SFG2641

Integrated Management Project of Polluted Farmland in Province with World Bank Loan

Public Disclosure Authorized

Pests Management Plan

Public Disclosure Authorized

Public Disclosure Authorized

Foreign Economic and Technical Cooperation Center of Hunan Agricultural Committee April 2016

Public Disclosure Authorized

1 Contents 1. Preface...... 5 1.1 Introduction to the Project ...... 5 1.2 Introduction to Natural Condition of the Project Regions ...... 7 1.2.1 Geographical Position of the Project Regions in Hunan Province ...... 7 1.2.2 Hydrometeor Situation of the Project Regions ...... 9 1.3 Social and Economic Situation of the Project Regions ...... 9 1.4 Planting Structure of Main Crops in the Project Regions ...... 11 1.4.1 Geographical Layout of Main Planting Crops in the Project Regions ...... 11 1.4.2 Cultivation Measures of Main Planting Crops in the Project Regions ...... 13 1.5 Concept on Integrated Pests Management ...... 17 1.6 Purpose on Implementing Pests Management in the Project Regions ...... 18 2. Current Status of Pests Management in the Project Regions ...... 19 2.1 Current Status of the Occurrence of Main Pests in the Project Regions ...... 19 2.1.1 Main Pests Varieties ...... 19 2.1.2 Endangering Area by Main Pests and the Loss Rate Incurred ...... 22 2.2 Pests Prevention and Control Measures Adopted in the Project Regions Currently ...... 24 2.2.1 Pests Prevention and Control Measures of Main Pests in the Project Regions ...... 24 2.2.2 Application Situation of Chemical Pesticides in the Project Regions Currently .... 25 2.3 Interview of Farmers ...... 26 2.4 Evaluation of Current Situation of the Pests Management in the Project Regions ..... 31 3. Foreseeable Occurrence Trend of Agricultural Pests After Implementing the Project ...... 32 3.1 Variation Trend of the Pests of Rice, Corn and Potato ...... 33 3.2 Variation Trend of the Pests of Orchard (Citrus and Grape) ...... 34 3.3 Variation Trend of the Pests of Vegetable ...... 36 3.4 Variation Trend of the Pests of Cotton and Rape ...... 36 3.5 Variation Trend of the Pests of Tea ...... 37 4. Policy, Supervisory Framework and Institutional Responsibility ...... 40 4.1 Policies on Plant Protection and Integrated Pests Governance in and Hunan Province ...... 40 4.2 Supervisory Framework and Institutional Responsibility ...... 41 4.2.1 Supervision and Management Institutions of Pesticides ...... 41 4.2.2 Management Institutions of Pests Prevention and Control ...... 43 4.2.3 Pesticide Residues Test Organizations ...... 44 4.3 Description on the Evaluation of Pests Management Ability ...... 44 4.3.1 Main Problems Existing in Pests Management ...... 45 4.3.2 Measures Should Be Adopted in Pests Management in the Project Regions ...... 46 4.3.3 Pests Prevention and Control System Construction in the Project Regions ...... 47 4.4 Pesticide Management, Distribution System and Pesticide Application ...... 47 4.4.1 Pesticide Management ...... 47 4.4.2 Distribution System of Pesticide ...... 47 4.4.3 Reasonable Application Measures of Pesticides ...... 48 5. Overall Targets and Tasks of Pests Governance Plan in the Project Regions ...... 50

2 5.1 Overall Targets ...... 50 5.2 Basic Principles and Key Tasks of Pests Governance Plan in the Project Regions...... 50 5.2.1 Basic Principles ...... 50 5.2.2 Key Tasks ...... 50 6. Recommended Methods of Pests Management Plan in the Project Regions ...... 51 6.1 Purpose of Recommended Methods ...... 51 6.2 Main Methods Recommended by Pests Management Plan ...... 51 6.2.1 Agricultural Prevention and Control Methods ...... 51 6.2.2 Physical Prevention and Control Methods ...... 51 6.2.3 Biological Prevention and Control Methods ...... 52 6.2.4 Chemical Prevention and Control Methods ...... 52 6.3 Integrated Management Policies for Main Crop Pests in the Project Regions ...... 54 6.3.1 Integrated Management Policies for Rice Pests ...... 54 6.3.2 Integrated Management Policies for Corn Pests ...... 55 6.3.3 Integrated Management Policies for Potato Pests ...... 56 6.3.4 Integrated Management Policies for Citrus Pests ...... 57 6.3.5 Integrated Management Policies for Grape Pests ...... 58 6.3.6 Integrated Management Policies for Vegetable Pests ...... 60 6.3.7 Integrated Management Policies for Cotton Pests ...... 62 6.3.8 Integrated Management Policies for Rape Pests ...... 64 6.3.9 Integrated Management Policies for Tea Pests ...... 64 7. Pesticide Application and Management in the Project Regions ...... 66 7.1 Pesticide Species and Application Devices Recommended by the Project Regions ...... 66 7.1.1 Recommended Pesticide Species ...... 66 7.1.2 Prohibited and Restrained Pesticide Species in China ...... 66 7.2 Technical Requirements on Pesticide Application Devices Used in the Project Regions . 67 7.3 The Ability of Using and Handling Chemicals of Users ...... 68 7.4 Environmental and Occupational/Healthy Risk ...... 68 7.4.1 Environmental Risk ...... 68 7.4.2 Occupational/Healthy Risk ...... 69 8. Strengthening of Pests Management Ability in the Project Regions ...... 70 8.1 Policies ...... 70 8.1.1 Goal of Formulating Policies and Issuing of Government Files ...... 70 8.1.2 Strictly Obey Following Regulations ...... 70 8.2 Management Goals ...... 71 8.2.1 Improve the Awareness of Implementing Policies ...... 71 8.2.2 Strengthen the Construction of Grass-roots Plant Protection Ability ...... 71 8.3 Management Ability, Institution Arrangement and Cooperation ...... 72 8.4 Training and Human Resource Development ...... 72 8.5 Training on Farmers and Service Organizations ...... 73 8.5.1 Training Forms ...... 73 8.5.2 Training Contents ...... 74 8.6 Training Plan ...... 74 9. Project Monitoring and Report ...... 77

3 9.1 Monitoring Contents of the Project ...... 77 9.2 Supervision and Management Contents of the Project ...... 77 9.3 Monitoring and Supervision Plan ...... 78 9.3.1 Monitoring Plan of Pests Management ...... 78 9.3.1.1 Implementation of Monitoring Plan ...... 78 9.3.2 Supervision Plan...... 83 9.3.3 Responsibilities ...... 84 9.4 Project Report ...... 84 10. Fund Budget ...... 84 Appendix 1 List of Recommended Pollution-free Pesticides and Additives ...... 90 Appendix 2 Questionnaire on Application Status of Pesticide ...... 98

4 1. Preface 1.1 Introduction to the Project Hunan Province is located in the middle part of China and midstream of Yangtze River with the land area of 211,800km2, accounting for 2.2% of the national land area. The total population of the whole province was 67.372 million in 2014. It administers 14 prefecture-level cities and 122 counties (cities and districts). Hunan is famous for nonferrous metals, and there has been over a century history of exploring nonferrous metals so that the heavy metal pollution here is very serious and the background level of soil heavy metal is also very high. Based on the positioning monitoring results on the agricultural environment of Hunan Province for many years, the heavy metals polluting the cultivated lands mainly include cadmium, lead, mercury, arsenic and chromium currently, and cadmium pollution is the most serious one. The average value of cadmium content in Region is 0.194mg/kg, which is twice as much as the national average level; especially the cadmium content in purple sand shale soil is the highest that it is 0.403mg/kg generally and the maximum content is 4.113mg/kg; however, purple sand shale soils account for about 34% of cultivated lands in Hunan Province, resulting in generally high background level of cadmium content in soils. Meanwhile, Hunan Province is also a major agricultural province in China that the sown area and capacity of rice are around 65 million mu and 53 billion jin stably, ranking the front in China. “Cadmium rice accident” seriously impacts the rice industry of Hunan Province and even the whole southern area; at the same time, it alarms on the current agricultural production safety and ecological environmental protection, raising the general attention from the society and high attention from the government. In addition, abuse of agricultural inputs, exogenous pollution, breeding industry pollution and other factors also gradually cause the cultivated land pollution. Based on the survey of cultivated land quality survey of Hunan Province, until the end of 2012, the general situation of cultivated land with heavy metals pollution in Hunan Province has been developed from slight pollution to heavy and compound pollution, from partial pollution to regional pollution. According to the initial estimation of safety survey of suburbs, industrial and mining areas and original places of sewage irrigation areas and related data, the cultivated lands polluted by heavy metals accounted for 25% of the total cultivated lands in Hunan Province. Based on the above backgrounds, Hunan Province and World Bank plans to implement integrated management project of polluted farmland in Hunan Province in

5 15 counties and cities, including Baojing, Huayuan, Yongshun, Yongding, Cili, Zhongfang, , Anhua, Pingjiang, , Hengnan, Hanshou, Yizhang, Yongxing and Lengshuitan to provide integrated management model of agricultural safety production based on the risk management for cultivated lands polluted by heavy metals and other pollutants in Hunan Province. The main purposes of the project include: issue local rules and regulations and technical guidance standard for farmland and soil protection; formulate risk map and then make action plan based on the risk map; improve the quality of agricultural products and reduce the pollution level of soil (use phytoremediation technique, etc.) through soil and crop management (vip etc.); produce safe agricultural products by soil and crop management or implement new farmland usage plan to prevent heavy metal pollution from entering into food chain; crops in the demonstration areas reach the food quality standard. In order to achieve above goals and ensure agricultural production safety, agricultural product quality safety and ecological environmental safety, scientific crops pest prevention plan should be formulated. We do the survey and interview in various project regions to ensure the smooth implementation of the project and formulate “Pests Prevention and Control Management Plan” based on the requirements of Pests Management Environment Evaluation of World Bank after collecting large number of data and materials. Based on the plant protection policy of “prevention first and integrated control”, the plan implements and exercises the concept of “public plant protection” and “green plant protection” and summarizes and puts forward the prevention and control methods of normal pests of main crops related to the project, including rice, corn, potato, citrus, grape, vegetable, cotton, rape and tea. Under the premise of protecting ecological environment, the prevention and control plan emphasizes the role of natural control, popularizes the application of agricultural, physical and chemical prevention and control methods to control pests, applies appropriate chemical control techniques and measures in a coordinated way and reduce the dependence on agricultural chemicals to control the pests under the permitted level of economic injury and gain the best economic, social and ecological benefits.

6 1.2 Introduction to Natural Condition of the Project Regions

1.2.1 Geographical Position of the Project Regions in Hunan Province Hunan Province is located in the middle part of China and midstream of Yangtze River from 108°47′E～114°15′E, and it is 667km from the east to the west and 774km from the south to the north. The whole province is surrounded by mountains in east, west and north, and it is inclined to the middle and north east part, forming unsymmetrical U-shaped topography open to the northeast. The whole province can be divided into six topographic regions: mountain plateau and mountainous region in northwest Hunan, mountainous region in west Hunan, hills and mountains region in south Hunan, massifs region in east Hunan, hilly region in middle Hunan and plain region in north Hunan. The mountainous area (including mountain plateau) accounts for 51.22% of the whole area of Hunan Province; the hill area accounts for 15.40%; the downland area accounts for 13.87%; the plain area accounts for 13.11% and the water area accounts for 6.39%. The main topographic features of Hunan Province are mountains and hills, accounting for 66.62% of the whole area. Hunan is the continental subtropical monsoon humid climate and the annual sunshine duration is 1300-1800 hours so that the heat resource is bountiful. The annual temperature of Hunan Province is high that the annual average temperature is 15-18℃. The frost-free period of Hunan Province is 260-310 days and the majority areas are between 280 days and 300 days. Moreover, the annual average precipitation is between 1200mm and 1700mm so that the rainfall is rich. Excellent water, heat, light and other natural conditions not only bring many beneficial factors for the agricultural development of Hunan Province, but result in many difficulties in the prevention and control of various pests. For the project regions, there are 8 counties in the mountainous regions in west Hunan, namely Baojing, Huayuan, Yongshun, Yongding, Cili, Zhongfang, Jishou and Anhua; there are 5 counties in the hills and mountains regions in south Hunan, namely Hengyang, Hengnan, Yizhang, Yongxing and ; and there are 2 counties in plain regions in north Hunan, namely Pingjiang and Hanshou. The specific distribution can be seen in Figure 1.

7 Table 1-2-1 Distribution of the Project Regions in Hunan Province County No. City No. City County (City/District) (City/District)

1 Hengyang 9 Yongding District 2 City 10 City

3 City 11 Xiangxi 4 12 Autonomous City 5 13 Prefecture 6 City 14 Jishou City

7 City 15 City 8 Lengshuitan District City

Figure 1-1 Geographical Position of the Project Regions in Hunan Province

8 1.2.2 Hydrometeor Situation of the Project Regions Table 1-2-2 Hydrometeor Situation of the Project Regions Effective Average Average Frost-free Average Name of Altitude accumulated temperature rainfall period evaporation project areas (m) temperature (℃) （mm） （day） （mm） （≥10℃） Baojing 472 16.1 1620 5028 288 794.7 Huayuan 341 16.3 1350 5003.5 337 1053.6 Yongshun 800.3 16.7℃ 1344.6 4800 286 480 Yongding 252 16.8 1381.9 5291.6 269 1092.4 Cili 850 16.8 1390 1668 267.6 1177.9 Zhongfang 220 16.9 1370.9 5214.9 290 1285.4 Jishou 400 16.4 1440.5 5253 285.8 1105.4 Anhua 182 16.5 1687.7 3020 276 1127.7 Pingjiang 67 16．9 1108.8 5331 263 838.6 Hengyang 65 18.7 1300 5500 300 1408.3 Hengnan 158 17.9 1268.8 5568 286 1412 Hanshou 31.9 17.0 1415.9 5286.4 274 717.4 Yizhang 222.8 18.3 1426.9 5730 286 1447.1 Yongxing 739.5 18.5 1238.6 6053.7 307 1439.9 Lengshuitan 120.5 18.3 1307 5693 352.6 1407 District

1.3 Social and Economic Situation of the Project Regions The project regions administer 15 counties, districts and counties in 9 cities, which are allocated from the east to the west of Hunan Province with the total area of 36,428.7km2 and total population of 10.1111 million. Among it, the agricultural population was 6.8767 million, accounting for 68.01% of the total population in the project regions. The area of cultivated land was 8.3324 million mu with the total grain output of 4.3655 million tons in 2014. The annual total output value was 232.712 billion , and the output values of the first industry, secondary industry and tertiary industry were 42.830 billion Yuan, 97.476 billion Yuan and 92.406 billion Yuan respectively, and the annual per capita net income of farmers was 12,885 Yuan (Table1-3-1).

9 Table 1-3-1 Social and Economic Situation of the Project Regions (In 2014)

Per capita Area of Total Agricultural Total output value (100 million Yuan) Annual per Name of area of Total grain Total area cultivated population population capita project 2 cultivated output (km ) land (10000 (10000 The income areas land (10000 tons) The first The tertiary (10000 mu) people) people) secondary (Yuan) (mu) industry industry industry Baojing 1754.6 30.74 31.26 26.98 0.98 8.76 7.48 1.42 1.81 6168 Huayuan 1109.35 36.9 30.9 22.79 0.86 9.09 36.15 17.99 6.17 20572 Yongshun 3810 58.8 53.82 46.9 1.25 21.26 15.69 14.94 26.77 4906 Yongding 2169.04 32.25 47.60 33.55 0.96 14.66 15.68 37.29 115.48 6640 Cili 3480 57.12 70.9 59.65 0.81 32.02 23.55 49.08 76.65 13407 Zhongfang 1419 33.2 28.4 26.04 1.17 11.396 11.29 51.2868 23.5372 7580 Jishou 1062 16.510 30.76 7.29 2.26 4.91 4.1414 24.2554 42.9348 25822 Anhua 4950 64 108 89 0.72 24.3183 37.6246 64.7587 60.4571 17840 Pingjiang 4125 71.94 106 63.59 1.13 41.55 38.61 92.44 68.39 11932 Hengyang 2558.61 104.51 123.48 87.25 0.85 62.57 62.08 104.9 96.30 12306 Hengnan 2626 98.63 111.7 61.45 0.88 58.02 59.93 123.27 69.23 13265 Hanshou 2021 96.09 82.13 67.45 1.17 64.24 45.42 70.08 102.94 14843 Yizhang 2142.70 42.255 62.4766 47.8529 0.676 23.6077 17.565 75.318 71.083 9729 Yongxing 1979.4 42.057 68.83 29.56 0.611 23.5616 23.72 168.15 74.95 17243.26 Lengshuitan 1222 48.24 54.85 18.32 0.89 36.59 29.37 79.58 87.36 19750 DistrictTotal 36428.7 833.24 1011.11 687.67 15.22 436.55 428.30 974.76 924.06 12885

10 1.4 Planting Structure of Main Crops in the Project Regions

1.4.1 Geographical Layout of Main Planting Crops in the Project Regions The agricultural crops planting in the project regions can be divided into three types: the first type is the crops which mainly meet people’s basic needs of life and feed of livestock, including rice, corn, potato and sweet potato. The second type is the fruit trees and various cash crops with local advantages and specialties (Table 1-4-1). The developments of related industries in various places are different due to the different natural conditions and ecological environments. For example, the grain crops are mainly rice in Pingjiang, Hanshou, Hengyang and Hengnan and rice and corn in Cili, Yongding, Yongshun and Anhua; in addition, the areas of citrus are pretty huge in Baojing, Huayuan, Yongxing and Yizhang. Moreover, the cropping patterns are also various in different places that Hengyang, Chenzhou and Yongzhou are double cropping rice regions with the main cropping pattern of “rice-rice”; while Xiangxi and Zhangjiajie in the west Hunan are single-season rice regions with the main cropping pattern of “rice-rape” and “rice-manure / rice-leisure” as supplement.

