Section J Tree Fruit Crops

Field Characteristics of Fruit-Tree-Attacking Spider Mites in the Pacific Northwest

John Mellott Revised March 2021

Mite Egg Summer adult Stage and location of Degree of Comments overwintering form webbing Clover mite Red, spherical, and Dark brown to Overwinter as larvae Very little Not too numerous on fruit Bryobia smooth greenish, flattened (red), nymphs (red- trees. May migrate into praetiosa mite with front legs of green), and adults (red- homes in spring and fall. female much longer green) in soil, litter, and Often confused with B. than other legs. on bark of trees. The rubrioculus. Posterior marginal larva has slender dorsal setae are drop-shaped setae. on the adult female. Brown mite Red, spherical, and Similar to B. praetiosa, Overwinter as eggs on Very little Found primarily on trees Bryobia smooth but the posterior setae twigs and branches. and shrubs and may rubrioculus are fan-shaped. Larvae, nymphs, and be quite abundant in adults may be found orchards. in litter and on bark of trees. The larva has fan- shaped dorsal setae but otherwise looks much like that of B. praetiosa. European red Red, slightly flattened, Female a brick-red Overwinter as red eggs Very little Feed heavily on wild rose mite with a dorsal stalk color with obvious on twigs and branches. bushes; wild rose can be Panonychus white tubercles on the a source of infestation if ulmi dorsal surface of the orchard boundaries are not body from which hairs sprayed. arise. Yellow spider Translucent, spherical Pale yellow, with 2 or Overwinter as yellow Very little Usually present in small mite 3 paired fields of small females on trees and , in colonies on leaves. Eotetranychus dark spots on body. ground litter. carpini borealis The adults are smaller than the adults of Tetranychus urticae. Both species may be on same leaf. McDaniel Whitish (appears pale Greenish to yellowish Orange females Extensive May be a serious problem spider mite green on leaf) and with two small dark overwinter on trees or on fruit at harvest time. Tetranychus spherical. spots near middle of in ground litter. mcdanieli body and two larger spots near posterior Twospotted Whitish (appears pale Greenish to yellowish Overwinter as orange Extensive Feed most commonly on spider mite green on leaf) and with two large, dark females on trees or in undersides of leaves. Tetranychus spherical. spots on body; Body ground litter. Orange urticae globular. females may be found as early as mid-August.

PNW Insect Management Handbook J1 Key to bud development stages Stage Apple Pear Stage Stone fruits Dormant 1-2 1 Dormant 1 Delayed-dormant 3-4 2-3 Delayed-dormant 2 Prepink 4-5 4-5 Prebloom 3-6 Pink 6-7 6-7 Bloom 7-8 Bloom 8 8 Petal fall 8+ Petal fall 8+ 8+ Key to bud development stages This chart illustrates the various stages of flowering for Avoid pesticide applications during bloom to protect common tree fruits in the PNW. The chart may be used honeybees. For many insect pests, including mites and scale, to time pesticide application for the proper and effective pesticide applications made during the dormant or delayed- control of insect pests, while minimizing potential adverse dormant periods are most effective. in particular, horticulatural effects on honeybee populations. Proper timing of pesticide oil (dormant oil) applications made during this time that applications is critical for effective pest management. Proper achieve good coverage can effectively smother mite eggs and timing also is essential to protect honeybees that are present scale insects that may be present. during bloom.

