activities based on critical ideas, policies, and scenario modeling. First, research and practices that can effectively steer illustrated the analysis of unmet water and shape a sustainable water future. demand and total demand coverage using WEAP model to understand the impact vii. Can resource efficient of external factors (population growth, living standard, and climate change) technologies resolve on the current water supply system. India groundwater crisis? system. At the later stage, the study Reflections from Gujarat designed the management strategies to evaluate the effective strategies using Chandra Bahinipati, Indian scenario modeling. Various management Institute of Technology, strategies were based on four different Tirupati future scenarios (optimistic, moderate I and II and business as usual) to compare Adoption of resource efficient unmet water demands by the year 2030. technologies alone can’t solve India’s groundwater crisis. however, it should be vi. Water management and noted that we, based on the finding, do not categorically deny the possibility of Sustainable Development declining groundwater use due to large- 2030 Agenda - Global scale adoption of such technologies since governance and local action negative coefficient values are found. From a policy angle, the study suggests 166 that the promotion of these technologies effectively regulate the pilferages in farm may not lead to sustainable groundwater power use by expediting the process of conservation outcomes unless the metering of unmetered connections, to farmers are made to behave responsibly achieve the desired goals of sustainable especially under extreme water scarcity management of groundwater. conditions. It is also important that while supporting for the adoption of these innovations, the state also should

20. Water-Energy-Food Nexus Governance i. A case for sustainable resources. integrated water resources management using system ii. Managing energy - thinking approach irrigation conflicts through Sridharan Ashwin Ram, grievance redressal Madras School of Economics mechanisms (case study) Aprajita Singh, Peoples Models are very important tool for Science Institute decision making and it has become very prominent and an integral part of Water use by hydropower projects in the studying Complex Dynamic Systems western Himalayas has been known to (CDS) across various disciplines. often result in conflicts with local irrigation There are several modeling techniques systems. We present here a case study emerging and being used across various from Uttarakhand that examines the fields as an aid to effective policymaking. results of introducing a platform to A growing number of environmental and address grievances between the locals development problems such as water and the developers. Agriculture in resources management are increasingly Phalenda Village, Tehri Garhwal, suffered becoming complex and dynamic with massive losses due to the damage done greater degree of uncertainty. This paper to their irrigation channels during the employs a system thinking approach construction of the Bhilangana HEP. The by developing a series of Causal Loop establishment of Grievance Redressal Diagrams (CLDs) to understand the Mechanisms can provide opportunities challenges and complexity of water to local people to be able to negotiate management in a developing country settlements of disputes. Similarly, context. CLDs are used as a policy tool mediated negotiations between the HEP to highlight the critical linkages between developers, irrigation department and the various water system components. affected communities can help ensure The paper highlights the dynamics of sufficient irrigation water supply for the water system and proposes a case communities. for sustainable management of water

167 iii. Power tariffs for terms of their administrative burden on power utilities, equity between rich and groundwater irrigation in poor farmers, and influence on farmers’ India: A comparative analysis consumptive behaviour. We found that of the environmental, equity, since flat-rated systems do not require and economic trade-offs metering, they are economical for utilities compared to metered systems. While the Balsher Singh Sidhu, groundwater-abundant eastern regions IRES, University of British can benefit from a hybrid flat-cum- Columbia metered tariff that encourages farmer-to- farmer water sales, western states facing This paper is a comparative analysis unsustainable groundwater exploitation of two widely used power tariff modes should develop tariff policies that ration for charging agricultural groundwater power, prioritize its supply during the most consumers in India. Specifically, we critical seasons, and reward farmers who compared flat and metered tariffs in reduce their groundwater consumption.

Fig 39: Water-Energy-Food Nexus Governance session in progress.

168 21. Water Issues, Assessing and Meeting SDG 6 i. Water security UN- water definition . However, the UN Water definition for water security leaves assessment and SDGs space for a wide range of interpretations. Sudeh Dehnavi, TH Köln Countries assign different weights to – University of Applied components of this definition based on Sciences their priorities and needs. Still, enable to process in line with achievement As part of the Sustainable Development, of the sustainable development goals water security is included in the post by promoting certain components and 2015 development agenda. UN-water undermining other aspects. The right has set water security on the agenda recipe components to achieve water of the UN Security Council. Different security in its sustainable form remains countries had adopted water security a topic to debate. This paper aims at as an important pillar of their high-level finding country priorities for water security principles of national strategies, policies components and the triggers. and development plans referring to the

22. Agriculture and Water i. Demonstration of novel increased due to difficulties in identification of contamination type and sources. Self- framework for surface water sustaining remediation techniques such management at agricultural as biofencing & low-cost (indigenous) catchment level- sustainable adsorbents in bunding at agricultural & technological approaches catchments and decentralized wastewater treatment framework at for pollution control urban catchments have addressed for Shivaraju Puttaiah, JSS sustainable catchment management and Academy of Higher surface water conservation. Education & Research ii. 3-D crop architecture Surface water management at modeling: A new tool to agricultural catchment level is one of the achieve food security challenging and most difficult tasks due to the multidimensional and nonpoint Anurupa Das, Indian Institute contamination sources. Contamination of Technology, Madras of surface water by various emerging pollutants released from agricultural and Rice is the staple food for more than urban catchment region has drastically half the world’s population. In terms 169 of tonnage, rice tops the list of cereals approach for agricultural produced in India, and it is the third most produced cereal of the world. The world’s water management to population is increasing at an average balance the effect of climate rate of 1.36 percent per year [FAOSTAT, changes 2002]. To cater the needs of the increasing Pradeep H K, JSS Academy population, rice supply should also increase. Our computational modeling of Technical Education, technique can be advantageously applied Visvevaraya Technological to other major Indian cereal crops such as University wheat, and maize and has the potential to significantly contribute to achieving The agricultural water management food security in the future. systems are analyzed to determine the efficient irrigation system based on soil iii. Increasing the resilience and land properties, investment cost of Indian agriculture and water productivity (WP). In case of investment constraint, the surface to monsoon variability irrigation surpasses the drip and sprinkler through optimized irrigation irrigation method since micro-irrigation strategies demand high initial investment and maintenance cost. This paper exhibits Balsher Sidhu, IRES, that water productivity (WP) significantly University of British increases through irrigation automation Columbia using finite state machine model and machine learning techniques. Rainfed agriculture occupies about 70% of the net sown area in India, v. Data assimilation making more than 500 million people engaged in this activity extremely into land surface models: vulnerable to variations in climate. Most implications for terrestrial previous studies analyzing the impact feedback of climate change on agriculture have Indu Jayaluxmi, Indian operated at seasonal timescales. They utilize seasonal average climate values, Institute of Technology, but those seasonal trends have a Bombay limitation. Our research will help improve management of India’s agricultural water This study aims at evaluating the consumption while accounting for the uncertainty in prediction of land surface impacts of climate change. It will shed fluxes from offline simulations from new light on the effect that increasing land surface model (LSM) forced by intra-seasonal variability in climate can hydro-meteorological data. The LSM have on crop yields, which had hitherto simulations are known to be highly been ignored in previous studies. sensitive to the meteorological forcing (particularly precipitation) and model iv. A machine learning uncertainties. This study aims at evaluating the uncertainty in prediction 170 of land surface fluxes from offline the proposed technique. Based on these simulations from land surface model results, we will now focus our efforts on (LSM) forced by hydro-meteorological improving the prediction accuracy of soil data. The LSM simulations are known to moisture in the deepest layers. be highly sensitive to the meteorological forcing (particularly precipitation) and vii. Evaluation of satellite model uncertainties. based ET0 models for all sky vi. Development of high- conditions resolution multi-layer soil Shwetha Rangaswamy, moisture information Indian Institute of Science Karthikeyan Lanka, Indian In this study, radiation and temperature Institute of Technology, based ET0 models were evaluated with Bombay the FAO56 Penman Monteith equation over the Cauvery basin. Land surface Multi-layer soil moisture information temperature (LST) along with auxiliary at high resolution is necessary for the data were employed in statistical agriculture sector and also towards approach to estimate Ta (max/min). Rs modelling extreme events, among other was obtained from the Kalpana1 satellite. areas of research. In this work, we Under clear sky conditions, Hargreaves- develop a high-resolution multi-layer soil Samani (HS), Makkink (Makk), Penman moisture information over the Contiguous Monteith Temperature (PMT) models United States (CONUS) region. The were considered for the study region. This CONUS has dense in-situ soil moisture study has demonstrated the applicability station network comprising of 695 of satellite-based Ta and ETo estimation stations, which monitor soil moisture at over an Indian river basin that had not multiple layers. The results are highly been examined previously. encouraging, indicating the validity of

