SPECIAL ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

Father Anthony and OLMC Adult Faith Formation Team: Bill Bourke, Ministry Lead Hemal Patel, Presenter Francisco Perez Jeniene Knight Chris Seaman Martha Martin

Ideas for future topics – Email: [email protected] Prayer for Christian Martyrs Lord, so great is our love for you That even though we walk in a world where speaking your name can mean certain death Your faithful still speak it And speak it all the louder. Help us work for a world where all may speak their creeds And pray their prayers Without fear of violence. Hear the prayers of those who abide with you in dangerous times and in dark valleys, And who die with your name on their lips. Draw them quickly to your side Where they might know eternal peace.

AMEN Echoes of Jesus and the Apostles: The Early Fathers

• Papias of • •

Hemal Patel • Historical review and perspective of time • The world of the • • Ignatius of Antioch Overview of Presentation • Papias of Hierapolis • Polycarp • What are we left with? • Closing prayer Timeline: Then and Now (~130 years) Start of Jesus’ Ministry 28 1892 Pledge of Allegiance in Public Schools Jesus’ Passion/Death/Resurrection 30/33 1896 Plessy v. Ferguson/Nobel/ 1st Olympics 1904 Panama Canal Built St. Paul’s Journeys Begin 46 50 1914 Start of WWI Paul’s Undisputed Letters Written 1918 End of WWI/Spanish Flu 58 Nero/Rome Fire/Martyrdom of St. Peter 64 Martyrdom of St. Paul 67 1929 Stock Market Crash of Mark 69 Second Destruction of the Temple 70 1939 Start of WWII 80 // 1945 End of WWII Acts of the Apostles 90 1950 Start of Korean War 1959 Start of Vietnam War /St. John, 100 last apostle, dies in

Ignatius of Antioch 110 1978 John Paul II begins Papacy

2005 John Paul II dies

Martyrdom of Polycarp 156 2020 Us Now The Center of Power The Holy Land

The “New” Holy Land Fr. Anthony

Hemal

Francisco

Adapted from Uncut Mountain Supply John the Evangelist (the Elder, the Theologian, the Beloved ) When Jesus saw his mother and the disciple there whom he loved, he said to his mother, “Woman, behold, your son.” Then he said to the disciple, “Behold, your mother.” And from that hour the disciple took her into his home. (John 19: 26-27) • “Woman”, same reference as at Cana, represents Eve • Mary’s obedience as the new Eve • Behold your Mother: Christ established Mary as the Mother of the Church entrusted to John (Mary as mediator) • John represents the entire body of the Church • Hail Mary: “Pray for us sinners, now and at the hour of our death”—just as she prayed with Jesus at the hour of His death (CCC 495, 501, 726, 963-964, 2677-2679) (Redemptoris Mater, JPII) Synoptic The Gospel of John • From the Greek “synoptikos”-able to be seen • Tells us who Jesus is together • Identity of Christ-divinity • Common material • Eight miracles (six unique) • Verbal agreement • No parables • Similar order of events • Many metaphors to describe Jesus • Similar comments and asides ➢ Bread of Life, Living Water, Light of the World, • Similar use of Old Testament The Door, Good Shepard, True Vine • Detailed conversations with others (Nicodemus, Samaritan Woman, …) • 1/3 focuses on the last week of Jesus’ life • “I Am” statements

In the beginning was the Word, and the Word was with God, and the Word was God. (John 1:1)

And the Word became flesh and made His dwelling among us. (John 1:14) Ignatius of Antioch • Bishop of Antioch (modern Antakya, Turkey) • Ignatius Theophorus (God bearing) or Ignatius Nurono (fire-bearer) • Lived: c. 30– c.107 AD • Feast Day: October 17 • Writings: Seven letters • Was martyred in Rome Jean Leon Gerome, The Christian Martyrs’ Last Prayer

• A person who suffers persecution and death because of their religious or other beliefs. • From the Greek “mártys” meaning witness What is a martyr? • Most become symbols of heroism, considered holy • 70 million Christian martyrs since Christ • Nearly 1 million in the last decade • Docetism-purely divine/not human