Figure on Planting Area of Main Crops in the Project Regions (Unit: 10000mu)

Rice

Corn specPotato Citrus Rape Tea

Other fruits Vegetable Cotton manure Green

ies

11 Table 1-4-1 Main Crops and Geographical Layouts in the Project Regions in 2014 (Unit: 10000 mu) Green Grain crops Cash crops manure Name of the Milk vetch project areas Citrus and Rice Corn Potato type Other fruits Rape Tea Vegetable Cotton melilotus albus Baojing 12.36 8.7 7.2 16.57 3.51 4.76 / / / 3.2 Huayuan 14.52 10.65 / 20.50 / 3.00 / / / / Yongshun 30.20 15.10 18.00 15.80 8.30 14.36 2.40 / / 5.00 Yongding 23.22 11.67 4.16 7.27 0..87 10.47 / 18.15 / / Cili 36.20 33.00 5.00 25.00 / 30.00 2.50 12.40 1.10 0.50 Zhongfang 19.50 7.50 / 3.15 4.80 13.20 / 5.00 0.35 6.90 Jishou 8 6 4.5 13.5 2.5 8 4 15 / 7.3 Anhua 45.00 23.50 / 6.26 12.45 32.50 25.00 25.00 / 5.25 Pingjiang 107.66 / / 11.5 / 42.6 / / / 3.5 Hengyang 146.58 5.55 4.65 4.69 1.68 / / / 11.49 0.67 Hengnan 146.10 / / 7.50 3.20 / 0.83 15.24 6.31 13.50 Hanshou 82 / / 4 / 60 / 39.5 9.5 / Yizhang 45.64 16.09 7.65 21.36 5.90 9.03 2.60 / / / Yongxing 62.70 / 5.40 14.30 0.22 19.35 1.32 17.64 / 13.22 Lengshuitan 70.76 6.39 / 11.00 11.95 / / 26.20 / 3.36 DistrictTotal 850.44 144.15 55.56 182.4 54.51 247.27 38.65 174.13 28.75 62.4

12 1.4.2 Cultivation Measures of Main Planting Crops in the Project Regions

Direct seeding or seedling transplanting is adopted for rice. Firstly, cultivate strong seedling with tiller through seedling bed finishing, seed handling, precision sowing, strengthening seedling management and other measures. Secondly, exercise standardized transplanting and adopt fixed cable transplanting with the row spacing of 4×6 inch, and 25,000 seeds can be planted in each mu. The third one is scientific rich water management that 1000kg excellent farmyard manures, 30kg calcium superphosphate, 10kg carbamide and 10kg potassium sulfate are fertilized in each mu as base manures. After being transplanted for 5-7 days, fertilize 10kg carbamide (with herbicide is permitted) as additional manure in each mu; after the transplantation, deep water seed protection should be done appropriately and shallow water management and natural drying should be exercised in the tillering stage; when tillering plants reach expected number of productive ear, water withdrawing and field drying to cracking should be done. Plastic mulching cultivation should be adopted for corns. 1. Exercise precise soil preparation. The soil should be intensively cultivated to be soft, fine and smooth with good permeability to improve the moisture and fertility preservation performance. The soil moisture conservation should be done timely after the soil preparation. 2. Exercise early sowing at appropriate time to improve sowing quality. 3. Exercise reasonable close planting and establish good group structure. 4. Strengthen field management to ensure the production and income increase. Cultivation measures of potatoes. I. Seed treatment. Vernalization and seed solarization treatment should be done before sowing. 1. Store dispersedly. Spread out potato seeds in dry and ventilated places evenly. 2. Cut terminal bud. 3. Strip and disinfect and vernalization in the sand bed. II. Field production. 1. Soil selection. Select convenient irrigation and drainage and fertile soils. 2. Ditching and furrowing and fertilize enough base fertilizers. 3. Sow breed. Put bud eyes upwards and earth backing covering. 4. Additional fertilizer in field. Exercise additional fertilizer for three times after that seedling emerges 60%-70%, the height of seedling is 10cm and

13 ground cannot be seen. 5. Moisture management. Maintain the soil moist after planting which is beneficial for bud early emergence and soil should be kept wet afterwards. Waterlogging cannot be existed in the field 15 days in advance of the harvest to prevent that potatoes are split or putrid due to absorbing too much water. Main measures of citrus cultivation and management. 1. Plant trees among thinning space and keep necessary crown interval. Plant trees among sparse shift or intermediate cuttings can fully utilize space and improve capacity. 2. Implement pruning and reshaping on bough to increase ventilation and light transmission and improve the fruit quality. 3. Exercise intensive cultivation, cut weeds frequently and cultivate reasonably. 4. Strengthen soil and rich water management and do well in blossom and fruits protection and thinning to prevent fruitful year and unfruitful year. Heavily fertilize base fertilizers and focus on fertilizing fruits full and twig promotion fertilizer in July that each plant of full-grown trees should be fertilized around 1kg high efficiency compound fertilizer. The blossom and fruits protection and thinning should be done well based on the citrus flower quantities and fruit settings respectively to ensure the certain capacity. Cultivation and management measures of grape. 1. Topography selection and soil preparation and land improvement. Select the sand loam with open topography, unimpeded air, convenient irrigation and drainage, loose soil and excellent water permeability or gravel loam with high organic content. 2. Expand row space appropriately and raise the fruit bearing position. The trellis height should be controlled at 1.8-2.2m and the row space cannot be lower than 1.7m. The fruit cluster location should be controlled between 90- 120cm; main branch locations of young sprout should be adjusted to 110-150cm and the trellis height should not exceed 200cm. 3. Exercise close planting and twig thinning and control the vine and normal bud. In order to reduce the plant disease, the pruning should be done based on the principle of mean to tree vigor; moreover, in order to effectively control the number of branches, pruning in summer must be strengthened in the growing season and pinch the leading shoot for many times to thickening the main vine of fruit bearing

14 and pinch the sublateral shoot of leaving 1-2 leaves repeatedly while those useless sublateral shoots should be removed as early as possible. 4. Increase the organic content and reduce the amount of nitrogen fertilizer, which is the effective way to resist and prevent disease. 5. Pay attention to the soil water drainage and reduce the field humidity. Pay attention to the water drainage at any time and keep the smooth of drainage ditch in the growing season of grapes from April to August.

Cultivation and management measures of vegetables. General introduction is introduced due to that vegetable varieties are various. Firstly, establish farmland rotation system that different vegetable fields and vegetable varieties should adopt different rotation systems. Intercropping among different families of vegetables is advocated. Secondly, advocate “healthy” cultivation to improve the press resistance force and pests resistance ability of plants in four steps: select fine breeds, sterilize seeds, sow at appropriate periods and cultivate strong seedlings. Thirdly, do well in field management that plant different types of vegetables based on the soil types with precise soil preparation and reasonable close planting, intertillage, weeding, hill up, put up, pruning and fruit thinning. Cultivation and management measures of cotton. (1) Sow seed in appropriate period: direct seeding or seedling transplantation. When the local temperature is stabilized at 12℃, the emergence of cottonseed can avoid local late frost, which is the appropriate period for sowing. (2) Thickness of sowing: It is determined by the requirements of selected variety generally. It should be thin for plain and fertile lands and dense for slopes and poor lands. (3) Depth of sowing: Row spacing should be determined based on the selected density and ridge spacing and equidistance is necessary for both mechanical sowing and manual sowing. The trenching depth is 5cm and the sowing must above the horizon which is easy for improving land temperature and seedling stage management. The earthing cannot exceed 3cm. (4)

Survey land and fill the gaps with seedlings to maintain the density: uneven seedling section should be remedied timely after emergence. (5) Field management. Make the root and seedling strong to promote premature and topdress of 10-15kg after final

15 singling and 20-25kg after the emergence of flower bud. (6) Precisely pruning. Pinch the tip in early July and pinch the pericone in middle July. (7) Foliage spray to increase boll weight and promote premature: spray monopotassium phosphate or 1% carbamide fertilizer on the surface in the blossom and boll-forming stages of cotton to increase boll weight and promote premature. Direct seeding or seedling transplanting is adopted for rape. 1. Cultivate strong seedling with high standard: (1) Select fine breed of X.Z.Y No.1, No.2 or No.3 excellent rape varieties. (2) Prepare seedbed and select seedbed. (3) Sow seeds in appropriate time. (4) Thinning and final singling. (5) Dressing hole applied fertilizer. When the 4th completed leaf is occurred in rape seedling, use 5 dans of thoroughly decomposed human and animal manures to mix with 5-6 dans of water to fertilize for each mu; after the final singling, use 4-5 dans of thoroughly decomposed human and animal manures or 5-7kg carbamide to mix with 10 dans of water to fertilize. 2. Do well in field transplanting in appropriate period. 4. Fertilize “four fertilizers”: hole applied fertilizer, overwinter fertilizer, fertilizer for rape’s bolting period and boron fertilizer. Cultivation and management measures of tea. 1. Weeding and soil loosening: weed and loosen soils before picking spring tea leaves which is beneficial for loosening soils and raising soil temperature; weed and reduce the moisture and nutrient loss can promote the early germination of spring teas. Weeding and soil loosening is exercised in the late February and early March with the depth of 10-15cm. 2. Fertilize flushing manure: the flushing manure should be fertilized early rather other late. It should be fertilized 15-20cm away from the root of tea tree with 30-35kg carbamide or 30kg compound fertilizer or 2000-2500kg thoroughly decomposed manure for each mu and then earth up. 3. Pruning: light pruning is advocated for tea park that prune the autumn growth (green stem) of last year and leave spring and summer shoot with been cut about 2-3cm (red stem). 4. Freeze-proofing: use straw, weeds or shading screen to cover in the windward slope tea park which is liable to freeze injury in early spring, and lift the cover after the cold-air outbreak. 5. Clean

16 ditch and drain water: the rainfall is rich in spring, so it is needed to trench and drain water, clean and dredge water drainage ditch to ensure that tea park is dry when the rainfall stops and there is no ponding. 6. Supplement foliar fertilizer: when the temperature exceeds 12℃ in the early March, supplement fertilizer on roots by utilizing the absorption function of tea leaves to promote early germination of tea trees, increase capacity and improve quality.

In the pests management, because many young adults in rural areas go out to work so labor force is insufficient; therefore, the field management measures are not implemented well and straws and sick bodies of various crops are handled freely; meanwhile, due to the lack of related knowledge of IPM, the prevention and control of pests is mainly dependent on chemical pesticides with unreasonable combination and mixture, resulting into the reduction in prevention efficiency as well as the generation of pests drug resistance. In addition, dosage is not used based on the regulation in pesticide application and the dosage is increased freely, resulting in the occurrence of phytotoxicity.

1.5 Concept on Integrated Pests Management As the strategy of integrated pest management, pests integrated management applies agricultural, physical, biological and chemical prevention and control and other measures in a coordinated way and fully play the role of natural control in agricultural ecology to control agricultural pests within the permitted economic loss level based on the correlation of pests and environment from the holistic perspective of agricultural ecological system. It only prevents and controls when the danger of pests may result in economic loss, namely it is permitted that certain quantity of pathogenic bacteria or pests exist on crops as long as their quantity won’t damage the economy. IPM pays high attention on the application of integrated prevention and control techniques, including resistant variety, cultivation measure, biological natural enemies and chemical agents, especially utilizing natural enemies and other biological controllable factors to control pests; and it is cautious on the application of chemical

17 agents. IPM is also a systematic management method, which focuses on the participation of planters, the improvement of planter quality and decision-making ability and support of related policies. For the specific action, it advocates healthy cultivation and the protection of natural enemies; it insists on regulated field ecological survey and analysis to observe the growth status of crops and dynamic state of pests, natural enemies and other insect varieties; it uses the result of farmland ecological analysis to replace the traditional empirical threshold to make self-decision finally. The guiding ideology has been transferred from pursuing high capacity to the sustainable developed agriculture with the core on improving pure benefit, using limited resources reasonably and improving comprehensive quality of producers. The strategy is implemented in three close stages: prevention, monitoring and intervention. It focuses on prevention and advocates agricultural chemicals should be used as less as possible or not used to reduce the pollution on natural ecological environment and create the environment unfavorable for pests while favorable for the growth and breeding of crops and beneficial organisms. The project support integrated pests management (IPM), including following aspects: (1) Pests governance: control the pests under the permitted economic loss level instead of eliminating all pests;

(2) Fully play the role of natural control factors and try the best to use non-chemical measures to keep the total pests quantity at low level; (3) If agricultural chemicals must be used, the selected varieties and using methods should reduce the harmful effect on beneficial organisms, human beings and ecological environment as much as possible.

1.6 Purpose on Implementing Pests Management in the Project Regions

The implementation of the project may change the input and application method of current agricultural chemicals (fertilizers and pesticides). The project will pay

18 attention to the potential negative effect due to the change of dosage and application method of agricultural chemicals and relieve these adverse effects through introducing agricultural chemicals and application techniques with higher effective. At the same time, it will expand planting area of green agricultural products and pollution-free agricultural products, improve the output and quality of agricultural products and increase the income of farmers through bringing in, demonstrating and promoting more environmental integrated pests prevention and control techniques. Pests management plan of integrated management project of polluted farmland in Hunan Province will be implemented in 15 counties (cities/districts), which vigorously popularize pests control with agricultural, physical and biological measures to reduce the dependency level of agricultural production on agricultural chemicals and the pollution on agricultural products and natural ecological environment to gradually achieve the sustainable development of agriculture. Therefore, it is necessary to formulate pests management plan for the project.

2. Current Status of Pests Management in the Project Regions 2.1 Current Status of the Occurrence of Main Pests in the Project Regions 2.1.1 Main Pests Varieties Hunan Province has a wide area with complicated topography and diverse ecological types while special climate conditions make the variety of agricultural pests complicated. So Hunan is one of the provinces with common crop pests with following embodiment: the variety of regular pests is increasing; the danger of suddenly-emerged pests is becoming serious; the risk of invaded alien species is increasing and original pests control and prevention measures are obviously insufficient, which result in the danger of pests is becoming much more serious. Through the survey and observation on the project regions, the current main crop pests varieties and regular prevention and control pesticide in the project regions are listed below (WTO divided toxicity of pesticide in 5 classes in 2009: Class-Ia is extremely dangerous; Class-Ib is highly dangerous; Class-II is moderately dangerous;

19 Class-III is lowly dangerous; Class-U is not dangerous. Similarly hereinafter):

2-1-1 Common Pests Varieties and Regular Prevention and Control Pesticide in the Project Regions (Main Crops of Various Counties) Common prevention and

Crops Common pests Common diseases control pesticide (WHO toxicity

grading)

Chlorantraniliprole (U), Abamectin

Chilo suppressalis, (Ib), Emamectin Benzoate (II),

cnaphalocrocis medinalis, sheath blight, rice blast Pymetrozine (U), Imidacloprid (II), Rice rice planthopper and and rice false smut Validamycin (U), Difenoconazole II),

thrips oryzae williams Propiconazole (II) and Tricyclazole

(II)

Corn large (small) leaf Dimetachlone (III), carbendazim (U), Corn borer, aphid and Corn spot, rough dwarf disease thiophanate-methyl (U), beauvericin cutworm and stem rot (U) and dichlorovos (Ib)

Aphid, henosepilachna Late blight, early blight Phoxim (III), Deltamethrin (II), Potato vigintioctopunctata and and black shank disease Metalaxyl (II) and Mancozeb (U) subterranean pests

Spider mites,

phyllocoptruta oleivora

Citrus ashmead, liriomyza Anthracnosis and stored Abamectin (Ib), Pymetrozine (U),

sativae, unaspis disease Imidacloprid (II) and Prochloraz ((II)

yanonensis, aphid and

citrus flower midge

Iprodione (III), Pyraclostrobin (U), Downy mildew, gray Grape Scarab and weevil Dimethomorph (III), Mancozeb (U) mold and anthracnosis and Chlorpyrifos (II)

Cabbage caterpillar, Drooping disease, Carbendazim (U), Mancozeb (U),

Vegetable diamond back moth, damping-off, gray mold Chlorothalonil (U),

cabbage aphid, cutworm, and “macerating root”; Thiophanate-methyl (U),

20 noctuid type, aleyrodid, downy mildew, powdery Streptomycin (U), Deltamethrin (II),

tetranychid mite, maruca mildew, bacterial angular Fenvalerate (II), Trichlorfon (II),

testulalis, liriomyza, snail leaf spot, blight, Imidacloprid (II), Acephate (II),

and daikon leaf beetle anthracnosis, bacterial Chlorantraniliprole(U), Phoxim (III),

wilt, blast, virus and late Emamectin benzoate (II), Abamectin

blight (Ib), Chlorpyrifos (II) and Dimethoate

(II)

Thiophanate-methyl (U), hymexazol Cotton aphid, Spider Drooping disease, (Ⅲ), pymetrozine (U), abamectin mites, earias Cotton damping-off and (Ⅰb), deltamethrin (Ⅱ), cupreoviridis , cotton anthracnosis chlorantraniliprole (U), and bollworm and pink worm flubendiamide(U)

downy mildew, sclerotinia Dimetachlone (Ⅲ), carbendazim (U) Rape Aphid and leaf miner and virus and thiophanate-methyl (U)

Tea green leafhopper, tea

geometrid, tea tussock Tea phyllosticta theaefolia Thiophanate-Methyl (Ⅰb), matrine

Tea moth, pink tea rust mite, hara、tea gall, anthracnosis (U), pymetrozine (U), bacillus

tea aphid and tea slug and leaf blight thuringiensis (Ⅲ) and mancozeb (U)

moth

Although not all varieties of pesticides used in the project regions are listed in

the above table, it can still reflect the basic status of pesticide used in the project regions. There are 33 pesticides involved in the above table and from the aspect of

pesticide original drug toxicity, there are 0 in Class-Ia, 2 in Class-Ib, 13 in Class-II, 6

in Class-III and 12 in Class-U, that Class-Ib and Class-II account for 45.5%. After

being transformed into pesticide preparation, the toxicity of Class-Ib and Class-II pesticide is reduced; therefore, if the statistics are gotten based on pesticide preparation, the pesticide variety of Class-III and Class-U will be increased, while the

proportion of Class-Ib and Class-II pesticide is still around 30%. Therefore, the project regions should implement pests management plan of World Bank as quick as

21 possible, comprehensively apply non-chemical prevention and control measures, cautiously use Class-III and Class-U pesticides and stop to use dangerous chemical pesticides to ensure the agricultural production, agricultural product quality, ecological environment and farmer’s safety in the project regions.

2.1.2 Endangering Area by Main Pests and the Loss Rate Incurred As shown in Table 2-1-2 and Figure 2-1-2, despite of the great efforts invested in the prevention and treatment of pests and diseases in the project regions year by year, there are still large yield loss for all kinds of crops. The yield loss for various crops is sequenced from high to low as follows: vegetable＞citrus＞potato type＞rape＞corn ＞rice＞cotton＞tea. Meanwhile as shown in the table, due to different natural conditions and ecological environment in all project regions, the extent of harm incurred by pests and diseases for various crops also varies, so even for the same variety of crop, the loss varies largely from one project region to another. For example, the loss of citrus in Cili, Zhongfang and Anhua is less than that in other project regions, while the loss of rape in Yizhang and Yongxing is more severe than that of other project regions.

22 Table 2-1-2 Occurrence area of pests and related loss status in the project regions (10000mu.%) Rice Cotton Citrus Rape Vegetable Potato type Corn Tea Name of project Affect Hazard Affect Hazard Affect Hazard Hazard Affect Hazard Affect Hazard Affect Hazard Affect Hazard Affect regions ed loss ed loss ed loss loss ed loss ed loss ed loss ed loss ed area area (%) area (%) area (%) (%) area (%) area (%) area (%) area (%)

Baojing 12.36 3.5 / / 16.57 8.9 4.76 9.3 / / 3 4.5 8.7 4.2 / / Huayuan 12 5.0 / / 2 6.5 2.8 7.5 / / / / 9.5 8 / / Yongshun 30 3.5 / / 15.7 4.2 8.5 3.2 / / 6 4.7 14.7 5 2 2.1 Yongding 23 4 / / 7 5 2.5 2 18 3 2 4.3 6 3 / / Cili 35.7 6.5 1 3 23 12.5 28.2 5.8 12 10.3 3 4.8 25.2 3.4 2.3 2.2 Zhongfan 8 8.5 0.3 2.5 2.8 12 3 7 4.8 8.2 / / 3.4 4 / / g Jishou 8 2.6 / / 13 6.6 8 5.2 15 10.1 / / / / 3 2.0 Anhua 44 3.2 / / 6 10 31.1 9.5 24.98 11.3 / / 18.2 4.5 23 2.5 Pingjiang 61.15 2.7 / / 5.28 7.86 27.5 3.24 / / / / / / / / Hengyang 145.2 3.6 11.2 3.5 1.2 4.5 / / / / 3.1 7.5 1.4 5 / / Hengnan 145.8 3.3 5.3 1.2 6.7 5.8 / / 14.8 9.7 / / / / 0.8 1.5 Hanshou 81.5 2 8.5 3 / / 52 1.5 35 6.5 / / / / / / Yizhang 40.3 6.06 / / 20.3 9.8 8.3 11.7 / / 5 12.2 6.7 11.2 2.2 1.7 Yongxing 63.1 2.4 / / 14.2 2.9 16.4 10 15.2 8.4 2.3 7.6 / / 1.3 1.5 Lengshuit an 69.25 3.8 / / 9.2 7.3 / / 25.83 7.6 / / 5.86 4.1 / /

Totalan 779.36 3.7 26.3 2.6 142.95 7.4 193.06 6.3 165.61 8.3 24.4 6.5 99.66 5.2 34.6 1.9 (average)District

23

2.2 Pests Prevention and Control Measures Adopted in the Project Regions Currently 2.2.1 Pests Prevention and Control Measures of Main Pests in the Project Regions Despite of the varied natural conditions and different crops planted, the prevention and control measures and approaches are the same on the whole, which can be classified into agricultural measures, physical and mechanical, biological, ecological and chemical prevention and treatment. In above prevention and control measures, chemical prevention and control are still the mainstay in the effective control of pests, accounting for over 80%, and the agricultural measures account for about 10%, physical and mechanical methods account for 5% each.

Table 2-2-1 Pests Prevention and Control Measures Mainly Adopted Currently in the Project Regions

Prevention and Control measures Suitable crops

Select disease-resistance variety and seedlings Suitable for various crops

Plastic film mulching Suitable for various crops

Agricultural Crop rotation Rice and rape measures Clean fields Fruit tree and vegetable

Detoxification of planting potato Potato

Plant corn lure strip around cotton field Cotton Set up moth-killing lamp, sweet-sour liquid, Rice, cotton, citrus and tea Physical yellow board and moth-killing ball to kill moths prevention High-temperature seed soaking for sterilization and control and insects killing, using high-temperature tightly Rice and vegetable greenhouse with natural light in summer Ecological Adjust and control shed and room temperature prevention Vegetable and humidity and control Biological Protect and utilize natural enemies Rice, fruit tree and vegetable prevention Utilize biological agent to prevent and control Rice, rape, fruit tree and vegetable and control pests Seed dressing and coating Rice and vegetable Apply chemicals in sowing furrow (hole) or Rice, vegetable and cotton Chemical spread pesticide-clay mixture prevention Make various poison baits to trap and kill pests Fruit tree, vegetable and tea and control Use aerosol to fumigate and kill pests Vegetable

Ground spray and underground root-irrigation Rice, vegetable, fruit tree and tea

24

2.2.2 Application Situation of Chemical Pesticides in the Project Regions Currently We have surveyed the application situation of chemical pesticides in some project regions to do well in the further application and management of chemical pesticides, especially insecticides in the pests management in the project regions.

