STRUGGLE AGAINST TYRANICAL REGIME IN TOLSTOY’S (1904): MARXIST CRITICISM

Arifah Nurul Fauzi Universitas Muhammadiyah Surakarta Email: [email protected]

ABSTRACT The major problem of this study is describing the struggle to fight against tyrannical regime in reflected in ’s Hadji Murad. The objective of this study is to analyze the novel based on Marxist approach. The writer employs qualitative method. The object of the study is Leo Tolstoy’s novel Hadji Murad published in 1904. The writer uses two data sources: primary and secondary. The primary data source is the text of Hadji Murad by Leo Tolstoy, published by Pensylvania State University and the secondary data source are references and materials related to the study which are taken from books or internet. The technique of data collection is documentation and the technique of data analysis is descriptive analysis. Based on the analysis, the writer gets two conclusions. First, through Hadji Murad novel, Tolstoy delivers a message that hero is a matter of perspective. Second, the Hadji Murad novel reflects the social realities of the Chechen Muslims in the struggling against the Russian tyrannical regime that reflect Tolstoy’s support to the proletariat class. Key words: Hadji Murad, Marxist, regime, struggle, tyranny, Tolstoy

INTRODUCTION title suggests, Tolstoy takes Hadji Murad based on a real figure named Hadji Murad is the last novel written Hadji Murad, an Shamil’s naib by Tolstoy before he died in 1910 that was trapped between the Russian and it was published in 1904 in Empire’s side and the Chechen . Then it is Muslim-’ side. Tolstoy depicts translated into English by Louise and many conflicts in the novel and he Aylmer Maude. This novel which ends it up by the tragic death of contains 135 pages and 25 chapters Hadji Murad. is written based on Tolstoy's In this research, I only focus on experience when he became a describing the struggle to fight Russian army. The setting of place is against tyrannical regime on the at Chechnya, and the setting major character, Hadji Murad in the of time is during the Hadji Murad novel based on classic in 1851-1852. Marxist approach by Karl Marx. The novel captures an episode of the Caucasian War in Chechnya where LITERATURE REVIEW the Muslim-Avars of Chechen struggle against the Russian There are three previous studies that Empire’s conquest under the deal with Hadji Murad. The first command of . As the study is done by Paul Friedrich

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entitled Tolstoy, Homer, and had once self-laceratingly failed to Genotypical Influence (Friedrich, uproot. 2004). It is a comparative literature study whose objective is to find and RESEARCH METHOD to describe Homer’s influence on Tolstoy’s novel. Paul Friedrich used The object of the study of this four different perspectives in his research paper is Leo Tolstoy’s study: biography, fundamental Hadji Murad published in 1904. values and themes, phenotypical Type of data in this study is text that traits, and genotypical poetics. To do consists of words, phrase and so, Paul Friedrich refers mainly at sentences. For the data source, there Tolstoy’s The Cossacks and Hadji are two categories data in this Murad. Paul Friedrich concludes that research: primary data source and Tolstoy is influenced by Homer and secondary data source. The primary the type of influence is genotypical data source is the text of Hadji influence which means Homer’s Murad by Leo Tolstoy, published by work is the source of Tolstoy’s work. Pensylvania State University and the The second study was done by Jeff secondary data source are references Love entitled Tolstoy: A Guide for and materials related to the study the Perplexed (Love, 2008). The whether picking up from the books object of his study is to find patterns or internet. In analyzing the novel, in Tolstoy’s art and thought. To do the data is collected through the so, Love refers to aspects of documentation and the technique of Tolstoy’s life, considering briefly the data analysis is using the descriptive narrative efforts to give form and analysis. meaning to life, and Tolstoy’s The Cossacks, War and Peace, Anna FINDINGS AND DISCUSSION Karenina, and Hadji Murad. Love comes to a conclusion that Tolstoy’s In analyzing Hadji Murad novel, I style in art and thought are striving use Marxist Criticism by Karl Marx. and the plurality, movement, and For that, I use four elements of change. Marxist criticism, namely historical The third study was done by Michael materialism, alienation, class Church entitled A Thistle in Russia’s struggle, and revolution. side (Church, 2005). It is a historical After analyzing Hadji Murad novel, study about the past conflicts of the the researcher finds out some that reflected in Tolstoy’s findings as follow: novels The Cossack and Hadji 1. Historical Materialism Murad. Church found that in Hadji In “the German Ideology” Marx Murad, there is a parallel between (1998) considers that history is two main figures pitted against each determined by material production other, there are Shamil and Nicholas condition. So, social changes I. They represent two poles of occurred when there is a change in absolutism - Asiatic and European. people’s way of production. There He also found that Hadji Murad is are two things that can change symbolized by a thistle that Tolstoy people’s way of production that are