• Matter is evil-so God cannot take human form

• Reject birth, crucifixion, ascension

• Emperor Trajan’s “big ask” • Ignatius labeled an atheist • Condemned to death in Rome • Martyrium Ignatti Painting of Ignatius of Antioch from the Menologion of Basil II (c. 1000 AD) I write to the Churches, and impress on them all, that I shall willingly die for God, unless you hinder me. I beseech of you not to show an unseasonable good-will towards me. Allow me to become food for the wild beasts, through whose instrumentality it will be granted me to attain to God. I am the wheat of God and let me be ground by the teeth of the wild beasts, that I may be found the pure bread of Christ. IgnRom 4 Seven Original Epistles • The Epistle to the Ephesians • The Epistle to the Magnesians • The Epistle to the Trallians • The Epistle to the Romans • The Epistle to the Philadelphians • The Epistle to the Smyrnaeans • The Epistle to Polycarp, a bishop of Christology (person, nature, and role of Christ)

• High (divine) and Low (human) Christology • In seven letters calls Jesus “God” 16 times Ignatius…. “There is one Physician who is possessed both of flesh and spirit; both made and not made; God existing in flesh; true life in death; both of Mary and of God; first passible and then impassible — even Jesus Christ our Lord.” IgnEph 7

“…who was descended from and was also of Mary; who was truly born and ate and drank. He was truly persecuted under Pontius Pilate; He was truly crucified, and [truly] died, in the sight of beings in heaven, and on earth, and under the earth. He was also truly raised from the dead...” IgnTral 9

“They abstain from the Eucharist and from prayer, because they confess not the Eucharist to be the flesh of our Savior Jesus Christ, which suffered for our sins, and which the Father, of His goodness, raised up again.” IngSmyr 7

• (325-1st Nicaea and 381-1st Constantinople) Paris. Louvre Museum. Mosaic of the Transfiguration • (451 AD)-Christ has two natures in one person ( of Christ) • Change by which the substance of bread and wine becomes Christ’s real presence • A mystery

Transubstantiation 2019 Pew Research Report —31% of all Catholics believe is transubstantiation —69% of all Catholics believe they are symbols —63% of Catholics that attend Mass at least once a week believe The Catholic (Universal) Church

“Wherever the bishop shall appear, there let the multitude [of the people] also be; even as, wherever Jesus Christ is, there is the .” IgnSmyr 8

“the Church which is beloved and enlightened by the will of Him that wills all things which are according to the love of Jesus Christ our God, which also presides in the place of the region of the Romans, worthy of God, worthy of honour, worthy of the highest happiness, worthy of praise, worthy of obtaining her every desire, worthy of being deemed holy, and which presides over love, is named from Christ, and from the Father, which I also salute in the name of Jesus Christ, the Son of the Father…”IgnRom 1 Authority of the Bishop and • No Church without order: “In like manner, let all reverence the as an appointment of Jesus Christ, and the bishop as Jesus Christ, who is the Son of the Father, and the presbyters as the sanhedrim of God, and assembly of the apostles. Apart from these, there is no Church.” IgnTral 3

• Loyalty to and authority of bishop: “See that you all follow the bishop, even as Jesus Christ does the Father, and the presbytery as you would the apostles; and reverence the deacons, as being the institution of God. Let no man do anything connected with the Church without the bishop. It is not lawful without the bishop either to baptize or to celebrate a love- feast; but whatsoever he shall approve of, that is also pleasing to God, so that everything that is done may be secure and valid”. IgnSmyr 8 Papias of Hierapolis • Bishop of Hierapolis (modern , Turkey) • Lived: c. 60– c.130 AD • Feast Day: February 22 • Writings: Exposition of the Sayings of the Lord in five books (mostly lost) • Companion of Polycarp Source of Gospel Origins according to Papias

“The Elder [John] also said this, ‘Mark, being the interpreter of Peter, whatsoever he remembered he wrote accurately, but not however in the order that these things were spoken or done by our Lord. For he [Mark] neither heard the Lord, nor followed him, but afterwards, as I said, he was with Peter, who did not make a complete [or ordered] account of the Lord’s (divine sayings) but constructed his teachings according to chreiai [concise self-contained teachings]. So Mark did nothing wrong in writing down single matters as he remembered them, for he gave special attention to one thing, of not passing by anything he heard, and not falsifying anything in these matters.’”

