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Naked Heart A Soldier’s Journey to the Front

by Harold Pagliaro

Truman State University Press Kirksville, Missouri 1996

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Copyright © 1996 Truman State University Press, formerly Thomas Jefferson University Press. All rights reserved. Printed in the United States of America. tsup.truman.edu

03 02 01 00 99 5 4 3 2

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

Pagliaro, Harold E. Naked heart : a soldier’s journey to the front / by Harold Pagliaro. p. cm. Includes index. ISBN 0-943549-41-8 (alk. paper) 1. Pagliaro, Harold E. 2. World War, 1939–1945—Personal narratives, American. 3. Soldiers—United States—Biography. 4. United States. Army—Biography. I. Title. D811.P2678 1996 940.54'8173—dc20 96-18820 CIP

No part of this work may be reproduced or transmitted in any format by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying and recording, or by any information storage or retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publisher.

The paper in this publication meets or exceeds the minimum requirements of the American National Standard—Permanence of Paper for Printed Library Materials, ANSI Z39.48 (1984).

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Contents

Preface...... ix Acknowledgments ...... xv Chapter One ...... 1 The Army Gets Me Chapter Two ...... 18 Basic Training Chapter Three...... 55 Ouija Says Chapter Four...... 86 Journeys to England and France Chapter Five ...... 108 Raville, Parroy Forest, Raville Chapter Six...... 136 Fighting in the Vosges Chapter Seven ...... 177 Erckartswiller, a Tough Road Home Epilogue ...... 225 Index...... 233

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Preface

The incidents in this book are real. They make up the story of my life in the Army during World War II. In 1990, I found out that my mother had saved over two hundred letters I’d written home during that time. Before then I didn’t know they existed. When I read them, I couldn’t believe how little they said of my real feelings during those bad days, especially my weeks at the front. The pale letters, misleading as they are, made me remem- ber how much I hid from my family and from myself when I wrote home. I was a kid of eighteen when I was drafted. When I turned nineteen, I was taken from the infantry division I’d trained with and sent into combat as a lone replacement. There, I fought side by side with men I didn’t know. My story has many strands, but a lot of it turns on what it’s like to be sent to the front at nineteen to fight among strangers. Thousands like me, boys just becoming men, went up to the lines without friends, taking the ultimate risk alone. As I write, I hope I can recapture some of the uncertainty and naivete of my Army days. I was an idealistic kid, sometimes shrewd in sizing up people and situations, and in the long run tough, but I was immature. With many others, I became skeptical about how the Army used us, and yet mute and cooperative in the face of death. I’ll do my best to show you the vulnerable young man, not the wily survivor, telling it as I lived it then. It is in some ways my special story. But it’s also the story of countless frontline replacements.

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Until the spring of 1942, nobody had talked much about drafting eighteen- and nineteen-year-olds. The Selective Service Act of 1940 called for all males between twenty-one and thirty- five to register at their local draft boards, which were manned by civilian volunteers who exempted men with dependents from military service; also exempted were men who had jobs essential to the war effort or to national health, safety, and welfare. When the Act was changed, shortly after America declared war in December 1941, it prepared the way for the President to call for registration of all men between eighteen and sixty-four, but it limited military service to those between twenty and forty-four. It wasn’t until May 23, 1942, that the New York Times reported on its front page, “President Roosevelt ordered today the registration on June 30 of every male resident of the United States, Alaska, Hawaii, and Puerto Rico who will attain the age of eighteen or nineteen before June 30.” The report goes on to say that the Presi- dent may soon ask Congress “to remove the prewar restrictions exempting youths of eighteen and nineteen from compulsory military service.” Before this report was printed in the New York Times, the matter of drafting eighteen-year-olds had been settled in discus- sions between the Roosevelt administration and the Pentagon. But the issues involved were complicated, and they’ve never been completely resolved in the American conscience. All agreed that the military needed more men. The question was where to get them. Should married men be drafted? Should married men with children be drafted? Many believed that drafting men in either group was a danger to American family stability—exactly what the war was all about, they said. The newspapers were full of such arguments. The alternative was to draft eighteen- and nineteen-year- olds. But there were arguments against this idea, too. Again the newspapers reported opposition. For example, on October 16,