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called as base and superstructure Soldier is Avdeev, (Marx, 1859). Base or infrastructure character that represents Russian consists of two points, there are peasantry is Avdeev’s family and productive forces and relations of character that represents Russian production. Superstructure or serfs is Vovilo. ideology consists of two points, there Characters that represent Chechen are institutional arrangements and Muslims that become Russian collective consciousness Empire’s allies are Akhmet Khan, arrangements. Those two points is Arslan Khan, and Hadji Aga. used by the ruling class to legitimate Characters that represent the the power of social class which owns ghazavat are Hamzad and the means of economic production Imam Shamil. Character that (Eagleton, 2006: 3). represents the ghazavat officer is a. Base Eddin, and characters that represent Hadji Murad novel reflects the non ghazavat Chechen Muslims are productive forces and relations of Hadji Murad, Sado, Eldar, Bata, production. Here, the productive Khan Mahoma, Avar Khanefi, forces are power, region, source, Gamzalo, the Khansa, Patimat, family, and properties. Based on Yusuf, and Sado’s father. those productive forces, the The relations of production between characterizations of the novel are characters in the novel consist of divided into two large groups, the conflicts. The productive forces Russian Empire and the Chechen makes complicated conflicts Muslims. The Russian Empire happened. The first conflict consists of five narrow groups; they happened between the Russian are the Russian Empire’s Tsar, the Empire and the Chechen Muslims. Russian Empire’s officials, the The Russian Empire wanted to Russian Empire’s soldiers, Russian conquer Chechnya and oppressed its farmers and Russian serfs. The citizen to dominate its region and Chechen Muslims consists of four resource by raids, cutting down narrow groups; they are Chechen forests and destroying the supplies of Muslims that becomes Russian food. Empire’s allies, the ghazavat Imams, The conquest made the the ghazavat officer, and non split into three groups. The first ghazavat Chechen Muslims. group is the Chechens that surrender Those characterizations are to Russian Empire and becomes it’s represented by characters in the allies. The second group is Chechen novel. Character that represents the Muslim that resisted from the Russian Empire’s Tsar is Nicholas Russian Empire’s conquest and and characters that represent the fought back by forming a military Russian Empire’s officials are the power named the ghazavat that was Viceroy, Vorontsov, Loris Melikov, first led by Hamzad and then was Poltoratsky, General Meller, succeeded by Imam Shamil. The Chernyshov, General Rosen, Major third group is non ghazavat Chechen Petrov, Bibikov, Butler, and General Muslims that refused to join the Kozlovsky. Character that represents