Table 2-2-2 Application Situation of Chemical Pesticides in the Project Regions in 2015

Times of Dosage (g/mu.time) Total dosage in 2015 pesticide Proportion Name of application Chemical Biological of project regions for crops in Antiseptic Insecticide pesticides pesticides biological each season (tons) (tons) pesticides (times) (tons) Baojing 3 125 75 250 0.5 0.2

Huayuan 3.5 75 85 35 2 5.7

Yongshun 4 30 50 800 50 6.25

Yongding 3 100 100 54.36 4 7.4

Cili 3 100 30 373.08 1.55 0.41

Zhongfang 4 40 25 120.4 3.8 3.2

Jishou 4.5 30 100 180 20 11

Anhua 4 100 110 732.07 32.6 4.4

Pingjiang 3 100 100 897.5 95.3 10.6

Hengyang 3 17.5 25 418.7 45.2 10.8

Hengnan 3 30 200 1196 168 14.0

Hanshou 2.5 10-30 5-20 237.9 18.6 7.3

Yizhang 3 10 50 1322.02 177.62 13.4

Yongxing 3 140 140 344.68 32 9.3

Lengshuitan 3.5 22.5 182.5 426 21 4.9

Following statements should be explained for the data in the above table: (1) The chemical applying times for the crops in each season in the table is the average value. The actual situation is that the grain crops such as rice and corn all received chemical coating, seed dressing and spreading pesticide-clay mixture, 2-3 times for the field growth period, 4-5 times for economic crops such as vegetables and fruit trees, 5-6 times for some varieties and even more for some varieties. (2) The chemical dosage varies significantly among villages and townships due to the

25

difference in their agricultural areas and crop varieties planted. In particular, the annual agricultural chemical consumption is significantly larger in the project towns which grow vegetables and fruit trees as their mainstay. (3) Chemical pesticides prevail in pests prevention and control in the project regions, and the use of bio-pesticides accounts for less than 10% only.

2.3 Interview of Farmers In investigation and survey period of the project, we had interviews with 180 peasant households at random in the project regions, and collected questionnaires from them to learn their views on the use of agricultural pesticides. The content of the questionnaire includes the educational level of the peasants, land they owned, crop varieties they planted, main pest varieties occurred as well as how to select the type of pesticides, how to determine the use dosage and the applying time, the precautions in the use of pesticides, how to preserve pesticides, how to dispose of the used chemical bottles and packaging bags, the trainings they expect to take. All surveyed peasant households wish to take training concerning the knowledge on the identification of pests and diseases, related prevention and treatment measures, proper use of pesticides and cultivation management. It can be said that what acquired from the interviews with the peasants indicated the true situations of the prevention and treatment of pests and diseases in the project regions at present (see Table 2-2-3). Currently, the feminization and aging phenomenon are existed in the farming labor in Hunan Province, which cannot show the embarrassment in common farming activities; however, in the most fatigue, arduous, costly and dangerous pests prevention and control, the prevention and control methods of each household cannot handle the severe situation of frequent and repeated occurrence of pests obviously. Currently, the main problems existing in the safety application of pesticides in the project regions are: firstly, prevention awareness of farmers is insufficient. Farmers pay attention to the pests prevention and control while neglect the damage as well as prevention and control of plant disease and weed injury. Secondly, prevention and control decisions are inappropriate. Farmers cannot make scientific decision on whether pests should be prevented and controlled and when they should be prevented and controlled; it is common that they blindly follow other people around them who prevent and control pests. Thirdly, prevention and control pesticide is unsuited. Farmers purchase pesticides recommended

26

by the dealer from the agricultural market to prevent and control pests, while those dealers recommend pesticides with the highest profit instead of the counterpart pesticides of pests prevention and control. Fourthly, prevention and control time is inaccurate. It is common that farmers prevent and control pests after seeing them, while the instar is pretty old so that they have to increase the dosage which wastes pesticides and makes environment pollution more serious. In addition, the prevention and control of plant disease is done when the symptom is obvious so that they miss the best prevention and control period and the loss cannot be retrieved. Fifthly, the prevention and control instruments are poor. Many farmers use GN-16 hand sprayer to prevent and control which serious “drops and leaks” and it sprays with huge capacity coarse spray that pesticides application quality is poor and waste is serious due to that all pesticides select conical hollow spray head. Sixthly, pesticide market is uneven. The pesticide market is chaos, pesticide products are various, compound preparations are huge and pesticide labels lack standardization; after the names of pesticide products are canceled, pesticide production enterprises use registered brand to replace the names of pesticide products after they are being canceled, which is hard for farmers to recognize; in addition, because there are few sales limitations and the sales channel of pesticides lack standardization, some nonstandard pesticides products are sold in the market, resulting in the low effect or invalid of the prevention and control, directly damaging farmers’ interests and endangering agricultural production safety. Some illegal manufacturers act in collusion and they privately use pesticide registration certificates indiscriminately or produce single product to monopolize operation that popularization and application of these products seriously affect the prevention and control effect. Seventhly, prevention and control effect is poor and prevention and control benefit is pretty low. The general effect of dispersed pests prevention and control is not ideal and the prevention and control benefit is low due to above problems, which result in the major risk of agricultural product quality and safety as well as the non-point source pollution of agricultural environment. From the interview, we know that besides the guidance of agricultural technical department, the majority of peasant households rely on their experiences in pests prevention and control strategies; while in the pesticide purchase and choice, they rely on the local pesticide sales division and dealers. In addition, these farmers depend on the experiences, pesticide labels or instructions for the pesticide application times and dosages. Moreover, we know that farmers

27

lack pesticide application knowledge and they usually mix two or more pesticides to get the immediate prevention and control effect, and most farmers don’t pay attention to the agricultural product pollution and environment damage by using pesticides as well as lack the concept of safe interval of using pesticides. However, it can be seen from the interview that the majority farmers who receive the professional unified prevention and control services are very satisfied and 65% of farmers desperately hope that more professional unified prevention and control service organizations can help them to prevent and control and cure pests and diseases to solve various actual problems in the production; in addition, they require to show the effect of new technology and new product with the form of model fields to influence and drive the popularization in huger area. Table 2-2-3 List of Interview Contents of Peasant Households in the Project Regions Questions design and choosing number Interview No. Numbe Numbe Numb Numb contents Item 1 Item 2 Item 3 Item 4 r r er er Years of 21-30 1 using 2-5 years 20 6-10 years 22 11-20 years 40 70 years pesticides Whether they know Don’t three 2 Know 53 know all 109 / / certificates of them of pesticide Direct Where to Pesticide selling of Itinerant 3 buy 146 13 7 / store manufactu vendor pesticides rers Recomm Rely on ended experience How to by Recomme See (or 4 choose agricultur 85 nded by 55 34 labels 8 recommend pesticides al dealers (or ads) ed by technicia neighbors) ns How to Guidance Rely on Have fixed Based determine of experienc pesticide on the 5 the 67 agricultur 89 11 3 es (or application pesticide pesticide al notices) time label application technical

28

time departmen t Ask Guidance of Rely on people Dosage of Pesticide agricultural 6 experienc 48 44 67 who 10 pesticide label machinery es have department used How to Balance or Evaluate Pesticide Small 7 measure 60 38 known 26 randoml 25 bottle cap package pesticide container y Within Higher Actual Lower than the label than the 8 pesticide 58 97 the label 9 / dosage label dosage dosage scope dosage How to Based on Based on 9 calculated 108 dilution 51 / / g/mu dosage times How to Under the determine Rely on Based on guidance of When 10 pesticide experienc 68 recommen 19 83 1 agricultural free application es dation technicians times Pesticide application 11 times of 1-2 times 34 3-4 times 115 5-6 times 15 / crops each season Pesticide application Above 8 12 100 6-7 days 54 4-5 days 4 / interval days each time Safe Execute Don’t know interval of No Not 13 by 85 7 how to 26 15 pesticide execution clear reference execute application Mix Use one How to use Mix two Mix several many 14 pesticide 14 39 68 44 pesticide pesticides pesticides pesticide each time s The influence High 15 of weather Rain 142 Wind 82 82 / temperature on pesticide

29

application Whether there are Wear Wash hands protections Wear masks and and change Unneces 16 46 54 37 14 during masks protective cloths after sary spraying clothing spraying pesticides Send to Deal with Directly How to the the problem send to deal with hospital to by 17 the 118 40 8 / pesticide rescue themselves hospital poisoning with based on to rescue labels labels Preservatio Classifie Lay aside 18 n of rest 107 45 Abandon 11 / d storage randomly pesticides Settlement Never think of empty Leaf in Burning 19 71 77 of this 12 / pesticide the field or burying question container Local pesticide Above 5 20 No 51 1-2 times 78 3-5 times 25 7 knowledge times training Whether the profession al unified In great Never Don’t 21 prevention 120 28 22 / request consider support and control service is needed Whether satisfied with the profession Very Basically 22 al unified 85 10 Not satisfied 5 / satisfied satisfied prevention and control service

Note: In order to know the actual situation of chemical pesticides used by farmers in the

30

project regions, we adopt a questionnaire with 39 questions and 3-4 choices for each question and farmers can fill out the questionnaire based on their real situation. We send out 180 questionnaires in 15 project regions randomly and take back 180 questionnaires. This table is the summary of 22 questions in the questionnaire.

2.4 Evaluation of Current Situation of the Pests Management in the Project Regions

Through the field observation, survey and interview of farmers in the project regions, we

notice that the major crops of pests prevention and control in the project regions are rice,

vegetable, citrus, tea and other crops, and the they mainly rely on chemical pesticide prevention

and control while the applications of tradition effective agricultural cultivation methods, physical

methods and biological methods are very few. Even in the chemical prevention and control, the

majority farmers rely on their experiences and pesticide dealers to solve the pests problems

besides the guidance of agricultural technical department. Due to the large application of

chemical pesticides and the lack of knowledge in pesticide, environment and health, it is

dangerous for farmers when they use pesticides; in addition, the effective utilization rate of

pesticides is very low and the inappropriate application always causes the damage of various

crops.

By investigation and survey, we also witnessed great importance attached by the

government departments on the agricultural social and economic development in the regions,

and great concern and support on pests control of all kinds of staple crops. In addition, the

pest forecast and prevention and control techniques are improving year by year, but there are

still problems concerning the use of chemical pesticides, which are summarized as follows:

(1) Greatly rely on the chemical pesticides, especially for the vegetables, melons, fruits and

cash crops with high commodity value and good economic benefit;

(2) Farmers lack correct application and management of chemical pesticides and other

pesticides;

(3) There exists potential risks of pollution and toxicity concerning the random disposal

of residue agricultural chemicals and discarded packages;

31

(4) Poor enforcement of policies and regulations. Supervision force of pesticide market needs to be further strengthened;

(5) The cognition of pesticide dealers and farmers on the integrated pests management is insufficient;

(6) Traditional training mechanism cannot solve the concrete production problems and some new problems of single peasant households;

(7) Farmers lack timely and sufficient information and materials on chemical pesticides;

(8) The coverage rate of crops pest profession unified prevention and control service is insufficient which cannot meet the needs of farmers.

Through strengthening agricultural technology training for leaders and farmers, the project plans to promote the popularization of scientific and safety application technique of pesticides by using pesticides with high effect, low toxicity, low residue and low dosage to replace the ones with high toxicity, low effect and high dosage; promote the quick development of professional unified prevention and control by using whole contracting service method by service organization to replace the dispersed prevention and control of each household; promote demonstration and popularization of green prevention and control technique by using green prevention and control products to replace chemical prevention and control pesticides; promote updating of pesticide spraying instruments by using highly effective and modern pesticide spraying instruments to replace lowly effective and outdated ones; promote demonstration and popularization of pesticides deduction and pests control technique by using precise and excellent pesticide spraying technique to replace traditional and outdated one.

3. Foreseeable Occurrence Trend of Agricultural Pests After Implementing the Project

Because the construction contents of the project are centered to reducing the soil heavy metal content and improving quality of cultivated land and soil fertility structure, the farmland fertility will become more fertile and the soil fertility will be more scientific and reasonable in the project regions after completing the project. The improvement of these farmland

32

environments and scientific governance of various pests in the project process will cause the evolution of crop pests. It is expected that following specific changes of crop pests in the project regions may be occurred after implementing the project: regular pests can be effectively controlled due to the implementation of supporting technical measures; some soil-borne diseases

(sheath blight, false smut and sclerotinia rot) may continue to occur due to the unique climate condition and continuous cropping barrier, but the damage degree may be lightened; the risk of alien species invasion may be increased due to the import of new varieties (or seedlings) and allocation and transportation of vegetables; it is dangerous that new pests, such as rice water weevil, citrus yellow shoot and oriental fruit fly, may invade and spread.

3.1 Variation Trend of the Pests of Rice, Corn and Potato

The high quality and standard farmland construction, favorable water and fertilizer management and integrated prevention and control of pests may cause the following change trends of the crop pests after the implementation of the project:

It is expected that rice pests are generally occurred with serious damage, rice leaf roller, rice planthopper, rice thrips, sheath blight and false smut will reduce the occurrence damage degree; chilo suppressalis will be occurred more seriously in southern Hunan Province; rice blast will be occurred more seriously in old infected regions, susceptible varieties and high altitude areas and the damage of rice stem fly, bacterial foot rot and other secondary pests may be increased in some regions. The main reasons include: the planting area of winter cropping is enlarged which provides favorable locations for overwintering of pests; the further popularization of rice integrated seedling cultivation, seedling-throwing, mechanized farming, transplant and harvest and other techniques is favorable for controlling the occurrence of some pests, but it is easy to cause the increase of contiguous planting of single species in large area and overtop of rice stubble in the fallow paddy field which are favorable for the popular of pests and overwintering of borders and other local pests; mixed planting and flowers planting, seed cultivation are still

33

popular in some regions and there are many bridge fields which are favorable for the occurrence of pests; the planting area of excellent rice and super rice will be further increased, which is favorable for the occurrence of pests.

Corn pests are generally occurred with medium damage that corn borer and aphid are occurred with medium damage (Class-3), corn sheath blight is occurred with slightly light damage to medium damage (Class 2-3), Corn northern and southern leaf blight is occurred with slightly light damage (Class 2) and other pests are occurred with slightly light damage. The main reasons include: the planting area of winter cropping is enlarged which provides favorable locations for overwintering of pests; mixed planting and flower planting, seed cultivation are still popular in some regions and there are many bridge fields which are favorable for the occurrence of pests; the planting area of corn is further expanded with diverse varieties and different periods of duration, which is generally favorable for the occurrence of pests.

Late blight of potato is generally occurred with medium damage, which is occurred with serious damage in northwestern Hunan Province; early blight of potato is pretty occurred with serious damage in partial continuous lands; virus is occurred in some non-detoxified varieties; aphid is occurred slightly light and henosepilachna vigintioctopunctata and underground pests are occurred lightly. The occurrence of various virus will be greatly reduced due to the excellent variety, especially the popularization of detoxification potato planting.

3.2 Variation Trend of the Pests of Orchard (Citrus and Grape)

The citrus pests are generally occurred with serious damage. Among them, citrus Spider mites and citrus fruit fly are occurred with serious damage; citrus rust mite and citrus leaf-miner are occurred with medium damage, and they are occurred with serious damage in some regions; in addition, citrus scale insects, citrus white fly, citrus flower midge, citrus scab and citrus anthracnosis are occurred with medium damage. Among them, citrus Spider mites is occurred

34

with serious damage and it is outbroken in west Hunan with long damage time while the damage in the first half year is more serious than that in the second half year. Moreover, the occurrence of citrus fruit fly is reduced with the medium to serious effect after the integrated prevention and control, while it is occurred with serious damage in the sweet citrus, bitter citrus and navel citrus.

Citrus rust mite is occurred with medium damage and it is occurred with serious damage in west

Hunan. Citrus leaf-miner is occurred with medium damage and it is occurred with serious damage in west Hunan and Huaihua; in addition, the damage of autumn growth is more serious than that of simmer growth and the damages of young tree and nursery stock are serious. Citrus scale insects are occurred with medium damage with the main pest of unaspis euonymi, and chrysomphalus aonidum and parlatoria scale follow, while circuit black scale, cottonycushion scale and red wax scale are occurred in some regions. Citrus white fly type is occurred with medium damage with the main pest of spiny white fly, and white fly is also occurred in certain regions. Citrus anthracnosis is occurred with medium damage. The damage of extensive tree vigor and weak plants and the newly-born tender leaf is very serious and the pests in the spring shoot are lighter than that in the autumn growth. Citrus scab is occurred with medium damage mainly on the spring shoot. For other pests, blossom midge is occurred with medium damage and citrus aphis, longhorned beetle, papillio type, bud worm type and dark mildew are occurred slightly light. It should be noticed that citrus resin disease is becoming serious in recent years, especially the symptom of fruit rubber is obvious; however, it lacks effective prevention and control measures which is the difficulty in the current citrus pests governance.

There are many pests in the grapes and they are hard to treat, such as downy mildew, powdery mildew, anthracnosis, white rot, gray mold, brown blotch and virus. Currently, the main problems of grapes are grape powdery mildew and grape powdery mildew; sometimes, grape downy mildew and white rot are occurred. They become the main problems in the production of grape because orchard men lack prevention and control awareness. Through the training on farmers, occurrence degree of above diseases will be effectively controlled; however, it should

35

be noticed that downy mildew is still occurred with serious damage in the old infected regions and the grape phylloxera may be occurred in the allocation and transport process of nursery stocks.

3.3 Variation Trend of the Pests of Vegetable

With the implementation of the project, especially the technical training on farmers, their scientific quality and safety production awareness are improved and the main regular pests (such as lepidoptera pests: pieris rapae, cabbage army worm and oriental tobacco bud worm; insects with sucking mouthpart: aphid and spider mite; fungal disease: anthracnosis, downy mildew and powdery mildew) of various vegetables are well controlled; the product quality and quantity of vegetables are improved and increased obviously. It is expected that vegetable pests are occurred with medium damage to serious damage generally, and the downy mildew is occurred with serious damage which mainly effects cruciferae vegetables, cucumber and lettuce. Anthracnosis is occurred with medium damage mainly on chilli and melons. Blight is occurred with medium damage mainly on melons, beans, eggplant family and other crops. Cabbage caterpillar is occurred with medium damage and it is more serious in spring than in autumn. Diamond back moth is occurred with medium damage which is very serious in spring and autumn. Maruca testulalis geyer is occurred with medium damage. Cabbage aphid is occurred with medium damage which damages many vegetables and it seriously damages cruciferae vegetables in spring and autumn. Cabbage soft rot is occurred with slightly light damage; phyllotreta striolata, diaphania indica and prodenia litura are occurred with medium damage; asparagus caterpillar and black cutworm are occurred slightly light; and whitefly is lightly occurred.

3.4 Variation Trend of the Pests of Cotton and Rape

The cotton pests are generally occurred with medium damage that the occurrence of cotton bollworm and seedling aphid is declining. The occurrence of cotton bollworm and cotton Spider mites mite is slight in the earlier stage and it is serious in the later stage. The occurrence of

36

cotton plant bug and red ballworm is serious in some regions, especially that cotton plant bug has become the main pests of cotton field. The occurrence of cotton pests in generally light that red leaf blight has been controlled while cotton premature senescence is becoming serious. Seedling diseases are occurred slightly light and boll rot is occurred with medium damage.

The rape pests are generally occurred with serious damage and plant disease is more serious than pests. Rape sclerotinia is occurred with serious damage; rape downy mildew is occurred with medium damage; aphid is occurred with slightly light damage; virus, beetle and leaf miner are occurred with light damage. After the implementation of the project, farmers recognize the importance of rape pests prevention and control, so that they will strengthen field management and prevention and control that the occurrence of rape sclerotinia will be declined which is serious in the past. 3.5 Variation Trend of the Pests of Tea

The tea pests are occurred with medium damage generally. The tea leafhopper is occurred with serious damage; tea white scab, tea gall, tea geometrid and tea tussock moth are occurred with medium damage; tea bagworm, tea leaf weevil and pink tea rust mite are occurred with light damage. After the implementation of the project, the danger of tea leafhopper is reduced; tea geometrid and tea tussock moth are still occurred with medium damage and occurrence danger of tea white scab and tea gall is reduced.

