Nuclear Security, Safety and Non-Proliferation: Sweden’s International Cooperation in 2019

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Foreword

As the Director General of the Swedish Radiation on the views that we have and communicate in Safety Authority (SSM), I am pleased to bring international settings. to your attention this report that summarises This is not least the case as SSM in entering the results of the projects that we implemented a period of modernization and rethinking of in 2019. These international projects were its structure and focus areas. As we speak my implemented in cooperation with partners in the colleagues and I are introducing new ways of Russian Federation, Georgia, Belarus, Ukraine focusing our work in terms of how it adds to and Moldova. efficiency in the five areas of (1) inspection SSM’s work is based on a Government activities, (2) licensing, (3) implementation of instruction, which in turn relates to Sweden’s norms from the EU and international levels, commitments established in various international (4) knowledge and competence as well as (5) fora. These include the Global Partnership, emergency preparedness. Moreover, we are established by the G7, and UN Security Council currently taking steps into broadening our Resolution 1540, the EU Action Plan on Weapons international work in order to make it encompass of Mass Destruction, the MNEPR Agreement, for instance the UN Agenda 2030 and the as well as the commitments that arose from Sustainable Development Goals. In short, we hope the Nuclear Security Summit process during to expand and include more regions and efforts the period 2010-2016. Over the past decades, such as access to water resources, medical uses of international contributions to promote nuclear radiation and others. security, safety and non-proliferation have grown Part of the Swedish Radiation Safety Authority’s to become the “gold standard” and an expression work involves improvement of approaches, of good faith and good intentions. I am happy that processes and methods. Over the years, this Sweden does its share. has been aided by the feedback we receive from Cooperation in the above-mentioned colleagues at home and abroad, as well as from our areas is meaningful not only to the recipient readers. Feel free to contact us and contribute to organizations and government agencies and our ongoing mission. regulators abroad. My organization is also capable of extracting many valuable lessons from our interaction with partners. This contributes to the experience base that SSM has and utilises to influence the development of international standards and rules. In a similar manner, it is Nina Cromnier of great value to us to implement projects in Director General cooperation with third states. This has an impact Swedish Radiation Safety Authority

Nuclear Security, Safety and Non-Proliferation: Sweden’s International Cooperation in 2019 3 Sweden’s international cooperation and its broader context

Since the early 1990s, Sweden has been engaged in international efforts to ensure that radioactive and nuclear materials, as well as facilities and installations, are kept safe and secure.

When the Soviet Union collapsed in 1991 and in the particular countries designated by the 1992, it is likely that Sweden was the first country Swedish Government. The main focus of this to initiate cross-border cooperation with the work is on practical and technical issues that new states. In 1992, Swedish authorities started warrant initiatives for modernization, overhauls working with Kazakhstan and Ukraine on various and upgrades. From time to time, the efforts non-proliferation and nuclear materials control accomplished can have broader positive impacts issues. While a major international debate went that bring about additional dialogue and on for many years over the fate of the former new areas of cooperation between the parties Soviet nuclear weapons that were stationed involved. In this sense, the Swedish Radiation in Belarus, Kazakhstan and Ukraine, Sweden Safety Authority views its efforts as a true example worked with the newly established Ukrainian of “collective security”. This implies a situation and Kazakh regulators and facilities in terms of where no one is threatened and all parties benefit. the management and measurement of nuclear Improved security and safety at a facility together materials. The ultimate aim was to ensure that with strengthened regulatory functions in a international requirements in these contexts third country contribute not only to safety and could be met. Slowly and gradually, this was a security locally, but also to the safety and security practical and contributing factor to Ukraine of people and institutions in Sweden and societies and Kazakhstan being able to join the Non- elsewhere. Proliferation Treaty (NPT) and the International Sweden and its Minister for Foreign Affairs at Atomic Energy Agency, the IAEA. the turn of this century, the late Ms Anna Lindh, To some extent, these early efforts represent initiated much of the cooperation and many of a trademark as to how Sweden has operated the frameworks for relations with the Russian since this time. Sweden and its representatives Federation. The MNEPR Agreement (Multilateral have worked, and continue to pursue efforts, Nuclear and Environmental Programmes in

4 Nuclear Security, Safety and Non-Proliferation: Sweden’s International Cooperation in 2019 Russia) was signed in 2003, and still serves as procedures for achieving higher degrees of the legal foundation for not only Sweden’s, but nuclear security. At the level of the IAEA, the also other states’ cooperation, when it comes recurring ICONS conferences on nuclear security to dealing with legacy waste from the Cold are taking over the policy-guidance and high- War era. At around the same time, yet another political functions that the Nuclear Security international framework was established. In 2002, Summit process established. at the G7 Summit in Kananaskis, Canada created In practical terms, the various institutions the Global Partnership, under which the G7 and frameworks interact. In one setting, such states also invited other states to work on nuclear as the Global Partnership, there are usually security, safety and non-proliferation issues, presentations and discussions on the Nuclear in particular in the Russian Federation. Over Security Summit, UNSCR 1540, etc., and the years, the ambitions have shifted to other discussions take place on where the frameworks beneficiaries. Today, the Global Partnership, intersect and progress needs to be made in the with some 30 member states, is the largest of the field. In the context of the Nuclear Security institutions created under the G7. Summit, it was established how the various An additional key framework internationally frameworks, such as the Global Partnership, on the part of SSM, and Sweden, comprises the UNSCR 1540, the IAEA’s Nuclear Security Fund reports by the UN Secretary General to the UN and others, are encouraged to operate. General Assembly, as well as the UN General From a Swedish point of view, the international Assembly Resolutions, which since 2002 have frameworks mentioned range from basic been unanimously adopted by the UN General starting points to sets of formal obligations. The Assembly in support of furthering educational following pages provide a summary of SSM’s efforts in the fields of non-proliferation and accomplishments during 2019. education. These UN documents provide guidance for SSM’s educational efforts. In 2004, the UN Security Council established the UNSC Resolution 1540. This resolution is binding for all UN Member States and requires states to have proper national control systems for materials and technologies potentially useable for the production of weapons of mass destruction. The “1540 mechanism” also establishes a cooperation and exchange function by which all states may request technical and logistical assistance from each other in order to fulfil the requirements established by the Resolution. Further frameworks at EU level, such as the EU Strategy Against Proliferation of Weapons of Mass Destruction, from 2003, and its later SSM visit to the floating updates, also play an important role in keeping nuclear power the EU committed to shared objectives. The plant “Akademik Nuclear Security Summit process and its four Lomonosov” in Summits between 2010 and 2016 produced four Murmansk, July 2019. communiqués and a work plan. These documents Photo: Tor Stenberg constitute tremendously important goals and

Nuclear Security, Safety and Non-Proliferation: Sweden’s International Cooperation in 2019 5 The results and outcomes of the projects are summarized under individual headings depending on the overall effort and the objectives set for each project. Many projects are continuations of earlier efforts. In many cases, the projects contribute to objectives in several areas. However, the projects are only described under the heading showing their main significance.