Fig 40: Agriculture and Water session in progress. 171 23. Analysis of Groundwater Contamination

i. Arsenic in shallow Chronic Kidney Disease of unknown Bengal aquifer: Large scale etiology (CKDu) is a most controversial human-water interaction and health issue that is scattered in a certain suffering geographical area in the dry zone of Debashis Chatterjee, Sri Lanka. This study was aimed to determine the involvement of possible University of Kalyani hydrogeochemical factors on the onset of the diseases. Wilgamuwa region is a Groundwater is contaminated with CKDu hot spot that located in the dry zone geogenic As and exceeds WHO guideline of Sri Lanka was selected for the study. value. Groundwater flow is slow and Sixty-five (65) groundwater samples contributing for distribution pattern were collected and analyzed for their As. High As aquifer sediments are major and trace element constituents. composed of grey silty sands, whereas low As aquifer sediments contain white /brown sand and are reducing in nature iii. Analysis of with more sediment–water interaction. bacteriological quality of High Fe contents of the sediment are domestic water sources in associated with high As in groundwater. Groundwater is predominantly reducing Kabale Municipality, Western conditions at near-neutral pH with high Uganda HCO3- along with redox sensitive species Alex Saturday, Kabale and low concentration of SO42-, NO3-, University DO. Another major challenge is As in food- chain. Bioaccumulation needs proper The study assessed the bacteriological attention to regulate policy. Increased quality of water sources in Kabale risk of As contamination is a challenging Municipality. Most water sources issue, risk has to be minimized. Aquifer located in less than 20 meters away mapping is necessary to delineate from residential areas were associated safe aquifer for drinking water supply, with bacterial contamination. The mean which will comply with the health-based concentrations of E. coli, total coliforms, guidelines for a long-term basis. and THB were 24.07 CFU/100 ml, 85.71 CFU/100 ml, and 197.07 CFU/100 ml, ii. Geochemical respectively in the wet season. In the dry characteristics of season, the mean concentrations were 2 CFU/100 ml, 10 CFU/100 ml, and 91 groundwater in Wilgamuwa CFU/100 ml for E. coli, total coliforms, Region, Sri Lanka and THB respectively. This showed Hashini Amaratunga, PGIS – significant differences between CFU of University Of Peradeniya total coliforms, HTB, between wet and 172 dry seasons (p = 0.026). contamination are the major threat in the North East India. iv. The challenges of water v. Determination of quality survey in North- ppb level of Arsenic in eastern part of India environmental samples by Dhiraj Dutta, Defence nanosensor Boron doped Research and Development carbon dots Organization Fahmida Khan, National Institute of Technology, There cannot be an argument about the requirement of water for whole Raipur human life. Also, it’s been established High concentration of arsenic in the well that the quality of water required for body is dangerous for health because it survival of living beings especially for inactivates up to 200 enzymes which are humans is getting deteriorated day by involved in cellular energy pathways. So, day. Therefore, water quality survey and their detection is important in a simple way. source evaluation are of constant need for For this purpose, we have synthesized a any society. Lot of water quality survey is simple and low-cost photoluminescence being taken by various agencies on time sensor of Boron-doped carbon dots to time basis. DRL Tezpur is constantly by one step pyrolysis method. B-CDs working on water quality survey in North based fluorescence sensor was used for East India. Detail survey works within selective detection of As(III) ion by using North East India, is carried out with quenching properties of fluorescence collection of water samples as per WHO intensity of the sample. The fluorescent- guidelines. Characterization is carried out based sensor B-CDs can be stored for a as per IS 10500:2012 Indian Standard of long time for detection applications. The Drinking water It can be concluded that detection limit is 0.01 ppb, for the B-CDs. Iron, Arsenic, Fluoride and microbial

24. Case Studies of Water-Energy-Food Nexus Solutions and Implementations i. The energy-water nexus consumption in different cropping system in one of the drought-affected mesoscale in dryland agriculture: a case watershed, Chikkamagaluru, Karnataka, study of southern India southern India. The automatic divers, Pawan Wable, ICRISAT which measures water pressure, are installed at eight agricultural fields Water and energy are the important capturing different cropping system. available resources which need to be This study aims to quantify the irrigation optimized for achieving ecosystem water needs and energy consumption in sustainability. This study quantifies different cropping system in one of the the irrigation water needs and energy drought-affected mesoscale watershed,

173 Chikkamagaluru, Karnataka, southern towards sustainable agricultural India. production and energy supply. However, knowledge regarding the WFE nexus is ii. WEIFF: Water and still largely lacking, particularly beyond the conceptual description. In this study, energy integrated farm we combined a grid-based crop model factory with a hydropower scheme based on Bhargavi Tadipatri, Vijaya the Distributed Biosphere Hydrological College, RV Road, Bangalore model to investigate the WFE interplays in China. This study combined the PEPIC crop model with the DBH hydrological WEIFF anticipates potential trade- model to investigate the WFE nexus in off among resources, governance, mainland China under various irrigated infrastructure, resilience, water, energy, cropland scenarios. health and sanitation. Hydrological units are created with wastewater treatment that is vital for WEIFF. WEIFF iv. Hydropower in the uses hydroponics and solar energy. A Mekong: the food, energy study in Bangalore reveals that metal and water nexus contamination is heavy in vegetables. Tomatoes are taken as hydroponic crop Jamie Pittock, The Australian for illustration. It is a lean canvas for National University ideation, formation, commercialization and market capitalization. The Water- Low-emission hydropower production Energy-Food Nexus (WEFN) is a and agricultural intensification are two multifaceted approach. WEFN elements solutions promoted by governments for cannot be isolated for decision making sustainable development in a resource to strengthen ecosystem that resilient to constrained world. The rapid development climate change. The study seeks to points of hydropower in the Mekong River WEFN indicators as parameters to meet basin has been portrayed as a simple present and future societal demands trade-off between low carbon energy related to water and food security. generation versus freshwater fisheries of importance for biodiversity conservation iii. Sustaining food and food supply. Basin governments have prioritised hydropower production production and conserving over fish conservation. This work hydropower potential in identifies trade-offs in the energy, water China and food nexus in the Mekong region Hong Yang, Swiss Federal where hydropower development and agricultural intensification is accelerating. Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology v. Nexus modelling Water–food–energy (WFE) nexus has to inform robust water been widely discussed in recent years management climate change amid the needs for formulating pathways adaptation 174 Andrea Momblanch, generalised tool for the design of water management adaptation measures that Cranfield University are robust across multiple water uses and climate futures. The combined use Climate change is a threat to future of water resource systems models with water security and, thereby, political robust decision making and water-food- action is needed to adapt to its uncertain energy nexus approaches supports the impacts. The joint use of systems design of water management adaptation modelling, robust decision making measures that ensure water security and water-food-energy nexus with a under future climate change uncertainty. stakeholder-driven approach serves as

25. Groundwater Quality and Assessment II i. Village level zones at village level especially in hard rock terrains where shallow aquifer are hydrogeological, remote over-exploited. The initiative is taken up sensing and lineament by Central Ground Water Board, Ministry mapping for sustainable of Water Resources, River Development groundwater development & Ganga Rejuvenation, Government of India under prestigious project ‘National - Case study in a severely Aquifer Mapping and Management water stressed area in Programme (NAQUIM). hardrock terrains of Southern India ii. Impact of mission Dr. S Srinivasa Vittala, Kakatiya on groundwater Central Ground Water Board, regime and socio-economic Ministry of Jalshakti status - A case study from Pedda Cheruvu, Chepur The study has been carried out to village, Armoor mandal, pinpoint the practically best fitted feasible sites to take up groundwater exploration Nizamabad district, at village level which can cater drinking Telangana State water needs in a severely water stressed Samineni Indumathi, Bendoni village located in Koratagere taluk of Tumkur district, Karnataka state, one Telangana State Ground of the hard rock areas in part of Southern Water Department India. The scientific field hydrogeological survey and lineament mapping using high resolution satellite data have been In order to enhance the development carried out to decipher sub-surface of agriculture based income for small hydrogeologic conditions and pinpoint the and marginal farmers, Government sites for detecting groundwater potential of Telangana has taken up the 175 comprehensive programme for restoration development of an approach to map of ~46500 minor tanks under “Mission large scale fractures and groundwater Kakatiya” with a tag line of “Mana Ooru pathways using transient electromagnetic Mana Cheruvu” in phased manner and (TEM) data in combination with geological so for grounded about ~27700 tanks (up and borehole information. Due to the to 4th phases) and stabilized > 5.6 lakh sensitivity of TEM signals to conducting acres ayacut. As a part of these activities, bedrock fractures filled with water, the the State Groundwater Department airborne TEM survey is found to be a carried out the impact assessment potential tool for groundwater studies studies on groundwater regime. The in hard rock terrains. A novel approach studies on improvement on groundwater is developed to map major fracture regime in influence and non-influence networks that contain significant amount zone, agriculture extent, cropping of water. The concept of threshold pattern, yields and socio-economic status groundwater horizon helps in improving etc were carried out in Pedda Cheruvu the success rate in terms of high yielding (tank), Chepur village, Armoor Mandal potential borewells. The study also helps of Nizamabad district, which is part of in the identification of suitable zones to an overexploited Chepur basin. These construct artificial recharge structures. studies reveal, a net fall of 4.6 m, net rise of 12.6 m and again a net fall of 3.4 m in iv. Groundwater groundwater levels during post-monsoon season as compared to pre-monsoon management in semi-arid season of these 3 years with average rise area: A case study from of 2 m/year during this period. Increase Tumkur, Karnataka, India in irrigated area from 53 ha during 2015- Abhilash Paswan, CSIR-NGRI 16 to 118 ha and 66 ha during the next 2 years is noticed. Decrease in gap ayacut Groundwater has reached at a critical by 38 %, increase in irrigation intensity to level in many parts of India especially in 70 % and 39 % is noticed. hard rock terrain. Understanding of its current state and proper management is iii. Mapping of fractures utmost important. Keeping this in mind, a and groundwater pathways Decision Support Tool for Groundwater in hardrock by heliborne Water (DST-GW) management has been developed and implemented successfully geophysics using both hydrogeological and climatic Subash Chandra, CSIR- data from 2011-2013 over Tumkur National Geophysical watershed in Karnataka to understand the temporal groundwater resource Research Institute, River evolution. The DST-GW simulations show Basin Governance an alarming decline of groundwater level exacerbates by intensive pumping. This A pilot study on aquifer mapping simple but novel tool allows to highlight employing heliborne geophysical crucial resource issue in a near future (electromagnetic and magnetic) methods and recommends an urgent sustainable in granitic hard rock terrain led to the management.

