364 YONTHLP wEA!rHER REVIEW. AUGUST,1907

See, T. J. J. On the temperature, secular cooling and contraction Kaiserl. Akademie der Wiseenschapten in Wh. Sitmngsberichte. Mit- of the earth, and on the theory of earthquakes held by the ancients. teilungen der ErdbebewEommia&i#n. Wwn. New Folge. No. 31. 1906. p. igi-ag9. Benndorf. Hans. Ueber die Art Fortpflanzung der Erdbebenwellen Japan. Imperial earthquake investigat&n commit&. Bulletin. Tokyo. v. 1. im Erdinneren. (I1 Mitteilung.) no. 4: Afeteorobgiache Z&chrifl. Brarunechweig. Bd. 24. August 1907. Omori, F. Note on the Kashgar (Turkestan) earthquake of Aug. Jaufhann, J. Beobachtungen uber die radioaktive Emanation in 88, 1902. p. 161-166. der Atmosphlire an der Hochstation Zugepitze. p. 337-351. Omori, F. Tilting of the ground during a storm. p. 167-171. Busch, Fr. Die neutralen Punkte von Babinet und Arago in den Omori, F. The deflection and vibration of railway bridges. 2d Jahren 1905 und 1906 nach Beobachtungen in Arnsherg. p. 351-355. papef. p. 172-176. Fenyi, J. Zur ErklSrung der grosseu Invereion. p. 355-360. Omon, F. Horizontal tremor recorder. p. 191. Ward, R[obert] DeC[ourcy]. Zur Klassifikation der Klimate. Omori, F. Long-period horizontal pendulum. p. 192-193. p. 361-36;3. Omori, F. Seismograpliio diagramsof the local earthquake of June -Passat und Gegenpassat in den Tropen von L. Teisserenc de 11,1907. p. 19C199. Bort und L. Rotch. p. 362-363. Meteorologtcal society of Japan. Journal. Tokyo. 26th year. July, 1907. E., F. M. Ueber die Absorption der Wiirmestrahlung in der At- Tsutsui, H. On the reduction of barometric pressure to sea level. mosphtire. p. 363. (JRP.) Hann, J[ulius]. Dr. G. H. Favaro uber das Klima von Padua. p. Satake, B. On the rate of temperature decrease with the altitude. 366-367. (eJap.1 H[ann], J[ulius]. Das meteorologische Observatorium von Law- Nature. London. v. 76. rence Rotch auf Blue Hill. p. 368.

Fessenden, Reginald A. Atmospheric absorption of wireless ~ Regenfall auf den Cook-Inseln. p. 368. signals. (Aug. 29, 1907.) p. 111. Woeikow, A. Rpgen und Wind auf Portorico. p. 373-373. Chree, C. Kathode rays aud the aurora. (Sept. 5,1907.) p. 481-482. Okada, T. Regenfall in Otori, Nordostjapan. p. 373-374. School science and mnthematies. Chicago. v. 7. Oct., 1907. H[ann], J[ulius]. Dauer des Sonnenscheins in Paris. p. 380. Abbe, Cleveland. Ebpy’s nepheloscope. p. 586-587. Hlann], J[ulius]. Resultate cler meteorologisuhen Beobachtungen Science. New York. New series. v. 26. Sept. 6, 1907. in Hebron iin Jahre 1905. p 380-381. Rigge, William F. Seeing the lightning strike. p. 312. -Momber iiber die Temperatur Ton Danzig. p. 381-382.