J2 PNW Insect Management Handbook Applying Pesticide on Fruit Tree Pests

Read carefully the entire label of each material that is to be used. Under present federal regulations, it is illegal to apply any pesticide in a manner, rate, or dilution that is not recommended on the label. Check with the county agent or the agricultural research center in your area if there are any discrepancies between recommendations in this handbook and a pesticide label with regard to rates, dilutions, or manner of application. Pests and strategies for their management vary throughout the Pacific Northwest. Complete spray schedules are available for the different growing regions of Washington, Oregon, and Idaho. The following insecticides and miticides are the general materials that are available for pest control—not all materials registered for a given use are listed. Specific materials and formulations may be more effective in certain areas of the Pacific Northwest than in others. Be sure to check with your county agent or agricultural research center in regard to specific management programs. Not all label restrictions can be listed here. You must read the label to ensure legal use. COMMERCIAL GROWERS: The following materials and formulations presently are registered for use in the Pacific Northwest states for pest control in the various orchard crops. Application rates in the tables are based on current spray practices of up to 100 gallons of water per acre per application, except where the label specifies otherwise or for dormant/ delayed-dormant sprays where the historical dilute spray volumes of up to 400 gal water/acre are still recommended. The label rates are given per acre and must never be exceeded. Tree size, amount of foliage, type of equipment used, and other factors are important in determining the amount of spray solution to use per acre. When applying concentrate sprays (spray volumes of ≤100 gal water/a), use the per-acre rates or a modification of these rates according to the label. IRAC mode of action group numbers [Group X] are given for each of the chemicals suggested in the following list. To reduce the development of pesticide resistance, users should choose insecticides from these groups in rotation, using where possible at least three different registered groups in succession. (see http://www.irac-online.org/teams/mode-of-action/)

do not use these products during bloom or if bees are foraging in the orchard. See How to Reduce Bee Poisoning from Pesticides. Mite identification: See Field Characteristics of Fruit-Tree- Apple Pests Attacking Spider Mites in the Pacific Northwest. Note: Products are listed in alphabetical order and not in order of Nik Wiman and Heather Stoven preference or superiority of pest control. Latest revision—March 2021 Apple—Apple-and-thorn skeletonizer INCLUDES MANAGEMENT OPTIONS FOR Choreutis pariana COMMERCIAL AND HOME USE Pest description and crop damage Adult moth is reddish brown, with a wingspread less than 0.5 inch, and irregular light and In all cases, follow the instructions on the pesticide label. The PNW dark bands on the wings. Larvae are 0.5 inch long, yellowish to Insect Management Handbook has no legal status, whereas the greenish, with black spots and a yellow-brown head. Pupae are pesticide label is a legal document. Read the product label before yellow to brown with a white silken cocoon. Larvae skeletonize making any pesticide applications. and roll leaves. Damaged leaves are brown and papery and drop prematurely. Larvae feed on apple, crabapple, and cherry as well as a wide variety of native hosts such as hawthorn, willow, birch and Pre-mixed pesticide combinations mountain ash. Commercially packaged insecticide premixes should not be used in Biology and life history Adult moths overwinter in crevices in the commercial orchard crops from a pesticide resistance management tree. They lay eggs in small bunches on the undersides of leaves. perspective. To prolong the effectiveness of insecticides, an The larvae emerge and feed on the underside of the leaves. They effective insect resistance management program must be part of then move to the top surface to feed, often tying the sides together an IPM program that involves sampling and monitoring, treatment creating a “rolled” effect. There can be more than one caterpillar in thresholds, biological and cultural control. Do not use pesticides the rolled leaf that becomes skeletonized. After 3 to 4 weeks, larvae with the same mode of action on back-to-back generations of a pest. pupate in the rolled leaf. Adults emerge after about 2 weeks to start Home orchardists should seek to identify specific pests and select a new generation. There are at least two generations per year. appropriate pesticides for the targeted pest. Scouting and thresholds Watch for signs of skeletonizing, which Notes from a distance looks like the leaf tips have been burned. 