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1942, the New York Times printed a letter written by seven emi- nent psychiatrists who argued against drafting the younger men for combat on the grounds that they were not mature enough and would be permanently damaged by the experience. The choice was a tough one—draft fathers and break up a generation of young families or draft eighteen-year-olds and send them to the front before they were grown up. The American public was uncomfortable. Most agreed that the country needed these youngsters to increase the size of the Armed Services. But many were doubtful about drafting them for combat duty. Aware of the country’s doubts, President Roosevelt tried to soften things. On June 10, he was reported in the back pages of the New York Times as saying no decision had been made on plans to draft the eighteen- to nineteen-year-old group. Obvi- ously he was giving people time to get used to the idea. Mrs. Roosevelt also tried to help. She was reported in the Times of June 9 as saying, “…the draft boards ought to be very careful to determine whether the boys are mature”; but she also said she saw no difference between drafting men at lower ages and at twenty-one. Her caution to the draft boards—which was right on the money—coupled with her acceptance of the draft for younger men, was intended to calm things. Her advice may have helped the nation’s conscience for a time, but what draft board could follow it when each was soon given a stiff quota to fill? Despite their willingness to lower the draft age, top brass were also divided, though not about sending the youngsters to the front. They were worried about another matter. Some, afraid the war would drag on for years, were against drafting all eighteen- and nineteen-year-olds, because no young men could then go on to college, and the military would lose its steady supply of highly trained personnel—men would be drafted straight out of high school. Others thought the war would end soon, especially with the huge increase in the armed forces made

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possible by the addition of eighteen- and nineteen-year-olds, and they weren’t worried about the loss of highly educated recruits. The two sides decided on a compromise. They would establish programs to encourage qualified men to combine military service with college work, usually in engineering. The best known of these were the Navy’s V-12 and the Army’s ASTP. The Navy V-12 Program invited young civilians who scored high on a Navy IQ test to enlist as midshipmen and to go to college, working both for an engineering degree and a commission as ensign. The Army used its standard IQ test, taken by all recruits, as a way of finding new draftees eligible for the Army Specialized Training Program (ASTP); once in the Program, these men were given 13 weeks of infantry basic training—everyone in the ASTP was in the infan- try—and then they were assigned to a college to study a subject the Army chose, usually engineering. But the ASTP lasted hardly more than a year, from late 1942 until early 1944, both because support for it among the generals was halfhearted to begin with and because the anticipation of D-Day—June 1944—pointed to the need for additional ground troops. After March 1944, a few men in the ASTP were assigned to college and medical school, but thousands were sent to two infantry divisions, the 87th and the 104th, which did not see combat until the Battle of the Bulge. Then they were ripped apart. Rumor had it that the brass never intended to commit these divisions, long held in reserve, because their ranks were untypi- cal—filled with men who were very young and very promising for the professional life of the nation. Maybe these men should have been spread out among many divisions and not concen- trated in just two. There’s yet another clue that the Army was ambivalent about eighteen-year-olds at the front. It was the policy that you could not be sent overseas and into a combat zone except as part of a unit with which you’d done extensive training. That way you’d

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know the people around you, and they’d know you; you’d be an integral part of the outfit you fought with, not only tactically, but emotionally. Yet the Army drew the line abruptly. Once you turned nine- teen, they could send you out by yourself, as a solo replacement, to a unit at the front, where you’d fight among strangers who didn’t know you and who didn’t want to know you—they had other things on their mind. In following this policy, the Army sent up men many thought too young for battle. It also placed them where they could not share in the outfit’s esprit de corps, the sense of belonging that alone makes the repeated exposure to death bearable. When in 1970 the nation gave the vote to eighteen-year-olds, it was in a way trying to legislate the maturity of these young people—a maturity in which it did not and does not believe. The legislation was a belated gesture, meant to correct, but actually acknowledging, the injustice we were again committing—send- ing our youth to war, this time to Vietnam. Not that drafting the very young is worse than drafting young fathers. The choice con- tinues to be a tough one. There are ways to avoid it, but until we recognize what it means to kill or be killed, day in and day out, we’ll never find one.