South Aj’ricnn philosophical society. Transactions. Cape Town. u. 16. pt. ~ Meteorologische Beobachtungen an der Hudsonbai im Jahre 5. 190:. 1904. p.382. Walter, A. Discussion of errors of certain types of minimum Naturzu~se~chaftlicheRundachau. Berlin. 22 Jahrgang. spirit thermorneterb in use at the Royal Alfred observatory, Messerschmitt, J. B. Ueber die Wellenbewegungen bei Erdbeben. Mauritius. p. 419-43s. (29. bug. 1907.) p. 441-443. Claxton, T. F. Note on the connection between the rainfall at Teisserenc de Bort, Leon. Ueber die Temperaturverteilong in Durbau and Mauritius. p. 437-442. der Atiiio.syhiire unter dem niircllichen Polarkreise und in Trappes. Symm’s meteorological magazine. London. v. 42. (12 Sept. 1907.) p. 473. Inwards, Richard. Weather whims. 111. The foil hygroscope. Neiceate ErdbebacNachrichten. Laibach. Jahrgang 7. 19(tY-l90S. (Aug., 1907.) p. 136. Belar, A. Bodenhewegungen und die StalJilitlit der Bauten. p. 1-3. -The British association at Leicester. (Sept., 1907.) p. 151-151. Pelermanns bfitteilungen. Gotha. 5.;. Band, 1907. Marriott. William. International investigation- of the umer_* Steffen, Hans. Einigo Ergebnisse cler Untersuchungen uber daa atmosp1;ers. (Sept., 1907.) p. 151-156. mittelchilenische Erdbeben VOLU 16. August 1906. p. 133-138. Archives des eciencea physiques et naturelka. Gencve. 4 pCriode. Tome 2.f. Hann, J. Die meteorologischw Beobachtungen des Freiherrn Kurt Juillet, aoiit 1907. v. Grunau in der Lihp>henWiiste. p. 164-165. Stijrmer, Carl. Sur les trajectoires des corpuscles BlectrisBs dans lVwner Euftachiffer Zeitung. Wien. 6 Jahrgnng. Sept. 1907. I’espace sous l’action du magnbtisme terrestre avec application Levee, Charles. Elektrische Erscheinungen im Ballon. p. 181-182. aus aumres borkales. p. 5-18, 111-158. ~ Polarforschung und Metevrologie. p. 183-18-1. Ciel et terre. Bruzellea. Pi annCe. 16 aoGt 1907. Zeitachriftfiir Geioaaserkunde. Dresden. 5’. Bd. -La sbcheresse de 1’Btk de 1904 et son influence dans les forbts Polis, P[eter]. Die Ueberschwemmung im Inde- und Rurgebiet Allemandes. p. 303. am 27. und 28. Februar 1906. p. 1-10, Dobrowolski, A. Les crlstaus de glace abriens et le phenomhne Zeitachrift fiir Gkbcherkunde. Berlin. Bcl. 2. Jqdi 190;. des halos. p. 305-312. Mercanton, Paul L. Les nivomhtres des Alpes suisses. p. 56-58. Reak accadejniu dei Lincei. Atti. Serie quanta. Rendiconti. Claaee di fiance. Acadimie o!ea sciences. Comptea rendue. Paris. Tome I@. 9 sept. scienze fisiche, maleinntiche e naturali. v. 16. P aem. 21 luglio 1907. 1907. Bemporad, A. Saggio di nuova formola empirica per rappresentare Jouget, -. Sur la resistance de l’air. p. 500-502. il modo di variare della radiazione solare col variere dello spessoie Nature (Lm). Pdris. 35 anntk. 17 aoiit 1907. Supplement. atmosferico attraversato dai raggi. p. 126-139. - Enregistreur d’orages. p. 92. Societa degli spettroscopiati Itnliani. Meniorie. Calania. v. 36. 190;. Revue nCphologiip. dim. Aoiit 1907. Alessandri, Camillo. Observazioni meteorologiche, elettromet- -RBduction barometriques et calculs d’altitude. p. 153. riche e pireliometriche a1 Monte Rosa durante l’eclisse solare del -Nebulositi: et insolation it Eberswalde. p. 154. 30 agosto 19Y5. p. 135-114. Muller, Rudolf. Phenomenes orageus A Gumbinnen, 1885-190G. Societic geogrtifica Ituliana. Bolkttino. Ser. 4. v. 8. Set. 1907. p. 154-156. Eredia, Filiyo, and Memmo, Giovanni. Contributo alla clima- Shedd, J. 0. L’Bvolution du crista1 de neige. p. 156-159. tologia di Massaua. p. 851-866. Annalen der Hydroyraphk und maritimen bfetewologie. Berlin. Socierlad geogniphica de Lima. Lima. Ano 16. Tom0 19. Mecking, L. Die Treibeiserscheinungen bei Neufundland in ihrer Marchant, Victor M. Apuntes para la climatologia de Arequipa Abhiingigkeit von nTitterungsverhalt~iissen. p. 34X-355. desde el punto de vista de la higiene. p. 183-199. Gam. Leipzig. 43 Jahrgang. Societlad nent@ca “Antonio dkate ”. Memorim y revirrtn. hlecico. Torno -Das Erdbeben vom 31. Januar 1906 in Kolumbien. (Sept. 1Y07. ) 24. Feb., 190;. p. 543-547. Leal, Mariano. CorrelaciAn de 10s vientos en Lm’m, deducida de -Die Zusammensetzung der Atmosphbre. (Okt. 1907.) 1). 581- ocho anos de observaciGu, de 1898 ti 1005. p. 337-328. 589. - Wolkenhildung uber San Francisco wiihrend des Branrles. (Okt. 1907.) p. 624-635. THE NEW PUBLIC WEATHER SERVICE OF GERMANY. -Die Uebersohwemmungen in Schlesien. (Okt. 1007.) p. 625-626. . K. Ueber die Ursachen des diesjahrigen nassen und kuhlen Som- [Translated from the original hy (Tustav E. Ranech.] mers. (Okt. 1907.) p. 626627. In the month of July, 1906, there was established, by di- Globics. Braunschiueig. 5. Sept. 1W17. Bd. 9.2. rection of the Minister of Agriculture, Domaine, and Forests, Passarge, -. Das Problem der Klimadnderung in Siidafrika. 13. a Public Weather Service. This was first extended to north- 133-134. mytrierte abonautische Mitteilungen. Straasburg. 11 Jahrgang. ern Germany, and this year also to southern Germany and