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ghazavat and refused to become the as the result of Hamzad’s treachery Russian Empire’s ally. and killing of all the Khans. That The second conflicts happened made up Hadji Murad and his among the Chechen Muslims. The brother’s mind to kill Hamzad. ghazavat Imam, Hamzad, considered A blood feud also happened between that they need a huge power to Arslan Khan and Hadji Murad that defend and fight against the Russian made Arslan Khan tried to kill Hadji Empire’s conquest. So he forced all Murad at his departure to leave Chechen Muslims, including Major Petrov’s house. Chechen Muslims that had already Another blood feud happened become Russian Empire’s ally, to between Hadji Murad and Imam join the ghazavat and fight back at Shamil because Imam Shamil killed Russian Empire’s conquest. But Hadji Murad’s brother, Osman, and some Chechen Muslims like Hadji Abu Nutsal Khan. As the result, Murad, his family, and the Khansa Hadji Murad refused to join Imam refused to join the ghazavat. Shamil in the ghazavat. And when b. Superstructure Hadji Murad was forcibly joined in Hadji Murad novel also reflects the ghazavat, there was never any institutional arrangements and friendship between them. collective consciousness 2. Alienation arrangements. The institutional Alienation is a process where arrangement is reflected from the someone is estranged from his Russian Empire’s Tsar. The Russian milieu, work, products of work, or Empire’s government form was self (www.merriam-webster.com). autocracy, that made the Tsar had an There are two kinds of alienation: absolute power to control the first, workers are alienated from Empire. Based on that, Nicholas the themselves and second, workers are Tsar believed that his command and alienated from other human. Besides decision were not allowed to be that, the alienation can happen inside discussed that made him an arrogant, both classes. Worker competes with injustice, and cruel ruler. One of his worker to find a place to work, and cruel decisions was to force the owner competes with owner to get peasants to hold the Orthodox faith market. and punish them who refuse to. And In Hadji Murad (1904), the main one of his injustice decisions was the character, Hadji Murad, is alienated transfer of State peasants to the from his family, positions, his Imam, Crown. supporters, followers, and properties. Besides that, Nicholas was ignorant. When he was a teenager, he was He knew that almost all of his alienated from the Khans that have officials were corrupt but he did been treated him like a family. Hadji nothing. Murad had to lose the whole of the The collective conscious Khans family that were killed by arrangement is reflected in blood Hamzad because of the Khans’ feud that happened among Chechen recusant to join the ghazavat. Muslims. A blood feud happened Then he was alienated from his between Hadji Murad and Hamzad position. After Avaria fell into

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Russian’s hand, Hadji Murad was alienated from his idol, Imam ordered to govern Avaria. But there Shamil. was hostility between him and Another Hadji Murad’s was Akhmet Khan that made Akhmet Eldar. After Hadji Murad’s status Khan do his trial to kill him and told changed to fugitive and moved from lie about him so Hadji Murad lost his one place to another, he followed position. Hadji Murad whenever he go. That Then he was alienated from his makes him became alienated from imam, Shamil. After his hostility his properties and environment. with Akhmet Khan, Shamil came Besides that, alienation occurs upon with an offer to protect him, so he the Chechens. Because of the received his offer and joined the Russian Empire’s effort to conquer ghazavat. But then hostility happens their region, they become alienated between him and Shamil that makes from their source and properties. him go to Russia to get protection. Another alienation occurred upon the Hadji Murad was also alienated from Russian peasants that are alienated his family. Because he went to from themselves. First, they were Russia to get protection, Shamil took alienated from their faith. Nicholas his family as prisoner and wielded forced them to hold the Orthodox his family to make him went back to faith and a punishment will be Shamil so Shamil could kill him. prevailed upon them who disobeyed. Besides that, Hadji Murad was also Second, they were alienated from alienated from his property and his their free will. The Tsar also follower. Because of his going to transferred State peasants, which Russia, Shamil had an order to the their status were free peasants, to Chechens to seize him alive or dead. Russian Empire that meant to make That makes Hadji Murad became a them serfs of the Imperial family. fugitive and had to move from one Alienation also happened to Russian place to another. serfs that were alienated from their Hadji Murad was also isolated by the selves. One of the serfs was Vivolo Russian Empire after his surrender to who is the serf of Poltoratsky. He the Viceroy. He was placed in became a serf since he was a boy and Grozny to keep him away from his until he was forty he didn’t get his supporters and was not allowed to go freedom yet. anywhere without Russian soldier’s There was also Poland that was guard. alienated from justice. Poland was Besides Hadji Murad, his supporters labeled as rascals and when a young and that were still loyal to Poland student named Bzhezovski him were alienated too. One of his got an unfair treatment at an supporters was Sado. After Hadji examination, hurt his professor with Murad’s arrival at his house, he a pen-knife, Nicholas punished him became alienated from his with gauntlet of a thousand men neighbour. twelve times. One of Hadji Murad’s loyal murid Besides that, alienation also occurred was Gamzalo. After Hadji Murad’s upon Russian soldiers. They were hostility with Shamil, he became alienated from themselves, their