* The few letters I quote are verbatim letters I wrote home during my Army days. The names of most of the people in my story are fictitious, but both they and the events in which I locate them are real. Though I treat most of them kindly, I thought they and their families might not want to be identified publicly. Members of my family have been given their true names. So have these others who figure only fleetingly in the narrative—Vice-Admiral Ben

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Moreell, Madeleine Carroll, Edith E. Martin, Red Skelton, Art Smith, Melvin Douglas, Major General Richard J. Marshall, and Burt Lancaster.

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Acknowledgments

I wish to thank Avery Rome for her several suggestions about chapter 7, Frederic W. Hills for his helpful advice about narrative voice, and most of all, my wife, Judith Egan, who willingly read, discussed, and advised me about the book from the beginning.

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Index

A Columbia College/University, 11, 14, 227 Adolescence “Conroy” (Sgt.), on frontline, 157, 160- and Army language, 8, 29-30 162 and basic training, 44 Correspondence, 15, 41, 45, 82, 85, 105, and combat loneliness, 104, 112-113 106 (illus.) and frontline service, 99, 132 from combat zone, 175 and war, 3, 31-32, 64-65 at frontline, 128 Anonymous servicemen from “Helen,” 36, 128 (Col.), kindness of, 203-204 in hospital, 204, 207, 217 (illus.) (Major), in combat, 183, 186 V-mail, and censorship, 95 Asswiller (town), 138 “Cruz” (Sgt.), combat story of, 102-103 ASTP (Army Specialized Training Pro- gram). See under U.S. Army D “Aunt Julie,” and beach incident, 77-79 Dances, 60, 62, 92-93 Avricourt (town), 138 Dijon, France, station hospital, 205 Douglas, Melvin (Col.; actor), xiv, 223 B Draft, x, xi Battle of the Bulge, xii Durstel (town), 138 Battle of Saint-Lô, 16 “Becker, Willie” (German prisoner), 209 E Bible, 214 Education, and military draft, xi-xii “Bradley” (brother of “Helen”), 59-60 “Edwards” (Cpl.) Butchering on frontline, 157, 160 of a kid, 61, 114 wounded, near Erckartswiller, 200 of a sow, 113, 127 Egan, Judith, xv C Emotional situations Carroll, Madeleine (actress), xiii, 210 bonding, in basic training, 22, 50 “Carter” (Cpt.), 24 and closing of ASTP, 56-57 Censorship, of mail, 95 during combat, passim, 136-176, 177- “Chalmers” (Major), 17, 114 201 Cheltenham, England, 215-218 during first furlough, 66-73 Christmas, in station hospital, 209 at the front, 122-123 Church dances, Columbia, S.C., 60, 62 at going home, 218 “Clewes,” (Cpl.), 17, 102-105, 128, 155, at induction, 2-8 158, 167 not knowing mission, 158 leadership style, 110-111 under leadership change, 44 in Raville, 108-118 and unfair treatment, 30, 31 wounded, near Erckartswiller, 201 and uncertainty of the future, 45-46 “Coggins, Mary Louise” (high school upon death of Robert, 228 friend), 93 in the Vosges, 136-201, passim Columbia, S.C., 59 while under attack, 142