The following pages present results in various areas of cooperation. For additional information, see the Appendix.

Key Results 1: Strengthening the regulatory capacities in Belarus, Moldova and Ukraine.

SSM has in 2019 provided support for the accountancy. Furthermore the licence has been Ukrainian regulatory authority, the SNRIU, provided for software for carrying out safety as concerns its upkeep of databases and analysis at the Ukrainian nuclear power plants. capacity-building in the area of nuclear material This software is in use by the operators and the SNRIU can thus carry out analyses of the safety estimates made at the nuclear power plants. SSM has also provided the SNRIU with proper tools for carrying out information campaigns to the public related to national campaigns for collecting orphan radioactive sources. Related to this a database and registry for radioactive Meeting of Moldovan sources is also in use by the SNRIU for which and Swedish SSM sponsors the upkeep and development. In parties at the Moldova, SSM has assisted the regulator NARNRA Swedish Embassy in modernizing the infrastructure and databases in Moldova on the as well as providing means for the collection implementation of radioactive of orphan radioactive sources. In Belarus, waste management SSM has in cooperation with its Norwegian measures. and Finnish partners initiated activities aiming at strengthening the Belarus regulator, Photo: Björn Dverstorp Gosatomnadzor, in its work on nuclear safety culture and the licensing of nuclear activities.

Key Results 2: Environmental monitoring in Russia and Belarus.

In the course of the year, SSM has supported radiation makes it possible to identify future two crucial efforts as concerns environmental increases and whether they would originate monitoring of radiation. SSM has drawn on from the nuclear operations. Moreover, Lund the expertise and networks of Lund University. University has continued its cooperation with the Lund University has cooperated with Belarusian Institute for Radiation Hygiene in St Petersburg counterparts, the Institute for Radiation Biology on the monitoring of the radiation contamination on measuring the natural levels of radiation in of the Baltic Sea region from particularly the the vicinity of the Astravets NPP before its entry Chernobyl accident in order to provide data for into operation. The knowledge of the background Russian and international authorities.

6 Nuclear Security, Safety and Non-Proliferation: Sweden’s International Cooperation in 2019 Key Results 3: Training and education in the field of nuclear security and non-proliferation in Russia, Ukraine, Moldova and Georgia.

For the past fifteen years, SSM has cooperated will be completed in 2020. In cooperation with with various universities on the establishment of the Canadian MFA, SSM has provided the Kiev training and education on the issues of nuclear Polytechnical Institute with new infrastructure security and non-proliferation. In Georgia, for training students in the field of nuclear support is given to the University of Batumi and security. The syllabus for the training is developed its training courses and training materials. In by specialist organizations in the US and Ukraine. Ukraine, SSM supports the Odessa Center for At the Nuclear Security Support Center at Non-Proliferation at the National University of the Technical University of Moldova, support Odessa which was established by SSM in 2015 in is provided to the Center’s training facilities order to provide the possibility of an international and materials. In Russia, SSM has since long a research focus on developments in the Black Sea cooperation with scholars at the universities region. In 2019, the Odessa Center carried out in Tomsk, Ekaterinburg, Novouralsk and St. one workshop on nuclear proliferation and non- Petersburg. This network of scholars has received proliferation issues with international scholars training in academic writing methods according and one summer school for graduate students. to European principles and will in 2020 publish a The Odessa Center is also in charge of a large book in English for an international audience on multi-annual project on Ukraine’s Nuclear various aspects of nuclear non-proliferation and Technology and Science History; a work that NPT issues in the context of Russia and the world.

Participants at the Nuclear Non- Proliferation Summer School in Ekeaterinburg.

Photo: Courtesy of the Ural Federal University

Nuclear Security, Safety and Non-Proliferation: Sweden’s International Cooperation in 2019 7 Key Results 4: EU-financed projects and auxiliary activities in Moldova, Belarus and Georgia.

SSM is involved in a large EU-project in Georgia sizeable bilateral contribution has been assured that in the long run aims at the establishment and already been put into operation by SSM and it of a national storage for nuclear and radioactive concerns the establishment of the infrastructure materials. The project was first suggested and necessary training facilities for the staff by the EU-Commission in September 2016 that in the long run will operate the facility. It based on the fact that SSM had and has a well- is already now being considered how a third developed cooperation with Georgia and that the stage of the EU-project will cover the building EU-Commission wished to establish a new and of the Georgian national storage for nuclear and encompassing cooperation with Georgia. In early radioactive waste. 2018, the first project went into operation with Based on the positive experiences from the aim of establishing a preliminary design for working in Georgia, the EU-Commission, SIDA, a storage building and its infrastructure. Part of SSM and Moldovan authorities have initiated a the project was also the various environmental cooperation scheme for enhancing the capacity surveys and government decisions for the and safety of the national waste management approval of the design. This first stage of the site in Moldova. The site houses a legacy near- project was completed in December 2019. surface disposal facility that is known to leak From SSM and Sweden there was a co-financing radioactive substances to the surrounding soil that concerned the mapping and retrieval of and groundwater. In 2019, SSM carried out a radioactive sources at the Anaseuli site, today site investigation and a long-term radiological an abandoned site of a former research center safety assessment, which show that it is necessary for agriculture. As a follow-up, stage two of the to retrieve the waste. An ongoing SIDA financed EU-project will move towards establishing a project, managed by SSM, aims at constructing detailed design for the site as well as the adherent a new storage facility that can accommodate government approval and licensing process. the retrieved waste and also installing a site From Sweden, through the Swedish International monitoring programme that is necessary for Development Cooperation Agency, SIDA, a the retrieval works. SSM is further developing a

Reinforcement of the perimeter fence at the radioactive waste deposit in Moldova.