~ Die Erforschung der hijheren Schichten der Atmosphdre auf Hesse. Northern Germany has been divided into ten dis- der Reise 8. M. S. “ Planet” von Januar bis Oktober 1906. (Aug., tricts, in which forecast centers have been established. Pro- Sapt., 1907.) p. 265-273, 313-321. ceeding from west to east these centers are located as follows: Asswnn, Richard. Aus den Kgl. aeronautischen Observatorium Lindehberg. (Aug., 1907.) p. 273-378. Aachen, Weilburg on the Lahn, Frankfort on the Main, Ham- Bassus, IS v. Einfache Fernrohrablesung fur Thermometer. burg, Magdeburg, Ilmenau in Thfiringia, Berlin, Breslau, (Sept., 1907.) p. 327. Bromberg, and Khigsberg; in addition there arc3 Dresden for

Unauthenticated | Downloaded 10/02/21 10:38 PM UTC AUGUST,1907. MONTHLY WEATHER RIEVIEW. 365 the kingdom of Saxony, likewise in southern Germany Stras- weather map contains a review of the weather conditions, burg for Alsace-Lorraine, Karlsruhe for Baden, Stuttgart for particular consideration being given to meteorological condi- Wiirtemberg, and Munich for Bavaria, making in all fifteen tions in the service district in which the station is locatd. forecast centers. In the case of the last five mentioned, the Beneath the map appears the weather forecast, also directions weather service centers are combined with the meteorological for the use of the weather map, and the telegraphic reports of central offices, whereas in northern Germany, in a good many local observations at the stations in the service district. Ac- instances, new centers were established. At Hamburg the cording to the meteorological conditions, separate forecasts center is connected with the Deutsche Seewarte, at Magde- are macle at the forecast centers for diEerent parts of their burg with the Wetterwarte of the Magdeburgische Zeitung, districts. The service clistricts have for this purpobe been at Frankfort with the Physikalische Verein, and at Aachen divided into subdistricts, according to the topographical and with the meteorological observatory. In most cases the clis- climatic conditions of the country. Forecasts are made and tricts of the weather service stations cover from one to two distributed only at forecast centers. Owing to the diversified provinces, viz: Aachen, the Rhine province and Westphalia, as condition of the country and its climate the Aachen service well as the independent Grnnd-duchy of Luxemburg, where the has the greatest number of subclistricts, viz, twelve. It may ducal government has recently established the new service be worth mentioning, as an example of the climatic con- Weilburg and Frankfort on the Main are weather service cen- trasts, that, within a distance of 50 kilometeis, the difference ters for Hesse and the province Hesse-Nassau; Ilmenau for the in the normal precipitation may range upward of 700 milli- Thuringen states; Hamburg for the provinces of Hanover ancl meters; for instance, the normal precipitation per annum at Schleswig-Holstein ; Dhgdeburg for the province of Saxony; Monte Rigi, in Venn, is 1305 ruin., while at Euskirchen it is Berlin for Brandenburg and the Grand-duchy of Mecklenburg ; only 5-16 ~nm.8 Breslau for Silesia; Bromberg for Pomerania and west Prussia, At 11 o'clock the forecast is delivered by the service station and Iionigsberg for east Prussia. to the telegraph office, whence it is disseminated by telegraph. In Germany, for some years past, weather forecasts have Every post-ofice, even the smallest in the rural districts,receives been distributed by telegraph from the Weilburg weather the weather telegram, and the test of the forecast is posted service for parts of Hesse-Nassau, and since 1904 from the on the outside of the building for the benefit of the public. meteorological observatory at Aachen for the central part of This is completed by 12 o'clock, noon. The forecasts have by the Rhine province; and further, for one pear (1901), there this time been posted at more than twenty thousand public existed an experimental service at Berlin for the province of places in northern Germany. Forecasts are made for the Brandenburg. following thirty-six hours. Information as to the probable Thru the accommodation of the Deutsche Seewarte the fore- condition of the weather for the clay can also be furnished. The transmission of the weather forecasts by telegraph is cast centers receive the so-called collected telegraiii reports by the use of a word code, which consisted last year of two from the meteorological stations thruout Europe, in all about seventy stations. These telegrams are received at the forecast key words and this year of three key words. For an illustra- tion take the following: centers from 9:30 to 10:15 a. m. Several of the service centers have telegraphic communication, the observatory at Aachen Fwecnst: To-niorrow rain ~fi)hc?dby dT!j iiwther niid generally being one; at other places the forecast center is located with clear. the general post-ofice. Forecast centers receive in addition 01 direct telegraphic reports of observations from stations in their own service districts, also oftentimes from high stations, such as Monte Rigi in Venn, and Feldberg in Taunus. Other data from meteorological and rainfall stations are transmitted by letter. Finally, the service