176 26. River Basin Governance i. Exploring an alternative feasibility and detailed project report of the proposed project indicated the approach to inter-state basin ambiguity in the definition of surplus and governance: The case of deficit. In addition, groundwater, being Mahanadi Basin, India one of the important resources in the K J Joy, Society for region, has not been a part of discussion in the proposal documents. This study Promoting Participative explored compares two basins using Ecosystem Management geomorphological, climatological and (SOPPECOM) groundwater resource aspects. The study suggests that similar studies should be The proposed interlinking of Ken and carried out for other interlinking proposals Betwa rivers is based on the concept of to clarify the definition of surplus and deficit. A review of feasibility surplus and deficit basins. In addition to and detailed project report of the this assessment, there is need to look proposed project indicated the ambiguity into temporal dimension for establishing in the definition of surplus and deficit. In surplus and deficit. addition, groundwater, being one of the important resources in the region, has not iii. Development for been a part of discussion in the proposal transboundary water documents. This study explored compares two basins using geomorphological, governance: Application climatological and groundwater resource of serious games in multi- aspects. The study suggests that similar stakeholder dialogue studies should be carried out for other interlinking proposals to clarify the Mahsa Motlagh, Institute for definition of surplus and deficit basins. Technology and Resources In addition to this assessment, there is Management in the Tropics need to look into Temporal dimension for and Subtropics (ITT) at establishing surplus and deficit. Cologne University of ii. Exploring surplus and Applied Sciences deficit criteria for Ken-Betwa Cooperation over transboundary waters river interlinking project is one of the primary pillars for achieving Ritambhra Thakur, Tata local, national and international water security while acts as capacity building Institute of Social Sciences instrument to boost political, social and economic cohesion by contributing The proposed interlinking of Ken and to the regional peace and stability. Betwa rivers is based on the concept The sustainable governance of water of surplus and deficit. A review of resources relies on multi-stakeholder 177 Fig 41: River Basin Governance session in progress.

cooperation and communications that Water, New Delhi facilitate information sharing, knowledge co-creation, and social co-learning. The Water Resource Planning and objectives of this contribution are: - To Management encompasses activities like present role-play game experiments as planning, developing, and managing the a stakeholders’ skill-building and joint quantity and quality of water resources solution seeking approach to providing among all water users. However, with the the enabling platform for knowledge- increasing understanding of limitations sharing, transparency, and confidence- on water supply and growing demand, building among them. -To build an several reformulation of water resource understanding of the complexity of planning methods globally. Our research shared water management and security takes a step-back from the traditional risks among involved stakeholders and method of water resources planning and actors. delves into these new paradigms. The study recommends inclusion of water iv. Water Conflict conflict vulnerability assessment and Vulnerability and stakeholder engagement over and above the traditional linear water resource Stakeholder Engagement in planning as it exists now. Water Resources Planning Kangkanika Neog, Council on Energy, Environment and 178 27. Water Security in Agriculture and Adaptation to Climate Change i. Water pricing system in implemented an Act called the Punjab Preservation of Sub Soil Water Act (2009) Kerala: Sustainable or not? for water conservation. Effectiveness of Anitha, Department of the Punjab Preservation of Sub Soil Water Economics, University of Act (2009) is investigated by assessing Kerala, Thiruvananthapuram the shifting in irrigation practices over Punjab and Haryana states of India Even though the availability of water is using satellite measurements during the plenty in Kerala during monsoon season, year 2002 to 2011. Three parameters the state faces severe water shortage namely, soil moisture, Normalized during the summer season. It leads to Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) and unfair practices in the supply of water Evapotranspiration (ET) have been used. and denied accessibility to particular sections. The private water supply iii. Irrigation adaptation due agencies(mushrooming during summer to water scarcity season) charges huge prices whereas the public supply of water in Kerala charges Nandeesh R V, Bangalore only nominal and volumetric price. The University study suggests that in order to reduce the effects of full cost on the social welfare of Drying of the water resources and society, we may apply Lindahl’s pricing depletion in the underground water principle. That is those who use more has caused a serious problem in the water pays more (telescopic pricing agriculture so certain new adaptation in system). This may reduce the burden to irrigation has been taken place in order the lower sections of society. overcome the drought and water scarcity problem. The study deals with the new technological adaptations in the irrigation ii. Satellite based method to face water scarcity. evidences of shifting in irrigation practices over iv. Trading water: Punjab and Haryana quantifying inter-state trade Dharmendra, Haryana Space of cereals in India Applications Centre Francesca, London School of Due to over-exploitation of water storage Hygiene & Tropical Medicine components (mainly includes ground Depleting groundwater reserves are a water resources) it faced great depletion major risk for future agricultural production in Indian during the last two decades in India. Inter-state cereal trade could as reported by Rodell et al. (2009). In reduce unsustainable water use if cereals response to this, Punjab government has move from water abundant to water scare 179 states. The study explores the water vi. A Critical sectoral use of India’s food system through the production, trade and demand of cereal assessment of the crops. Cereal production and demand effectiveness of economic were linked using an optimization model instruments in improving of interstate food trade .The study water use efficiency examine the influence of inter-state trade on agricultural water use and relate this Sridharan Ashwin Ram, to the challenge of ensuring sustainable Madras School of Economics food systems in India. Water is essential and exhaustible natural v. Bridging water supply- resource that is fast depleting due rapid population growth and climate change. demand gap in dryland There is a growing consensus among agricultural production global development community that systems to maximize water security is increasingly becoming one of the biggest development and economic water productivity environmental challenge of the century Vinay, International Center next to climate change. Predominant for Agricultural Research in efforts towards the supply and allocation the Dry Areas (ICARDA) of water resources resulted in inefficient usage across different sectors leading Dry areas are home to large populations to water scarcity. The paper particularly of the world. Food production and healthy focusses on studies that deal with the living is a major challenge in dry areas applications of EIs such as price, tax because of low and erratic rainfall, high and subsidies to improve Water Use temperatures causing high evaporative Efficiency across agriculture, industrial losses and soils that are poor in nutrient and domestic sectors. and water holding capacity. ICARDA, in partnership with national institutions across India, has researched solutions to address these challenges. The study examines best-management practices to address the water demand-supply gap in dry areas of India to maximize economic water productivity in different agricultural production systems.

180 28. Water Security, Informal Water Use and Water Access i. Mapping water scarcity any country. Water in India is a state subject and the provision of a reliable, in India using Water Poverty safe and sustainable supply of water Index has emerged as a challenge due to Ashish, Indian Institute of geographical and institutional constraints Science of water resources. Other than physical availability, the financial and institutional Water as a basic natural resource plays limitations also lead to poor performance a very important role in the economic, of the water sector in India. The study ecological and human development of tries to map water scarcity in India any country. Water in India is a state using Water Poverty Index (WPI). This subject and the provision of a reliable, study aims to amplify the importance safe and sustainable supply of water of multidimensional analysis of water has emerged as a challenge due to scarcity in India, where challenges geographical and institutional constraints and constraints of water resource of water resources. Other than physical management changes within states. availability, the financial and institutional limitations also lead to poor performance iii. Living in a city built of the water sector in India. The study by private firms: Water tries to map water scarcity in India using Water Poverty Index (WPI). This and vulnerability in the study aims to amplify the importance millennium city of Gurugram of multidimensional analysis of water Suparna Chatterjee, Young scarcity in India, where challenges Bhartiya Foundation and constraints of water resource management changes within states. The water crisis around the world is tipping, and the research here has aimed ii. Impact of to examine the nature of water crisis as neoliberalisation of urban perceived by the urban poor in a situation when the public delivery system fails to water supply on the urban deliver services to them especially to the poor in the slums of migrants who work within the informal Rasoolpura, Hyderabad sector. It also looks at the implications the Shreya Karmakar, development of informal water markets has for the inequality in water supply and Foundation for Ecological also on the coping strategies adopted by Security the vulnerable groups of population.

Water as a basic natural resource plays iv. Integrated exploration, a very important role in the economic, ecological and human development of analysis and improvements 181 to water based institutional required in a day for collection of water. This study examined the variation for the mechanisms in informal time taken and who is mainly responsible settlements of India for collecting water across states of India Priyanjali Bose, Megh Pyne and gender division of labour in water Abhiyaan collection.