1. All rates listed are for formulated products, unless specifically Management—biological control stated otherwise. 2. Reference to stages (0–7) refers to the bud development chart There are many natural enemies of this pest. Avoid broad-spectrum in this handbook. sprays that would disrupt biological control. Protect pollinators: Warning: Many pesticides are hazardous to bees. Look for bee precautionary statements on product labels and

PNW Insect Management Handbook J3 Management—cultural control ♦♦ Beauveria bassiana—Some formulations are OMRI-listed. Larvae and pupae are easily removed from rolled leaves. Remove ♦♦ carbaryl—Highly toxic to bees. heavily infested twigs. ♦♦ esfenvalerate—Highly toxic to bees. ♦♦ gamma-cyhalothrin—Highly toxic to bees. Management—chemical control: HOME USE ♦♦ horticultural mineral oil—Some formulations are OMRI-listed for No chemicals are labeled for specific control of this pest. organic use. Management—chemical control: COMMERCIAL USE ♦♦ imidacloprid—Soil drenches may have residual activity in woody plants lasting for 12 or more months. If short-term management is Insecticides used for codling moth or apple maggot also control this the goal, consider other approaches. Highly toxic to bees. pest. ♦♦ insecticidal soap—Some formulations OMRI-listed for organic use. Apple—Aphid ♦♦ kaolin—Applied as a spray to leaves, stems, and fruit, it acts as a Includes repellant to target pests. Some formulations are OMRI-listed. Apple grain aphid (Rhopalosiphum oxyacanthae) ♦♦ lambda-cyhalothrin—Highly toxic to bees. Apple aphid (Aphis pomi) ♦♦ malathion—Highly toxic to bees. Rosy apple aphid (Dysaphis plantaginea) ♦♦ permethrin—Highly toxic to bees. Pest description and crop damage Apple grain aphid is light ♦♦ plant-derived essential oils—Some have shown efficacy against green with a distinctive green stripe down the middle of the back. aphids. Some formulations are OMRI-listed for organic use. Apple grain aphids infest apple buds in the early part of the season, ♦♦ pyrethrins (often as a mix with other ingredients) —Highly toxic often becoming apparent at green tip. Apple grain aphid is typically to bees. Some formulations are OMRI-listed for organic use. not economic and its early appearance may jumpstart aphid ♦♦ zeta-cypermethrin—Highly toxic to bees. natural enemy populations. Green apple aphid is dark green and is present throughout the growing season on foliage. It may be more Management—chemical control: COMMERCIAL USE problematic on green and yellow apple cultivars. Heavy populations Stages 0-1: Egg control with dormant & delayed-dormant sprays can feed directly on the fruit, which can mark fruit, or honeydew ♦♦ chlorpyrifos (Lorsban 4E) at 1.5 to 4 pints/a + horticultural from this aphid can cause sooty mold growth. mineral oil at 6 to 8 gal/a in up to 400 gal water. Cold or dry Rosy apple aphids are rose-purple. Their feeding causes severe leaf conditions may cause Lorsban 4E oil sprays to infuse into trees, curling, along with honeydew and sooty mold. Fruits of certain resulting in bud damage or bud drop. Do not apply until winter varieties can be stunted and deformed by early-season feeding. rains or irrigation has replenished soil moisture such that bark and The best time for control is before bloom. Once leaves are severely twigs are not desiccated. Only one application of chlorpyrifos can curled, aphids are extremely difficult to kill. be made per year. Organophosphate insecticides are highly toxic to birds and fish. Avoid drift to open water and maintain buffers. Scouting and thresholds Begin observing growing shoots in REI 4 days. [Group 