Photo: Björn Dverstorp

8 Nuclear Security, Safety and Non-Proliferation: Sweden’s International Cooperation in 2019 project proposal with the European commission authority in Belarus related to the licensing and with the objective of providing the necessary putting into operation of the two reactors at the infrastructure for retrieval and to start a long- Astravets NPP. The two reactors of type VVER term disposal programme. Moreover, SSM 1200 are expected to start operation in 2020 received funding from the UK Department respectively 2021. for Business, Energy and Industrial Strategy The overall aim of the project is to strengthen to contribute to the physical protection of the the capacity and enhance the capabilities of the site. Additional work on the security is being regulatory authority in Belarus and its technical implemented by the US Department of Energy. support organizations in various regulatory The plans for 2020 and 2021 foresee the activities, such as building up the legal regulatory establishment of the additional storage building base and regulations, assessment and review of financed by SIDA. Once this is in place, the plans licence applications and safety reports submitted are to activate the above mentioned EU-project for the planned nuclear power plant, as well as to support safe retrieval, packaging and storage of regulatory activities concerning emergency the legacy radioactive waste. preparedness and response and spent nuclear As Soviet nuclear legacy issues in the Black fuel and radioactive waste management. This sea region, especially regarding radioactive work includes implementation of up-to-date waste management, have become a matter of international and European safety standards. national and international concern, Sweden took The project, approved by the Belarusian the initiative to establish cooperation between authorities in late 2018, was launched in spring regulators and waste management agencies 2019. So far SSM has participated in a couple in the GUAM countries (Georgia, Ukraine, of workshops and trainings for the staff of the Azerbaijan, Moldova). This initiative is shaping Belarusian radiation authority GAN, in Belarus a common vision and sets a common agenda and cooperation countries, and hosted workshops for regional cooperation in radioactive waste and technical studies. The cooperation has management and decommissioning issues in the also covered technical means for PSA, as well GUAM countries and even in a broader regional as addressing the way in which to develop an perspective. integrated management system and improved Under a consortium led by the German-French safety culture. The project is expected to run company Riskaudit, SSM participates in a major until mid-2021. EU-project that aims at supporting the regulatory

Commissioning of the preliminary design for radioactive waste storage in Georgia.

Photo: Courtesy of DMT GmbH

Nuclear Security, Safety and Non-Proliferation: Sweden’s International Cooperation in 2019 9 Key Results 5: Management of spent nuclear fuel and radioactive waste in northwest Russia.

More than twenty-five years after its inception, project in cooperation with the Mayak facility there is still international cooperation in place concerning equipment for the monitoring of concerning the clean-up of spent nuclear fuel radiation levels at entry and exit points. Moreover, and radioactive waste in northwest Russia. Many support was given to the modernization of the efforts have covered physical protection of the floating control and monitoring station at the materials, their transportation and safe storage. Nerpa Shipyard near Murmansk regarding the Moreover, there are now efforts that relate to radiation exposure for personnel working on environmental remediation of sites that were the dismantlement of decommissioned nuclear- previously contaminated. The European Bank for powered vessels. At the Andreeva Bay site near Reconstruction and Development (EBRD) has Murmansk, SSM contributed to the improvement implemented numerous and very large projects of the infrastructure necessary for the movement based on funds collected from member states of spent nuclear fuel and the safe handling of and third states contribute with projects of a radioactive waste in the shape of improved power smaller nature that are auxiliary to the larger supply lines, containers and computer equipment. efforts by the EBRD. In 2019, SSM concluded a

Key Results 6: Nuclear safety and security measures towards nuclear power plants in Ukraine

Since 2014, Sweden and Norway have a Conference on Nuclear and Radiological Security. commitment to support Ukraine in the field of The conference brings together various actors nuclear security and safety. In 2019, SSM and and sectors in order to accomplish common DSA financed the third stage of the upgrade of undertakings and to broaden the common the physical protection of the Khmelnitsky NPP. understanding. With a related ambition of Further efforts will follow in 2020. Moreover, assembling the Ukrainian state authorities and SSM is supporting the participation by various related organizations, SSM and DSA support the Ukrainian organizations in an OECD-NEA Information Sharing Initiative, ISI, as a forum in project, the “Studsvik Cladding Integrity Project”, which Ukrainian projects in the realm of nuclear which addresses safety issues concerning the and radiological security can be articulated configuration and cladding of fresh and spent before they are submitted to the G7 Global nuclear fuel. In 2019, SSM and DSA supported Partnership and its members for consideration. the organization of the Ukrainian National

10 Nuclear Security, Safety and Non-Proliferation: Sweden’s International Cooperation in 2019 Key Results 7: Cooperation on nuclear safety, decommissioning and waste management with the Leningrad and Kola Nuclear Power Plants.

The Nordic regulatory authorities from Sweden, in the decommissioning of the RBMK reactors Norway and Finland have for many years agreed as well as the management and handling of the to have an active cooperation with the two irradiated graphite from the reactors. Russian nuclear power plants situated close to At the LNPP, the projects have further covered the Nordic countries. The cooperation provides important safety objectives related to identifying transparency and contributes to increased safety vibration levels, the robustness of valves and by means of a practical cooperation scheme. In electric cabling and components. Other the past years, the projects have also focused activities have concerned training on the use of on overall approaches to decommissioning and Probabilistic Safety Assessment (PSA) methods. radioactive waste management at the Leningrad In cooperation with the KNPP, a number of Nuclear Power Plant (LNPP) and the Kola Nuclear projects have been implemented that concern Power Plant (KNPP). Special focus is put to the the structural integrity and safety of the reactor planned and ongoing and decommissioning pressure vessels and the steam generators and of the RBMK reactors at LNPP. In 2019 most the processes of excluding mismanagement projects have been joint ventures between the of contaminated materials across barriers Nordic countries, especially STUK of Finland, and of contaminated/non-contaminated zones. along with Russian in-kind efforts. In cooperation With a view to the specific requirements for with STUK, SSM has given support to the LNPP as VVER reactors, specialists from the KNPP have concerns its training of experts who are involved participated in PSA training.

Testing of equipment for non-destructive testing of reactor preasure vessel and steam generators.

Photo: Tor Stenberg

Nuclear Security, Safety and Non-Proliferation: Sweden’s International Cooperation in 2019 11 Appendix: Projects implemented in 2019

Ukraine at the Kiev Polytechnic Institute (KPI), and among nuclear security professionals at nuclear power plants and related facilities in Ukraine. The KPI has been mandated by the Support for non-proliferation education and Ukrainian government to establish a nuclear security academic research capacity building, SSM 2019-708; Master’s degree programme, launched at the KPI in the payments in 2019: 436 kSEK autumn of 2019. Within the framework of the Global In 2015, through the support of Swedish Radiation Partnership programme, SSM established a cooperation Safety Authority (SSM), a research centre was established agreement with the Department of Foreign Affairs, at Odessa National University. The main role of the Trade and Development of Canada Weapons of Mass Odessa Center for Non-Proliferation (OdCNP) is to Destruction Threat Reduction Program in support of the strengthen Ukraine’s work to prevent the proliferation implementation of the KPI Master’s degree programme of nuclear weapons. The efforts focus on analysis of on nuclear security. The tasks under the Swedish and political, technological, legal and societal processes and Canadian agreement to provide equipment for two factors affecting non-proliferation work in the Black Sea computer laboratories for carrying out laboratory work Region. In 2019, SSM supported a PhD programme at within the Nuclear Security program were implemented Odessa National University and the arrangement of an during 2019. SSM supported a two-day international international workshop as well as a summer school to conference at the KPI on promoting nuclear security increase awareness of regional security challenges among education and creating gender awareness in Ukraine, the young non-proliferation community in Ukraine and to targeting students and professors from Ukrainian widen contacts between Ukrainian and European research technical universities. think tanks.