Urbanization has sped up the migration vi. Water In the World We of millions into informal settlements or Want: Canada´s Journey unregistered slums located in major cities. Municipal corporations provide Corinne, Robert Sandford, formal water connections to inhabitants University of Saskatchewan residing in their own land. Whereas absence of water right provisions Canada has a reputation globally for for informal slums devoid them of being a water-rich country. However, hydrological empowerment. The research amounts and timing vary across the will recommend best practices and country and are becoming far less improvements of such existing institutions predictable through the impact of climate for informal slum settlements. The study change. Many river basins, particularly provides a means to clearly segregate in mountainous regions are transitioning suitable informal water institutions from from snow-driven to rain-driven the resource consuming ineffective hydrological regimes. Economic activity, ones. Such effective institutions should including legacy nutrients from agriculture be broadly promoted for implementation. continue to affect water quality. The goal The methodology also helps isolate of this paper is to highlight innovations institutions which are poorly run but are in research and governance that can otherwise highly promising in nature. contribute to changes necessary to achieve local water security for all in v. Fetching Water and Canada. Gender Dynamics in Indian Households Manisha, International Institute for Population Sciences, Mumbai

Water is the most crucial need of mankind and a right for every human being. In India, traditionally it is the job of women to fetch water. More than 50 per cent of households fulfills their need for water from a source that is outside their houses in India. The average time taken Fig 42: Water Security, Informal Water for fetching water in one trip is 19 minutes Use and Water Access session in at the national level and many trips progress. 182 29. An Integrated Global Vision for Water Security: Approaches and Methods i. Experiences and early-stage narrative of approaches and outcomes in knowledge mobilization. definitions of water security It presents the conceptual framework by mountain communities adopted to guide the knowledge Shrinivas Badiger, ATREE, mobilization strategy and considers Bangalore researcher attitudes and needs revealed through interactive, web-based surveys Water security here is studied through the at scientific meetings. presence or absence of water associated institutions which provide domestic iii. Rethinking training for water. Access to such institutions water: Towards the African would be studied with respect to socio- economic factors and spatial location water vision and the SDGs of the communities. This study is being Christopher Gordon, done in the mountain town of Darjeeling University of Ghana of the Eastern Himalayan Region of India which brings in altitude and pattern This paper responds to the cross- of urbanization as additional drivers. cutting theme of Capacity Building as This study will look at entitlements with well as several other topics and subtopics respect to water security. being presented at Waterfuture 2019. The achievement of the 17 Sustainable ii. Knowledge to action Development Goals and the Africa Water Vision 2025 –requires a new approach in Canada’s Global Water to the training of water researchers Futures project and water resource managers. We are Lawrence, University of proposing an innovative, flexible and Saskatchewan responsive approach to graduate level training that could be delivered as short Global Waters Futures is a $144 courses or in the form of a series of million consortium of 4 major Canadian webinars, we propose a design of a series universities and the Canada First of standalone modules that participants Research Excellence Fund. Its goal is identify as needed to complete an to deliver risk management solutions aspect of their education or professional (informed by leading-edge science and competence. supported by new decision-making tools) for changing water futures in Canada and iv. Prospects for future other cold regions of the world. One of its water availability in core objectives is to mobilize knowledge for action on water futures among over Peninsular India 100 researchers and 350 diverse end- Gwyn Rees, Centre for user partners. This paper provides an Ecology & Hydrology 183 Rapid economic development and storage interventions, such as farm- population growth in Peninsular India and level bunds, ponds and check-dams, the associated urbanization, deforestation and groundwater abstractions, have and agricultural intensification, which contributed significantly to changes in has resulted in shifts between rain-fed the hydrology of catchments and are and irrigated crops and a widespread seriously affecting water resources. proliferation of small-scale surface-water

Fig 43: An Integrated Global Vision for Water Security: Approaches and Methods session in progress.

184 30. Groundwater Governance i. Societal awareness and global trade, irrigation and arsenic contaminated groundwater hazard, water learning as adaptive we estimate that 1.5 billion people water management strategy may be exposed to significant arsenic in water stressed areas dietary risk through stable crops of rice, Aju CD, Karyavattom wheat, and maize. With growing food requirements, increasingly globalized Campus, University of Kerala food trade, intensifying climate variability and associated likelihood of expanding Many parts of the Kerala experiences groundwater irrigation into contaminated water crisis in the aftermath of heavy regions of the world, predominantly rains. The proper management of excess presently rainfed regions in tropical and runoff water is necessary to alleviate the semi-tropical regions, the enhanced risk water scarcity problems. The objective of to human health from arsenic exposure this study is to identify the water stressed in food and via trade requires further areas and to give social awareness for attention. This study tries to explore the possible adaptive water management human arsenic exposure risk via crop methods. . The study highlights the need consumption and food trade. of water management in panchayath level in water stressed areas of Kerala and the importance of social learning as well as iii. GIS-Based spatial awareness programs to enhance excess distribution of groundwater run off recharge through economically quality and regional feasible small-scale recharge structures. The study area is a part of the Kallada suitability evaluation for river basin in the Kollam district of Kerala. drinking water Archana Sarkar, National ii. Human Arsenic Institute of Hydrology, exposure risk via crop Roorkee consumption and global food A geospatial based water quality trade index is developed for preparing water Karen Villholth, IWMI, quality class suitability map to provide International Water an overview of the spatial variation of Management Institute groundwater quality parameters, i.e., Fluoride (F), Nitrate (NO3), Chloride (Cl), Arsenic in the food chain, from crop Total Dissolved Solids (TDS), pH and production in groundwater-contaminated Total Hardness (TH) in the Khushkhera areas and through trade, is a potential - Bhiwadi - Neemrana Investment source of human exposure risk. Using Region (KBNIR). Groundwater samples global datasets on crop production, were collected from 14 locations, tested 185 in the laboratory and analyzed using The financial and economic performance Geographical Information Systems of MAR is a key determinant of its (GIS) technology. This paper presents global uptake, but there are few studies integrated approaches to characterizing that leverage outstanding sustainable the spatial distributed hydrochemistry and examples of MAR and demonstrate its hydro-chemical suitability of groundwater financial and economic benefits. IAH for drinking properties in the KBNIR, MAR is addressing this deficit through a Rajasthan. two-stage research program to document the financial costs and economics of MAR iv. The costs and benefits in relation to alternative water supplies or storages. This study presents an analysis of managed aquifer recharge of costs and benefits of over 30 MAR Andrew Ross, Australian schemes from over 10 countries. National University

31. Interlinkages in Urban Water Systems i. Old wisdom for new in legal norms towards sustainable urban resilient smart cities : An water management. introspect for SDG 6 ii. Sanitation in future Akash Sondhi, TERI School cities: Groundwater and of Advanced Studies sanitation interlinkages in Urbanization in India, has resulted in peri-urban Bangalore large stress on its supporting natural Durba Biswas, Ashoka Trust resources and especially water resource for Research in Ecology and and reserves. Development has resulted in modified urban hydrology, large the Environment water consumption and associated wastewater discharge. Often grim Many peri-urban and emerging towns scenarios exist such as the dead and are poised to become the ‘future cities’. dying lakes of Hyderabad and the ill- In peri-urban towns, on-site sanitation fated Bellandur lake catching fire in the systems (OSS) along with solid waste mega city Bangalore and the anaerobic disposal, agricultural pollution, and rivers adjoining New Delhi. This paper livestock waste disposal are all potential aims at appreciation of the advantages sources of water contamination. We use of the revival of creative water systems an interdisciplinary approach to map out from the past in 21st century to increase social creation of pollution from multiple the resilience of the urban ecosystems sources. This can be a potential roadmap towards climate extremes. It also aims at to achieve the twin goals of universal providing a workable perspective to the sanitation and access to safe domestic policy makers to and share new paradigm water.

186 iii. Observation of the the potential of mitigation measures to lower air temperature for human comfort. impact of urbanization on The urban heterogeneity is evaluated precipitation trends in India through Local Climate zones (LCZ) Hiteshri Shashtri, Charotar classification scheme. The study uses University of Science and surface atmospheric parameterization approach to assess spatial and temporal Technology, Gujarat heterogeneity in energy and water balance profiles of a city. Urban areas The urban areas in India have occupy less footprint but contribute experienced an unprecedented rate largest to GHGs. In addition, the positive of growth over last few decades. This feedback loop in vulnerability between study examines how urbanization affects climate change and cities poses risk the precipitation climatology of Indian to human health and well-being. The Summer Monsoon Rainfall (ISMR). An objective of the study is to understand investigation is carried out to evaluate urban feedback through integrated urban explicit changes of ISMR around all the energy and water balance and assess major urban centres of India. The trends the potential of mitigation measures to observed in selected precipitation indices lower air temperature for human comfort. reveal large degree of spatial inter- The urban heterogeneity is evaluated variability over the country. At the same through Local Climate zones (LCZ) time, the results indicate a greater degree classification scheme. The study uses of inclination for occurrence of changes surface atmospheric parameterization under regions of urban influence. The approach to assess spatial and temporal study evidently points out influence of heterogeneity in energy and water urbanisation over amendments in the balance profiles of a city. Urban areas regional rainfall pattern in India to a occupy less footprint but contribute convinced extent. largest to GHGs. In addition, the positive feedback loop in vulnerability between iv. Integrated urban water climate change and cities poses risk and energy balance for urban to human health and well-being. The objective of the study is to understand planning urban feedback through integrated urban Mayank Gupta, Indian energy and water balance and assess Institute of Technology, the potential of mitigation measures to Bombay lower air temperature for human comfort. The urban heterogeneity is evaluated Urban areas occupy less footprint but through Local Climate zones (LCZ) contribute largest to GHGs. In addition, classification scheme. The study uses the positive feedback loop in vulnerability surface atmospheric parameterization between climate change and cities poses approach to assess spatial and temporal risk to human health and well-being. The heterogeneity in energy and water objective of the study is to understand balance profiles of a city. urban feedback through integrated urban energy and water balance and assess