centers receive, either by tele- grain or by postal card, the gage readings of the height of water in the important rivers of such districts as include the Rhine, the Weser, the Elbe, the Oder, ancl the Weichsel. Lama Polstel. At the forecast centers a weather map is prepared daily; In addition, at the forecast centers copies of the weather also the so-called working map in manuscript, as well as aus- map are being prepared. This is accomplished by a printing iliary maps showing distribution of temperature, rainfall, process with the use of a Roneo or cyclostyle apparatus. The and barometric changes thruout Europe. In addition, there process differs from that in use in America in that the whole are traced general maps of the condition of the weather in the test, statistics, ancl even the weather map itself, are written service district itself. All time data are based on 8 a. m., and drawn upon a wax map. The apparatus contains a roller, central European time. The telegraphic reports include which has to be saturated with ink, the motive power for pressure, temperature, masimuin and minimum temperatures, the apparatus being, as a rule, deriT-ecl from an electric motor; direction and velocity of wind, as well as condition of the it delivers something like forty finished weather maps a minute. weather within the past twenty-four hours. These reports are As a rule the printing of the weather map commences at 10:45 telegraphed by the use of a cipher code, which is essentially a. m., when the maps are immediately wrapt and mailed, so founded upon the relative value of the meteorological elements. they can be displayed the same day. At 12 o'clock this work Take, for instance, the telegram of Mag 29, 1906, 8 a. m., icJ finished. '' 61522 33172 01810 ". This means that at Berlin the pres- Attached to the service station at Aachen is a substation, sure (reduced to sea level and to latitude 45') was 761.5 mu, which is located at Bonn on the Rhine, where weather maps west-southwest wind prevailed of velocity 3 (light), the sky are issueci, no forecast being prepared at this place. The was three-fourths obscured (cloudy), the temperature was hubstation at Bonn is in telephonic communication with the 17.2' C., there was 1 mm. of precipitation within the past Aachen observatory every morning and receives the forecasts twenty-four hours, and the weather conciition was showery the by telephone. past twenty-four hours. The issue of the weather map in Germany is a large one; The working map is completed at about 1030 a. m. The for instance, at the Aachen station 1600 are issued daily. In fact the meteorological system was organized ibLusemburg only The clistribution is effected exclusively by mail, the cost of in 1907 by the writer of this article. each, including delivery, being 50 pfennige a month. In all

Unauthenticated | Downloaded 10/02/21 10:38 PM UTC 366 MONTHLP WEATHER REVIEW. AUQUST,1907 about 12,000 weather maps are issued daily at the various especially so in Germany, as the movements of the areas of low service stations thruout Germany. and high pressure are quite complicated. The constant forma- During the winter season (October to April, inclusive) tion of separate low pressure areas and the variety of climatic weather forecasts are not given the same wide distribution as conditions add to the dif6culty of making precise weather in summer; they are only published in the newspapers and on predictions. In addition low pressure areas appear suddenly the weather maps. on the British coast, influencing with extraordinary rapidity For the purpose of verifying forecasts, suitable persons the weather conditions in western and central Europe. The (observers at meteorological stations, directors of schools, etc.) conditions for the weather service of the United States are are appointed in every service district to keep a record of the much more favorable, for, on account of the absence of a occurrences of weather conditions and to remark upon the mountain range running from west to east, areas of uniform verification of the forecasts. Their reports are sent in weekly. weather are large, and besides the paths of the areas of low rind The Aachen service station has cooperating observers at ap- high pressure are considerably more regular. Since all lows proximately 115 places. The final verifications are made at and highs come from the west and can be recognized at a dis- the different forecast centers. tance of thousands of kilometers,-and in passing from the For eclucational purposes directors of the service and their Pacific to the Atlantic occupy several days, therefore it is pos- assistants give lectures on meteorology for the benefit of agri- sible to make forecasts for a longer period than in Europe, cultural and other societies. namely, f orty-ei gh t hours. It is a difficult matter to make a weather forecast in Europe, THE WEATHER OF THE MONTH. By Mr. P. C. DAY,Assistant Chief, Division of Meteorological Recorda. PRESSURE. what the force and persistency of the southerly winds normal The distribution of mean atmospheric pressure for August, to the season in the districts east of the Rocky Mountains. 