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family, and their money. One of In the first power structure, the Russian soldiers was Avdeev. He oppressing group is the Russian lost his identity after becoming a Empire and the oppressed group soldier and he felt dull and suffer is the Chechens. The Russian because of it. Empire wants to conquer Avdeev was also alienated from his Chechnya and oppresses its family. Became a soldier meant to citizen to dominate its region live at the fort and leave the family. and resource by raids, cutting That made Avdeev missed his family down forests and destroying the and lost his wife. supplies of food. Besides that, Avdeev was also This conquest made most of the alienated from his money. That Chechens that have no power happened because a corrupt simply surrender to Russian commander in his commissariat took Empire and become its allies but the treachery that was collected by some mountaineers and Muslims soldiers. are fighting back. Alienation also happened upon b) The Russian Empire officials Russian officials that were honest. oppressing the Russian soldiers They were alienated from In the second power structure, themselves. Bibikov was one of the oppressing group is the honest Russian official that stand for Russian Empire officials and the justice. The Tsar’s injustice and oppressed group is Russian cruelty made him afraid to express soldiers and serfs. In Russian his disagreement of the Tsar’s unfair military, it is very common that decision. a commander takes the 3. Class Struggle commissariat money that is Class is social group in a society that collected from the soldiers. is determined by certain position in Besides that, unlike the Russian production process. The most soldiers whose life is suffer, the importance thing to be understood is life of Russian Empire officials not just what class that is found but is a luxury life with special also how the power structure among rights given by the Tsar. them is. So, there will be obvious c) The Russian Empire officials that there are always be oppressing oppressing the serfs class and oppressed class. The At the third power structure, the oppressed class is the class that is oppressing group is the Russian struggling. officials and the oppressed a. The power structure group is the serfs. Vivolo, In Hadji Murad novel, there can be Butler’s serf, feels that his life is found a complicated power structure like a dog’s life. among the characters because there d) The Russian Tsar oppressing are five bodies of power structure. the Russian farmers Those power structures are: In the fourth power structure, the a) The Russian Empire oppressing group is the Russian oppressing the Chechens Tsar and the oppressed group is the Russian farmers or peasants.