187 32. Solutions in Water Quality Management i. Water resources Government High School, management for inclusive Rajgangpur, Odisha development of the society Rajgangpur is an industrial town of Pramod Kumar, SM western Odisha. It lies in the mineral Government Girls High belt of limestone and dolomite. So, School, Puri, Odisha there is probability that compounds of Calcium and Magnesium may affect The Analysis of water quality of the the underground water quality of this country carried out by central pollution town. Hence an experimental study is country Board (CPCB)with respect to the conducted on the underground water biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) and quality and water supply by the Public the content of pathogenic bacteria reflects Health Department. Total 16 numbers a gradual degradation of water quality of of water samples were collected from the country over time. It is mainly due different areas of Rajgangpur town, out to inappropriate disposal of wastes and of which 14 samples are underground its mismatch with the cleaning facility water and 2 samples are partially treated and natural reviving capacity of the river water. environment. A large number of water bodies are identified as polluted stretches iii. An Integrated approach and come under Ganga Action plan and to manage overexploited National River Action Plans. Appropriate measures to restore their quality are aquifers of Semi -arid region, undertaken in these programs. The NCR, India Groundwater quality at deeper aquifer Rina Kumari, Central however varies from place to place. Localised incidence of salinity arsenic, University of Gujarat, fluoride and iron content have surfaced Gandhinagar mostly due to geo-genic influence except coastal salinity. Occurrence of heavy Millions of people in this region rely on metal ions have also been observed in groundwater for fulfilling daily water needs some ground water aquifer in industrially due to lack of public water supply and active areas. infrastructure. Inadequately controlled pumping to meet daily requirements has ii. Examination and affected both groundwater quantity & quality in these regions. One such region remedial action on water is the National Capital Region (NCR) quality of Rajgangpur, of India. The study analyses major ions Odisha and stable isotopes to describe the composition and distribution of saline Sarojini Sahu, Gopabandhu groundwater, fluoride enrichment and 188 other geochemical processes in the Debabrata Bhadra, Bhairab area. The results lead to the conclusion that geographical characteristics of the Ganguly College, Belgharia, region, surface water and groundwater Kolkata influx into the poorly drained semiarid basin, results in the accumulation and Hydroxyapatite (HAp)/chitosan release of salts in groundwater as well. composites were prepared by a coprecipitation method, dropping a mixture of chitosan solution and iv. Remedies for bacterial phosphoric acid solution into a calcium contamination of Jiya Bharali hydroxide solution. Using the HAp/ River by using modified river chitosan composites prepared, HAp/ sand chitosan hybrid fibres with various HAp contents were prepared by a wet Swagata Goswami, Defence spinning method. X-ray diffraction and Research and Development scanning electron microscopy analyses Organization were conducted. It was observed that in particular, the removal capacity for Managing water resources in Arunachal the heavy metal ions increased with Pradesh in effective manner implies increasing HAp content in the HAp/ ensuring sustainable utilization of the chitosan hybrid fibres due to the increase immense water resources of the State. of the specific surface area. The main objective of the National Water Mission (NWM) is “conservation of water vi. An overview on recycle and water resources development and and reuse of treated management. Our study is based on evaluation of Nano composite in reducing wastewater in industries bacterial load. Soil which can be found Shanmugasundaram O.L., locally is coated with Silver (Ag+) using K.S. Rangasamy College of Silver nitrate, the least expensive form of silver. The antibacterial activity of Technology Silver coated soil is tested against E. This paper communicates an extensive Coli isolated from wastewater which is a research work carried out by various predominant bacteria in the water world. scientists on advanced treatment The test results were positive for our methods for recycle and reuse of experimental work. It can be concluded wastewater in industries. Different that Silver coated sand can be used in technologies such as reverse osmosis, water filters for bacterial purification. nanofiltration, ultrafiltration, carbon adsorption, electrochemical treatment, v. Removal of Cadmium ozonation and combination of various and Lead from aqueous treatment techniques were experimented solution by Hydroxyapatite/ on at pilot plant to test their efficiency in removing pollutants and to verify the Chitosan hybrid fibrous possibility of reuse of treated wastewater sorbent in industries.

189 33. Water Ethics: Concepts and Approaches

i. Transforming water: crisis in UP, through a case study of ‘Water Rights March’ (WRM) (a rally held Towards a life-affirming from Mehndiganj, Varanasi to Parliament, ethical approach to water New Delhi, from 10th September to 05th management October in 2006 in UP). It also tries to Susan Smith, Willamette identify the challenges (nature of water crisis) and possibilities (solutions in University the form of water consciousness) of sustainable water resources in UP. The Premised on anthropocentric utilitarian main aim and objective of this study is ethics and a fundamentally, fatally to theorize, understand, and explore flawed neoliberal economic model, the relationship between abundance, SIWRM utilizes pluralistic consultation scarcity, and water crisis in UP. processes that cannot manage water sustainably in a world of severe wealth inequality and continuing marginalization iii. Using ethics to clarify of minorities. Most significantly, SIWRM water values and create “the fails miserably in providing all life with world we want” sufficient and healthy water. This paper demonstrates the inadequacies of the David Groenfeldt, Water- current water management paradigm and Culture Institute the desirability of replacing that paradigm with a life-affirming ethical approach Participatory planning through multi- to water management. LEAW can be stakeholder platforms and scenario translated into a pragmatic tool for water building constitutes accepted best managers to take the next step toward practice, but an important step is still better water management by assuring missing. To counter the bias of outside that water is shared equitably with all life. experts who prefer to be guided by By drawing on principles of water justice economic measures that can be and the natural water law known to and quantified and ranked, an ethics analysis employed by indigenous peoples, water of stakeholders’ water preferences can be managed for the benefit of all. (values) may be required. This study will use cases from South and SE Asia and Western North America to show how ethics ii. Exploring the water analysis can complement participatory crisis in Uttar Pradesh planning measures. The methodology Pawan Kumar, Central of the study involves stakeholder University of Gujarat, engagement (multistakeholder platforms and scenario-building) with new tools for Gandhinagar identifying and prioritizing water values and ethics. This approach to “valuing the This paper from a ‘Interdisciplinary’ values” can inform the activities of the perspective tries to examine the water 190 newly created “Valuing Water Leadership paper examines the political ecological Coalition” and related initiatives. processes of the re-production of disastrous geographies in the iv. “… Before, the Brahmaputra valley, Assam. The twin processes of flooding and riverbank floodwater used to come erosion have defined the Brahmaputra in gracefully and recede valley landscape over the long haul faster”: Political ecology of history, but they have now turned of the Brahmaputra Valley disastrous, resulting in steady loss of landmasses, large-scale outmigration hazardscape and rethinking of the local population, and devastation the postcolonial state of traditional livelihood practices. The Mitul Baruah, Ashoka key objective of this paper is to advance theorizations of the (postcolonial) state in University the context of geographies of disasters. Based on ethnographic fieldwork, this

34. Water Quality Assessment: Case Studies i. Analyzing microplastics methods to evaluate in water systems: A case and adjust water quality study of Negombo Basin monitoring network in Estuary, Sri Lanka Freiberger Mulde river basin, Ananya Shah, TERI School Germany of Advanced Studies Thuy Nguyen, United Nations University (UNU-FLORES)/ The study has a three faceted approach comprising of Literature based TU Dresden comparison, quantitative analysis and Cluster Analysis in association with characterization of MP present in the analysis of violation of environmental estuary., and the last being a qualitative quality standards under European risk and solution-based approach of the Water Framework Directive allowed stakeholders of the estuary. Presence an exclusion of 37 monitoring sites of Microplastics in surface water of our and further reduction of 29 monitoring freshwater systems is a grave indication sites if in case of budget constraint. of risk to the water quality of these Principal Component Analysis identified systems, which will eventually affect the predominant factors that influence the whole ecosystem. river water quality, including geological and weathering processes, mining ii. Application of activities, agricultural disuse pollution, multivariate statistical and industrial activities. The results 191 illustrated the usefulness of multivariate Victoria, the Volta basin in Ghana and statistical techniques in analysing the groundwater aquifers of Cape Town, complex WQ data set to improve the serve as use cases to demonstrate the monitoring network in a resource-limited current capabilities and future information setting. The Saxon State Ministry of the and services of the World Water Quality Environment and Agriculture (Germany) Alliance, a consortium coordinated by can be directly beneficial from this study, UN Environment of over 50 organizations not only in terms of monitoring cost but working on freshwater quality. The use also a more representative monitoring cases provide an initial testbed that puts network. the quality of surface and groundwater into the context of the local 2030 Agenda iii. Discovering linkages and its multiple linkages across the Sustainable Development Goals (SDG). between catchment characteristics and water v. Investigating nitrate quality using catchment dynamics in a sub-tropical classification water reservoir using D17O Ankit Deshmukh, Indian method Institute of Technology, Ritika Kaushal, Institute of Hyderabad Earth Sciences, Academia We develop a classification framework Sinica, Taipei that can be employed to standardize classification exercises in hydrology. We Feitsui Reservoir, the second largest stressed on two important aspects: the freshwater reservoir of Taiwan, supplies use of multiple classification methods water for more than five million people in and standardized performance metrics Taipei. In view of processes controlling to gauge the success of a classification the long-term trophic status of this socio- exercise. We compared clustering based economically and ecologically important on water quality metrics and clustering reservoir, it is important to monitor the based on catchment characteristics dynamics of nitrate, the most abundant to identify combinations of catchment phase of water-soluble nitrogen-bearing characteristics that best explain water compounds. The study uses the 17O quality variations. anomaly of nitrate dissolved in reservoir water as an effective method to quantify the vertical and seasonal variations iv. Water quality at scale; in the concentrations of remineralized Three demonstration cases and atmospheric nitrate. The D17O on water quality and services method, along with other isotopic and in Africa physiological. Kilian Christ, United Nations Environment Programme