In conclusion, through the analysis on the possible changes of the agricultural ecological environment in the project regions after the implementation of the project, key emphasis of the pests management are clear and the working orientation and goal of completing the project are also put forward.

37

Table 3 Possible Changes of Pests in the Project Regions After Implementing the Project

Pests occurred continuously and Possible newly occurred Corresponding prevention and Crops Pests may be lightened or controlled causing loss pests control measures Rice water weevil, Strengthen quarantine, treat louse Rice stem borer, rice planthopper, Rice leaf roller, rice planthopper, rice southern rice and prevent and control stunt, Rice rice thrips, sheath blight, rice blast black-streaked stunt industrialized centralized seedling thrips, sheath blight and false smut and false smu virus, rice stem fly and cultivation and integrated prevention bacterial foot rot and control Stem rot, bacterial wilt, sheath blight, Stem rot, bacterial wilt, sheath Select disease-resistant variety, leaf blight, helminthosporium maydis, blight, leaf blight, helminthosporium rotation, reasonable close planting, Corn smut, rust disease, corn borer, aphid, maydis, smut, rust disease, corn None scientific fertilization and chemical armyworm, Spider mites and borer, aphid, armyworm, Spider prevention underground pest mites and underground pest and control Strengthen quarantine, potato seed virus, late blight, bacterial wilt and virus, late blight, bacterial wilt and Potato Colorado potato beetle detoxication and chemical aphid aphid prevention and control Spider mites, clover mite, American Spider mites, clover mite, American leaf miner, unaspis euonymi, aphid, leaf miner, unaspis euonymi, aphid, Yellow shoot disease, Strengthen quarantine, establish Citrus fruit fly and rubber blocking belt and integrated blossom midge, anthracnosis and blossom midge, anthracnosis and disease prevention and control stored diseases stored diseases Strengthen quarantine, select disease-resistant variety, strengthen field management, fertilize more Powdery mildew, anthracnosis, grape Grape phylloxera and Grape Grape downy mildew organic fertilizer and less anthracnose and weevil grape canker nitrogenous fertilizer and spray pesticides with high effect and low toxicity

38

Cabbage caterpillar, diamond back Cabbage caterpillar, diamond back moth, aphid, tobacco cutworm, moth, aphid, tobacco cutworm, Vegetable None Integrated prevention and control anthracnosis, downy mildew, blight anthracnosis, downy mildew, blight and soft rot and soft rot Sex pheromone trapping, frequency Cotton bollworm, red ballworm, Cotton Tobacco cutworm and leaf bug Armyworm trembler lamp trapping and suitable verticillium wilt and blight pesticide prevention and control Seed treatment, healthy cultivation Sclerotinia, virus, downy mildew, soft Sclerotinia, virus, downy mildew, Rape None and chemical prevention and rot and aphid soft rot and aphid control Select disease-resistant variety, color Tea Tea leafhopper Tea geometrid and tea tussock moth None plate trapping and integrated prevention and control

39

4. Policy, Supervisory Framework and Institutional Responsibility 4.1 Policies on Plant Protection and Integrated Pests Governance in China and Hunan Province

In the 1950s, China has put forward the integrated pests prevention and control, and formulated the plant protection policy of “prevention and control first and integrated prevention and control” in the national plant protection working conference in 1975. After decades of experiences and lessons, we recognize and evaluate the role of pesticides and emphasize the importance of keeping the environmental ecological balance. Finally, we find that chemical prevention and control is the last choice for integrated pests governance, and we try to adopt integrated implementation of various methods to male pests prevention and control conform to the requirement of the “economic, social and ecological” benefits. China and Hunan Province issue and carry out a series regulations, rules, standards, methods, orders, and norms, and integrated pests management (IPM) is further popularized and applied through the implementation of these regulations and rules.

(1) Law of the People’s Republic of China on Quality and Safety of Agricultural Products

(Standing Committee of the National People’s Congress, April 2006);

(2) Pesticide Management Regulation of the People’s Republic of China (the State Council,

January 2001);

(3) Measures for the Implementation of Pesticide Management Regulation (issued on

December 8, 2007; the Ministry of Agriculture revised it in 2007 under No.9 order);

(4) Regulation of Pollutant-free Agricultural Products (the Ministry of Agriculture and

General Administration of Quality Supervision, Inspection and Quarantine of the People’s

Republic of China, April 2002);

(5) Safety Application Standard for Pesticide GB4285-1989 (National Environmental

Protection Agency, September 1986);

40

(6) Safety Application Standard for Pesticide GB8321.2—1987 (National Environmental

Protection Agency, September 1986);

(7) Guideline for Pesticide Application of Green Food NY/T393-2000 (the Ministry of

Agriculture, March 2000);

(8) Maximum Residue Limits for Pesticides in Food GB2763-2005;

(9) Determination of Organophosphorus Pesticide Residues in Foods GB/T 5009.20-2003;

(10) Guideline for Safety Application of Pesticides (I-VIII) GB/TB8321.1～8321.8 (the

Ministry of Agriculture);

(11) Regulations on Plant Quarantine (the State Council revised and issued on May 13,

1992);

(12) Rules for the Implementation of Regulations on Plant Quarantine (the Ministry of

Agriculture, May 1995);

(13) Antitoxic Regulations for Storage-transportation, Marketing and Use of Pesticides

(GB 12475-2006) (the Ministry of Agriculture);

(14) Regulation of Quality and Safety of Agricultural Products in Hunan Province

(Standing Committee of the People’s Congress of Hunan Province, August 2005);

(15) Rules on Plant Protection in Hunan Province (Standing Committee of the People’s

Congress of Hunan Province, December 2006).

4.2 Supervisory Framework and Institutional Responsibility 4.2.1 Supervision and Management Institutions of Pesticides

41

Provincial Agriculture Commission

Provincial Industrial and Provincial Quality Supervision Commercial Bureau Bureau

Provincial Institute of Pesticides Testing City, County and District City, County and Industrial and Commercial District Quality Supervision Bureau Bureau City, County and District Agricultural Bureau

Town Agricultural City, County and District City, County and District Comprehensive Technical Agricultural Law Enforcement Pesticides Management Service Center Agencies Stations

Figure 4-2-1 Diagrammatic Sketch of the Supervision and Management Institutions of Pesticides Responsibilities of various institutions: Agriculture commission: Be responsible for the local agriculture development and planning and manage related agricultural affairs. Industrial and Commercial Bureau: Be responsible for the management of pesticides market. Quality Supervision Bureau: Be responsible for the management of pesticides production. Institute of Pesticide Testing: Be responsible for the application, utilization and supervision management of pesticides; be responsible for formulating or participating into the national or industrial standards of safety application of pesticides, product quality of pesticides and pesticides residue and other related agricultural affairs. Agricultural Law Enforcement Agency and Pesticides Management Station: Be responsible for the quality supervision and management of agricultural chemicals market. Town Agricultural Comprehensive Technical Service Center: Assist and coordinate related law enforcement and technical departments to develop the publicity, training and guidance of pesticides management and integrated pests management technique.

42

4.2.2 Management Institutions of Pests Prevention and Control

Responsibilities of various institutions: Provincial Agriculture Commission: Be responsible for the husbandry of the whole province, agricultural departments at various level and the organization of crops pests prevention and control. Provincial Plant Protection and Quarantine Station: Develop plant quarantine; regularly issue long-term, mid-term and short-term crops pests forecast; emergency prevention and control and permanent control of major pests on crops; popularization of new pesticides and instruments; safety application of pesticides; publicity and train pests management techniques for farmers. Provincial Department for Grain and Oil: Assist Provincial Agricultural Commission to develop related management works and be responsible for the technology promotion. Provincial Department for Cash Crop: Be responsible for the planting planning and technology promotion of vegetables, fruit trees, teas and other cash crops of the whole province. City and County (District) Agricultural Technology Promotion Center: Be responsible for the agricultural technology promotion in areas under its jurisdiction; be responsible for the organization, planning, coordination, supervision, decision-making of crops pests prevention and control and formulation of management system. City and County (District) Plant Protection Station: Be responsible for the organization, management, guidance and supervision of pests prevention and control in areas under its jurisdiction; assist and coordinate related low enforcement and technical departments to develop publicity, training and guidance of local pesticides management and integrated pests management techniques.

43

Town Agricultural Technology Station: Be responsible for the monitoring and forecast of major pests in areas under its jurisdiction and guiding the prevention and control timely. Agricultural Cooperative and Unified Prevention and Control Service Organization: Organize the prevention and control of local crops pests.

4.2.3 Pesticide Residues Test Organizations

Provincial Agricultural Products Quality Inspection and Test Center

City, County and Agricultural Agricultural District Products Quality Products Quality Agricultural Inspection Stations Inspection Stations Products Quality of Wholesale of Production Base Monitoring Market and of Agricultural Stations Supermarket Products

Figure 4-2-3 Diagrammatic Sketch of Pesticide Residues Test Organizations

Provincial Agricultural Products Quality Inspection and Test Center: Be responsible for the supervision and management of quality safety of agricultural products in the whole province and guiding the supervision of quality safety of agricultural products in various cities and counties (districts). City, County and District Agricultural Products Quality Monitoring Centers (Stations): Be responsible for the supervision and management of local agricultural products. Agricultural Products Quality Inspection Stations of Wholesale Market and Supermarket: Be responsible for the quality inspection of agricultural product access of market (supermarket). Agricultural Products Quality Inspection Stations of Production Base of Agricultural Products: Be responsible for the quality inspection of agricultural product accessment of production bases of agricultural products.

4.3 Description on the Evaluation of Pests Management Ability

Hunan Province is famous for the agricultural production. In order to promote the development progress of pollution-free agricultural products and green foods, Hunan has vigorously promoted and applied integrated pests prevention and control technique and gradually

44

reduced the application of agricultural chemicals. For the provincial agricultural technology promotion department, the age structure of employees is reasonable and technical power is strong which can meet the agricultural technology promotion demand of Hunan Province. However, for the county (city or district) and country (town) technical power agricultural technology promotion departments, their technical power is limited and investment is insufficient; in addition, the promotion of physical prevention and control, biological prevention and control and other non-chemical prevention and control techniques is very slow so that the further publicity training and promotion and application power should be strengthened. It can be shown in following aspects: firstly, the employees are aging, there are very few young employees, the employees of town-level plant protection station are old plant protection workers at 45-55 years old and there is no successor. Secondly, the salary is pretty low which cannot attract young people to undertake plant protection for long-time. Thirdly, after the reform of town agricultural technology promotion system, the grass-level agricultural technology promotion network is shrunk with the cancellation and merging of some town agricultural technology stations. Although all project counties have set up and promoted county-level plant protection network, there are few employees. There are 6.8767 million agricultural population in 15 counties, while there are 122 in-service plant protection technicians and the total number is less than 1000 by adding the town-level plant protection technicians so that the average service agricultural population is 6876 that one-by-one guidance is impossible for them and pests prevention and control is mainly independent on farmers themselves; in addition, the proportion of promoting agricultural technology in peasant household is pretty low that the “last 1km” problem is hard to solve.

4.3.1 Main Problems Existing in Pests Management

(1) Outdated prevention and control idea: Do not penetrate the idea of crop healthy cultivation into the practice of preventing and control crop pests, and lack the effective measures of exercising pests management and strengthening crops adversity tolerance ability based on the ecological system. (2) Diverse pesticide market operation is unfavorable for supervision: There are many business entities of pesticides which have small scales and irregular purchase channels, so that the order of pesticides market is in chaos; in addition, the quality of pesticides dealers is pretty low, so the quality safety accidents of agricultural products are occurred randomly due to the inappropriate application of pesticides and pesticide residues.

45

(3) Unsound ability construction system: the training on the integrated pests control technology for crops is left behind. Currently, farmers mainly rely on the guidance of pesticide dealers to prevent and control pests; however, import, demonstration, promotion and related training measures of advanced monitoring and prevention and control technology are incomplete; moreover, the cognition of the danger of agricultural pests is not sufficient which cannot reach the real-time monitoring alarm on agricultural pests within the regions.

4.3.2 Measures Should Be Adopted in Pests Management in the Project Regions

Because technical power of various agricultural technology promotion departments is limited and investment is insufficient, the promotion of physical prevention and control, ecological prevention and control and other non-chemical prevention and control technologies is very slow; therefore, the prevention and control methods are limited and prevention and control effects are not ideal. In addition, non-chemical prevention and control occupies small proportion in the agricultural pests management, so the further publicity, training, promotion and application are needed. Following measures should be strengthened in the implementation process of the project: (1) Standardize pesticide market in the project regions with many measures. It is planned to establish pesticide operation license system to ensure the quality safety of agricultural production and agricultural products from the origin. File management is implemented for pesticides in the project regions and develop annual regular training for operating personnel to improve the overall legal sense and business quality of pesticide personnel. Strengthen the whole comprehensive supervision on the purchase, selling and storage of pesticides and supervise pesticide operators to set up purchase standing book and sales file. Exercise real name registration system for pesticide purchasers to ensure that pesticide sales information can be inquired and flow direction can be traced. Enlarge the united law enforcement efforts of industrial and commerce department, tax administration and agricultural administrative units and develop supervision and selective inspection of pesticide quality throughout the year to ensure the safety of pesticide market. (2) Improve the pests governance level through training agricultural technological promotion employees at the county and country level.

46

(3) Conduct basic knowledge training on pests identification and prevention and control based on the local actual situation and farmers’ demand. (4) Formulate practical training materials with necessary audio and visual equipment. (5) Strengthen the support efforts on integrated prevention and control and research of major agricultural pests and demonstration and promotion.

4.3.3 Pests Prevention and Control System Construction in the Project Regions All cities and counties (districts) in the project towns have set up plant protection and quarantine station which is responsible for the management and implementation of local agricultural pests prevention and control. Up to now, pretty complete pests monitoring and alarm system has been set up and each test place sets up monitoring station with unequal numbers to ensure the real-time monitoring on the occurrence of pests and provide data support for the integrated prevention and control. In addition, specialized technicians will undertake the integrated pests prevention and control.

4.4 Pesticide Management, Distribution System and Pesticide Application

4.4.1 Pesticide Management Based on the Regulations of Pesticide Management of the people’s Republic of China, provincial agricultural administrative departments should assist the agricultural administrative department of the State Council to exercise pesticide registration within its administrative regions and should be responsible for the pesticide supervision and management within its administrative regions. The agricultural administrative departments of subordinated cities and counties (districts) should be responsible for monitoring pesticide production, sales and safety application in the administrative regions.

4.4.2 Distribution System of Pesticide

The pesticide production and sales in the project regions should be managed by the related functional departments of local government based on the national and local regulations, and the pesticide application should be purchased by farmers themselves in the market.

Pesticide producers must register the pesticide products based on the “Regulations on Pesticide Management” and the pesticide should conform to the safety and quality control

47

conditions and the control conditions on environment and pollution. All pesticide dealers are permitted to sell pesticides after getting the business license and they can only sell pesticides with complete “three certificates” while those pesticides banned by the country cannot be sold in the market. Labels must be stuck on the package of pesticide product or the instructions must be attached, which should include the name of pesticide, name of enterprise (postal code, address and phone number), batch number of the product, three certificates of the product (registration certificate number, production license number and product standard number) and effective ingredient, content, weight, pesticide form, product property, toxicity, purpose, instructions, production date, term of validity, flammable and toxic signs, poisoning rescue methods and notices of the pesticide. The pesticide should pass the quality inspection and quality inspection certificate should be attached before the delivery.

4.4.3 Reasonable Application Measures of Pesticides

The reasonable application of pesticide is achieved by selecting appropriate pesticide variety, pesticide form and application dosage and determining reasonable application methods and spraying period based on the comprehensive understanding and scientific analysis of the pesticide property, pesticide form and characteristics, biological characteristics of prevention and control and protection targets and environmental conditions. Table 4-4-3 Reasonable Application Measures of Pesticides in the Project Regions

No. Measures Contents Based on accurate identification of the variety of the pests, the most economical, effective and safe pesticide type in line with the prevention and control target will be selected. In other words, the choice shall be rational and suitable to the case. For example, in the prevention and treatment of the pests of Select piercing and sucking type, e.g. aphid, leaf mite, plant hopper and scale insect, 1 appropriate the systemic and contact pesticides are the best choice; for the pests of chewing pesticides type, the stomach poison and contact types are most suitable; the smoke agent and fumigant will attain the best effect for the shed or well closed conditions. Even for the same type of pesticide, different dosage can achieve distinctively varied prevention and treatment effects. In general, emulsifiable concentate (EC) are the best, water powders come next, and the dust powder are the last. Use pesticides Spray pesticides based on the prevention and control index in the key 2 in appropriate prevention and control period to control the pests damage before causing

48

period economic loss. Generally speaking, pests should be prevented and controlled in the young larval phase, while the prevention and control of plant disease should be based on the principle of protection first and treatment later. Under the premise of ensuring prevention and control effect, select low Use pesticides dosage to prevent within the effective dosage scope. The times of spraying with 3 pesticides should be determined on the occurrence period, occurrence amount and appropriate pesticide duration of pests, which should effectively control pests as well as don’t dosage cause phytotoxicity and pollute environment. Firstly, adopt different pesticide spraying methods based on the pesticide forms. Generally speaking, EC and water powder should mainly adopt spraying Spray and pouring; dust power mainly adopts powder spraying; granules mainly adopts pesticides in 4 fertilizer spreading or furrow application; pesticides with strong systemic can appropriate adopt powder injection, spraying, pouring and smearing stem. Secondly, select methods different pesticide spraying methods based on occurrence parts of plant diseases, activity regular of pests and different pesticide forms. Under the continuous and repeated role of pesticides with same mechanism, pests may generate pesticide resistance and prevention and control effect may be reduced; therefore, alternate pesticide application can be adopted to delay and overcome the generation of pesticide resistance and improve the service life of Use pesticides 5 pesticides. Systemic fungicide is easy to generate pesticide resistance, so it alternately should be combined with protective fungicide as alternation combination. In the insecticides, organophosphor type, pyrethroid type, carbamate type and organic nitrogenous type have different operation mechanism, so the alternative application of them can get good insecticidal effect. The crops pests are always occurred in sequence or in the same growth stage. Reasonable pesticide mixture can treat pests and increase the effect. However, pesticides cannot be mixed freely. Generally speaking, pesticides Use mixed 6 which decompose and lose the effect after being mixed with alkaline substances pesticides cannot be mixed and used with alkaline substances; moreover, if floculation, condensation, lamination and other chemical reactions are occurred after mixture, they cannot be mixed. Generally, pesticides are used in the windless or breeze circumstances, and it is inappropriate to spray pesticides in windy and rainy days or days that is going Use pesticides to rain in case that pesticide effect is reduced due to pesticide drift or rain drop based on the erosion. Within the certain temperature range, the pesticide effect can be 7 weather improved with the raise of temperature. The pesticide application time should be condition at 10 o’clock a.m. and 4 o’clock p.m. whether in the open ground or facility cultivation. Phytotoxicity is easy to occur if pesticides are used in strong light or high temperature. Strictly control the application range of high toxic pesticides based on the national pesticide management regulation, prohibit the pesticides with high Use pesticides 8 residues and those resulting in mutagenesis, carcinogenesis and teratogenesis safely and strictly implement the regulation of safety application operation standard of pesticides and safe interval of pests to ensure that pesticides are used safely,

49

environmental pollution is avoided and human and livestock poisoning cannot be occurred.

5. Overall Targets and Tasks of Pests Governance Plan in the Project Regions 5.1 Overall Targets (1) Integrate, demonstrate and promote pests pollution-free prevention and control technology to reduce the pesticide application amount of over 30% and controls pests; (2) Promote the application of highly effective pesticide spraying apparatus and improve the scientific pesticide application level to improve the pesticide utilization rate over 10%; (3) Promote the organization and management of pests prevention and control as well as try the best to promote professional unified prevention and control service organization to replace the previous prevention and control responsibility of farmers themselves, ensure the safety of agricultural production, agricultural product quality and ecological environment; (4) Ensure that the loss of major pests damage of large area of crops in the project regions won’t exceed 5%.

5.2 Basic Principles and Key Tasks of Pests Governance Plan in the Project Regions 5.2.1 Basic Principles Deeply implement the idea of “public plant protection” and “green plant protection” and insist on the plant protection policy of “prevention first and integrated control” with the guidance of scientific outlook of development; insist on the territorial management, government guidance and department performance to promote rapid development of socialized service industry of agricultural plant protection and drive the sustainable prevention and control system construction of pests; insist on law-based prevention and control and standard management, improve the scientific prevention and control level; safeguard the safety of agricultural production and further improve the quality safety level of agricultural products.