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The Russian Tsar oppressed ghazavat and fight back the Russian them by force them to hold the Empire. So the non ghazavat Orthodox faith and to punish Chechen Muslims is oppressing by them if they disobey. He also two groupes: the Russian Empire and made the State peasants become the ghazavat Chechen Muslims. the Crown peasant that meant to b. Classes change them from free peasants Based on the power structures above, to serfs. we can conclude that there are three e) The ghazavat Chechen classes in Hadji Murad novel, they Muslims oppressing the non are: ghazavat Chechen Muslim a) Russian Empire bourgeoisie In the sixth power structure, the The Russian Empire bourgeoisie oppressing group is the Chechen class consists of the Russian Tsar Muslims that join in the and the Russian Empire’s ghazavat and the oppressed officials. group is the Chechen Muslims b) Chechens nobility that don’t join in the ghazavat. The Chechens nobility class The Imam of ghazavat forces consists of Khans, the ghazavat and oppresses all of the Chechen Imam, the ghazavat naibs, and the Muslims, including the Chechen ghazavat official. Muslims that have already c) Proletariat surrendered to Russian Empire, The proletariat class consists of to join the ghazavat and fight the Russian soldiers, the Russian back against the Russian peasantry, the Russian serf, the Empire’s conquest. Some of the Chechens peasantry, and the non Chechen Muslims are scared of ghazavat Chechen Muslims. the Imam and join the ghazavat Among those three classes, two but some of them are struggling classes are the struggling class; not to join the ghazavat. proletariat that struggle against From the power structures above, we Chechens nobility and Chechens can see that there are two power nobility that struggle against Russian structures that collapse each others. Empire bourgeoisie. The first power structure, Russian 4. Revolution Empire oppressing Chechens, results In “Preface to Contribution to the the forming of the sixth power Critique of Political Economics” structure, the ghazavat Chechen (Marx, 1971: 8) Marx explains that Muslims oppressing the non the oppressed will always struggle ghazavat Chechen Muslims. Some of for the better by changing the Chechen Muslims didn’t want to economic system. The superstructure surrender to the Russian Empire can be changed by changing the conquest. They resist by forming a system of ownership, and the whole military power named the ghazavat. system can be changed when the But to defeat such a huge Russian base is strong enough in a collective Empire military power, they need a movement to force the superstructure lot of support. That is why they force that is called as revolution. Marx has all of Chechen Muslims to join the a notion that all of social changes can

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be achieved by revolution. History is struggle of the Chechen Muslims formed by revolutions that occur against the Russian tyrannical from unstable society and result a regime. Here Tolstoy manifests the new superstructure. social realities of Chechnya during In Hadji Murad novel, the collective the Russian Empire’s conquest. He movement of the oppressed class tries to reflect historical materialism, does not occur. Hadji Murad and his alienation, class struggle, and murids and supporters should unite revolution that happened in with Imam Shamil and his murids to Chechnya during the conquest of the be free from the Russian Empire’s Russian Empire. conquest. However, that never In the novel, the materials which are occurred because Nicholas disunited power, region, source, family, and them by using Hadji Murad’s properties are the productive forces. conflict with Imam Shamil. He Those productive forces form isolated Hadji Murad that already relations of production between surrendered to him and promised to characters which consist of serve him, to make Imam Shamil complicated conflicts. Those lose a lot of power and supported to conflicts emerge alienation occurs fight back against the Russian upon some characters that make Empire. And that would be easier for them become the oppressed classes. Nicholas to defeat the ghazavat with The oppression makes the oppressed the help of Hadji Murad. class struggling to get the materials Nevertheless, because Nicholas that are alienated from them. broke his promise to help Hadji In the first conflict, Nicholas the Murad saved his family, Hadji Tsar’s ambition to have a powerful Murad did a reckless thing by Empire made his decision to conquer running away from the isolation Chechnya. Because of that conquest, place and heading to Vedeno to save the Chechens became alienated from his family. That act made Nicholas their source and properties. As the announced to all Chechens that Hadji response, some Chechen Murad was a fugitive and he would mountaineers and Chechen Muslims reward a thousand rubles to anyone resisted and struggled to get their that can capture Hadji Murad alive or source and properties back. dead. Soon hundreds of men were In the second conflict, some Chechen chasing Hadji Murad. In the Muslims were struggling by forming morning, Karganov, Hadji Aga, and a military power named ghazavat led Akhmet Khan succeeded in by an Imam. The ghazavat Imam’s capturing and killing Hadji Murad. consideration of support and huge Hadji Murad’s death was announced army needs made the ghazavat Imam by a Russian officer to all the forts legitimates his force to all Chechen and souls. That made Imam Shamil’s Muslims to join the ghazavat and struggle to defeat the Russian Empire struggle against the Russian Empire conquest comes in vain. conquest. Some of the Chechen After analyzing the Hadji Murad Muslims refuse to join the ghazavat. novel using the Marxist criticism, it That made them became the is clear that the novel reflects the ghazavat’s enemy and became