Three examples in Africa, the Lake 192 35. Groundwater Assessment and Agriculture i. Deciphering the solute concentration in recharge of groundwater by groundwater: Insights Narmada canal irrigation, from an irrigated semi-arid Gujarat catchment Raicy Mc, Physical Research Buvaneshwari Sriramulu, Laboratory Indian Institute of Science

Narmada Canal, which is one of the Groundwater has become a vital large irrigation networks in India is set up resource since almost three decades to recharge the over-exploited aquifer and in India. The use of groundwater for to supply water for agricultural purposes agriculture has grown exponentially in arid regions of Gujarat. The monitoring leading to faster depletion than aquifer of variation in groundwater level and the recharge. However, this particular use of understanding of isotopic signatures of groundwater for irrigation might pose a water helps to assess the canal water- problem of declining groundwater volume groundwater interaction in the area. Such and water quality degradation that are a study is carried out here to assess posing a risk to salinization. Groundwater the impact of canal water recharge on solutes originates from various sources the groundwater behaviour along the such as atmospheric inputs, water rock Narmada canal. About 15 km buffer interactions and fertilizer residues. In zones were selected on either sides of pristine ecosystems, chlorine originates the Narmada canal including parts of nine only from atmospheric inputs [Cl] atm districts (Ahmedabad, Mehsana, Patan, and its degree of concentration in Banaskantha, Vadodara, Panchmahal, groundwater mostly depends upon the Gandhinagar, Kheda and Narmada) for intensity of local evapotranspiration. detailed study. The groundwater levels in For this reason, it is commonly used wells are found to be directly influenced for quantifying groundwater recharge by the recharge of irrigation returns in catchment hydrology. In many facilitated by Narmada canal especially agrosystems and particularly in Southern towards the central parts of the study area. India, Chlorine [Cl] KCl is also brought as Even though the changes in groundwater KCl through the potassium fertilization level gives clues to the influence of canal which is marginally taken up by plants recharge on groundwater, the flow path as micronutrient and not interacting with of water beneath the surface and the aquifer minerals. Chlorine remains in mechanisms of exchange could be well solution and is likely to accumulate in understood by isotope characterisation groundwater as a result of the successive of water. groundwater pumping/recharge cycles. This study proposes a novel method for ii. Assessing the assessing the sources and processes governing the groundwater concentration processes governing 193 in an irrigated semi-arid catchment. Mahesh Jampani, United Nations University and iii. Irrigation draft Technical University of estimation at village scale: Dresden A step towards microlevel groundwater management Many agricultural landscapes in the Tajdarul Syed, Indian developing world are irrigated with wastewater, and it is a livelihood practice Institute of Technology (ISM), in the urban and peri-urban areas. Dhanbad Farmers around urban agglomerations continuously depend on the wastewater According to recent estimates, draft released from nearby urban centres. for irrigation accounts for nearly 90% While providing opportunities with of the total groundwater withdrawn in respect to water and nutrient supply, India. This makes realistic assessment irrigating with wastewater has adverse of groundwater draft at appropriate scale environmental impacts, particularly on a necessity for planning of management the local aquifer systems. Therefore, interventions. While the available draft addressing the wastewater irrigation estimates serve the intended purpose of influence on local aquifers becomes very aiding in regional planning, they do not relevant. The current research attempts adequately represent the local variations, to assess the contaminant fate and and neither can they be projected into transport processes in the local aquifer the future. With this background the under different wastewater application study was taken up with the objective to rates and qualities used for irrigation estimate and project groundwater draft and to develop potential agricultural at village level in the Seonath-Kharun interventions and groundwater Interfluve area covering around 3000 km2 development strategies under irrigation in Chhattisgarh State. A larger objective management. of the study was to design and test a field- based method for realistic assessment and future prediction of groundwater draft, which can be applied to other parts of the country. This study demonstrates a method for the assessment and projection of groundwater draft utilizing readily available datasets and field surveys that can be replicated in other parts of the country.

iv. Sustainable groundwater management strategies for a wastewater irrigated agriculture system

194 36. Solutions to Promote Sustainability in Water Space i. Desalination by RO and health, hunger, education and poverty; the reasons being large population multistage flash distillation explosion and lack of awareness of as a solution to water crises people, necessitating modernization, and comparing both of them industrialization and deforestation, which Ujan Sengupta, Techno ultimately affects the ecosystem. The current innovation of ADSORPTIVE International New Town SAND FILTER is most relevant for its simplicity, cost effectiveness and easy Desalination is a separation process availability of ingredients. This filtration used to reduce the dissolved salt content process can clean waste or polluted of saline water to a usable level. All water for sanitation, ensure pure and safe desalination processes involve three liquid drinking water, and make drinking water streams: the saline feedwater (brackish available for everyone and everywhere. water or seawater), low salinity product This is mostly required to meet water water, and very saline concentrate (brine crisis and check water pollution. or reject water).Reverse osmosis is a water purification technology that uses a partially permeable membrane to remove iii. Microbial ions, molecules and larger particles from electrochemical remediation drinking water. The use of desalination system for removal of overcomes the paradox faced by many coastal communities, that of having bioactive compounds from access to a practically inexhaustible wastewater supply of saline water but having no way Monika Sogani, Manipal to use it. University, Jaipur

ii. Viable innovative Wastewater could be a potential methods for sustainable water resource if appropriate treatment technologies could be developed. One water future of the barriers to obtaining high quality Susmita Mohapatra, water from wastewater arises from the Government High School, presence of organic micropollutants. Sector 16, Rourkela, Odisha Removal of these compounds from wastewater by current physio-chemical The scarcity of water is one of the most technologies is prohibitively expensive. biting crises, thrust upon the world at social, Pollution of estrogenic compounds has economic, political and environmental caught the attention of researchers as levels. The adverse climatic change is the slight increase of oestrogens in the making it more acute thwarting the efforts water bodies has a significant impact to provide adequate water to a growing on the aquatic system. Two designs of population. The main impacts are on microbial fuel cells including one with the 195 Proton Exchange Membrane(PEM) and and sub-surface water sources leading the other one without the PEM were to be to water scarcity to all the living beings studied in reference to EE2 degradation, existing on this earth. Here we are using bioelectricity generation and hydrogen solar energy to meet the daily water production as part of the process of needs of coastal region. The objective nitrogen fixation. of the study is to design a Solar Still based on location type, quality of saline iv. Integrated methodology water, availability of efficient materials and economics and to develop a socio- for sustainable solutions to economic understanding of the coastal water related issues region. Musarrat Parween, National Institute of Advanced vi. Economic valuation of Studies ecosystem services: A case of Veli wetland system in The research project developed Kerala provides possible real-life social and technological solutions based on in- Resmi Panicker, Government depth assessments of interventions in College, Trivandrum the water sector already made in terms of their impact, sustainability and scalability. The human shocks like, rapid The research has specifically addressed urbanisation, industrialisation and solutions that are technologically feasible, development of tourism activities poses socially acceptable, economically viable severe threat to the conservation of and up scalable. In order to achieve ecosystem. The pre-set study tries to the above-mentioned objectives a illuminate the economic value of ecosystem comprehensive, multidisciplinary and services provided by the lake ecosystem interdisciplinary research methodology situated in Thiruvananthapuram city. was adopted. The study reveals that due to adverse human action, the ecosystem services v. Experimental study in Veli is in great danger. The Lake has got polluted in three ways. i.e., huge on domestic solar still industrial waste from nearby industries, desalination with cotton sewage waste and disposal of plastic gauze waste from tourism activities. Baskaran V, Pondicherry Engineering College, vii. Influence of aridity on Puducherry basin characteristics in the Budyko Framework Increase in population of mankind, is Anamitra Saha, Indian among the main cause for the climatic Institute of Technology, changes. This climatic change also accounts for the reduction in normal Bombay rainfall and thereby reducing the surface 196 Traditionally, in the Budyko framework, constant basin characteristics the basin characteristics parameter parameter and changing aridity in is assumed to be independent of climate classical Budyko framework cannot fully variables and altered only by land explain the hydrometeorological impacts use change and human activities. In our of climate change. The basin study we show, both experimentally characteristics itself is influenced by and analytically, that the assumption of aridity.