Technical support for SNRIU’s database for IAEA Research on nuclear history in Ukraine, SSM 2019- safeguards inspections, SSM 2019-847; payments in 1894; payments in 2019: 126 kSEK 2019: 151 kSEK In 2019, the OdCNP continued a research project to SSM assists State Nuclear Regulatory Inspectorate survey the history of the Ukrainian nuclear sector. of Ukraine (SNRIU) by providing technical support International experts from USA, Sweden and Georgia for a special-purpose database for recordkeeping of performed reviews of draft text and gave advice to the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) safeguards Ukrainian researchers. The report will be finished and inspections in Ukraine. The objectives include ensuring published in book form in 2020. The report will contribute that the safeguards agreement between Ukraine and the to transparency and a better understanding of the nuclear IAEA is properly applied, as well as the correct functioning field and non-proliferation related historical processes in of SNRIU’s nuclear material accountancy reporting Ukraine. to the IAEA. In 2019, database update support was provided as agreed between SSM and SNRIU. Funding was provided to SNRIU safeguards staff to develop their Development of nuclear security academic education skills and competence in the form of their participation at at the Kiev Polytechnic Institute, SSM 2019-171, SSM international conferences on safeguards issues. 2018-5894; payments in 2019: 32 kSEK The objective of the programme is to contribute to the enhancement and strengthening of knowledge and research capabilities in the field of nuclear security, both

12 Nuclear Security, Safety and Non-Proliferation: Sweden’s International Cooperation in 2019 Coordination with SNRIU and Energoatom; payments the beginning of 2020 in accordance with international in 2019: 200 kSEK standards and regulatory requirements. SSM participated in one overarching planning meeting with Energoatom and the Norwegian Radiation and Nuclear Safety Authority (DSA), in addition to several Pilot project for removal of disused radioactive bilateral project coordination meetings held with sources from well-type storages, SSM2016-3948; the SNRIU. SSM also participated in the ISI Global payments in 2019: 0 kSEK Partnership meeting, held in October 2019 in Odessa Under the G7 Global Partnership, disused radioactive Ukraine. SSM has also supported specialists from George sources from various storage sites in Ukraine shall be Kuzmich Training Center and State Ukrainian Agency on moved to Vector, a long-term central storage facility located Exclusion Zone Management (SUAEZM) to participate in in the Chernobyl exclusion zone. Transports of these the World Institute on Nuclear Security (WINS) workshop sources began in 2018 and are expected to continue for on security of disused radioactive sources. several years. In connection with this, SSM has supported SC Radon regarding a pilot project on the detailed design for removal of disused radioactive sources from a Outreach campaign on recovering orphan radioactive representative well-type storage located at the Kiev Radon sources under institutional supervision, SSM2018- site. Detailed technical solutions have been prepared and a 1441; payments in 2019: 284 kSEK special container for transport of the sources from the well SSM has continued to give support to the website uatom. storage was delivered as a pilot product in 2019. SSM will org managed by the SSTC NRS (TSO to the Ukrainian continue to cooperate on the management of the well-type radiation safety authority SNRIU) providing reliable storages in Ukraine and try to attract other donors for the information to the public on radiation safety issues implementation of the project that requires significant in Ukraine. The website also implements the amnesty funding. The project was concluded financially in 2018, campaign for recovery of orphan radioactive sources by yet administrative elements remained in 2019. disseminating relevant details to various target groups. The website is also part of an information campaign conducted as part of a US cooperation project run in the Implementation of PSA RiskSpectrum/RiskWatcher Dnepropetrovsk Region in Eastern Ukraine on recovering software at SNRIU, Ukraine, SSM2018-3457; of orphan sources. International events in the framework payments in 2019: SSM 685 kSEK, DSA 300 kSEK of SSM’s international cooperation have been covered in In collaboration with DSA, SSM purchased a three-year articles on uatom.org. The website has gained substantial licence for Probabilistic Safety Assessment (PSA) software attention among the public and professional communities tools for safety assessment and risk monitoring, incl. the with about 20 000 visits to the website per month. upgrades, support and maintenance of the software, for the Ukrainian radiation safety authority SNRIU and its TSO - SSTC NRS. The software is already in use Physical protection at the Khmelnitsky Nuclear at Energoatom’s nuclear power plants. With this effort, Power Plant, SSM2018-5319; payments in 2019: SSM SNRIU has been equipped with the means for reviewing 1 056 kSEK, DSA Norway 5 025 kSEK safety reports from Energoatom. SSM has supported three This project, launched in 2018, is the third stage carried specialists from Energoatom and SNRIU to participate in a out within the framework of the trilateral cooperation user group meeting regarding the software application in concerning nuclear safety and security, established London October 2019. between Ukraine, Norway and Sweden. The overall aim is to improve the physical protection system at the Khmelnitsky NPP. By means of financial support from SSM and DSA, the central alarm station has been completed in

Nuclear Security, Safety and Non-Proliferation: Sweden’s International Cooperation in 2019 13 Manufacture and delivery of the blind test blocks Upgrade of the Ukrainian national registry of ionising for personnel qualification in safety related non- radiation sources in operation, SSM2017-2093; destructive analysis of reactor vessels at Ukrainian payments in 2019: 180 kSEK NPPs, SSM2019-1153; payments in 2019: 1 008 kSEK The Ukrainian nuclear regulator is in the process of In 2019 SSM, in cooperation with the operator of the upgrading its regional regulatory offices in order to tighten Ukrainian NPPs – Energoatom, has launched a new national control over radioactive sources. In 2019, SSM project related to reactor safety of the 15 Ukrainian provided financial support to the registry of the SNRIU NPPs in operation. Some of the reactors are approaching through development and modernization of its database their designed lifetime and have applied for prolonged for radioactive radiation sources in accordance with license at the Ukrainian nuclear safety regulator. One regulatory requirements. A workshop was also held in 2019 of the requirements is to ensure personnel qualification for the personnel of the registry from all regional offices, for safety related non-destructive assessment (NDA) of with the aim of exchanging information and experiences the reactor vessels. The project will be performed by the and discussing solutions for future challenges. Swedish Qualification Centre (SQC) and the Ukrainian Qualification Body (UQB), and two blind test blocks needed for personnel qualification are going to be Ukrainian participation in the OECD/NEA research manufactured by SAAB in Karlskrona, Sweden. This three- projects of the Studsvik Cladding Integrity Project, year project is co-financed by SSM (2 MSEK) and DSA SSM2016-3188, SSM2019-5959; payments in 2019: (5 MSEK). 1 031 kSEK Since 2017, SSM has provided funding to enable the participation of the Ukrainian consortium in OECD/

Nuclear watchdog.