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Emotions France, 99-107 anger, 89 hospitality, 109-110, 132-133, 155, anxiety, 81-82, 158, 180, 205 166 apprehension, 65 Furlough, 66, 222 assurance and confidence, 127 as morale booster, 58 “the blues,” 15, 18, 21-22 compassion, 192-193 G defiance, 90 Germans depression, 14, 15, 37-38 in Parroy Forest, 117 displacement, 63 prisoner, 144-145 dread, 94, 190 propaganda leaflets, 125 elation, 129, 218 in the Vosges, 136 -176 passim fatalism, 95 GI clothing, 9, 133 fear, 6, 89 “Gillespie, Chicken,” at high school fear/hope paradox, 56, 59, 107 dance, 93 forgiveness, 37 “Greenberg, Seymour” (childhood fright, 112 schoolmate), 221 gloom/ melancholy, 64, 96-97 Guernica by Picasso, 112 homesickness, 8, 14, 18, 40, 45, 48, “Gunther, Albert,” war casualty, 221 220 idealism, 64-65 H isolation, 86, 92 “Harris” (Major), battalion cmdr., 23, loneliness, 2-8, 14-15, 15, 18-19, 37, 42-44 41, 85, 86-87, 89, 105, 115 “Hawks, Paul,” real estate agent, 49 manic depressive, 204 “Helen”, See “King, Helen” skepticism, 85 “Henderson” (Lt.), sr. platoon leader tension, 177-179 leadership style and personality, 29- terror, 120, 127 31, 32 worry, 39-40, 85 “Endicott” (1st Lt.) company exec., 27 reclassified, 41, 42-43 Engineering, 46, 131, 227 Hills, Frederic W., xv chosen by Robert, 59 Himmer, J. P., official report of, 156 and Ouija game, 83 “Hinsky,” (Cpl.), 4 and special programs, xii Howard, Thomas J., (Major), official England, 90-94 report of, 156 Erckartswiller (town), 146, 177-224 I and anonymous Major in combat, Ingwiller (town), 138 183, 186 IQ revisited, 230-231 and ASTP, xii, 11-12, 45 Eschwiller (town), 138 resentment against, 80 “Evans, Kenneth,” 18, 36 and V-12 Program, xii Eywiller (town), 138, 153 J F “Jackie” (“Raymond”’s girlfriend), 74- Farms, of France, 100 75, 79

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K “Marlowe” from Cheyenne, 22, 31, 45, 55 Kindnesses, at Army hospitals, 203-204, personality, 37-38 208 wounded, 212-213 “King, Helen,” 8, 14-15, 18-19, 36, 40-41, Marshall, Richard J. (Major Gen.), xiv, 45, 48, 59-60, 64, 93, 128, 208 225, 226 last feelings for, 220 Martin, Edith E., xiii, 215-216, 217 personality, 7 Medals/awards “Kredinski” (Sgt.), platoon leader, 58 Expert Infantryman’s Badge, 65-66, 73 L Purple Heart Medal, 204 Silver Star, 17, 114 “La Croix” family (French farmers), 109- “Melton” from Peekskill, N.Y., 22, 31 110, 132-133 Military service. See also under Pagliaro, Lancaster, Burt (actor), xiv, 227 Harold. “Lane” (T-5), radioman, 146-147, 169, 18-year-olds, xi-xiii 172, 177-179 19-year-olds, xiii, 81 wounded, near Erckartswiller, 200 and adolescents, 131-132 Le Havre, France, 213 basic training, 18-54 Leadership styles combat service, xii-xiii, 111-113, 170- “Clewes” (collegial), 110-111 175, 183 “Endicott” (collegial), 27 courtesy regulations, 32 “Henderson” (crude, bullying), 29-30 emotional considerations, xi, xii, 92. “Lynch” (sadistic), 180-181, 188-190, See also Emotional situations 194 food during “Marciano” (by example), 25-27 Army C and K rations, 123, 124, “Porter” (collegial), 27 145, 149, 182 “Siebold” (respect, kindness), 25-26 at Camp Upton, 5 “Stoddard” (contempt), 28-29 at Fort Benning, 20-21 Liverpool, England, 90 at Fort Jackson, 62 Longview, Texas, 220 at Normandy, 98 Looting, by Americans, 150 at the front, 123-124, 149, 157, 182 in England, 92 “Ludinsky” (in Cheltenham hospital), in hospitals, 213 214 on hospital ship, 218 Luneville, France, 17, 114, 129 in Raville, 105 “Lynch” (Lt.), platoon leader, 115, 116, on Thanksgiving, 157 121, 132, 135, 151, 160, 169, 177 on U.S.S. Mauritania, 87-90 leadership style and personality, 104, impersonality during, 183 112-113, 180-181, 188-190, 194 indignities of, 9-11 leads Erckartswiller attack, 180-181 morale, 31-32, 55-56, 58-85 wounded, near Erckartswiller, 200 mysterious perverseness, 44 sites of M Camp Upton, 1-15, 223-224 “Marciano” (platoon Sgt.), 23, 24, 31, 44 in England, 86-94 becomes watch repairman, 221 at Fort Benning, 15, 18-54 leadership style and personality, 27 at Fort Jackson (87th Div.), 55-85