5.2.2 Key Tasks (1) Strengthen the ability construction of peasant households, major planting households, professional planting cooperative, professional unified prevention and control service organization and relation institutions in the project regions, enhance the idea of IPM and improve the ability of implementing IPM. (2) Bring pollution-free pests management method into the training scope of the project regions and improve the knowledge level and operation skills of farmers and professional unified prevention and control service organizations. (3) Establish the demonstration sample of pollution-free prevention and control technology,

50

adopt sustainable agricultural production measures in a unified way, promote the application of IPM technology regulations and standardize safety application methods of pesticide to improve ecological environment and raise the living standards of farmers through the driving force of the project.

6. Recommended Methods of Pests Management Plan in the Project Regions 6.1 Purpose of Recommended Methods Demonstrate and promote agricultural prevention and control, physical prevention and control, biological prevention and control and other non-chemical prevention and control techniques in the project regions to the maximum extent to reduce the application of chemical pesticides, ease environmental pollution, improve the quality of agricultural products and promote the harmonious relationship between human and nature.

6.2 Main Methods Recommended by Pests Management Plan

6.2.1 Agricultural Prevention and Control Methods (1) Select excellent pests resistance varieties, promote formula fertilizer technology, irrigate reasonably, increasingly supply organic fertilizer, implement healthy cultivation technique and improve the pests resistance ability of crops. (2) Rotate and clean fields and gardens, develop dry farming and autumn sowing and winter irrigation, prevent soil-borne diseases, plow paddies and vanish pupae in deep water, control the habitat of pests and reduce the pests species base of overwintering and oversummering. (3) Prune various fruit trees reasonably, remove shoots and buds timely, reduce the leaves at the bottom and improve the ventilation and light transmission condition of tree frame.

(4) Remove weeds timely in the growth period and create the unfavorable environmental conditions for the pests breeding. (5) Popularize the planting of soybean, sesame, vetiver grass and other crops in the rand of double cropping rice area and mixed planting area of double cropping rice, protect natural enemies of pests, lure and kill chilo suppressalis and improve the index of biological diversity.

6.2.2 Physical Prevention and Control Methods

Physical prevention and control uses the taxis of pests on light, color and smell and special actions on heat, ray, high-frequency current, ultrasonic and other physical factors to prevent and control pests, which mainly includes following measures:

51

1. Utilize the phototaxis of pests to trap and kill them. Utilize the lamp of frequency vibration and black light lamp to trap and kill rice hopper, rice leaf roller, rice stem borer, yellow rice borer and pink rice borer. 2. Utilize thermal energy, such as seedling soaking in hot water, to kill internal potential pathogenic bacteria of seeds. 3. Prune and burn leaves of pests. 4. Clean fruits damaged by pests in the orchard to reduce the overwintering base.

6.2.3 Biological Prevention and Control Methods Biological prevention and control uses beneficial organisms to restrain pests, such as utilizing parasitism organisms, predatism organisms and pathogenic microorganism to prevent and control pests, which mainly includes: (1) Protect and utilize natural enemies. Use insects to control insect, such as using ladybug, lacewing fly, hover fly, assassin bug and other predators to control aphid, spider mite, whitefly and thrips; using amblyseius cucumeris to catch Spider mites and clover mite; using the parasite trichogramma ostriniae to control rice leaf roller, rice stem borer, yellow rice borer and pink rice borer. (2) Use biological agents and products. Currently, following products are applied mostly: bacterial products: bacillus thuringiensis III) and bacillus subtilis (U); fungi products: beauveria bassiana (U), trichoderma (III) and Conidioblous thromboides (U); virus products: heliothis armigera npv (III) and mamestra brassicae npv (III); antibiotic type: agricultural streptomycin (U) and validamycin (U). Sexual pheromone effective lure (agent) and botanical pesticides, such as

0.2% matrine (U) aqueous solution, 0.5% quinoa matrine (U) solution, 0.5% azadirachtin (III) EC and 2.5% rotenone (U) EC. (3) Create favorable environment for natural enemies and increase the quantities of natural enemies.

6.2.4 Chemical Prevention and Control Methods

Chemical prevention and control utilizes pesticides to prevent and control plant disease, pests, weeds and other harmful organisms. Chemical pesticide has many advantages, such as convenient application, wide prevention and control targets, rapid and highly effective

52

prevention and control effect, which can rapidly control the spreading damage of pests; especially for the fulminating pests, it can receive immediate effect as emergency measure. However, only use large quantity of chemical pesticides may kill natural enemies, destroy field ecological system and result in the fulmination of secondary pests as well as environment pollution, human being and livestock poisoning, phytotoxicity and a series of side effects; meanwhile, use one chemical pesticide for long time may cause the condition that prevention and control target generates pesticide resistance. Therefore, it is the key link in the project that control the application of pesticides in the chemical prevention and control process to ease environment pollution and reduce the influence on human health. Following principles should be adopted for the chemical prevention and control methods in the project regions: (1) Make farmers in the project regions believe that ideal pests prevention and control effect can be achieved by using reasonable and coordinated agricultural, physical and biological prevention and control methods with the necessary chemical prevention and control through the demonstration. (2) When pests reach the prevention and control index, promptly use highly effective and low toxicity pesticides and make them play the best effect to control pests in the economic permitted range. (3) When the major pest disease is occurred, organize and dispatch professional plant protection and prevention and control team to develop unified prevention and control.

(4) Popularize and utilize pollution-free prevention and control technology:

① Use high-effect, low-toxic and low residue pesticides, and recommended list of pollution-free pesticide by the project can be seen in Appendix 1. ② Popularize the application of pesticide amount-reduction and effect-increasing spraying addictive to effectively reduce the application amount of pesticides. The amounts of all used pesticides (insecticide, antiseptic, herbicide, plant growth regulator and living biological pesticide are excluded) are reduced 20%-40% based on the regular application amount, and mix polyhydric alcohols nonionic surface active agent (U) 15ml/mu with pesticides to spray; meanwhile, add monosilicic acid (U), gibberellin,·indole acetic acid,·brassinolide (U) and other

53

additives and regulators to improve the stress resistance and relieve the poisoning of heavy metal on crops. ③ For insect sources and central occurrence areas with large insect density, promptly use highly effective and low dosage pesticides to control pests in the young stage and ensure that best effect can be gotten in the utilization of pesticides each time; in addition, pesticides lethal for natural enemies in the later rampant stage are prohibited to use. ④ Ensure the safety pesticide application interval.

⑤ Do not use single pesticide variety for long time and frequently change the pesticide varieties and use different varieties alternately. ⑥ Adopt safety pesticide application devices and methods to improve the pesticide utilization rate and pests prevention and control effect. ⑦ Strengthen the publicity, education and training on the safe and reasonable application of pesticides, strictly obey to pesticide application regulation, be careful with pesticide application, including correctly wearing protective clothing and knowing the common sense of pesticide poisoning rescue. ⑧ Safely store agricultural chemicals (such as be away from children and food).

⑨ Handle pesticide wastes and packages properly and don’t clean pesticide application devices in the natural water areas. 6.3 Integrated Management Policies for Main Crop Pests in the Project Regions With the improvement of agricultural infrastructures, farmland renovation and other basic conditions and the evolution of pests, we need to adjust original methods and strategies on the pests prevention and to make them coordinated with environment, promote the further sustainable development of rural social and economy.

6.3.1 Integrated Management Policies for Rice Pests

Rice sheath blight disease, rice blast, false smut, southern black stunt disease, rice stem borer, rice planthopper and rice leaf roller are the main control targets. Import and utilize resistance and tolerance varieties; adopt balanced fertilization and healthy cultivation technology to reduce the occurrence and popularity of pests; adopt pupae extinguishing in deep water and vetiver grass to trap, kill, adjust and control rice stem borer; select 10% imidacloprid (III) to

54

dress seeds during the sowing process, which can effectively ease the danger of rice planthopper and southern black stunt disease; select pretilachlor (U), penoxsulam (U) and cyhalofop-butyl (U) to prevent and remove weeds in paddy fields; during the rice growth season, select validamycin (U), 30% benzoyl propiconazole (III), albendazole (U) and 40% isoprothiolane (III) to prevent and control rice sheath blight disease, rice blast and false smut; select pymetrozine (U), nitenpyram(U) and 25% thiamethoxam (U) to prevent and control rice planthopper; select chlorantraniliprole (U), SYP-9080 (U), flubendiamide (U) and bacillus thuringiensis (III) to prevent and control rice stem borer, rice planthopper and rice leaf roller. The above chemical pesticides should be reduced 20%-40% based on the regular amount and add polyhydric alcohols

(U), monosilicic acid (U), gibberellin, indole acetic acid, brassinolide (U) and other additives and regulators. Organophosphor and other highly toxic pesticides are prohibited to use to protect and utilize natural enemies.

6.3.2 Integrated Management Policies for Corn Pests

Focus on preventing and controlling corn borer, underground pest, sheath blight, helminthosporium maydis, leaf blight and gray leaf spot and pay attention to the second and third generation armyworm.

① Deeply plough winter fallow fields and plough stubble before sowing, which can destroy the habitats of pests and effectively reduce the base of pest sources.

② Beauvericin (U) stack sealing technology. Organize farmers to adopt unified beauvericin to seal stack 15 days earlier than the corn borer pupating.

③ Seed treatment. Reasonably mix and dress seeds of insecticide and bactericide or implement unified seed pelleting. Popularize pesticide seed dressing with unified technology or in the contiguous areas and whole villages or adopt seed pelleting technology to strengthen the quality supervision of seed dressing agent and improve the pests prevention and control effect.

④ Adult trapping and killing technology. In the adult emergence period of corn borer and other pests, organize farmers to use insecticidal lamp to trap and kill various adults as well as trap and kill overwintering adults with sex attractant.

⑤ Technology of releasing trichogramma. In the initial oviposition period of corn borer to the ovum peak period, set up 3-6 releasing points in each mu of land and organize farmers to

55

release trichogramma for 2-3 times and hang bee card (beekeeping device) on the leaf vein of the bottom of middle leaves.

⑥ Pests prevention and control in the final phase of heart leaves. In the corn horn mouth period, organize farmers to use Bt (U) and beauvericin head formation or spraying to prevent and control corn borer and cotton bollworm; adopt reasonable formation of chlorantraniliprole (U),

30% benzoyl propiconazole (III), diniconazole (U) and other insecticides and bactericides and spray them in an unified way to prevent and control pests. The above chemical pesticides should be reduced 20%-40% based on the regular amount and add polyhydric alcohols (U), monosilicic acid (U), gibberellin, indole acetic acid, brassinolide (U) and other additives and regulators.

6.3.3 Integrated Management Policies for Potato Pests

The main pests include potato late blight, underground pest, cutworm, grub and wire worm, and plant disease prevention and control should be focused in the prevention and control strategy.

① Scientific rotation and agricultural ecological adjustment and control strengthening. Potato is suitable to be rotated with grass family, bean family and other crops and rice field-upland field rotation is also proper, which can reduce the danger of potato late blight, underground pest and other pests.

② Sow at appropriate time. Stable temperature around 25℃ is suitable for the sowing of autumn potato; potato can be sowed in the late August and early September in the plain dam and hills areas with the altitude below 500m; the middle of August is suitable for sowing in the plain dam and hills areas with the altitude between 500m and 1000m; while autumn potato is not suitable to be sowed in the area above 1000m.

③ Carefully select potato seed and treat seeds in advance. Select detoxication potato seed to cultivate. soaking of potato seeds should be done before sowing, which can effectively prevent the occurrence of potato late blast and other plant diseases.

④ Pick over the best fields and strengthen scientific field management. Select fields with convenient drainage and irrigation, soft soils and deep plough horizon to sow autumn potato; use straw to cover potato planting fields to reduce field humidity and alleviate the occurrence of plant disease; fertilization should focus on slag fertilizer, animal manure and other farmyard

56

manures and cooperate the mixed application of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium inorganic fertilizers to cultivate strong plants. ⑤ Apply pesticides in appropriate time to ensure production and increase income. For the prevention and control of potato late blight, the pesticide can select 53% metalaxyl·mancozeb (U), enoyl·mancozeb (U) and chlorothalonil (U), while the spraying interval and times should be based on the occurrence of diseases; generally speaking, 3-5 times are appropriate in one growth season. The above chemical pesticides should be reduced 20%-40% based on the regular amount and add polyhydric alcohols (U), monosilicic acid (U), gibberellin·indole acetic acid·brassinolide (U) and other additives and regulators. For the underground pests, use light to trap adults and kill them in an unified way in the prosperous period of adults; or use highly effective and low toxic pesticide to spray pesticide-clay mixture or irrigate roots to prevent and control.

6.3.4 Integrated Management Policies for Citrus Pests

Plant quarantine is the most important link for the integrated prevention and control of citrus and imported seedling quarantine must be done well to prevent citrus yellow shoot and canker. ① Strengthen the foundation position of agricultural measures: a. Strength nutrient and water management and improve the pests resistance ability of trees; especially additional application of excellent organic fertilizer and phosphate fertilizer can obviously alleviate the occurrence of anthracnosis, scab and other plant diseases as well as deteriorate the nutritious conditions of spider mite, aphid, scale insects and other insects with sucking mouthpart. b. Carefully pruning, flower and fruit thinning and reasonable burden to increase the tree vigor. c. Exercise fruit bagging. Improve the fruit quality to prevent the damage of canker, scale insects, clover mite, bactrocera minax and other pests and pesticide pollution. d. Clean orchard. Remove pests branch with the assistant of pruning, pick up falling fruits and centralized burning or burying to reduce the pests base. ② Actively adopt biological prevention and control technology: firstly, protect and utilize natural enemies. The natural enemies resources of orchard is bountiful, and especially there are many natural enemy species of predatory mites and the quantity is very huge which can control pests well; therefore, they should be actively protected and utilized. Secondly, advocate the

57

planting of bean family pasture and green manure in the orchard to provide good reproduction places for natural enemies to control pests. Thirdly, release natural enemies by human force and increase the quantity of natural enemies of orchard, such as releasing trichogramma to prevent and control citrus leaf miner and releasing cucumber blunt mite to prevent and control citrus mites.

③ Reasonably utilize chemical pesticides: a. Apply pesticides based on the economic threshold. Prevent pests based on the economic threshold on the basis of pests monitoring to avoid blind application of pesticides and reduce the dosage and times of pesticides. b. Scientifically use chemical pesticides. Firstly, select pesticides reasonably. Select pesticide variety which is safe for human and livestock and highly effective for the targeted pests and doesn’t damage natural enemies and pollute environment to the maximum extent. For the commonly selected pesticide varieties in the orchard, such as insect growth regulators: chlorbenzuron (U), diflubenzuron (U), etc.; biological agents: bacillus thuringiensis (III) and

Liuyangmycin (U); selective acaricides: clofentezine (U), hexythiazox (U), etc.; selective aphidcides and scalesides: 25% buprofezin (U), 10% or 20% imidacloprid (III) etc. Secondly, reasonably use chemical pesticides. Spray wide-adaptability insecticide before the germination of fruit trees in spring and natural enemies don’t hibernate in large amount to kill overwintering aphid ovum, mite ovum and adult; spray peroxyacetic acid (U) and other eradicated bactericides to eradicate overwintering scab and anthracnosis. Use more selective insecticides and acaricides in the growth season, such as using diflubenzuron type (U) to prevent and control leaf miner; using buprofezin (U) and 10% or 20% imidacloprid (III) to prevent and control aphids and using spirodiclofen (U) to prevent and control spider mite. In addition, pesticide application methods should be improved based on the life habits of pests, such as ground application and trunk pesticide-coating, to reduce the damage on non-targeted organisms; use pesticides alternately and reasonably mix pesticides to delay the generation of pesticide resistance. The above chemical pesticides should be reduced 20%-40% based on the regular amount and add polyhydric alcohols

(U), monosilicic acid (U), gibberellin·indole acetic acid·brassinolide (U) and other additives and regulators.

6.3.5 Integrated Management Policies for Grape Pests

58

Grape downy mildew, anthracnosis, black rot and anthracnose are the mainly controlled targets. 1. Select pesticide resistant varieties. 2. Strengthen quarantine. Strengthen the quarantine measures aiming at grape leaf roll, fan-leaf type of virus, grape leaf louse and other pests and select disease-free scion or stock; sterilize soils to distinguish nematode and reduce virus transmission. 3. Prevention and control in the overwintering period: Completely clean the orchard combine with pruning in winter to cut off weak branches, clean deadwood and falling leaves and burn them in a centralized way; deep ploughing in autumn and winter and spray 3-5 Baume degree lime-sulfur once around plant and ground to extinguish bacteria resource and reduce the primary infection next year. 4. Strengthen cultivation management: Select qualified places with high topography, fertile soils, good ventilation and light transmission condition and find drainage and irrigation system to establish orchard. Reasonable fertilization: fertilize enough base fertilizer and additionally apply the compound fertilizers including nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium and micro-elements. Bind vines, prune branches and clean sick leaves and weeds promptly and strengthen water drainage. 5. Use bagging technology. Bagging should select standard fruit bagging with good permeability and water resistance, which can resist pests, bacteria and breaking. It should be done before 10 o’clock and after 16 o’clock to avoid high temperature burning in the noon. 6. Reasonably apply pesticides to reduce the pesticide pollution on environment.

(1) Apply peroxyacetic acid (U) and other eradicants in the dormancy period to extinguish overwintering pests. The pesticide resistance of grape plant in the dormancy period is pretty strong while the pesticide resistance of chlorenchyma of plant in the growth period is pretty that pesticide damage is easy to be generated. (2) Apply protective agents in the growth period that mancozeb (U), chlorothalonil (U) and other protective agents are safe for chlorenchyma of plant. Apply protective agents before the diseases can resist the germination of pathogenic spore or kill germinated pathogenic spore to protect plant from being damaged by pathogenic bacteria infection. Following key periods should be focused during the pesticide spraying: ① spray once before the blossom, which is

59

mainly used for preventing and controlling gray mold and spike-stalk brown spot; ② spray once after the deflorating, which is mainly used for preventing and controlling anthrachose; ③ spray twice (with around 10 days’ interval) during the extension period of new shoot that protective agents are mainly used; ④ spray once for half a month during the growth period of fruits, and the times need to be increased if there are too many rains which can prevent and control the damage of anthracnosis, block rot, axle blotch and other pests; ⑤ spray 1-2 times of agents after the picking up of mature products aiming at the downy mildew to protect leaves. The above chemical pesticides should be reduced 20%-40% based on the regular amount and add polyhydric alcohols (U), monosilicic acid (U), gibberellin·indole acetic acid·brassinolide (U) and other additives and regulators.

6.3.6 Integrated Management Policies for Vegetable Pests

The vegetable cultivation mode is diverse (greenhouse vegetable and outdoor vegetable), so the occurrence of pests is also complicated. The vegetable pests management should be started from the whole ecological system and agricultural, ecological, physical and chemical prevention and control measures should be comprehensively applied to create the unfavorable environmental conditions for the occurrence of pests and favorable conditions for the reproduction of natural enemies, main the balance of agricultural ecological system and biodiversity and reduce the loss caused by various pests. ① Select pests resistance and tolerance varieties: Vegetable growers should buy vegetable seeds at regular and specialized markets and select the seeds varieties suitable for the local cultivation with strong pests resistance and tolerance and excellent and high productivity.