1907, over the United States and Canada, is graphically Over the northern half of the above district, as far eastward shown on Chart VI, and the average values and departures as the Great Lakes, the wind movement ranged from 10 to from the normal are shown for each station in Tables I and V. 30 per cent above the seasonal average. Southerly surface Under normal conditions the atmospheric pressure in- winds prevailed over nearly all districts east of the Rocky creases during August from that of July over the entire Mountains, while over the Plateau and Pacific coast districts northern half of the TJnited States, and apparently the whole the winds were generally from some westerly point. of Canada, from the Rocky Mountains eastward to the Atlan- TEMPERATURE. tic, with the maximum increase, more than .05 inch, over the The month was colder than the average over the entire lower St. Lawrence Valley. northern half of the United States and the whole of Canada Over the South Atlantic and Gulf States August marks the as far as observations extend, except a small area near the advent of the West Indian hurricane season, and the occa- Gulf of St. Lawrence, wyhere a small excess of temperature sional passage of these storms westward and northeastward was noted. Over the central and northern portions of the over the districts mentioned tends to lower the average pres- Rocky Mountain and Plateau districts, the monthly averages sure from that of July, the decrease over the Florida Penin- were nearly 5' below the normal, making the fifth consecutive sula, Cuba, and adjacent regions amounting to as much as month during which the mean temperature has been continu- .05 inch. On the north Pacific coast the beginning of the ously below the average in those districts. Over the Lake rainy season is indicated by diminishing pressure from that region, Middle Atlantic States, and New England the tem- of July, with the maximum decrease, about .05 inch, along the perature averaged from 2' to more than 4' below the normal, immediate coasts of Washington and Oregon. and was likewise the fifth consecutive month with mean tem- During August, 1907, the average pressure increased over perature below the seasonal average. that of July in all portions of the United States and Canada, Temperatures above the average were recorded over the except the upper Missouri Valley and adjoining Canadian whole of the cotton-growing States, with the maximum excess districts and a small area embracing the coast district over western Texas, where the average for the month esceeded of northern California. Over the eastern districts of the the normal by nearly 5'. United States and Canada the increase was quite marked, Abnormally warm weather occurred over most of Texas, ranging from .10 to .15 inch, while over the coast districts of Arkansas, southwestern Missouri, Icansas, and Oklahoma dur- Washington the increase was from .05 to .08 inch. ing the second week of the month. From the 10th to the 12th Along the northern portions of JIontana and North Dakota the maximum temperatures over Arkansas, and the adjoining and the adjoining Canadian Provinces of Alberta and Sas- districts of Missouri, Kansas, Oklahoma, Texas, Louisiana, and katchewan, the pressure decreased from that of July by ilhsissippi, ranged from 100" to llOo, and were in many cases, amounts from .05 to .07 inch. especially over Arkansas, the highest ever recorded. High Pressure was decidedly above normal over the north Pa- temperatures again prevailed in the above districts near the cific coast, the lower Mississippi Valley, and the Gulf and end of the month. Maximum temperatures slightly above 100' south Atlantic coasts. Over the northern portion of the were recorded in the valley of the Columbia River and over United States and the Canadian Provinces east of the Rocky the plains of eastern Washington and Oregon and the lower Mountains, except the peninsula of Ontario, the pressure elevations of Idaho on the first day of the month. Over cen- averaged from .03 to .07 inch below normal. tral and Southeastern California and the southern portion of Pressure averaged 30 05 inches, or above, over the Florida Arizona masimuu temperatures from 100' to 110O and over Peninsula, the central portion of the Appalachian region, and were recorded, but these readings were not unusual for the along the coasts of Washington and Oregon; and 29.85, or region and season. lower, over the Canadian Northwest Provinces, southeastern Minimum temperatures of 36" or lower occurred in the California, and the southern portions of Arizona and New mountain districts from northern Arizona and New Mexico Mexico. northward, and over the northern portion of the States along The high pressure extending from the west Gulf coast the boundary from the Rocky Mountains to New England, northeastward over the South Atlantic States, with more than accompanied by light to heavy frosts, but without serious the usual decrease in pressure northward, augmented some- injury to vegetation.

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