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frontline, 139 ff. Pagliaro, Grandma, 40, 83 in the Vosges, 136-178 passim Pagliaro, Harold. See also Emotional situ- social effects of, x-xii ations; Emotions solo replacement policy, xii-xiii, 15 and “Abby Wofford,” 62-64 unit loyalty, 121 accidental gun discharge, 164 V-mail and censorship, 95 accused of Communism, 220 Morale and Army ASTP, 15, 22, 56-57 in ASTP, 31-32, 55-56 awards/medals during combat, 170 Expert Infantryman’s, 65-66, 73 at Fort Jackson, 58 Purple Heart, 204 and solo replacements, 85 career choice, 83-84, 228-230 “Moran, Rose,” 18 childhood, 18, 40, 49, 221 Moreell, Ben (vice-admiral), xiii, 152 Christmas card message, 1944, 175, “Moskovitch, Peter,” 21-22, 31, 45 176 (illus.) Mrs. Parkington, by Louis Bromfield, 105, at Columbia College/University, 11, 111, 114 14, 227 compassion, for German soldier, 192- N 193 “Nardelli, Frank,” (GI; Two Stooges), 13, disobeys direct order, 162 29 first furlough, 66-73 “Nelson, Carlton” (Col.), group cmdr., in first German attack, 139 ff. 16, 114, 187 head-shaving punishment, 30-31 Normandy, 97-98 height, 94 “Norton” from Denver, 22 and “Helen,” 36-37, 40, 59-60 introspection, 36-37 O journeys to England and France, 86- “O’Brien,” from Salina, Kan., 22, 24, 31, 107 45, 51 and life in Raville, 108-118 at Fort Jackson, 56 life saved by German woman, 154 personality, 33-34, 37-38 likeness to father, 46 Officer Candidate School (OCS), 80 loneliness, 27 “Oliver” from the Bronx, 22, 31, 33, 45, meets father in Columbus, Ga., 47 52, 85-87, 91, 92, 98, 102, 221 military service chronology fatalistic, 95 induction (Camp Upton), 1-15 and first furlough, 66-67 basic training, Fort Benning, 15, at Fort Jackson, 56 18-54 personality, 35-38, 38 at Fort Jackson (87th Div.), 55-85 as solo combat replacement, 81 at Fort Meade (replacement on U.S.S. Mauritania, 88 depot), 84 “Osterberg, Boris” from Manhattan, 22, on U.S.S. Mauritania, 86-90 31 in England, 90-94 Ottwiller (town), 138 at Normandy, 99-100 Ouija game, 82-85 in France, replacement camp, 102 on front line, 117-129, 170-175 P in Erckartswiller, 177-201 Pagliaro, Edward, 1 (continued)