② Rotation: Reduce the accumulation of pathogenic bacteria and insect source through reasonable rotation, intercropping, undercrop sowing and change of variety, alien soil and reestablishment of greenhouses in other places to prevent and control continuous cropping problems due to continuous planting for many years. The crop rotation of same family and category should be avoided. Utilize the adjustment of vegetable sowing period or transplanting period to avoid the peak period of the occurrence of pests damages to reduce the pests damage. Potato and cabbage should avoid high temperature in the seedling stage to reduce virus. ③ Cultivate strong seedlings: Cultivate seedlings in other places and utilize nutritional pot,

60

aperture disk and nutritional soil to protect roots and cultivate seedlings; strengthen the management in the seedling period, improve the diseases and pests resistance ability and eliminate weak and sick seedlings during the transplantation to ensure the fielding planting of strong seedlings. ④ Healthy cultivation and management and cultivate strong plants: Adopt various integrated measures to strengthen the temperature, light, water, fertilizer and air management and create sound environment for the vegetable growth. For example, scientific formula fertilization, additional implementation of organic fertilizer and supplement of micro-elements fertilizer can meet the needs of vegetable growth; utilize special environment of protective places and adopt ventilation, greenhouse closing and other measures to adjust and control temperature; mulch films and strengthen ventilation to raise the soil humidity and reduce the air humidity; open the greenhouse to adjust and control light based on the different growth periods to prevent and alleviate the occurrence of various physiological diseases and increase the low temperature and freeze injury resistance ability. ⑤ Implement grafting and disease prevention technology: Grafting seedling can effectively prevent soil-borne diseases, strengthen plant growth and improve the cold and drought resistance ability. For example, pumpkin can be used as stock to graft cucumber which can effectively prevent the occurrence of melon blight. ⑥ Apply physical prevention and control measures: firstly, set up fly net. Cover the fly net in the production place can prevent insects flying into greenhouse, which can effectively control the damage of aphid, flea beetle, cabbage caterpillar, diamond back moth, asparagus caterpillar,

American leaf miner and tobacco cutworm and greatly reduce the application of chemical pesticides. Secondly, treat seeds well. Utilize warm water soaking, liquid pesticide soaking and pesticide seed dressing to kill part of pathogenic bacteria and insect ovum. Thirdly, sterilize soils. Extinguish overwintering bacteria and inspect ovum in the soil through exposing to the sunlight before planting vegetables in the protection place. Apply spraying, irrigation, toxic soil, stifling and other methods to treat soils before sowing and transplantation which can effectively control soil-borne diseases and underground pests. Fourthly, set up and hang black light lamp and frequency insecticidal lamp to trap lepidoptera pests in the fields or greenhouses by utilizing the

61

light, color and flavor tendency of pests; set up yellow (blue) sticky card to trap white fly, leaf miner, aphid and thrips. ⑦ Strengthen the quarantine measures on vegetable seeds and seedlings in the project regions to prevent the possible invasive species like frankliniella occidentalis and tobacco whitefly due to the variety introduction and allocation and transport of seedlings. ⑧ Biological agents should be considered firstly for the application of various pesticides, such as Bt (III), matrine (U), azadirachtin (III), osthole (III) and beauveria bassiana (U) can be used to prevent and control diamond back moth, cabbage caterpillar, oriental tobacco budworm, cotton bollworm and other lepidoptera pests. For the chemical pesticides, chlorantraniliprole (U) and indoxacarb (U) can be selected with the amount reduction of 20%-40% based on the regular amount and add polyhydric alcohols (U), monosilicic acid (U), gibberellin·indole acetic acid·brassinolide (U) and other additives and regulators.

6.3.7 Integrated Management Policies for Cotton Pests

The cotton pests mainly include cotton plant bug, cotton bollworm, cotton aphid, cotton Spider mites mite, verticillium wilt, blight and seedling diseases. I Sowing period (1) Reasonably rotate and clean orchard. Plough in autumn and irrigate in winter to reduce the pests overwintering base. (2) Use pesticides to treat seeds. Use seed coating agent to dress seeds that is good for the prevention of cotton seedling disease.

(3) Sow at appropriate period and improving sowing quality. It is appropriate to sow when the soil is 5cm and the temperature is stabilized at 14℃, and the sowing depth of 4-5cm is appropriate while the early sowing may result in seedling blight. II Seedling period The keys of prevention and control are seedling aphids, seedling diseases and cutworms. Intertillage and scarification during the seedling can improve ground temperature and alleviate seedling diseases as well as remove weeds and distinguish ovum and newly incubated larva. When the proportion of natural enemies in the fields and quantity of aphid varieties exceeds 1:120, the chemical prevention and control is not needed and the role of natural control by

62

natural enemies can be fully played. Spray pesticides to prevent when the aphid plant rate reaches 30% or the leaf roll rate reaches 5%, which can also control thrips tabaci, cotton Spider mites mite, cotton plant bug and other pests at the same time. If the temperature is low and there are many rainfalls after the emergence of cotton, spray protection should be exercised earlier to prevent and control the popularity of seedling diseases. Poisonous soil spraying method can be adopted to prevent and control young larva of cutworm. III Cotton boll period to boll opening period

The keys of prevention and control are cotton plant bug, cotton bollworm, cotton Spider mites mite, aphids, blight, verticillium wilt and ball stage disease. 1. Agricultural measures. Strengthen water and fertilizer management, cultivate strong plants and improve the stress resistance ability. Combine training, pruning and manual methods to kill cotton bollworm ovum, catch aging larva and handle branches without fruits, head, heart border, invalid bud and boll rot outside the fields to reduce the ovum and larva amount in the field. Push branches and emerge ridge promptly and remove old leaves and empty branches in the late period of cotton growth to create favorable conditions of ventilation and light transmission and reduce the popularity of pests. 2. Physical trapping and killing. Use poplar branches to trap and kill. In the emergence period of the second and third generation of adult cotton bollworm, stick in wilting poplar branches in the cotton fields with 10-15 each 667m2, which can trap adult poplar branches and extinguish them in a centralized way.

3. Biological prevention and control. Protect and utilize spider, parasitic mite, lacewing fly, ovum parasitic wasp and other natural enemies. Reduce the damage of chemical pesticides on the natural enemies to the maximum extent and fully play the role of natural disease control of those natural enemies. 4. Chemical prevention. Select highly effective and low toxic varieties and apply pesticides strictly based on the prevention and control indexes. This period is the alternating and overlapping occurrence period of various pests; therefore, we should catch favorable opportunities and take all things into consideration based on the occurrence status of main pests and try the best to mix pesticides and avoid repeated pesticide application to fully play of the role

63

of controlling. For the chemical pesticides, methoxyfenozide (U), hexaflumuron (U) and 73% propargite (III) can be selected with the amount reduction of 20%-40% based on the regular amount and add polyhydric alcohols (U), monosilicic acid (U), gibberellin·indole acetic acid·brassinolide (U) and other additives and regulators.

6.3.8 Integrated Management Policies for Rape Pests

Rape stalk break, downy mildew and aphids are main control targets. Select brassica napus variety with strong stress resistance and good comprehensive properties; exercise the rotation of rapes and rice; strengthen field management and clean ditches and exhaust floods promptly to ensure ventilation. Remove sick, old and yellow leaves and handle them out of fields to reduce disease sources. Additionally fertilize flower pod fertilizer and apply boron fertilizer and phosphorus and potassium fertilizer before and after blossom to strengthen damage resistance ability of plants. Apply pesticides to prevent and control when the leaf disease rate of rape stalk break is between 8% and 10% or the stem disease rate is 1% from the early flowering season to the blossom period and apply pesticides for the second time in blossom period if there are too many rainfalls. Select 10% or 20% imidacloprid (III), pymetrozine (U) and other pesticides to prevent and control aphids; select metalaxyl.mancozeb (U) to prevent and control downy mildew; select 43% tebuconazole (U), 10% hexaconazole (U), 30% benzyl.propiconazole (III) and 20% prochloraz (U) to prevent and control stalk break; select glyphosate (U) and lyphosate (U) to treat soils and remove weeds before sowing (transplantation) and select acetochlor (III) and 33% pendimethalin (III) to treat soils and remove weeds after sowing and before emergence. The above chemical pesticides should be reduced 20%-40% based on the regular amount and add polyhydric alcohols (U), monosilicic acid (U), gibberellin·indole acetic acid·brassinolide (U) and other additives and regulators.

6.3.9 Integrated Management Policies for Tea Pests

Protection first and integrated prevention and control. Start from the whole ecological system of tea plantation and comprehensively apply various prevention and control measures to create unfavorable environmental conditions for the breeding of disease, insects, grass and other pests and favorable environmental conditions for the reproduction of various natural enemies and keep the ecological system of tea plantation and biodiversity to control pests under permitted

64

threshold and reduce pesticide residues to the regulated standard scale. 1. Agricultural prevention and control ① Select varieties with strong stress resistance of local pests when the variety is changed or the new tea plantation is developed. ② Pick up teas in different batches and times promptly and resist tea leafhopper, pink tea rust mite, tea white scab and other pests dangerous for teas. ③ Control the height of tea trees under 80cm through pruning, alleviate the damage of tussock moth, scale insect, spiny white fly and other pests and control the overwintering base of mite variety. ④ Deeply plough the tea plantation in the late autumn combining the fertilization of base fertilizer and reduce the group density of overwintering lepidoptera and weevil pests in the soils of next year. ⑤ Clean falling leaves around the tea tree roots and topsoil to the field lines to bury which can effectively prevent and control leaves disease and overwintering pests in topsoil. ⑥ Strengthen tea plantation management, apply formula fertilizer, remove dampness, prevent drought and freezing disease, promote ventilation and light transmission conditions of tea plantation and strengthen the disease resistance ability of tea trees. 2. Physical prevention and control ① Adopt manual killing to alleviate the danger of tea tussock moth, tea bunch caterpillar, psychid, tea leaf weevil and other pests.

② Exercise light trapping, color plate trapping and sexual trapping by utilizing the tendency of pests. ③ Adopt mechanical or manual methods to remove weeds. 3. Biological prevention and control ① Pay attention to protecting and utilizing lacewing fly, ladybug, spider, predatory mite, parasitic wasp and other beneficial organisms in the local tea plantation to alleviate the damage of human factor on natural enemies. ② It is proper to use biological source pesticides (microbiological pesticides and plant source pesticides, etc.)

65

4. Chemical prevention and control Chemical pesticides can select 10% or 20% imidacloprid (III) and 25% thiamethoxam (U), with the dosage reduction of 20%-40% based on the regular amount and add polyhydric alcohols

(U), monosilicic acid (U), gibberellin·indole acetic acid·brassinolide (U) and other additives and regulators. 7. Pesticide Application and Management in the Project Regions 7.1 Pesticide Species and Application Devices Recommended by the Project Regions

7.1.1 Recommended Pesticide Species

The combination between the application of pesticide and agricultural measures, physical measures and biological measures must obey economic, safe and effective principle during the project implementation process. Based on the related Chinese laws and regulations, IPM methods and integrated governance principle, the lists of pesticides, additives and growth regulators recommended by the project can be seen in Appendix 1.

7.1.2 Prohibited and Restrained Pesticide Species in China

● List of pesticides which are banned from being produced, sold and used Hexachlorocyclohexane (II), dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (II), toxaphene (II), DBCP (II), chlordimeform (II), ethylene dibromide (II), nithophen (III), aldrin(II), dieldrin (Ib), mercury compounds and arsenide (Ib), plumbum compounds (Ib), Bis-A-TDA (II), fluoroacetamide (Ib), gifftor (Ⅱ), tetramine (Ia), sodiumfluoroacetate (Ia), silatrane (Ia), methamidophos (Ib), parathion methyl (Ib), parathion (Ib), monocrotophos (Ib), phosphamidon

(Ib), fenamiphos (Ib), fonofos (Ib), posfolan-methyl (Ib), calcium phosphide (Ib), magnesium phosphide (Ib), zinc phosphide (Ib), cadusafos (Ib), coumaphos (Ib), sulfotep (Ib), terbufos (Ia), asomate (II), methylarsinediyl bis (II), chlorsulfuron (U), metsulfuron methyl (U), ethametsulfuron profenofos (U) single dosage and paraquat (II). Since July 1, 2017, original pesticide and compound preparation of metsulfuron methyl (U) and ethametsulfuron profenofos (U) are banned from being sold and used.

● List of pesticides which are restricted to use on vegetables, fruit trees, teas, Chinese medicinal herbs and other crops Phorate (Ia), isofenphos-methyl (Ib), demeton (Ia), carbofuran (Ib), aldicarb (Ia),

66

ethopropophos (II), posfolan-methyl (Ib) and isazophos (Ib) are prohibited to be used on vegetables, fruit trees, teas and Chinese medical herbs. Dicofol (II) and fenvalerate (II) are prohibited to be used on tea trees. Daminozide (U) is prohibited to be used on peanut. Except seed dressing in dry fields used for hygienism and corn, fipronil (II) is prohibited to be used in other aspects. Isocarbophos (Ib) is prohibited to be used on citrus tree. Methomyl (Ib) is prohibited to be used on citrus trees, apple trees, tea trees and cruciferae vegetables. Endosulfan (II) is prohibited to be used on apple trees and tea trees. Bromomethane (Ib) is prohibited to be used on strawberry and cucumber. Omethoate (Ib) is prohibited to be used on wild cabbage and citrus tree. Chlorpyrifos (II) and triazophos (II) are prohibited to be used on vegetables since December 31, 2016. All pesticide products must be used on the registered and approved application scope, and they cannot be used beyond the scope. 7.2 Technical Requirements on Pesticide Application Devices Used in the Project Regions

Pesticide is the necessary production material in the agricultural production, while good pesticide application devices are necessary for scientific, reasonable and safe pesticide application. Generally speaking, following aspects should be considered for the choice or technical requirements on pesticide application devices: (1) Comprehensively consider prevention and control targets and locations, crop species and growth status, pesticide form, application methods and prevention and control scope to determine the type of pesticide application device. For the fruit tree, its size, height and space between trees as well as adaption of operating in fields and passing performance between trees of selected devices should also be considered.  Manual sprayer is proper for spraying pesticides in small areas;  Backpack mechanical sprayer is proper for spraying pesticides in relatively large areas, and air-conveying sprayer is suitable for the orchard;  Super long-distance spray gun and sprayer can be selected to spray large areas.

 The project recommends using: hand-push long-distance spray gun and sprayer (field crops) and high-voltage extra long distance power sprayer (fruit trees and field crops). (2) Select appropriate sprinkler based on the prevention and control demand of pests and

67

plant diseases and pesticide application device type and regularly change worn sprinkler.  Fan-shaped sprinkler should be adopted for spraying herbicide and plant growth regulator that the sprayed surface is fan-shaped with balanced droplet and little drift;  Hollow conical sprinkler should be adopted for spraying insecticide and bactericide that the sprayed droplet is in small particles which is easy to drift and droplet can contact leaves from different directions;  The mixtures of different types of sprinkler are prohibited to be used on spray lance.

(3) Select the pesticide application devices produced by standard manufacturers with quality certificate. Check whether the package is good and whether attached technical files, appendixes and accessories are complete based on the package list when purchase. (4) Pesticide application devices cannot be mixed. Generally speaking, sprayer used for spraying insecticides and bactericides can be used to spray other insecticides and bactericides after being cleaned; sprayer used for spraying herbicide cannot be used to spray other types of pesticides. 7.3 The Ability of Using and Handling Chemicals of Users Currently, the pesticide products handling ability of pesticide dealers and farmers are different within the acceptable risk range (such as safety storage, adoption of safe equipment, protective clothing and safety handling of abandoned chemicals or their packages). These problems can be effectively solved by adopting recommended training plan for farmers and chemicals dealers. Moreover, local monitoring and evaluation plan will be used to regularly monitor the safety application and handling ability of farmers and chemicals dealers on chemicals. The further training will be provided for unsafe chemical operation methods. 7.4 Environmental and Occupational/Healthy Risk 7.4.1 Environmental Risk (1) Main environmental risks during the pesticide application process in the project regions include: ① The insecticide residues result in the deterioration of water quality, and the potential risk may reduce the quantity of aquatic organisms (such as fish species and aquatic inspect); ② Spraying insecticides and the leakage of chemicals around the drinking water source result in the pollution of water source supply;

68

③ The non-targeted species may be influenced due to the application of highly toxic insecticides (especially bees, birds, livestock and natural enemies of pests); ④ Excessive application of some pesticides for a long time results in the improvement of pesticide resistance for pests; ⑤ Pesticide residues result in the pollution of soil quality; ⑥ The majority of pesticides are organic compounds and few of them are organic-inorganic compounds or pure minerals, even Hg, As, Cu, Zn and other heavy metals are included in some pesticides. Cu and Zn are commonly included in fungicide and if they are used on fruit trees and greenhouse crops with large amount, the soils may be toxic due to the accumulation of Cu and Zn; ⑦ Wastes of pesticide packages may result in the non-point source pollution. (2) The measures alleviating above risks include: ① Train farmers and chemicals dealers on the environmental influence of special chemicals and recommend better spraying devices and methods. ② Cooperate with town governments and agricultural technology departments in the project regions to standardize and supervise the pesticide spraying actions to ensure the water source cleanness. ③ Recommend safe spraying devices certificated by national quality inspection in the project implementation regions. ④ Select pesticides with high effectiveness, low toxic and residues. ⑤ Popularize the application of biological prevention and control measures and reduce the amount of chemical pesticides as much as possible; adopt a series of pollution-free prevention and control measures (agricultural, physical, biological and low-toxic chemicals) to ensure that pesticide resistance of pests cannot be improved. ⑥ Control the application times of mancozeb (U), bordeaux (III) and other pesticides with Cu and Zn to reduce the soil accumulation. ⑦ Set up centralized recycle station of wastes of pesticide packages to collect them in a centralized way.

7.4.2 Occupational/Healthy Risk (1) The occupational/healthy risks due to the application of pesticides mainly include: ① The danger to human body due to the smell of formulating and spraying pesticides without protection measures.

69

② Skin burning due to the pesticide spraying or leakage without wearing protective clothing. ③ Drinking water pollution due to the fact that the pesticide spraying sites are close to drinking water source or the chemicals leakage near the drinking water source. (2) The measures alleviating above risks include: ① Train farmers and dealers in the project regions on pesticide safety application, transport, storage and waste handling knowledge, which mainly includes: possible occupational/healthy effect caused by special pesticides; recommended operation and spraying methods; approved spraying devices and application methods; wear safety clothes (long sleeve clothes, breathing mask, hat, gloves, pants and shoes); which weather condition is suitable for spraying pesticides; how to store chemical pesticides safely; innocent treatment of pesticide wastes and packages. ② Supervise and survey the execution status of above measures and further strengthen publicity and training if those measures are not implemented well.

8. Strengthening of Pests Management Ability in the Project Regions

8.1 Policies

8.1.1 Goal of Formulating Policies and Issuing of Government Files

(1) National level: adjust the lists of banned pesticides in China based on the international standard; formulate related laws and regulations to strictly restrain the production and sales of highly toxic pesticides; support and promote the popularization of IPM through the implementation of the project. (2) Local government level (project implementation regions): list banned pesticides and strengthen supervision and law enforcement management; help farmers to register safety foods, pollution-free foods and green foods to make them get market access and high market price.

(3) Farmer and service organization level (project implementation regions): improve environmental protection and pollution-free awareness through training and demonstration to help farmers and service organization to understand IPM technology.

8.1.2 Strictly Obey Following Regulations

(1) Regulations on the sales and application of pesticide issued by FAO; (2) Regulations on package and storage of pesticide issued by FAO; (3) Regulations on package label standardization issued by FAO;

70

(4) Norms on the handling of field residual pesticides and pesticide package container issued by FAO; (5) Standards on pesticide pollutants emission formulated by MOEP; (6) Regulations on pesticide management issued by MOA. 8.2 Management Goals 8.2.1 Improve the Awareness of Implementing Policies The awareness of implementing integrated pests management is strengthened through implementing the project which can be shown in following aspects: (1) Reduce the daily application and application frequency of chemical insecticides in the project regions; (2) Unregistered pesticides are banned from using in the project regions; (3) Use low-toxic pesticides to replace high-toxic pesticides in the project regions (WTO Class-I pesticide);

(4) Implement pesticide restrictions, distribution and application rules issued by FAO and Regulations on Pesticide Management; (5) Execute pesticide package and storage guidance issued by FAO and Regulations on Pesticide Management; (6) Execute pesticide label and application guidance issued by FAO and Regulations on Pesticide Management; (7) Execute waste pesticide and package handling guidance issued by FAO and the

Environment Protection Law of the People’s Republic of China;

(8) The project should immediately carry out similar guidance if there is no equal guidance in China; (9) Execute Pests Management Plan of Integrated Management Project on Polluted Farmland in Hunan Province with World Bank Loan. In addition, encourage city, county (district) and town government to promote and support

IPM method through the discussion and project implementation (especially the long-term benefit).

8.2.2 Strengthen the Construction of Grass-roots Plant Protection Ability

71

The grass-roots plant protection ability is strengthened through the implementation of the project which can be shown in following aspects: (1) Train plant protection professors at county, city and district level, agricultural technology promotion personnel at the town level, grassroots farmer technicians and technology demonstration households. (2) Plant protection personnel should be familiar with and understand IMP method and farmer should know IMP method to some extent during the project implementation process.

(3) The plant protection connection of county, city, district, town and village is strengthened through the project implementation to promote the implementation of pests management plan. 8.3 Management Ability, Institution Arrangement and Cooperation The project will set up specialized institutions and personnel and closely cooperate with pests prevention, control and quarantine departments at various levels to strengthen the management ability on plant protection and control the sales and application of pesticides. The project will be exercised through following methods: (1) Project Management Office appoints specialized working staff who supervise the implementation process of pests management plan; (2) Formulate pests monitoring plan and evaluation methods and monitor and evaluate the pests management technologies adopted in the project implementation process. (3) PMO will establish cooperation relationship with national and provincial pests prevention, control and quarantine departments and pests research institutes to update and enrich pests prevention and control knowledge and improve the ability of integrated pests management;

(4) Plant protection professors at provincial, city and county (district) levels strengthen the agricultural technology training on agricultural technology promotion personnel and farmers in the project implementation counties (districts) and countries (towns); (5) Strengthen the communication on pests prevention and control technology and experience of project cities, counties (districts) and countries (towns) to share achievements.