Photo: Björn Dverstorp

14 Nuclear Security, Safety and Non-Proliferation: Sweden’s International Cooperation in 2019 NEA (Nuclear Energy Agency within the OECD) to take Georgia part in the research projects, Studsvik Cladding Integrity Project (SCIP). This consortium consists of the four leading Ukrainian research institutions in the nuclear field. The EU project on the establishment of a repository SCIP III project has focused on management of damaged for radioactive waste in Georgia, SSM2016-5426; fuel and improvement of reactor safety and was finalized payments in 2019: EU 7 000 kSEK in 2019. SCIP IV focusing on safety issues related to spent The framework of the project is to develop a preliminary nuclear fuel started in mid-2019 and will run until 2022. design for a repository in Georgia for radioactive and nuclear materials. During 2019, SSM and the Agency of Nuclear and Radiation Safety (ANRS) in Georgia finalised 16th Ukrainian Conference on Nuclear and all five tasks of the EU project. The tasks include an Radiological Security, SSM2019-688; payments in assessment of the existing radioactive waste management 2019: SSM 664 kSEK, DSA 311 kSEK inventory in Georgia, a compilation of geoscientific The conference, held in September 2019 in Lviv, is the and other relevant data about the Saakadze site for an most significant event in Ukraine for the national nuclear assessment of its suitability for the development of a and radiological security community. The conference national facility for storage, treatment and possible gathers all relevant stakeholders for the exchange of disposal of radioactive waste. The project’s main task experiences and discussion of new challenges in nuclear was finalized at the end of 2019, and included an and radiological security, and in law enforcement. environmental risk assessment, a basic design and safety This area not only includes traditional fields of nuclear assessment and preparation of a government approval for materials accountancy and control, international the design. The European Commission provided a total of safeguards, and physical protection of nuclear facilities, 1 million euros for the project, and SSM contributed with but also radiological security of radioactive sources that 200 000 euros over the period 2017-2019 (the project have recently become a subject of increasing international mentioned below). concern. Besides traditional topics in nuclear and radiological security, new concerns related to cyber security, drone threats have been raised at the conference Remediation efforts at the Anaseuli site, SSM2016- as well as issues regarding gender equality in the field of 5426; payments in 2019: 200 kSEK nuclear security. This project is SSM’s bilateral contribution for the EU project on a preliminary design for a repository of nuclear waste. Throughout 2019, SSM continued its efforts Cooperation with the State Border Guard Service of initiated in 2017 and contributed to a continuation of a Ukraine, SSM2019-8958; payments in 2019: 263 kSEK radiological assessment of the situation at the former “Tea This project concerns the revision of the existing and Subtropical Plant Research Institute” close to the curriculum for officials working with security issues village of Anaseuli. The site, originating from the Soviet related to nuclear and radioactive materials at the era, became contaminated when radionuclides were used Ukraine State Border Guard Service (SBGS). The current to assess the effectiveness of different phytoremediation curriculum is delivered through the national training methods, and for other scientific purposes. The site centres in Ukraine. The project covers a revamping of the was also used as disposal ground for different types of existing framework and modernization of the content, radioactive waste that originated during this time. The including critical topic areas that have become relevant investigation was carried out by specialists from ANRS in recent years. This project has been implemented jointly and the Department for Radioactive Waste Management with the Nordisk Sikkerhet AS Norway with the assistance (DRWM). A report has been presented to SSM describing of the Middlebury Institute of International Studies in USA. the radiological assessment of the situation at the Anaseuli site and identification of activities for converting the site into a safe area.

Nuclear Security, Safety and Non-Proliferation: Sweden’s International Cooperation in 2019 15 Non-proliferation education and research capacity to the public outreach. A third GUAM Conference on building, SSM2019-709; payments in 2019: 377 kSEK Nuclear and Radioactive Waste Safety and Security is Since 2015, SSM has supported the improvement of planned to be held in Kiev in 2021. non-proliferation education programmes at Georgian universities. In 2018, the fourth Non-Proliferation Summer University was held in Batumi. This event contributed to broadening discussions in academia regarding Georgia’s policy and actions in terms of Moldova its international obligations in the framework of the non-proliferation regime. Another activity was aimed to improve and update non-proliferation educational Nuclear security education and training at the materials in the Georgian language. With SSM support, a Technical University of Moldova, SSM2018-997; Georgian research team completed an analytical report payments in 2019: 452 kSEK on needs assessment on preparedness and response to SSM continued to provide support for capacity building nuclear accidents outside the country. SSM provided of the Nuclear Security Support Centre (NSSC) of technical support for further development of independent the Technical University of Moldova. The Centre also national real time digital radiation monitoring networks cooperates with the IAEA and plays an important role based on universities and research institutes. in training the staff of various authorities in nuclear and radiological security issues. The main support was directed at enhancement of the NSSC’s curriculum and Organization of the 2nd GUAM Countries‘ Conference further technical improvement of the NSSC training on Nuclear and Radioactive Waste Safety and laboratory. Security, SSM2017-2274; payments in 2019: 480 kSEK In September 2018, an international conference, Technical support and infrastructure development at “Regional Challenges and Perspectives in Radioactive NARNRA, SSM2017-5630; payments in 2019: Waste Management and Decommissioning issues in the 146 kSEK GUAM Countries”, was held in Chisinau in cooperation SSM has supported the National Agency for Regulation between SSM, IAEA and the US Nuclear Regulatory of Nuclear and Radiological Activities (NARNRA) in its Commission. As the conference recognized the lack of efforts to develop infrastructure and human resources appropriate information exchange on best practices of for effective performance of NARNRA’s regulatory radioactive waste management and decommissioning, activities. New office equipment has been purchased and SSM took the initiative to launch a series of annual installed to increase the capacity of services and to create regional conferences mainly focusing on nuclear and a better office environment for the employees, in order radioactive waste management for the GUAM countries. to digitalize processes of authorization and inspection, In October 2019, SSM, jointly with the Agency of Nuclear SSM has supported NARNRA in obtaining a digital library and Radiation Safety of Georgia and the Civil Council providing easy access to information and data dossiers. on Defence and Security convened the 2nd GUAM Conference in Tbilisi, Georgia. The conference provided the decision makers and experts in the field of nuclear Securing radioactive sources outside regulatory safety and security from the GUAM regional cooperation control, SSM2017-632; payments in 2019: 39 kSEK (Georgia, Ukraine, Azerbaijan and Moldova) and other Moldova continues to face problems involving large European countries with an opportunity to exchange quantities of abandoned radioactive sources outside views and best practices concerning radioactive waste regulatory control. Since 2014, SSM has provided management, decommissioning of nuclear and radioactive assistance to Moldova in regaining regulatory control over waste facilities, disposal sites and even issues relating orphan radiological sources by facilitating inspections