1B] RESTRICTED USE IN OREGON. late May as shoot leaves are expanding rapidly. About four to five ♦♦ diazinon (Diazinon 50W) at 4 lb/a + horticultural mineral oil at 6 infested leaves per shoot indicates a problem. Aphid identification to 8 gal/a in up to 400 gal water. Dormant or delayed dormant use is necessary to guide treatment decisions as apple grain aphid and of diazinon is limited to one application. Delayed-dormant control green apple aphid are typically less damaging. with oil, plus an organophosphate, is most effective for scale Management—biological control control. Organophosphate insecticides are highly toxic to birds and fish. Avoid drift to open water and maintain buffers. REI 4 days. Aphids have many natural enemies including lady beetles, syrphid [Group 1B] fly larvae, green lacewings, and parasitoid wasps. Avoid broad- ♦♦ Narrow-range horticultural mineral oil at 6 to 8 gal/a in up to 400 spectrum insecticide applications that disrupt these controls. gal water. REI varies by formulation; see label. Some formulations Management—cultural control are OMRI-listed for organic use. Aphid populations tend to be higher in plants that are fertilized ♦♦ lime sulfur (Calcium polysulfide)—Formulations vary; see label liberally with nitrogen because aphids prefer succulent new growth. for rates. May be mixed with horticultural mineral oil at 6 to 8 gal/a in up to 400 gal water. REI 2 days. Some formulations are Home orchardists: Wash aphids from plants with a strong stream of OMRI-listed for organic use. water or by hand-wiping. ♦♦ pyriproxyfen (Esteem 35 WP) at 4 to 5 oz/a in up to 400 gal water. Apply by ground with airblast equipment in a minimum of 50 Management—chemical control: HOME USE gal/a. Thorough coverage is critical for control. It is essential to Stages 0-1: Egg control with dormant & delayed-dormant sprays use adequate water volume to ensure thorough coverage. Apply at Apply sprays during dormant or delayed-dormant period (March to delayed-dormant through pink. REI 12 hr. [Group 7C] April). Do not use after pink appears in buds. Use enough water to Stages 3-4: Prepink & tight cluster sprays cover the entire tree thoroughly including small limbs and shoots. ♦♦ acetamiprid (Assail 70WP) at 1.1 to 1.7 oz/a in up to 100 gal water ♦♦ horticultural mineral oil—Some formulations OMRI-listed for per application. Do not make more than four applications per year organic use. or exceed 13.5 oz/a per growing season. REI 12 hr. [Group 4A] Spring and summer ♦♦ diazinon (Diazinon 50W) at 4 lb/a in up to 100 gal water per application. Dormant or delayed dormant use of diazinon is If leaves become severely curled by rosy apple aphids, control is limited to one application. REI 4 days. [Group 1B] very difficult. Do not apply after blossoms open. ♦♦ cyantraniliprole (Exirel) at 10 to 17 fl oz/a in up to 100 gal water ♦♦ acetamiprid per application. For rosy apple aphid begin applications at green ♦♦ azadirachtin (neem oil)—Some formulations are OMRI-listed for tip to early pink. REI 12 hr. PHI 3 days. [Group 28] organic use. ♦♦ flonicamid (Beleaf 50 SG) at 2 to 2.8 oz/a in up to 100 gal water

J4 PNW Insect Management Handbook per application. Use a minimum of 50 gal water when applied by Biology and life history The insect overwinters as an immature ground. Do not apply more than three applications per season. REI larva under egg masses on the bark. Females lay 10 to 80 eggs in 12 hr. [Group 29] each cluster in overlapping rows like shingles. The egg mass forms Spring and summer a flattened, slightly convex oval about 0.5 inch in diameter. They are initially yellow but age to red then gray in color. Larvae emerge ♦♦ acetamiprid (Assail 70WP) at 1.1 to 1.7 oz/a in up to 100 gal water at bud break and commence mining the leaves. Later, larvae tie per application. Do not make more than four applications per year together leaves with webbing to make nests up to 3 inches across. or exceed 13.5 oz/a per growing season. REI 12 hr. PHI 7 days. [Group 4A] Each nest contains several caterpillars. New nests are made as leaves in old ones are consumed. The caterpillars pupate in clusters ♦♦ Chromobacterium subtsugae (Grandevo) at 2 to 3 lb/a. Under within webbing, beginning around June. Adults emerge from late heavy pest