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Pagliaro, Harold (continued) “Perot” (Cajun GI), 110, 114-115 military service chronology (contin- “Peschak” (Cpl.), from Buffalo, 119, 123, ued) 130-131 wounded, near Erckartswiller, “Peterson,” (GI), from Northfield, 197-201 Minn., 22, 31 in field hospital, 202-203 “Pinkton” (GI), from Wichita Falls, 22, in Paris, Army hospital, 211 ff. 31 in Cheltenham, England, hospital, “Pollack, Alfy” (GI), from Brooklyn, 22, 215-218 31 on U.S.S. America, hospital ship, “Porter” (Capt.), company cmdr., 23, 43 218 leadership style, 27 return to States, 207 reprimanded, 42-43 return to Camp Upton, 223-224 “Prohaska, Michael” (GI; Two Stooges), nicknamed “Chunky,” 33 13, 29 and “O’Brien,” 33-34 and “Oliver,” 35-36 R and Ouija game, 82-85 “Rathbone, Timothy” (Catholic priest), personality, 33 220, 222 physical condition, 11, 15, 33, 47, 60, Rauwiller (town), 138, 146-151, 147-152 92, 94, 200, 211 Raville, France revisit to frontline site, 230 arrival at, 17, 103 and Robert, 7-8, 59-61, 68 military life in, 108-118 seasickness, 91 return to, 129-135, 230 smoking, 91, 128, 129, 182, 218 “Raymond” (Sgt.), squad leader, 57-58 snapshot of, 47 opinions about women, 73-77 takes a prisoner, 144-145 weekend trip with Harold, 75-79 theft of officers’ food, 90 Rechicourt (town), 138 weekend trip with “Raymond,” 75-79 Red Cross, at station hospitals, 207-208 and women, 18, 131. See also Women Religion, 46, 215, 227 Pagliaro, Mr. (father), 46-47 Easter customs, 61, 114 Pagliaro, Robert, 1, 6, 15, 33, 36, 128 Mass attendance, 46, 115 childhood, 40, 48-49 Remencourt (town), 138 conversation with Harold, 59-61 Rome, Avery, xv death of, 225-227, 227-228 Roosevelt, Eleanor, xi described, 39-40 Roosevelt, Franklin D. (President), x in Merchant Marine, 216 “Roper” (Pvt.), Cherokee; foxhole buddy, and VMI, 39, 227 115-116, 119-129, 119-134, 155, 158, Pagliaro family, 40, 41, 45. See also Corre- 165, 180, 188, 137-138 spondence last conversation, 195 Easter customs, 61, 69-70, 114 wounded, near Erckartswiller, 200 relocations, 6-7, 41 recollection of uprooted tree, 95-96 S in Virginia, 6-7 Saarbrucken (town), 146 Paris, U.S. Army hospital, 211 ff. Sarrebourg (town), 138 Parroy Forest, 17, 117-129 Selective Service Act (1940), drafting of Pentothal (anesthetic), 203 18-year-olds, x, xi

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“Shinn” (Cpl.), on frontline, 157, 160 WACS at Fort Jackson, 58 Show Time in New York, musical, 223 U.S. Merchant Marine, 39 “Siebold” (Lt.) platoon leader, 90 U.S. Navy, V-12 Program, xii, 94 leadership style, 25-26 U.S.S. America, hospital ship, 218 reclassified, 41, 43-44 U.S.S. Mauritania, 86-90 Singing, during basic, 2-3, 32, 41, 51-52 Skelton, Red (comedian), xiii, 219 V Smith, Art (actor), xiv, 223 Vaucourt (village), 141-143 Southampton, England, 92, 96 Vietnam War, and 18-year-olds, xiii “Stoddard” (Cpl.), leadership style and Virginia Military Institute (VMI), 39, 59 personality, 27-29, 32, 35-36 Vosges Mountains, 136-178 Voting Rights Act (1970), and 18-year- T olds, xiii “Tewksbury, Red” (friend of Robert’s), 59 Thanksgiving, in Alsace, 156-157 W “Thaxter” (Cpl.) squad leader, 19-20, 23 “Walker, Charlotte,” 18, 36, 41 “Torlini, Frank” (childhood school- and Harold’s furlough, 69, 72 mate), 221 “Wanlus” (Cpl.), company clerk, 58, 80 Toul, France, replacement camp, 100-102 War, attitudes to, 3, 31-32 “Trenard” (Cajun GI), 110, 114-115, 117 West Point, OCS, 80 wounded, near Erckartswiller, 202 Weyer (town), 138 Two Stooges (“Prohaska” and “Willis” (Pvt.), from Kentucky, 119-121, “Nardelli”), 13, 29 123 U “Wofford, Abby” (at church dance), 62- 64, 82, 208 Uberach, Germany, 230 U.S. Army. See also Military service; Women, 228. See also “King, Helen.” Pagliaro, Harold: military service. “Abby Wofford,” 62-64 87th Infantry Division, xii, 55-85 attitudes to, 13, 27, 36-37, 64, 132 104th Infantry Division, xii, 53, 54 at Fort Jackson, 58 106th Cavalry Reconnaissance Group, German, 154 16-17, 147, 156 longing for, 18, 40-41, 131 106th Squadron, 110 met in Virginia, 62-64 ASTP, xii, 15, 22, 31-32, 53-56, 73 met at English church dance, 93 A Troop, 121st Cavalry Reconnais- met on weekend trip, 75-79 sance Squadron, 106th Cavalry opinions about, 73-77 Group, 103-107, 118, 155 basic training, 92 Y replacement system, 105 "Yost, Aubrey,” 94

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