8.4 Training and Human Resource Development Training and human resource development is vital for strengthening pests management ability construction. Based on the work division of different departments and personnel levels, it

72

is recommended that: (1) Regularly train counties (districts) and countries (towns) industrial and commerce management departments, plant protection and agricultural technology promotion personnel to ensure that all regulations on the pesticides operation, management and sales can be effectively implemented and supervised; (2) Plant protection and agricultural technology personnel at various counties (districts) and countries (towns) level should utilize the field school to train farmers on pests management methods; (3) Gain newly occurred pests and pollution-free prevention and control technology through visiting and consulting plant protection professors at various levels or arrange related research institutes to develop special topic to tackle the problems; (4) Formulate corresponding training materials as early as possible with necessary audio and visual equipment based on the ecological characteristics of the project implementation regions and actual situation of the occurrence of main crop pests. 8.5 Training on Farmers and Service Organizations Farmer and service organization are the main bodies of the project implementation. Training on farmers and service organizations is so important for the pests governance that the IPM knowledge and plant protection ability of farmers and service organizations can be improved through training and their awareness of protecting environment and participating in IPM activities can be strengthened.

8.5.1 Training Forms

The training can be exercised into two types: participatory training and mobile training: (1) Participatory training: Project implementation regions should establish field schools for farmers and the instructors are mainly constituted by country (town)-level agricultural technology promotion personnel and farmer technicians with rich pests management experiences after specialized training. Based on the real occurrence situations of local crops and forestry pests in different growth stages and questions put forward by farmers, instructors exercise targeted guidance in fields and train farmers on how to identify and prevention and control pests to strengthen technological knowledge of farmers and cultivation of organization,

73

communication and management skills. (2) Mobile training: Project team should regularly or irregularly organize professors from agricultural scientific research institutes, institutions of higher education and agricultural management and promotion institutions to constitute mobile training teams to develop training and teach the newest concept of IPM, the newest technology of pests pollution-free prevention and control, safe application technology of pesticides and related policies and regulations on pesticide operation and selling for local agricultural technology promotion personnel, farmer technicians, farmers and pesticide dealers in various field schools or countries (towns) and villages in the project implementation regions.

8.5.2 Training Contents

(1) Training target: Agricultural promotion personnel, plant protection staff, farmer technicians, farmers, employees of unified protection and control and service organization and pesticide dealers in counties (district) and countries (towns).

(2) Training contents:  Morphological characters and identifications of pests;  Damage characteristics and losses of different pests;  Occurrence regularity of main pests;  Identification of natural enemies of insects;  Field sampling of pests and estimation methods of occurrence density;  Control threshold of pests;

 Control measures of pests, including: agricultural, physical, biological and chemical prevention and control methods;  Pesticide choice and safety application technology;  Application and maintenance technology of pesticide application devices recommended by the project;  Safety storage and handling of agricultural chemicals and package wastes.

8.6 Training Plan The training plan includes two parts: training plan for instructors and working plan for farmer field schools. The specific training plan can be seen in the following table:

74

Table 4-6-1 Training Schedule of 2016-2021 Number of people Training Annual training Training Implementation Training contents Training targets Project regions accepting type times forms institution training each time Hengyang 10 Hengyang County City Hengnan County 10 Changde Hanshou County 10 City

Chenzhou Yizhang County 10 City Yongxing County 10 The newest concept of IPM, Yiyang City Anhua County 10 project pests management Agricultural Zhongfang plan, the newest technology technology Huaihua City 10 Instructor of pests pollution-free promotion County Regular training Mobile training prevention and control, safe personnel and for twice each PMO Zhangjiajie Yongding District 10 training plan application technology of plant protection year. City pesticides and related policies staff in countries Cili County 10 and regulations on pesticide (towns) operation and selling Baojing County 10 Xiangxi Huayuan County 10 Autonomous Prefecture Yongshun County 10 Jishou City 10 Yueyang Pingjiang County 10 City Yongzhou Lengshuitan 10 City District Farmer Identification, prevention and Farmer Hengyang Once a month from Town-level Xidu Town, etc. 50 Participatory filed control measures of main technicians, County April to September plant protection training school pests; safety application farmers, Hengnan Project township 50 in the crop growth institutes and

75

technology and waste employees of County and towns period with 6 times town pesticides and package unified Hanshou Project township a year in total. agricultural 50 handling of pesticides prevention and County and towns technology control service Yizhang Project township station 50 organization and County and towns pesticide Yongxing Bianjiang Town, 50 dealers. County etc. Anhua Project township 50 County and towns Zhongfang Project township 50 County and towns Project township Jishou City 50 and towns Yongding Fengxianggang 50 District Township, etc. Project township Cili County 50 and towns Baojing Project township 50 County and towns Huayuan Project township 50 County and towns Yongshun Project township 50 County and towns Pingjiang Project township 50 County and towns Lengshuitan Project township 50 District and towns

76

Note: ① instructor training plan requires that cities and counties (districts) of the project regions arrange 2 agricultural technicians to give the lecture twice a year and 3 days for each training with 50 people, so that the

100 people participate into the training each year and totally 600 people receive the training in 6 years. ② the training plan for farmer field school requires that model towns and villages train 6 phases each year and 50 people participate into each phase of training that 4500 people receive training in 15 project regions each year and totally 27000 people receive the training in 6 years.

9. Project Monitoring and Report 9.1 Monitoring Contents of the Project

The field monitoring should be exercised on the implementation status of integrated pests management plan, application mode of pesticides, quality and output of crops, trends of main pests and natural enemy groups and the influence on the environment after the implementation of the project in the project regions during the project implementation period, and the specific monitoring contents can be seen in Figure 9-1-1:

Figure 9-1-1 Diagrammatic Sketch on the Project Monitoring Contents

9.2 Supervision and Management Contents of the Project

The following work should be implemented field monitoring during the project implementation period:

77

• Pesticide registration

• Policy issuance

• Performance of local monitoring program and result analysis aid 9.3 Monitoring and Supervision Plan 9.3.1 Monitoring Plan of Pests Management 9.3.1.1 Implementation of Monitoring Plan

The monitoring work should be exercised in various towns of the project implementation regions by city and district (county)-level agricultural technology promotion service center, PMO and the employer. Once the pests are found, they should be reported and handled timely.

Personnel from World Bank should help to establish appropriate monitoring system and sampling procedure as soon as possible and provide training on the implementation and analysis of monitoring system.

9.3.1.2 Setting of Monitoring Sites and Crops

Based on the crop planting structure of model towns and planting status of special dominant crops, following monitoring sites should be set up at least in the project: ① Xidu Town,

Hengyang County, Hengyang City, and the key monitoring crop is rice; ② Hengnan County,

Hengyang City, and the key monitoring crop is cotton; ③ Hanshou County, Changde City, and the key monitoring crop is vegetable; ④ Yongxing County, Chenzhou City, and the key monitoring crop is citrus; ⑤ Anhua County, Yiyang City, and the key monitoring crop is tea; ⑥

Zhongfang County, Huaihua City, and the key monitoring crop is grape; ⑦ Yongding District,

Zhangjiajie City, and the key monitoring crop is potato; ⑧ Pingjiang County, Yueyang City, and the key monitoring crop is rape; ⑨ Yongshun County, Xiangxi Autonomous Prefecture, and the key monitoring crop is corn.

Table 9-3-1-2 Planting Area of Main Crops in Related Counties, Cities and Districts Referred

in the Monitoring Sites (10000 mu)

Place Rice Corn Potato Fruit Vegetable Cotton Oil plants Tea Crop

Hengyang 146.58 5.55 4.65 4.69 / 11.49 / / County

78

Anhua 45.00 23.50 / 6.26 / / 32.50 25 County Yongding 23.22 11.67 4.16 7.27 18.15 / 10.47 / District Yongxing 62.70 / 5.40 14.30 17.64 / 19.35 1.32 County Zhongfang 19.50 7.50 / 7.95 5 0.35 13.20 / County Hanshou 82 / / 4 39.5 9.5 60 / County Hengnan 146.10 / / 7.50 15.24 6.31 0.83 County Pingjiang 107.66 / / 11.50 / / 42.60 / County Yongshun 30.20 15.10 18 15.80 / / 14.36 2.4 County

9.3.1.3 Data Collection and Sampling Methods Based on the monitoring contents, the data collection and sampling methods of key monitoring can be seen in Table 9-3-1-3.

79

Table 9-3-1-3 List of Monitoring and Evaluation of Main Crop Pests in the Project Regions Key Pesticide application status Ecological system status of the field Output and quality status Monitorin Name of monitor Number of g funds monitorin Speci Dosage Monitori Number of Monitori Pesticide Monitorin ing Times Incidence natural Output Output value (10000 g sites es (kg) ng times pests ng times residues g times crop enemies Yuan) Hengy ang Rice 1 4 1 2.4 County Anhua Tea 1 4 1 2.4 County Yongdi ng Potato 1 4 1 2.4 District Yongxi ng Citrus 1 4 1 2.4 County Zhongf ang Grape 1 4 1 2.4 County Hansho u Vegetable 1 4 1 2.4 County Hengn an Cotton 1 4 1 2.4 County Pingjia ng Rape 1 4 1 2.4 County Yongsh un Corn 1 4 1 2.4 County

80

Note: 1. Monitoring method of “pesticide application status”: Select 2 villages in each monitoring site and collect the materials on pesticide species, dosage, application frequency and handling of waste pesticides and packages through questionnaire, survey and other methods in the harvest period of monitoring crops and summarize these materials. 2. Monitoring method of “ecological system status of the field”: Select one model village in each monitoring site and survey the pests species, occurrence status of each pest and species and quantity of natural enemies during the seedling stage, adult plant stage, frui t stage and harvest picking stage so that each crop will be surveyed for four times each year. 3. Monitoring method of “output and quality status”: Select one representative village in each monitoring site and select three representative sampling fields to test output during the harvest of monitoring crops, and survey the quality and output of crops at the same time; meanwhile, collect samples of agricultural products to test pesticide residues. 4. The monitoring will last 6 years during the project implementation period. The above monitoring crops may be changed due to that the specific implementation places (towns and villages) of the project are not determined finally.

81

9.3.1.4 Monitoring and Evaluation System (1) Degree of adopting integrated pests management and control measures  The number of model households participating in the adoption of integrated pests management and control measures;  The crop area of adopting integrated pests management and control measures;  The number of farmers who can identify main pests / natural enemies;  The number of farmers participating the training on integrated pests management plan;  The control effect on main pests after adopting integrated pests management and control measures. (2) Safe application degree of pesticide  The times of using pesticides on main crops or fruit trees;  The species and quantity of used pesticides on main crops in each mu/year;  The expenses of used pesticides in each mu/year due to the pests prevention and control of main crops;  The number of farmers who implement pesticide safe application and handling (safe storage and use labor protection appliance);  The times that agricultural products are refused to be accepted due to the high pesticide residues;  Human and livestock poisoning accidents due to the pesticide application. (3) Output and quality status of agricultural products  The output of main crops after implementing the integrated pests management plan;  The quality status of main crops after implementing the integrated pests management plan (including quality and pesticide residues);  The output and profit status of main crops after implementing the integrated pests management plan. (4) Influence degree on agricultural ecological system  The occurrence area and damage degree of main pests on main crops in different demonstration regions;  The species and quantity change status of beneficial organisms (including predaceous insects and parasitism insects) in each unit quadrat on crops implementing integrated pests management plan;

82

 The influence degree on wild animals, bees, water and soils after adopting integrated pests management and control measures. (5) Other indexes  The times that sellers of agrochemicals visit the project regions;  The times that agrochemicals appear on the media (TV, radio and newspaper);  The times that pesticide product brands appear in the project regions through retailing channel;  The times of acceptable pesticide product exhibitions.

9.3.2 Supervision Plan 9.3.2.1 Implementation of the Supervision Plan PMO at various levels should be responsible for the normal operation of regular supervision activities. PMO at various levels and agricultural technology promotion center should supervise and inspect the implementation status of pests management plan in the pests occurrence peak period and cooperate with supervision team of World Bank to supervise and observe the project. The supervision team of World Bank should be constituted by experienced pests prevention and control experts and the supervision and observation can be exercised once or twice a year in the peak period of the occurrence of pests each year. 9.3.2.2 Specific Contents of the Supervision and Inspection (1) Application situation of pesticides  Inspect whether pesticides sold by dealers and used by farmers in the project demonstration area are registered and pesticides recommended by the pests management plan;  Inspect whether Class-I pesticides are sold/used in the project regions;  Inspect pesticides registration list to investigate the registration status of new pesticides;  Inspect whether farmers adopt protective measures when they use pesticides;  Inspect the handling status of farmers on waste pesticides and packages. (2) Policy  Subsidies (if there are) status used on the pesticides by government;  Implementation status of policies and regulations on the promotion of pesticide application and integrated pests management technology by local

83

governments. (3) Implementation on field monitoring plan  Evaluate the implementation status of field monitoring plan in various counties observed by the supervision team of World Bank;  Help related personnel in the project counties to solve problems caused by implementing field monitoring plan;  Provide prompt training on field monitoring process, data analysis and result explanation for related personnel in the project counties and adjust to improve pests control.

9.3.3 Responsibilities Plant protection departments at county level should be responsible for providing integrated pests management technology, and they should bear the responsibilities of guidance, supervision, monitoring and training. PMOs at various levels and people sharing benefits and risks bear the responsibility of promptly finding and reporting the occurrence status of pests and performing the requests consistent with the pests management plan.

9.4 Project Report PMO at various levels and plant protection departments at county-level should report the project implementation status to related departments of World Bank once half a year and twice a year. The report contents should include main crops and planting areas in the project regions, pests occurrence and prevention and control status, pesticide application, change of ecological system, quality of agricultural products, prevention and control cost and application status of the project funds.

10. Fund Budget Pests management plan is the important component of “Integrated Management Project on Polluted Farmland in Hunan Province with World Bank Loan”. Due to the specialty in the main task target and technical route of the implementation of the plan, it should be listed into the daily work of the PMO as an independent unit in the overall project; meanwhile, in order to ensure the effective implementation of the plan, 1-2 special topics should be set to research the major pests existing in the special industries in the project regions and solve outstanding problems in the production of pollution-free products. The technical training, publicity, safe and reasonable application of pesticides, pests monitoring, forecast and alarming, supervision and

84

special research and management fees in the total management fees of PMO and the agricultural departments should be included in the fund budget with the total amount of 10.845 million Yuan, among which 80%, namely 8.676 million Yuan, is from the “Integrated Management Project on Polluted Farmland in Hunan Province with World Bank Loan”, and the rest 20%, namely 2.169 million Yuan, is solved by various project regions in their agricultural projects. The specific fund budget is listed below:

85

Table 10-1-1 Table on the Training Fund Budget on Pests Management Plan in the Project Regions from 2016 to 2021 Number of people Training Training Training fees Total fees Training Training Training Implementation Project regions accepting duration form and (Yuan/person. (10000 type target year institution training (day) times day. time) Yuan) (people/time) Hengyang 10 Hengyang County City Hengnan 10 County Changde Hanshou 10 City County Yizhang 10 Chenzhou County City Yongxing 10 Plant County protection Anhua research Yiyang City 10 Regularly County Six years and centralized Instructor Huaihua Zhongfang from 2016 Provincial promotion 10 3 training for 200.0 108 training City County to PMO staff in Yongding twice a 10 2021 cities and Zhangjiajie District year City counties Cili County 10 (districts) Baojing 10 County Huayuan Xiangxi 10 Autonomous County Yongshun Prefecture 10 County Jishou City 10 Yueyang Pingjiang 10 City County

86

Yongzhou Lengshuitan 10 City District Xidu Town, Hengyang 50 County Project towns in Hengnan 50 County Project towns in Hanshou 50 County Project towns in Yizhang 50 County Bianjiang Town in 50 Yongxing Town etc. Once a Project towns in Anhua month from 50 Farmer County April to technicians, September Project towns in farmers, 50 in the crop Plant Zhongfang County Six years Farmer and growth protection Project towns in Jishou from 2016 field pesticide 50 1 period with 150.0 405 departments in City to training dealers in 6 times a the project Fengxianggang Township in 2021 the project 50 year in total, regions Yongding District etc. countries which Project towns in Cili (towns). 50 belongs to County participatory Project towns in Baojing 50 training County Project towns in Huayuan 50 County Project towns in Yongshun 50 County Project towns in Pingjiang 50 County Project towns in Lengshuitan 50 District Total 900 4 8 6 513

87

Table 10-1-2 Table on the Fund Budget of Seminar, Training Experts, Materials and

Supervision and Inspection Management from 2016 to 2021 Implem Superv Time/place/times Fees Total Budget entation ision Receptor /duration/number of (10000 (10000 item instituti institut people Yuan) Yuan) on ion Commissioners of World Bank; Provincial, city, Hold the seminar in the Special county and town PMO when the project seminar on PMO; experts starts, and it will be held 4.0 4.0 the project and related in one day with 70 start personnel from people. agricultural departments City, county (district) and country (town) Meet of PMO, staff in exchange on plant protection Various project regions integrated departments, hold one summary pests control 35000 farmer exchange meeting once strategy and Yuan × 6 21 technicians, in the end of each year action plan years representative and it will be held in one summary in of model day with 60 people. the project households and regions representatives of pesticide dealers. Provinci World Materials: Experts and 9 sets × al PMO Bank Training professors from 4500 materials, agricultural Complete the copies × 10 CD, wall scientific formulation of 9 series Yuan × 6 charts research of training materials on years; CD: (calendar on colleges, plant integrated pests 4500 275.4 prevention protection, management of special pieces × 10 and control) agricultural industries and prepare Yuan × 6 and technology the recording and design years; Wall equipment promotion and of CD and wall charts. chart: 4500 consumption other copies × 2 departments. Yuan × 6 years. Special Develop special research It is Special Researches on “technology recommend scientific on pests integration and model ed to set up research units management popularization of 3-5 special and colleges plan in the integrated pests control topics in with certain 200 project for main special the project research regions industries” aiming at regions foundation and (vegetable, major plant protection with the technology fruit tree, problems in the time limit reservation. etc.) agricultural protection in of 3-5

88

the project regions, years. summarize and put forward methods to solve problems and popularize these methods.