populations, apply a knockdown insecticide prior to or June onwards, with females laying eggs into the fall. There is only in a tank mix, use the higher label rates, shorten the spray interval, one generation per year. and/or increase the spray volume to improve coverage. REI 4 hr PHI 0 day. OMRI-listed for organic use. Management—cultural control ♦♦ clothianidin (Belay) at 4 to 6 fl oz/a in up to 100 gal water per Pick off or prune out any egg masses observed on the bark in the application. Do not apply more than 12 fl oz/a per growing season. fall. Prune out and destroy nests (in May) when practical. Also REI 12 hr. PHI 7 days. [Group 4A] remove any pupating clusters when noticed. ♦♦ diazinon (Diazinon 50W) at 4 lb/a in up to 100 gal water per application. Do not apply more than one in-season application per Management—chemical control: HOME USE season. REI 4 days. PHI 21 days. [Group 1B] ♦♦ zeta-cypermethrin—Highly toxic to bees. ♦♦ flonicamid (Beleaf 50 SG) at 2.0 to 2.8 oz/a. Use a minimum of 50 Management—chemical control: COMMERCIAL USE gal water when applied by ground. Do not exceed three sprays per season. REI 12 hr. PHI 21 days. [Group 29] No products are labeled for specific control of this pest. Products used for leafroller and codling moth management will likely ♦♦ imidacloprid (Admire Pro) at 2.8 fl oz/a in up to 100 gal water per application. Do not use within 10 days prior to bloom or when provide good control. bees are actively foraging. Do not exceed 14 fl oz/a per season. REI 12 hr. PHI 7 days. [Group 4A] Apple—Apple maggot ♦♦ pyridaben (Nexter) at 6.6 to 10.67 oz/a in up to 100 gal water per Rhagoletis pomonella application. Only one application per season. REI 12 hr. PHI 25 days. [Group 21] The apple maggot is a small fly native to the northeastern United ♦♦ pyriproxyfen (Esteem 35 WP) at 3 to 5 oz/a per 100 gal water. Do States and Canada, where it originally fed on hawthorn. It was not not exceed two applications of Esteem 35 WP per acre per season. until 100 years after apples were introduced to North America that it REI 12 hr. PHI 45 days. [Group 7C] was found feeding on apples, and today it is a key pest of apples in ♦♦ spirotetramat (Movento) at 6 to 9 fl oz/a in up to 100 gal water per northeastern regions, where several insecticide sprays are necessary application. Do not exceed 25 fl oz/a per growing season. Do not to produce fruit free from maggot injury and contamination. It apply until after petal fall. REI 24 hr. PHI 7 days. [Group 23] has since migrated to the PNW, where it was originally found in Portland in 1979. By 2000 it was found in most western Oregon ♦♦ sulfoxaflor (Transform WG) at 0.75 to 1.5 oz/a in up to 100 gal and Washington counties. The apple maggot remains a potential water per application. No more than four applications per season. PHI 7 days [Group 4C] threat to the commercial Northwest apple and pear industry in the Columbia Basin. The maggots develop in apples, quince and the ♦♦ tolfenpyrad (Bexar) at 17 to 21 oz/a in up to 100 gal water per fruits of native and ornamental hawthorn. The apple maggot also application. See supplemental label. Aerial applications not may occur incidentally in pear, plum, and tart cherry. Fortunately, allowed. No more than two applications. REI 12 hr. PHI 14 days. the apple maggot seems to attack only apple and hawthorn in [Group 21A] Oregon and Washington, and so far has not been found on pear. ♦♦ thiamethoxam (Actara WDG) at 4.5 to 5.5 oz/a in up to 100 gal Early cultivars of apples are particularly susceptible to damage. water per application. Do not exceed 16.5 oz/a per season. Actara There is a quarantine on the movement of fruit from Washington is extremely toxic to bees. REI 12 hr. PHI 35 days. [Group 4A] and Oregon counties known to have this pest. Check with your ♦♦ thiamethoxam/chlorantraniliprole (Voliam Flexi) at 6 to 7 oz/a in State Department of Agriculture for details. up to 100 gal water per application. Do not apply exceed 16 oz/a per season and do not use an adjuvant within 60 days of harvest. Pest description and crop damage The adult is a fly about the REI 12 hr. PHI 35 days. [Group 4A & 28] size of a housefly. The body is black, with dark red eyes, and the thorax and abdomen have distinctive white or cream