16 Nuclear Security, Safety and Non-Proliferation: Sweden’s International Cooperation in 2019 and the collection of radioactive sources at various sites. Energy and Industrial Strategy (UK BEIS) have provided During 2019 more than 300 orphan radioactive sources financing for the reconstruction of the perimeter fence to were recovered. A large share of the recovered radioactive strengthen the physical protection system at the facility. sources was collected in the uncontrolled territory of The project will be finalized in 2020. In parallel, the Office Transnistria and transported to the National Radioactive of Radiological Security (ORS) of the US Department Waste Management Company’s special facilities 5101 and of Energy is currently working on complimentary 5012 for classification and storage. This effort significantly security system upgrades by the installation of detection improves the securing of radiological materials to avoid equipment and a video surveillance system on the entire risks for public safety and risks that these materials are length of the reconstructed perimeter fence. used for malicious purposes.

Cooperation on Radioactive Waste Management in Moldova, SSM2017-631; payments in 2019: 229 kSEK Belarus SSM has funded the development of a geoscientific and radiological measurement program at the National Radioactive Waste Management Company (RWMC) and EU project on support and assistance to strengthen assisted in carrying out an environmental and radiological the capabilities of the Belarusian Nuclear Regulatory risk assessment of the near-surface Radon-type facility of Authority, SSM2018-2323; payments in 2019: historical radioactive waste outside Chisinau. These efforts 32 kSEK aim to support future governmental decisions on the In spring 2018, SSM participated in a kick-off meeting possible retrieval and treatment of the existing radioactive within the EU project “Support and assistance to waste in Moldova. In 2019, SSM has developed a project strengthen the capabilities of the Belarusian Nuclear proposal that, with financial assistance from Swedish Regulatory Authority” (BE/RA/09), conducted within the International Development Cooperation Agency (SIDA), framework Instrument for Nuclear Safety Cooperation will finance the development of an environmental and (INSC). The overall aim of the project is to strengthen radiological monitoring program and design, licensing and the capacity and enhance the capabilities of the construction of a storage facility for radioactive waste at regulatory authority in Belarus and its Technical Support the RWMC facility. Additional long-term support programs Organizations in specific regulatory activities relating with funding from SIDA and the EU are planned in order to the assessment and review of licence applications to strengthen institutional and technical capacity in line submitted for the Astravets Nuclear Power Plant in Belarus. with the National Waste Management Strategy in Moldova. The project, approved by the Belarusian authorities in late 2018, was launched in spring 2019 and several workshops related to regulatory and supervision issues of the Belarus Upgrades of the Physical Protection System at radiation safety authority Gosatomnadzor (GAN) have the near surface “Radon” type radioactive waste been carried out during 2019. disposal facility in Chisinau, Moldova: Reconstruction of the perimeter security fence, SSM2019-3156; payments in 2019: SSM 452 kSEK, UK 2 286 kSEK Zero-Point Measurements at Astravets NPP, The increasing number of collected radioactive sources in Belarus, SSM2019-6032; payments in 2019: 314 kSEK Moldova requires safe and secure storage at the National SSM has launched a new project in Belarus related to Radioactive Waste Management Company’s facility outside commissioning of the Belarusian NPP in Astravets in Chisinau. In order to get security of radioactive materials cooperation with Lund University and Belarus authorities in line with international recommendations and to reduce for radiation protection. The aim of the project is to map risks for malicious acts, security upgrades were made. In the radiological status of the areas near the Belarusian 2019, SSM jointly with the U.K. Department for Business, NPP before the start of operation. This status is an

Nuclear Security, Safety and Non-Proliferation: Sweden’s International Cooperation in 2019 17 important input for the NPP and the authorities in Nuclear Decommissioning, ICOND 2019 as well as in a their efforts to follow-up the radiological situation after workshop held in November 2019 in Aachen, Germany the plant has started operation and its impact on the relating to handling and disposal of irradiated graphite environment and the public has to be followed. from RBMK reactors. SSM and STUK also organised a knowledge exchange visit on equipment dismantling and decontamination to the Ignalina NPP in Visaginas, Exchange of experiences between Nordic and Lithuania for experts from LNPP. Belarusian safety authorities, SSM2016-4328: payments in 2019: 57 kSEK The Belarusian nuclear power reactors in Astravets are Spare parts for online vibration monitoring system at currently undergoing final testing before being put into the Leningrad NPP, SSM2017-2221; payments in 2019: operation. Within a consensus agreement between Nordic SSM 202 kSEK, STUK 200 kSEK and Belarusian safety authorities a number of activities The project comprises upgrading of components and were planned for 2019, focussing on oversight of safety software for the vibration monitoring system for rotating culture, exchange of experiences during the construction machines at the LNPP. The system, covering all four units phase, and preparation for a project on updating the of the plant, alerts operators in the event of imbalances radiological surveillance around the plant. Due to limited and vibrations that might have a negative impact on capacity within the Belarusian authority with the EU reactor safety. As part of the system is outdated, SSM project already ongoing and high demand on the staff provided funding for spare parts to make the system more in relation to the deployment of the first reactor at the reliable. The project is co-financed with STUK. Astravets NPP, most of the planned activities had to be postponed. Equipment for cable diagnostics at the Leningrad NPP, SSM2019-432; payments in 2019: 222 kSEK The project comprises procurement, testing and delivery of equipment for cable diagnostics relating to ageing, Russia safety and reliability, combined with training of LNPP staff. Due to the safety rules, all cables and joints must be checked after installation or repair. This equipment Cooperation with Leningrad nuclear power plant is used to identify, evaluate and locate partial discharge regarding decommissioning and waste handling, faults, low resistance faults, cable insulation intercepts and SSM2017-2225; payments in 2019: SSM 536 kSEK, accessories in all types of medium-high voltage cables. STUK 100 kSEK Cooperation between the Leningrad nuclear power plant (LNPP), Rosenergoatom (REA), Finnish Radiation Instruments and software for vibration monitoring and Nuclear Safety Authority (STUK) and SSM on waste and balancing of rotary equipment at the Leningrad management and decommissioning issues continued NPP, SSM2019-431; payment in 2019: SSM 417 kSEK, in 2019 based on an action plan agreed between STUK 400 kSEK the parties. Within the cooperation, SSM and STUK The project comprises the supply of two portable, expert co-financed the LNPP’s participation in the International level vibration analysing instruments including software Symposium on Decommissioning and Waste, KONTEC and additional kits for dynamic balancing of rotating 2019 in Dresden, Germany, the International Workshop components at the plant such as pumps and motors in “Reactor graphite characterization” at VTT in Helsinki, safety related systems. The equipment is compatible Finland, the IAEA Technical Meeting on the International with existing instruments at LNPP. The surveillance and Project on Irradiated Graphite Processing Approaches early detection of any vibration or unbalance of safety in Vienna, Austria, the International Conference on related components are most crucial for the prevention of