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alienated from themselves, their from the isolation place and heading family, their properties, and their to Vedeno to save his family. That environment and they were act made Hadji Murad died and struggling to get those materials made Imam Shamil struggle to defeat back. the Russian Empire, the conquest Above those struggles, there are came in vain. Therefore, the struggle superstructures that hold those of the Chechen Muslims against the struggles. They are the barrier Russian Empire tyrannical regime between those struggles and didn’t result a revolution. revolution. The revolution can be Besides that, it is clear that the novel reached when the base is strong reflects the author’s ideology that enough in a collective movement to stands up for the proletariat, force the superstructure. In Hadji especially Hadji Murad. Tolstoy was Murad novel, the superstructures are a Russian Soldier that witnessed the strong to destruct the base and make Caucasian War but in Hadji Murad revolution didn’t occur. novel he states his admiration to The first superstructure was a culture Hadji Murad’s toughness among the Chechen Muslims that connotatively through a narration of said a blood feud should be paid off. a Tartar plant that keep standing and That emerges conflicts among not surrendering to man who had Chechen Muslims. A blood feud destroyed it. happened between Hadji Murad and Most of his narrations in Hadji Imam Shamil because Imam Shamil Murad novel are about Hadji Murad kills Hadji Murad’s brother, Osman, and his goodness. In the novel, Hadji and Abu Nutsal Khan. As the result, Murad is one side that is oppressed there was never any friendship by both sides: the ghazavat and the between them. In the end, it emerged Russian Empire. When he was a conflict that makes Shamil want to struggling against the Russian kill Hadji Murad. That makes Hadji Empire with the ghazavat, he had to Murad join the Russian Empire’s accept the hatred of his leader Imam side. Shamil that took everything of him The second superstructure was the including his family. tyrannical regime. The situation After Shamil took Hadji Murad’s above was used by Nicholas, as the family, he forcibly rebelled the Viceroy’s recommended it, to break ghazavat and came to Russia that he Imam Shamil’s power and defeat the hated most to get a protection and ghazavat. He isolated Hadji Murad support to save his family. Through to make Imam Shamil lost a lot of narration, Tolstoy narrates Hadji power and support to fight back Murad’s sacrifice to save his family against the Russian Empire. That and his hatred to the oppressing class would be easier for Nicholas to in the novel connotatively. defeat the ghazavat with the help of From the explanation above, Hadji Hadji Murad. But because Nicholas Murad novel reflects how the broke his promise to help Hadji struggle of the Chechen Muslims Murad save his family, Hadji Murad against the Russian tyrannical did a reckless thing by running away regime. The structural elements of

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Hadji Murad novel are matched with Second, the Hadji Murad novel the main idea of Tolstoy viewed reflects the struggle of the Chechen from Marxist perspective. Muslims against the Russian tyrannical regime. Here Tolstoy tries CONCLUSION to manifests the social realities of Chechnya during the Russian After analyzing Hadji Murad novel Empire’s conquest. Tolstoy tries to that is written by Leo Tolstoy, I reflect alienation, class struggle, come to the following conclusions: historical materialism, and revolution First, through Hadji Murad novel, that happened in Chechnya during Tolstoy delivers a message that hero the conquest of the Russian Empire. is a matter of perspective. For that, That manifestation reflects Tolstoy’s he writes conflicts happened in ideology. It can be found in Hadji Chechnya during the Caucasian war Murad novel that Tolstoy states his that did not only happen between the party to the proletariat class. Russian Empire with the Chechen Muslims, they also happened inside the Chechen Muslims side and inside the Russian Empire’s side. So he emerges three major characters and thirty three minor characters. Those conflicts and characters are united in retrospective plot arrangements that end up tragically.

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