37. Technology-based Solutions in Addressing Water Quality i. A low cost real timelow- Hongjiao Pang, University of cost real-time nitrate sensing Melbourne system using mobile Apps The growing population and changing Darsana S, Institute climate of the world are driving an of Human Resources increasing clean water demand as well Development, Kerala as a decline in the availability of urban water of desired quality. In areas of water Recent floods in our state, Kerala has scarcity such as Australia and India, the contaminated all drinking water sources. problem is particularly acute. To meet Lack of facilities to monitor water quality the increasing demand within a finite was a problem faced by common people. freshwater availability, an alternative Public Health department conducted only approach is to look at recycled wastewater sample testing for E. coli and chlorine that as part of an adaptation strategy to too colorimetric. If people want to check secure a resilient future water supply. their well water, they have to carry it to In this research, the interest is water regional laboratories and pay Rs 1500/- recycle from contaminated water for . Already traumatized by the calamity, potable supply in urban cities. However, people won’t wait to check water before the main issue is how to remove using. Since nitrate is colourless and myriads of emerging contaminants. The odourless it is difficult to detect without objective of the research is to develop proper scientific techniques. The objective specific barriers protocols to understand was to develop a low-cost nitrate sensing their performance resilience to target system that can non-destructively and contaminants and then classify chemicals continuously monitor the quality of water and establish a multi-barrier system to and it can be viewed real time on a mobile eliminant the chemical risks. phone. iii. Assessment of water ii. Elimination of emerging contamination by Lead contaminants in a multi- ions by rapid optical barrier water treatment nanoparticles-based system bioreceptor techniques 197 Anna Berlina, A.N. Bach iv. Rainwater harvesting Institute of Biochemistry, and primary treatment for Research Center of non-potable use Biotechnology of the Samia Richards, The James Russian Academy of Hutton Institute Sciences In a rural school in Berambadi, India, To control heavy metals in water, which experiences water shortage and fast and efficient methods are needed. rely heavily on groundwater, rainwater These possibilities are provided by was harvested using two existing analytical approaches based on the use classroom roofs. The harvested rainwater of nanoparticles and specific receptor was stored in a newly constructed molecules. In this work, we used gold underground water sump. Monitoring the nanoparticles conjugated with aptamers stored rainwater indicated the presence of for specific detection of target ions in the bacteria. To use the harvested rainwater presence of other ones. The proposed safely for multiple purposes, treatment aptamer-based assay combines with sodium hypochlorite was conducted. homogeneous interaction and lateral Chlorine dosage from laboratory work flow separation of the formed labelled was scaled up to treat the large volume complexes. The analysis is based on of rainwater in the tank. The aim was the use of aptamers as bioreceptor to maintain chlorine residue at 0.2-0.5 molecules instead of widely implemented mg/l for the harvested rainwater. The antibodies. The developed method is objectives of the study are to disinfect rapid (duration of analysis is 5 min), the harvested water with a low cost cost-effective and precise. Moreover, the widely available material such as sodium described approach has a potential for hypochlorite and to bring water chlorine its practical application as a tool for lead residue level to the recommended level ions detection in aqueous media. by the WHO.

38. Urban Flood Risk

i. Reliability assessment of The approach includes: (i) estimation of reliability of conduits in SWD network Bangalore storm water drain in fuzzy framework, (ii) construction of network considering LU/LC a reliability block diagram (RBD) for the change and lake condition network, and (iii) use of the RBD and Gouri Laxmeshwar, Indian conduit reliability estimates to compute reliability of SWD network using Fuzzy Institute of Science Monte Carlo simulation-based procedure. This paper presents an approach to estimate the reliability of a SWD ii. Flood impact network (system) in fuzzy framework. assessment in real time: A 198 case study of Chennai and provide references for planners and Bharath R, Aon Consulting stakeholders. Pvt. Ltd. iv. Probabilistic flood model Occurrence of Floods usually have for quantification of risk for devastating impact on life and property. insurance perspective Effective flood management needs Santosh Dronamraju, Aon a continuous evaluation during/after an event. Such an evaluation would Consulting Pvt. Ltd. involve gathering information regarding the damages in real time. The current Losses due to the damages caused practice in monitoring real-time flood by natural catastrophes are largely events includes use of remotely sensed uninsured, in developing as well as flood extents to assess the flood affected developed countries. Determining areas. The study aims at improving losses due to flooding can help to real-time flood risk assessment for loss evaluate mitigation measures as well estimates and relief activities. as fix insurance pricing in the event of a catastrophe. In general, catastrophe models consist of hazard, exposure, and iii. Coastal flooding in vulnerability components. In the present Vietnam and effect of sea study, a probabilistic approach to flood level rise along its deltas loss estimation is presented from an insurance perspective and applied on a Naveen Ragu Ramalingam, river basin. The major objectives are (a) Aon Consulting Pvt. Ltd. to present the need for a flood risk model focused on the user (a) to develop a Vietnam’s long and highly populated probabilistic flood risk model for various coastline is prone to risks associated with watersheds in India,(b) assess the losses typhoons and its accompanying storm and mitigate the hazard in key areas (c) surges. The coastal flood risk due storm to cater the need for development of risk surge is estimated with a stochastic profile for marginalized sections of India. approach utilizing a hydrodynamic model. Our objective is to estimate the coastal flood risk due to storm surge for Vietnam v. Evaluation of the and its highly populated Deltas – Red combined sewer system of River and Mekong. A stochastic typhoon Bangalore using SWMM catalogue is prepared using the historical Reshmi Devi, B.M.S. College track and storm parameters, the related storm surge of each event was simulated of Engineering, Bengaluru using a hydrodynamic model setup in Delft3d which solves the Shallow water Bengaluru, (Latitude: 12.97 N and Equations (SWE) risk. The analysis of Longitude: 77.59 E) situated at an altitude risk related to storm surge hazard based of 900 m above mean sea level and on just considering a few historic events receives a mean annual rainfall of 975 or worst-case scenarios helps provide mm in about 60 rainy days (Bhandiwad, an estimate of the possible magnitudes 2015). In this study the drainage network 199 of Bangalore city is modelled using SWMM catchment area of 3150 ha and outlet (Version 5.1) and various conduits are near the Gali Anjaneya Swamy Temple, analyzed for the flood carrying capacity. in Byatrayanapura Ward, is identified as A part of Vrishabhavathi valley with a the case study area.

39. Urban Water Resilience and Innovation

i. Creative, Ingenious and experience in Australia and India to identify the benefits and goals of a “water sustainable water strategies sensitive city” and their relevance to cities for urban water resilience in India. Akash Sondhi, TERI School of Advanced Studies iii. AquaGen - A sustainable water management system This paper aims at appreciation of the advantages of the revival of creative Ganesh Shankar, Alluvium water systems from the past in 21st Consulting Australia century to increase the resilience of the urban ecosystems towards climate Water is a vital ingredient for Home and extremes. It also aims at providing a Industry consumption. With many regions workable perspectives to the policy in the world facing water crisis and makers to and share new paradigm in becoming water stressed, the importance legal norms towards sustainable urban of managing water wisely has come to water management. the forefront of public consciousness. AquaGen is a sustainable Water Management Solution developed by ii. A water sensitive FluxGen. AquaGen’s architecture is approach for cities in India based on the Industrial Internet of Things Harry Virahasawmy, Technology (IIoT) and Machine Learning Alluvium Consulting algorithms. This device analyses the data to communicate consumption patterns Australia and offers insightful inputs to the facility manager to take corrective actions. Traditional water systems have given us critical benefits such as clean water, safe sanitation and effective drainage. However, we now recognise that adaptations are needed to urban water systems to address key social and environmental vulnerabilities such iv. Innovation capabilities as degraded waterways, uncertain in Water Governance for water supplies and growing community accelerating sustainability expectations. This paper draws on literature review and a range of practical transitions 200 Chitresh Saraswat, investigates which water governance modes are more equipped to develop Australian National innovation capabilities. The study found University that water utilities operating under PPP and Employee cooperative may indeed Amidst the increasing call for innovation have increased abilities to developing to support the transition towards water sustainability-related innovation and security, this study critically evaluates hence accelerate sustainability transitions the hypothesis that advancing innovation in developing countries in comparison to capabilities accelerates sustainability the public water mode of governance. transitions in the water sector. Also, it

40. Water Ethics: Practical Applications i. Reshaping Rivers Sathiyabama, JSW Group through Public Art With the rains becoming more erratic, Ravi Agarwal, Toxics Link green cover replaced by concrete jungles, disappearing natural/manmade water Water sustainability needs consideration storage structures and lost indigenous of rivers from an ecological perspective; knowledge, the people are facing for that a shift of ideas involving an drinking water scarcity. JSW addressed interdisciplinary approach is required. the problem first by addressing their Art can play an essential role in help immediate needs of drinking water, achieving this. Through three public later came up with five-year plan for art projects it is demonstrated how water management, then to align its aesthetic experiences emerged from developmental goals with SDG6. Owing critical artistic interventions contribute to the complexity of the issue, JSW to create the idea of rivers as extended identified the root causes of the problem ideas of nature and public spaces. and worked on a comprehensive system This investigation demonstrates that to address the drinking water problem in the dominant perceptions of rivers has long term. been constructed by narrow approaches excluding important features and actors integral to river systems. It also suggests iii. Nibi (water) Declaration: a more holistic and inclusive approach Anishinaabe water towards building river narratives which governance in the Treaty can contribute to sustainable practices. 3 area in Northwestern ii. Creating a water positive Ontario (Part I: Governance community that champions and Indigenous normative long term water management values) solutions Aimee Craft, University of 201 Ottawa Anishinaabe water governance in the Treaty 3 Beginning from the premise that water has a spirit, this project, the development area in Northwestern Ontario of the Nibi Declaration probes Indigenous (Part 2 – Governance and knowledge of sacred, cultural and water management) spiritual relationships with water, with the purpose of better understanding Lucas King, Grand Council Treaty #3 the agency and personhood of water. Treaty 3 is marked by rapid expansion in The Declaration builds on land-based resource development such as mining, contextual knowledge of the Anishinaabe forestry and nuclear waste management. people of Treaty 3, an area which houses Indigenous knowledge speaks to water a significant amount of freshwater in being alive and having a spirit, therefore Northwestern Ontario. Prioritizing the the activities to protect it must respect this need to strengthen Treaty 3’s Indigenous spirit and personhood. The Declaration water governance, the purpose of this will influence watershed management project is to support the development planning from a foundation of Indigenous and ratification of a Nibi Declaration values, bringing together the two paths based on Indigenous normative values, of ceremony and management practices principles and protocols. This will assist to protect Treaty 3 water for future in clarifying roles and responsibilities that generations. This creates a holistic Anishinaabe, allies and external entities approach, respecting all beings in and decision-makers have and to support creation, in water management unseen the exercise of those responsibilities. in current western practices.