18 Nuclear Security, Safety and Non-Proliferation: Sweden’s International Cooperation in 2019 component hazards and following safety related incidents. Eddy current testing for reactor pressure vessel The project is co-financed with STUK. head flanges and steam generator flanges at the Kola NPP, SSM2018-1603; payments in 2019: SSM 1 387 kSEK, STUK 1 376 kSEK Diagnostics equipment for electric valve actuators The project comprises the procurement, manufacturing, at Leningrad NPP, SSM2019-433; payment in 2019: testing, delivery and staff training related to the SSM 563 kSEK, STUK 500 kSEK semiautomatic equipment for eddy current testing of The project covers supply of portable equipment for threaded nuts and holes for reactor pressure vessel head measuring and data collection for in-service testing and flanges and steam generator flanges. The structural diagnostics of electric motor-operated valve actuators. integrity of these test objects is crucial for the safe The equipment will be used for regular checks to secure operation of the plant and strictly regulated through the safe and reliable operation of electric motor operated extensive inspections and requirements. The existing valves in classified safety related systems of the plant. The equipment is outdated and spare parts are not available. project is co-financed with STUK. A tendering process was carried out in 2018, resulting in a contract signed with a Swedish supplier. A Factory Acceptance Test (FAT) was performed and approved at the Training and knowledge exchange in the areas of PSA, supplier in December 2019. This project, to be completed operation and maintenance of the Leningrad NPP, in 2020, is co-financed with STUK. SSM2018-2773; payments in 2019: 298 kSEK The project covers activities relating to enhancement of nuclear safety performance. In 2019, LNPP experts Kola NPP, Monitoring of small items from radiological were trained through courses on PSA. Moreover, SSM controlled area, SSM2018-1627; payments 2019: provided parts of the funding for the LNPP’s participation SSM 568 kSEK, STUK 258 kSEK in the ISOE (International Information System on The project comprises the procurement and delivery of Occupational Exposure) Symposium, which took place gamma monitoring equipment to be used for prevention in Bagnols-sue-Ceze, France in March 2019. Two LNPP of unintended transportation of contaminated items experts participated in the Nordic PSA Group Castle from the radiologically controlled areas at the facility. A Meeting 2019 in Varberg, Sweden. Three LNPP experts contract was established in the beginning of 2019 and participated in the PSAM 2019 Topical Conference and delivery to the KNPP was assured in October 2019. The in a RiskSpectrum RiskWatcher Workshop, arranged by project was co-financed with STUK. Lloyd’s Register in Stockholm in December 2019.

Kola NPP, upgrading of inspection manipulators for Kola nuclear power plant, safety education steam generator header welds, SSM2019-1851; workshops, SSM2018-2774; payments in 2019: payments 2019: SSM 958 kSEK, STUK 1 200 kSEK 167 kSEK The project comprises the upgrading of an existing SSM provided funding for the participation of two Kola inspection manipulator for steam generator header welds. nuclear power plant (KNPP) experts in a PSA workshop A procurement process was performed by SSM and a at the Pacs NPP in Hungary in March 2019. One KNPP contract between KNPP and a supplier was established expert participated in a workshop in FME (Foreign in November 2019. The delivery contains elaboration of Material Exclusion) arranged by SSM in Stockholm in inspection procedure, hardware, training and final test. November 2019. Four Russian nuclear power plants were The project will be completed at the end of 2020. The represented together with representatives from Finnish project is co-financed with STUK. and Swedish nuclear power plants.

Nuclear Security, Safety and Non-Proliferation: Sweden’s International Cooperation in 2019 19 Non-proliferation education programmes at Russian a TSO to the Russian radiation protection authorities. universities, SSM 2019-707; payments in 2019: This cooperation has been expanded to include Belarus 1 097 kSEK and its Institute for Radiation Biology (IRB). The research This project promotes education programmes in Russian results have been analysed and published in international academia on non-proliferation and nuclear security. The scientific journals and presented at international main efforts focus on capacity building to promote and workshops and conferences, among them, the 3rd reinforce academic writing at universities in Novouralsk, International Conference on Dosimetry and Applications Tomsk, St. Petersburg and Ekaterinburg. The Ural 2019, and the conference on Medical Physics in the Baltic Federal University hosted two capacity-building events States workshop in Kaunas, Lithuania, in November 2019. for regional students: a seminar on the future of global The aim of the project is among others to contribute to security and non-proliferation, as well as a summer school the improvement and harmonisation of radiological- on the Nuclear Non-proliferation Treaty. SSM supported environmental monitoring. a student session on non-proliferation issues, held at the Sarov Physics and Technology Institute. Under the leadership of St. Petersburg State University, a group of Cooperation with the State Atomic Energy Russian researchers continued their work on the book Cooperation Rosatom and Rostechnadzor, SSM2017- “Nuclear Russia”, planned for completion in 2020. 5639; payments in 2019: 659 kSEK In 2019, SSM continued a dialogue with ROSATOM on issues and projects dealing with the elimination of the Nuclear legacy in northwest Russia: Support to Cold War nuclear legacy, aiming to protect people and the SevRAO, SSM2017-4612; payments in 2019: 45 kSEK environment from harmful effects of ionizing radiation. The European Bank for Reconstruction and Development During the XI International Forum Atomexpo meeting (EBRD), together with Norway, Sweden and Italy, remain in Sochi in April 2019, a joint meeting between SSM, involved in large-scale projects on the clean-up of nuclear Rosatom and DSA was carried out where issues of common and radioactive waste from the days of the Soviet Union. In interest in the areas of nuclear safety, security and non- 2019, SSM provided support for a former submarine base proliferation between Russia, Sweden and Norway were in Andreeva Bay to assist on building up its infrastructure discussed. In March 2019, SSM hosted a delegation of for the removal of waste from the base for its safe experts from the Federal Environmental, Industrial and management. Here, the main efforts involved upgrading Nuclear Supervision Service of Russia (Rostechnadzor) the power supply to ensure safe handling of spent nuclear to Sweden to share experiences and best practices in the fuel and radioactive waste. Besides the project has area of safe radioactive waste management and licensing furthermore included the procurement of containers for issues at nuclear power plants. Russian experts visited the disposal of radioactive waste, and the modernization of Swedish Nuclear Fuel and Waste Management Co. (SKB) the base’s IT infrastructure (procurement of servers). The facilities at Forsmark to explore the Swedish system for project covered some remaining instalments in 2019 and management of low and intermediate level waste. Planning will be finalized in 2020. meetings concerning nuclear safety and cooperation with the Kola and Leningrad NPPs are generally arranged twice a year between SSM, Rosenergoatom, STUK and DSA. Cooperation with the St. Petersburg Research The meetings are arranged in order to provide a general Institute of Radiation Hygiene, SSM2018-1455; overview of safety work in the Russian nuclear power payments in 2019: 451 kSEK industry, and to present the frameworks and priorities of SSM provides financing and project management for the Nordic and Russian partners. The meetings involve cooperation conducted between the Research Group of reviews of all ongoing projects at the KNPP and LNPP, Medical Radiation Physics Malmö, Lund University, and as well as discussions of future projects. In May 2019, the Institute of Radiation Hygiene (IRH) on radiological Rosenergoatom hosted the first meeting in Moscow, and in consequences of the Chernobyl accident. The IRH is also November, SSM hosted the second meeting in Stockholm.