“Therefore, Matthew set in order the logia in a Hebrew dialect, and each interpreted them, as he was able.” Q+/Papias Hypothesis

Q=quelle= German for “source” Polycarp • Bishop of Smyrna (modern Izmir, Turkey) • Polycarp means “much fruit” • Lived: c. 69– c.155 AD • Feast Day: February 23 • Writings: Epistle of Polycarp to the Philippians, Martyrdom of Polycarp (refers to him) • Friend of Ignatius and Papias • Teacher of later Church Fathers Epistle of Polycarp to the Philippians

Against Heresies (Greek: hairesis "a taking or choosing for oneself”) “For whosoever does not confess that Jesus Christ has come in the flesh, is antichrist; and whosoever does not confess the testimony of the cross, is of the devil; and whosoever perverts the oracles of the Lord to his own lusts, and says that there is neither a resurrection nor a judgment, he is the first-born of Satan. Wherefore, forsaking the vanity of many, and their false doctrines, let us return to the word which has been handed down to us from the beginning” Ch 7 Epistle of Polycarp to the Philippians

Paul’s Authority is Saved “For neither I, nor any other such one, can come up to the wisdom of the blessed and glorified Paul. He, when among you, accurately and steadfastly taught the word of truth in the presence of those who were then alive. And when absent from you, he wrote you a letter, which, if you carefully study, you will find to be the means of building you up in that faith which has been given you...” Ch 3 Martyrdom of Polycarp • Authorities on the hunt • Polycarp in hiding • Polycarp’s dream • Polycarp caught-does not run • “Caesar is Lord, and offer incense” • Away with the atheist • “How can I blaspheme my king who saved me?” • “I am a Christian, and if you wish to learn more about , I will be happy to make an appointment.” • “For we are not accustomed to repent of what is good in order to adopt that which is evil” • Fire did not consume him • Stabbed with a dagger • His blood extinguished the flames So where does that leave us? The Diversity of Early Christianity-2nd Century Jewish-Christian Adoptionists Gnostic Christians • Jesus was righteous but not divine • Knowledge (gnosis) is necessary for salvation • Not born of a virgin • Located in urban centers • Did not exist prior to birth • Lots of different kinds • Was not God • Divinity entered Jesus at baptism • Was “adopted” by God • Knowledge was a secret • “Here O Israel, the Lord our God, the Lord is one.” • Many non-canonical texts (Deut 6:4)

Marcionite Christians Proto-Orthodox Christians • Advanced by scholar and evangelist Marcion • Became the dominant group of Christians • Claimed to uncover true teachings in Paul’s • Jesus was human and divine writings • Jesus was one being not two • Two separate Gods: of the Jews and of Jesus • Jesus taught his disciples the truth who then • Jesus was only divine not human taught others • The humanity of Jesus was merely appearance • This truth was written in books by the apostles • These text formed authority Seek Jesus Closing Prayer Christ be with me, Christ within me, Christ behind me, Christ before me, Christ beside me, Christ to win me, Christ to comfort and restore me. Christ beneath me, Christ above me, Christ in quiet, Christ in danger, Christ in hearts of all that love me, Christ in mouth of friend and stranger.

I bind unto myself the Name, The strong Name of the , By invocation of the same, The Three in One and One in Three. By Whom all nature hath creation, Eternal Father, Spirit, Word: Praise to the Lord of my salvation, Salvation is of Christ the Lord.

- Excerpt from Patrick’s Breastplate: A Prayer of Protection