iv. Nibi (water) Declaration:

41. Water Quantity and Quality Considerations in River Basin Planning and Management

i. India and Australia: A cultural focus on water. Australia’s recent experience in strategic water planning, comparative assessment allocation and assessment builds on over of water and river basin a century of policy interventions. Using a planning comparative analysis between India and David Winfield, Alluvium Australia, this paper will discuss which elements of the Australian experience Consulting Australia of water and river basin planning are likely to be most relevant in the Indian Across Asia, there is an increasing need context. The paper will discuss policy to make a transition from water resources reform options based on the Australian development to water resources experience, including appropriate policy management. India’s experience of frameworks and related institutional and development and management in river legal mechanisms to support effective basins draws on centuries of a strong 202 basin planning and governance in India. rich in biodiversity and a source of five major rivers including River Krishna. ii. Modernization effects on Removal of the ban in construction in 1975 caused a sudden growth of sustainable water allocation - developmental activities and the region Yoda Ela, Sri Lanka began to draw a large number of tourists H. A. H. Jayasena, University for recreation and pilgrimage. To protect of Peradeniya the ecology and biodiversity of the region, Mahabaleshwar Panchgani was declared as Eco-Sensitive Region in 2001. Groundwater (19) and surface water (12) samples from 11 locations along the YEC were analysed to assess geochemistry iv. Qualitative assessment and drinking and irrigation suitability. of water and sediment of Electrical Conductivity, Residual Sodium Dhaleshwari River in Savar, Carbonate, Sodium Adsorption Ratio, Kelley’s Ratio and magnesium hazard Dhaka, Bangladesh variations showed that water quality varied Khondoker Ahmed, Chemical from good to doubtful. Cluster analysis, Research Division, BCSIR correlation matrix and the principal component analysis were performed. Laboratories, Dhaka, The overall analyses indicated that both Bangladesh Council of surface and groundwater systems along Scientific and Industrial the YEC were influenced by the rock- Research (BCSIR) water interaction and anthropogenic inputs after the construction of the new Bangladesh is a south Asian developing JGC. country. The constant GDP growth of last few years makes to it a lower middle- iii. Water infrastructure income country. In the recent year’s carrying capacity of government is focusing on the industrial Mahabaleshwar, a town in development over agricultural-based economy. However, the precaution for Western Ghats proper waste disposal and saving the Ankitha Shanbhogue, School aquatic ecosystem is not sufficient enough of Planning and Architecture, to protect the environment. The ecological environment of the Dhaleshwari river is New Delhi vulnerable to pollution. Therefore, the authority should take strict environmental Town in the Western Ghats with mere safety program for newly shifted tannery 13000 population and infrastructure industries in Savar, Dhaka, Bangladesh. designed to cater to resident population but annual tourist inflow of 15 lakhs,. Headwaters of Krishna and other smaller v. Prediction of Jamuna rivers – town lies within eco-sensitive River bank erosion condition region notified in 2001.Mahabaleshwar using deep learning is a hill town in the Western Ghats, Kazi Hasan, Bangladesh 203 University of Engineering vi. The role of vegetation in and Technology river response to a flood Joseph McMahon, Griffith Traditionally riverbank erosion prediction task has been tackled using University custom empirical equations for specific The role of vegetation in the response reaches, numerical modelling and linear of an Australian river to a large flood was regression-based techniques. With the assessed. The 62km study area was emergence of deep learning and readily located in a water supply catchment which available satellite data, we leverage the had experienced historical vegetation power of artificial intelligence to develop clearing, was downstream of a dam, and integrated models that use historical contained sand and gravel extraction satellite images along with traditional sites. A combination of repeat LiDAR input factors of numerical modelling analyses, a generalized least squares to predict future riverbank conditions model, collection of soil properties and for Jamuna River. End-to-end Neural historical photos were used. The GLS Network based approach that borrows model indicated that a 1% increase in ideas from machine translation, is used to vegetation canopy cover significantly predict future Jamuna riverbank erosion reduced riverbank erosion magnitude by states from historical satellite images. between 2-3%. The aim of this study was Integration of water level, discharge data to evaluate the role of riparian vegetation into the network yields better accuracy in river response to a large flood in the than using satellite images as the only Mid Brisbane River catchment, Australia. representation for riverbanks in predicting future bank lines.

204 ANNEXURE I: List of Registered Participants

205 206 207 208 209 210 211 212 213 214 215 216 217 218 219 220 221 222 223 224 225 226 227 228 229 230 231 232 233 ANNEXURE II: List of figures

Fig 1: The Global Water Future Conference ‘Towards a Sustainable Water Future’ .

Fig 2: Budapest Water Summit organized by the Government of Hungary from 15- 17 October.

Fig 3: The Global Water Future Conference held at the J.N. Tata Auditorium on 24 Sep 2019.

Fig 4: Inaugural session of the Global Water Future Conference on 24 September 2019 at the J. N. Tata Auditorium.

Fig 5: Prof. Satheesh, Director, Future Earth South Asia and Chair, Divecha Centre for Climate Change, Indian Institute of Science, delivering the talk at the Inaugural session.

Fig 6: Prof. Anurag Kumar, Director, Indian Institute of Science, and Mr. P. D. Rai, Former Member of Parliament, delivering their talks at the Inaugural session.

Fig 7: Honorable Member of Parliament, India, Mr. Rajiv Pratap Rudy and Honorable Member of Parliament, Bangladesh, Mr. Md. Shahiduzzaman Sarker, delivering their talks.

Fig 8: Prof. Olcay Ünver, Vice Chair, UN-Water, and Prof. Anik Bhaduri, Director, Sustainable Water Future Programme, delivering the talk.

Fig 9: Inaugural session of the Global Water Future Conference on 24 September 2019 at the J. N. Tata Auditorium.

Fig 10: Plenary session of the Global Water Future Conference.

Fig 11: Final plenary session of the Global Water Future Conference on 27 September 2019.

Fig 12: Robert Sandford, Institute for Water, Environment and Health (INWEH), United Nations University, Hamilton, Canada, delivering the talk duing session A.

Fig 13: A presenter presenting during session B.

Fig 14: Glimpse of INC-IHP session.

234 Fig 15: Participants at the special session conference on Cryosphere and Water Security.

Fig 16: Dr. M Mani delivering lecture.

Fig 17: Dr. H S Negi delivering lecture.

Fig 18: Dr. R C Jain delivering lecture.

Fig 19: Poster session in progress.

Fig 20: Pannel discussion in progress.

Fig 21: Session on ‘Future of Urban Waterbody Rejuvenation’ in progress.

Fig 22: Discussions on ‘Future of Urban Waterbody Rejuvenation’ in progress.

Fig 23: One of the participant presenting in the session on ‘Climate Change and Water Management at Water Future Conference’.

Fig 24: Random sessions in progress.

Fig 25: Attendees of the Ministers and MLAs meet held on 25 Sep 2019 at Hotel Sheraton Grand, Bengaluru.

Fig 26: High panel discussions in progress during the Ministers and MLAs meet.

Fig 27: One of the participants presenting during the Ministers and MLAs meet.

Fig 28: Prof. S. K. Satheesh talking during the Ministers and MLAs meet.

Fig 29: Mr. P.D. Rai addressing the attendees of the Ministers and MLAs meet.

Fig 30: Session on Assessing Sustainability in Water Space in progress.

Fig 31: Groundwater Assessment and Analytics session in progress.

Fig 32: Socio-cultural and Ecological Dimensions of Water Resources Management session in progress.

Fig 33: Groundwater Quality and Assessment I session in progress.

Fig 34: Leaving No One Behind: Digital Water, Big Data, Technology and Water Security session in progress.

Fig 35: Water and Climate Change Assessment I session in progress. 235 Fig 36: Data Issues and Needs Related to Monitoring Sustainability in Water Space I session in progress.

Fig 37: Urban Flood Risk and Adaptation session in progress.

Fig 38: Governance: Knowledge Management and Innovation session in progress.

Fig 39: Water-Energy-Food Nexus Governance session in progress.

Fig 40: Agriculture and Water session in progress.

Fig 41: River Basin Governance session in progress.

Fig 42: Water Security, Informal Water Use and Water Access session in progress.

Fig 43: An Integrated Global Vision for Water Security: Approaches and Methods session in progress.

236 Newspaper Coverage

237