20 Nuclear Security, Safety and Non-Proliferation: Sweden’s International Cooperation in 2019 Legacy waste at the Nerpa Shipyard, SSM2019-5960; Installation of an additional transport passage for payments in 2019: 1 995 kSEK security check-point 3, Ozersk, FSUE “PA Mayak”, During 2019 SSM continued to work on the "nuclear SSM2018-2972; payments in 2019: 401 kSEK legacy issues" i.e. the management and protection of During 2019, SSM together with the Federal State Unitary radioactive and nuclear materials on the Kola Peninsula. Enterprise (FSUE) “PA Mayak” and JSC “SEC “YAFI” In 2019, the EBRD project on decommissioning and continued co-operation on modernization of the vehicle dismantling of the fuel transport vessel "Lepse" was checkpoint No. 3 of Ozersk by financing the production finalized. The used and damaged fuel has been taken care of an additional modern stationary radiation monitoring of and transported by the “Serebrjanka” ship to Murmansk portal for all incoming and outgoing vehicles. A new and then by rail to the “Mayak” reprocessing plant. To stationary radiation-monitoring portal will contribute ensure the safe work in the controlled area for the staff, to better monitoring of vehicles and decrease risks posed SSM has contributed to modernization of the floating to the environment and population caused by ionizing control and radiation monitoring station No 6 (PKDP-6), radiation. The additional check-point will also reduce designed for access to the most radiation-hazardous areas. the risk of illegal transport and trade of nuclear material This project contributes to protect people and the and radioactive material from Russia to other countries. environment against the consequences of increased levels In December 2019 the project was finalized by a Factory of ionizing radiation. The project will be completed in early Acceptance Test carried out at the “SEC “YAFI” offices in 2020. St. Petersburg.

Staff members at the Office for International Relations involved in implementation of international projects

Lars van Dassen Sarmite Andersson Zlatan Delalic Björn Dverstorp Håkan Klasén Ervin Liszka

Beata Mach Lena Mathiasson Leif Pettil Viviana Sandberg Tor Stenberg Christopher Waldén

Nuclear Security, Safety and Non-Proliferation: Sweden’s International Cooperation in 2019 21 List of abbreviations

ANRS Agency of Nuclear and Radiation Safety NSSC Nuclear Security Support Centre (Georgia) (Moldova) DRWM Department for Radioactive Waste OdCNP Odessa Center for Non-proliferation Management (Georgia) (Ukraine) DSA Norwegian Radiation and Nuclear OECD/NEA Nuclear Energy Agency within the Safety Authority OECD

EBRD European Bank for Reconstruction and ORS Office of Radiological Security (Moldova) Development PSA Probabilistic Safety Assessment FAT Factory Acceptance Test RBMK Russian reactor type, graphite FME Foreign Material Exclusion moderated FSUE Federal State Unitary Enterprise (Russia) REA Rosenergoatom (Russia)

G7 The Group of Seven (Canada, France, RWMC Radioactive Waste Management Germany, Italy, Japan, United Kingdom Company (Moldova) and United States) SBGS State Border Guard Service in Ukraine

GAN Gosatomnadzor, Belarus SCIP Studsvik Cladding Integrity Project GUAM Georgia, Ukraine, Azerbaijan and (Sweden) Moldova SevRAO Federal Enterprise for Radioactive Waste IAEA International Atomic Energy Agency Management (Russia) INSC Instrument for Nuclear Safety Sida Swedish International Development Cooperation Cooperation Agency IRB Institute for Radiation Biology (Belarus) SKB Swedish Nuclear Fuel and Waste Management Co. IRH Institute of Radiation Hygiene (Russia) SNRIU State Nuclear Regulatory Inspectorate of ISOE International Information System on Ukraine Occupational Exposure SQC Swedish Qualification Centre KNPP Kola nuclear power plant (Russia) SSM Swedish Radiation Safety Authority KPI Kiev Polytechnic Institute (Ukraine) STUK Finnish Radiation and Nuclear Safety LNPP Leningrad nuclear power plant (Russia) Authority

MNEPR Multilateral Nuclear and Environmental SUAEZM State Ukrainian Agency on Exclusion Programmes in Russia Zone Management NARNRA National Agency for Regulation of UK BEIS U.K. Department for Business, Energy Nuclear and Radiological Activities and Industrial Strategy (Moldova) UQB Ukrainian Qualification Body NDA Non-Destructive Analysis VVER Russian reactor type, water cooled NPT Non-Proliferation Treaty WINS World Institute on Nuclear Security

22 Nuclear Security, Safety and Non-Proliferation: Sweden’s International Cooperation in 2019 Nuclear Security, Safety and Non-Proliferation: Sweden’s International Cooperation in 2019 23 Swedish Radiation Safety Authority Postal address: Strålsäkerhetsmyndigheten 171 16 Stockholm Phone: +46 8 799 40 00 English website: www.ssm.se/en Email address: [email protected]

©Strålsäkerhetsmyndigheten Graphic form: Granath Reklam AB