Domestic and international famous experts and professors Invite 3-4 related experts in plant to guide and develop Technology Twice × protection, mobile training to advisory 30000 pesticide and various project regions 36.0 services Yuan/time ecological in the crop growth from experts × 6 years aspect in period twice a year and agricultural 7-10 days per time. scientific research colleges. Pests World Each county arranges 2 monitoring 9 × 2 Agricultural people for 9 counties, Bank observation people × 6 technology and and they survey 6 times and and times × plant protection a year with 200 evaluation 200 Provin departments in Yuan/person.time; test 9 and Yuan/perso various project samples of agricultural 10.8 cial pesticide n.time × 6 regions arrange product residues per year PMO supervision years; fixed and the test of each and 9×1600 monitoring sample is 1600 Yuan. management Yuan/sampl members. The monitoring will last in project e × 6 years 6 years. County regions (District Set up one recycle ) PMOs station in each Centralized 15 counties administrative village recycle × 3 towns with total 135 recycle station of Farmers in the × 3 villages stations in 15 counties 13.5 pesticide project regions × 1000 that there are 3 villages packages Yuan/statio in each town and 3 and wastes n towns in each project county. Total 571.5

89

Appendix 1 List of Recommended Pollution-free Pesticides and Additives

Prevention and Safe interval Crop Recommended species Key points of application Toxicity control target (day)

Albendazole (10% and 20%, deflocculant) U 21

Isoprothiolane (40%, EC and wettable powder) Ⅲ 28 Firstly, prevent leaf blast in the Azoxystrobin (above 25%, EC) tillering stage; secondly, spray U 21 Rice blast Bacillus subtilis (above 100 trillion PIB/g, wettable powder) pesticides to prevent panicle blast U 20 in the heading stage. Trifloxystrobin·tebuconazole (above 75%, water dispersible U 21 granule) Kasugamycin·Zinc thiazole (above 40%, deflocculant) U 21 Hexaconazole (10%, deflocculant and water dispersible granule) U 28 Tebuconazole (43%, deflocculant) U 21 Rice Thifluzamide (above 24%, deflocculant) U 14 Azoxystrobin (above 25%, EC) The first prevention and control is U 21 exercised in closing of the final Sheath Epoxiconazole (above 12.5%, deflocculant) phase of rice tillering, and the U 21 blight Validamycin (above 20%, water soluble powder) second prevention and control U 14 period is when the disease rate is Validamycin·bacillus cereus (above 12.5%, deflocculant) around 20% and 30%. U 14 Phenazine-1-carboxylic acid (above 1%, deflocculant) U 14 Benzyl·propiconazole (30%，water dispersible granule and EC) Ⅲ 28 Trifloxystrobin·tebuconazole(above 75%, water dispersible granule) U 21 Rice false Epoxiconazole (above 12.5%, deflocculant) Spray pesticides 5-7 days earlier U 20

90

Prevention and Safe interval Crop Recommended species Key points of application Toxicity control target (day) smut Tebuconazole (43%, deflocculant) than the heading stage, and the U 60 second spraying is needed 7 days Propiconazole (25%, EC) later if the weather is favorable U 28 Benzyl·propiconazole (30%, water dispersible granule and EC) for pests occurrence. Ⅲ 28 Validamycin·bacillus cereus (above 12.5%, deflocculant) U 14 Trifloxystrobin·tebuconazole (above 75%, water dispersible granule) U 21 Pymetrozine (above 25%, deflocculant, wettable powder and water Early season rice: the pest’s U 14 dispersible granule) amount reaches 1000 per hundred clusters from booting to heading Buprofezin (25%, deflocculant and wettable powder) stage. Middle and late season rice: U 14 Thiamethoxam (25%, water dispersible granule) the first prevention and control is U 28 in the tillering stage and the rice Imidacloprid (10% and 20%, wettable powder, water dispersible granule, number of plant hopper reaches planthopper Ⅲ 21 deflocculant, microemulsion and seed dressing) 500 per hundred clusters; the Pyridine (10%, deflocculant) second time is in the final phase U 20 of booting; the third time is Dinotefuran (above 25%, wettable powder) needed if the there are 1000 pests U 21 in hundred clusters of regular rice Pymetrozine·nitenpyram (above 80%, water dispersible granule) and 1500 pests in hybrid rice. U 30 Chlorantraniliprole (above 20%, deflocculant) It is advocated that pesticides are U 7 sprayed from peak period of ovum Flubendiamide (above 20%, deflocculant) U 14 incubation to the larval phase; if there are 50 beam tips in hundred Rice leaf SYP-9080 (above 10%, deflocculant) U 30 clusters in the tillering and round roller Indoxacarb (above 15%, EC) straw jointing stage and above U 28 Spinetoram·methoxyfenozide (34%, deflocculant) 10000 larvae in the heading stage, U 21 they should be listed as key Bacillus thuringiensis (above 8000IU/mg, wettable powder) prevention and control fields. Ⅲ 14

91

Prevention and Safe interval Crop Recommended species Key points of application Toxicity control target (day) Emamectin benzoate (2%,water dispersible granule and U 21 microemulsion) Spinetoram·methoxyfenozide (34%, deflocculant) U 21 Metaflumizone (22%, deflocculant) U 21 Chlorantraniliprole (above 20%, deflocculant) Tillering stage: the dead sheath U 7 rate reaches 3%; heading stage: Flubendiamide (above 20%, deflocculant) above 500 pests are residual in U 14 Spinetoram·methoxyfenozide (34%, deflocculant) each mu in the previous U 21 generation and when the peak period of current ovum incubation Rice stem matches with rice crevasse period borer (the ovum block number of each SYP-9080 (above 10%, deflocculant) mu reaches 50), spray pesticides U 30 to control in the peak period of ovum incubation (use amide pesticides in the beginning period). Pretilachlor (above 30%, including safener, EC and aqueous Sealing: 2-5 days after the rice U - emulsion) vernalization and sowing, select Bensulfuron methyl (above 10%, wettable powder) closed herbicide used in sunny U - days to spray and ensure the field Penoxsulam (above 2.5%, oil deflocculant) moist. U - Rice direct Weed seeding field Cyhalofop-butyl (above 10%, EC and aqueous emulsion) Killing: When the rice grows to U - the two-leaves and one-heart stage Bensulfuron methyl·pretilachlor (20%, wettable powder) of seedling, various weeds in the U - Metamifop (above 10%, EC and oil deflocculant) field have been germinated and U - selective herbicide should be used Propyrisulfuron (above 10%, deflocculant and oil deflocculant) to spray and the field should be U -

92

Prevention and Safe interval Crop Recommended species Key points of application Toxicity control target (day) Bentazone (45%, water aqua) wet without visualized water, and Ⅲ - return water 2 days after spraying pesticides and water should be maintained for 7 days. Supplementing: if there are still Bispyribac-sodium (above 10%, deflocculant and oil deflocculant) weeds in the tillering stage, U - different herbicides can be selected based on weed status, and the dosage should be improved as there are many weeds at that time. Butachlor (above 50%, EC, deflocculant and aqueous emulsion) Ⅲ -

Rice seedling Pretilachlor (above 50%, EC, deflocculant and aqueous emulsion) U - Weeding in seedling bed: it is throwing Mefenacet (above 50%, EC, deflocculant and aqueous emulsion) appropriate to use herbicide fine U - (rice spray 7 days earlier before the transplanting Weed Bensulfuron methyl (above 10%, wettable powder) transplanting which can safely U - with and effectively remove barnyard machine) Pyrazosulfuron-ethyl (above 10%, wettable powder) U - grass and other weeds. field Cyhalofop-butyl (above 10%, EC and aqueous emulsion) Weeding in planting land: select U - Bispyribac-sodium (above 10%, deflocculant and oil deflocculant) appropriate herbicides 7-15 days U - after the transplantation when Butachlor (above 50%, EC, deflocculant and aqueous emulsion) seedlings return green. Ⅲ - If there are still weeds in the later Pretilachlor (above 50%, EC, deflocculant and aqueous emulsion) phase, appropriate herbicides can U - Weed Bensulfuron methyl (above 10%, wettable powder) be used in the 2-3 leaves stage of U - Transplanting weeds rice field Pyrazosulfuron-ethyl (above 10%, wettable powder) U - Cyhalofop-butyl (above 10%, EC and aqueous emulsion) U -

93

Prevention and Safe interval Crop Recommended species Key points of application Toxicity control target (day) Mancozeb (above 80%, wettable powder) U 14

Copper calcium sulphate (77%, wettable powder) When the length of spring shoot is Ⅲ 32 Thiediazole copper (20%, deflocculant) 2-5mm, spray pesticides to protect U 14 Scab it; when the blossom fall is about Chlorothalonil (above 75%, wettable powder) 2/3, spray pesticides to protect U 21 Azoxystrobin (above 25%, deflocculant) young fruit. U 14 Difenoconazole (10%, water dispersible granule) U 28 Zinc thiazole (above 20%, deflocculant) Shoot protection is the main U 21 measure for seedling and young Thiediazole copper (20%, deflocculant) tree, and spray once respectively U 14 Copper hydroxide (46%, wettable powder and water dispersible 20-30 days after the germination Ⅲ 30 Canker granule) of spring, summer and autumn Citrus shoots; fruit protection is the main Copper abietate (20%, wettable powder) measure for fruiting tress, and U 14 spray once respectively 10, 30 and Copper calcium sulphate (77%, wettable powder) 50 days after the blossom fall. Ⅲ 32 Propineb (above 70%, wettable powder) U 21 Thiophanate-Methyl (above 70%, wettable powder) Generally speaking, spray once U 21 during the sprouting period and Bromothalonil (25%, EC) twice during the young fruit Ⅲ 21 Anthracnose Prochloraz (20%, EC and aqueous emulsion) period and emergency scabs U 14 should be controlled immediately Azoxystrobin (above 25%, deflocculant) when they are occurred. U 14 Chlorothalonil (above 75%, wettable powder) U 21 Phomopsis Captan (above 80%, water dispersible granule) Spray pesticides respectively U 21

94

Prevention and Safe interval Crop Recommended species Key points of application Toxicity control target (day)

citri Prochloraz (20%, EC and aqueous emulsion) before the germination of spring U 14 (melanose) shoot, blossom fall of 2/3 and Mancozeb (above 80%, wettable powder) young fruit period. U 14 Large Spray pesticides to trap and kill (small) fruit 0.1% avermectin bait concentrate before the oviposition of fruit fly U 14 fly from June to August.

Spirodiclofen (24%, deflocculant) The spring prevention index is 3-4 U 30 Propargite (above 73%, EC) each leaf (mite leaf rate is 65%), Ⅲ 30 Spider mites and the number in summer and Avermectin·propargite(40%, EC) autumn can be increased to 5-7 Ⅲ 30 Avermectin·pyridaben (10.5%, micro EC and EC) each leaf (mite leaf rate is 85%). Ⅲ 21 Fenpyroximate (5%, EC) Use pesticides to treat central U 15 when 5%-10% fruits contain Spirodiclofen (24%, deflocculant) mites or there are ashing U 30 yellowish-brown powers in the Citrus rust surface of some fruits, and the mite whole orchard should be sprayed Ⅲ Avermectin·propargite (40%, EC) pesticides to prevent and control 30 pests when the occurrence rate of plant is very high. Buprofezin (25%, wettable powder) U 35 Use pesticides to prevent and Scale Imidacloprid·buprofezin (18%, deflocculant) control when the pests are existed U 35 species in 10% of leaves (fruits). Petroleum oil (94%, EC) Ⅲ 30 Chlorbenzuron (above 25%, deflocculant) Spray pesticides to protect when U 21 Leaf miner new shoot is 5mm and Diflubenzuron (25%, wettable powder) germination rate is about 20% and U 28

95

Prevention and Safe interval Crop Recommended species Key points of application Toxicity control target (day) spray once every 7 days for 2-3 Chlorfluazuron (above 5%, EC) times. U 21 Glyphosate (above 30%, water aqua, soluble powder and soluble Appropriate prevention and U - granule) control period: the first time is the Citrus Weed first and middle 10 days of May, orchard Glufosinate-ammonium (above 20%, water aqua) U - and the second time is the first Flumioxazin (above 50%, wettable powder) and middle 10 days of July. U -

Carbendazim (above 80%, wettable powder) Appropriate prevention and U 41 control period: the plant disease Dimetachlone (40%, wettable powder) rate from the beginning period to U 25 Rape Sclerotiniose the blossom period is above 10% Prochloraz (25%, EC) and stem plant disease rate is U 21 below 1%. 20000 times (3g/mu) of foliar spray on vegetable, cash crops and field crops; the first time: 2-5 leaves period or after transplantation; the second time: 20-30 days after the previous Improve pesticide application; spray stress another 2-3 times for the long Regulator 0.136% gibberellin·indole acetic acid·brassinolide wettable powder U - resistance of breeding and picking period. crops 20000-30000 times (3g/mu) of foliar spray on fruit trees; leaf-expansion period or after 2/3 blossom falling; the second time: 20-30 days after the previous pesticide application; spray another 2-3 times for the long

96

Prevention and Safe interval Crop Recommended species Key points of application Toxicity control target (day) breeding and picking period.

63% polyhydric alcohols nonionic surface active agent Add additives to reduce the U - Plant application amount of pesticides Additive diseases and Oxethyl changes as poly trisiloxanes based on the pest’s occurrence U - insect pests Monosilicic acid degree. U -

97

Appendix 2 Questionnaire on Application Status of Pesticide

Basic information of the interviewee:

Name: Sex:

Age: Education degree:

Family population: Cultivated land area (mu):

Address: Village Country/District

City/County Province

Date of survey: Month Day Year

98

Survey on Pesticide Application Status

1. Please list 1-5 types of crops you mainly plant this year based on the planting area in descending order.

Crop

Area (mu)

2. The planting area was mu last year. 3. Please fill out the area of each fields and name of crops planted in each season in the following table.

Crops planted in Spring Summer Autumn Winter each season

Field No.

1 (mu)

2 (mu)

3 (mu)

4 (mu)

5 (mu)

The followings are multiple-choice questions. Please choose the answer based on your own status and fill “√” in the corresponding brackets. 4. Have you ever used pesticides?

① Yes ( ) ② No ( ) 5. How long have you used pesticides? ① Less than 1 year ( ) ② 2-5 years ( ) ③ 6-10 years ( )

④ 11-20 years ( ) ⑤ 21-30 years ( ) ⑥ More than 30 years( ) 6. Do you know three certificates of pesticides? Which of the following certificates are three certificates of pesticides?

99

① Pesticide registration certificate ( ) ② Quality certificate ( ) ③ Production license ( ) ④ Pesticide transport license ( ) ⑤ Business license ( ) ⑥ Product standard ( ) 7. Where do you buy pesticides generally? ① Pesticide store ( ) ② Direct selling of the manufacturer ( ) ③ Mobile vendor ( ) ④ Other channel. Please explain in detail 8. How do you choose pesticide？

① Recommended by agricultural technicians ( ) ② Recommended by dealers ( ) ③ Personal experience ( ) ④ Tryout after reading the label ( ) ⑤ Recommended by relatives, friends and neighbors ( ) ⑥ Advertisements on the books and newspapers ( ) 9. How do you determine the pesticide application time? ① Based on the personal experience ( ) ② Notices issued in village ( )

③ Guidance of agricultural technology department ( ) ④ Have relatively fixed pesticide application time ( ) ⑤ Based on the application time regulated on the pesticide’s label ( ) ⑥ Others. Please explain in detail 10. How do you determine the pesticide dosage usually?

① Estimate based on personal experience ( ) ② Based on the regulation of pesticide’s label and instructions ( ) ③ Based on the guided dosage of agricultural technology department ( )

④ Ask other people who have applied ( ) 11. How do you measure pesticides when you formulate pesticides?

① Use container without knowing the volume ( ) ② Use the balance to weight or the container whose volume is known ( ) ③ Use small packages of insecticide ( ) ④ Use bottle cap of pesticide to measure

( ) ⑤ Directly pour into the sprayer based on the experience ( ) ⑥ Others. Please explain in detail

100

12. What about the dosage when you apply pesticides? ① Lower than the label dosage ( ) ② Within the label dosage scope ( ) ③ Slightly higher than the label dosage ( ) ④ Above twice higher than the label dosage ( ) 13. How do you calculate the dosage? ① Based on “g/mu” ( ) ② Based on times ( ) ③ Rice and rape are based on “g/mu” ( )

④ Citrus and vegetable are based on “times” ( ) ⑤ Rape, rice and vegetable are based on “g/mu” ( ) ⑥ Rape, rice, citrus and vegetable are all based on “times” ( ) ⑺ Others. Please explain in detail 14. How do you determine the pesticide application times? ① Determine based on the personal experience ( )

② Based on the regulation of pesticide’s label ( ) ③ Based on the guidance of agricultural technology department ( ) ④ Apply pesticides every 2-3 days or when free in order to ensure the effect ( ) ⑤ Others. Please explain in detail 15. How many times do you apply pesticides in the growth season of each crop? ① 1-2 times ( ) ② 3-4 times ( ) ③ 5-6 times ( ) ④ Above 7-8 times ( ) 16. How long is the time interval for you to apply pesticides? ① 2-3 days ( ) ② 4-5 days ( ) ③ 6-7 days ( ) ④ Above 8 days ( )

17. Do you know the concept of safe interval of pesticide application? ① Know the concept and execute based on it ( ) ② Know the concept but don’t execute ( ) ③ Know the concept but don’t know how to execute ( ) ④ Unclear ( )

18. How do you apply pesticides? ① Use one pesticide each time ( ) ② Use two pesticides together ( )

101

③ Use several pesticides together ( ) ④ Use one or several insecticides and bactericides together ( ) ⑤ Use one or several insecticides, bactericides and herbicides together ( ) ⑥ Others. Please explain in detail 19. Do you consider whether when you apply pesticides? ① Never ( ) ② Seldom ( ) ③ Sometimes ( ) ④ Yes ( ) 20. Which of the following weathers influence the pesticide application?

① Rainy ( ) ② Windy ( ) ③ High temperature ( ) ④ Others. Please explain in detail 21. How do you prevent and control rice planthopper, sheath blight and rice blast? ① Seed dressing of insecticides and bactericides ( ) ② Spray insecticides on poisonous soils and spray mist of bactericides ( ) ③ Insecticides and bactericides spraying ( ) ④ Others. Please explain in detail 22. Which kind of pesticides do you apply when you prevent and control rice planthopper, sheath blight and rice blast? ① Seed dressing of imidacloprid and prochloraz ( ) ② Seed dressing of prochloraz ( ) ③ Prochloraz spraying( ) ④ Seed dressing of pymetrozine and prochloraz ( ) ⑤ Others. Please explain in detail 23. Have the pesticide damages occurred when you use seed dressing of imidacloprid and prochloraz? ① Yes ( ) ② No ( ) ③ Delay of rice seedling emergence ( )

④ Seedling rate is reduced ( ) ⑤ Others. Please explain in detail 24. Have the pesticide damages occurred when you use other pesticides? ① Yes ( ) ② No ( ) 25. In your opinion, what is the main reason for the occurrence of pesticides damages?

① Pesticide quality problem ( ) ② The guidance of pesticide’s label is inappropriate or the lack of information ( ) ③ The guidance of agricultural technology department is not enough ( )

102

④ Weather ( ) ⑤ Individual application problem ( ) {Too much dosage ( ) Inappropriate application time ( ) Inappropriate applied crops ( ) Mixture of many pesticides ( )} 26. Has your village held training on pesticides in the past three years?

① No ( ) ②1～2 times ( ) ③ 3～5 times ( ) ④ Above 5 times ( ) ⑤ Don’t know ( )

27. How many training on pesticides do you attend each year in average? ① Never ( ) ②1～2 times ( ) ③ 3～5 times ( ) ④ Above 5 times ( ) 28. Which kind of pesticide training type have you attended? ① Agricultural technology training class ( ) ② Country, village and group training ( ) ③ Field guidance ( ) ④ Farmer field school ( ) ⑤ Night school ( ) ⑥ Agricultural radio school ( )

⑺ Others. Please explain in detail 29. What is your attitude on participating into the farmer field school on safe and scientific application of pesticides? ① Very willing ( ) ② Participate in it because other people participate ( ) ③ It doesn’t matter ( ) ④ Unnecessary ( ) 30. What is your attitude on adopting safe and productive measures during the pesticide application process? ① Unnecessary ( ) ② Never consider them ( ) ③ Should wear breathing mask ( )

④ Wear breathing mask and protective clothing ( ) ⑤ Wash hand and change clothes immediately after applying pesticides ( ) 31. What measures should you adopt if people are poisoned during the pesticide application? ① Handle it independently based on the label ( )

② Consult pesticide production enterprises by mobile phone ( ) ③ Consult related professors by mobile phone ( ) ④ Send to the hospital to receive emergency treatment directly ( )

103

⑤ Go to the hospital to receive emergency treatment with pesticide’s label ( ) 32. What do you usually do if the prevention and control effect is not ideal by using one pesticide? ① Increase dosage ( ) ② Find pesticide sellers to buy other recommended pesticides ( ) ③ Consult related materials to decide to buy which pesticide independently ( ) ④ Consult plant protection technicians ( ) ⑤ Don’t have good measures ( )

33. How do you deal with unspent pesticides? ① Store in different classifications ( ) ② Abandon ( ) ③ Put aside freely and use them in the future ( ) ④ Send them to other farmers to use ( ) 34. What is your opinion on the term of validity on the pesticide’s label? ① Never notice ( )

② It doesn’t matter that they can still be used even they are expired ( ) ③ Notice the term of validity when buy pesticides and don’t buy expired ones ( ) 35. How do you deal with waste packages of pesticides? ① Throw at the field side directly ( ) ② Never consider this problem ( ) ③ Collect them and throw to the trash can in a unified way ( ) ④ Collect and burn them in a unified way ( ) ⑤ Collect and bury them under the ground in a unified way ( ) ⑥ Recycle them to the pesticide dealers and distribution departments ( )

36. Have you received unified professional prevention and control by professional unified prevention and control service organization? ① Yes ( ) ② No ( ) 37. What is your attitude on preventing and controlling pests by professional unified prevention and control service organization?

① Greatly support ( ) ② Never consider it ( ) ③ Do not support ( ) 38. Which charge standard of each mu can you accept of pests are prevented and controlled by professional unified prevention and control service organization?

104

① Below 100 Yuan ( ) ② 100-150 Yuan ( ) ③ 150-200 Yuan ( ) ④ 200-250 Yuan ( ) ⑤ Above 250 Yuan ( ) 39. Are you satisfied with the pests prevention and control effect by professional unified prevention and control service organization? ① Very satisfied ( ) ② Basically satisfied ( ) ③ Unsatisfied ( )

105