bands. The wings are banded with black. The larva is cylindrical, tapering to a Apple—Apple ermine moth pointed, non-distinct head, and is white except for two dark mouth Yponomeuta malinellus hooks. The pupa appears similar to a large, dark brown grain of Pest description and crop damage Apple ermine moth is an wheat. Eggs are small, white and smooth, but are rarely seen, as invasive insect from Eurasia that has established in the Pacific they are laid under the skin of host fruit. Northwest. The adult insect is a long, narrow moth up to 0.4 inch The larvae tunnel through the fruit, leaving a brown, threadlike, long, white with small black spots, and long, backward-sweeping irregular trail. The tunnels enlarge as the larvae grow. The tunnels antennae. The larvae are greenish-yellow caterpillars, 0.5 inch serve as entry points for decay organisms, which cause internal long, with two rows of black spots down their body. The pupae are rotting. Fruit of soft-fleshed, early maturing varieties often drop found in spindle-shaped white cocoons. The larvae consume foliage prematurely in response to damage. In hard fleshed, late maturing within communal webs or tents. These tents are much smaller in varieties, internal decay may not occur until after the apple drops. size than those of the tent caterpillars or fall webworm. This pest primarily affects unmanaged trees but could cause damage in Biology and life history The maggot spends the winter in the commercial orchards with minimal insecticide inputs. soil in the pupal stage. As the soil warms, it begins to develop, and

PNW Insect Management Handbook J5 in June, the adults begin to emerge. Emergence continues through Spring and summer the summer, and flies are active until October. The adults feed on ♦♦ acetamiprid (Assail 70WP) at 3.4 oz/a in up to 100 gal water per honeydew produced by aphids or other insects, and after 7 to 10 application. Do not make more than four applications per year days mate and lay eggs. Eggs are laid singly under the skin of an or exceed 13.5 oz/a per growing season. REI 12 hr. PHI 7 days. apple, causing a small, brown, decayed area to develop. Eggs hatch [Group 4A] in 2 to 10 days, and larvae commence tunneling through the fruit. ♦♦ beta-cyfluthrin (Baythroid XL) at 2.4 to 2.8 fl oz/a in no less than Development is completed in 20 to 30 days, at which point the fruit 100 gal water per application. Do not apply more than 2.8 fl oz/a often drops to the ground. The larvae then leave the fruit and burrow per season. REI 12 hr. PHI 7 days. [Group 3] into the soil to pupate. There is usually only one generation per year. ♦♦ chlorantraniliprole (Altacor) at 3.0 to 4.5 oz/a in no less than Scouting and thresholds The most effective monitoring method 100 gal water per application. Do not apply more than 9 oz/a per involves the use of sticky traps, either yellow or red in color. Yellow growing season. Do not use an adjuvant within 60 days of harvest. REI 4 hr. PHI 5 days. [Group 28] sticky cards baited with ammonium carbonate chargers are effective (this same trap/lure combination is also used for cherry fruit fly and ♦♦ clothianidin (Belay) at 4 to 6 fl oz/a in up to 100 gal water per walnut husk fly). A red plastic sphere (mimicking an apple) covered application. Do not apply more than 12 fl oz/a per growing season. with sticky glue is also effective and can also be enhanced with the REI 12 hr. PHI 7 days. [Group 4A] charger. Hang traps in the outer third of the canopy by mid-June. ♦♦ cyfluthrin (Tombstone) at 2.4 to 2.8 fl oz/a in no less than 100 gal Inspect regularly. A phenology model for this pest can be used to water per application. Do not exceed 2.8 fl oz/a per season. REI 12 predict first emergence of flies (uspest.org). Traps can be used to hr. PHI 7 days. [Group 3A] verify emergence predictions from the model. Note that a low fly ♦♦ gamma-cyhalothrin (Declare) at 1.02 to 2.05 fl oz/a in enough water population may not be detected using the traps, so place the trap to achieve full coverage. REI 24 hr. PHI 21 days. [Group 3A] in a location where there is a history of activity or damage to best ♦♦ indoxacarb (Avaunt) at 5 to 6 oz/a in up to 200 gal water per represent emergence timing. application. Make no more than three applications prior to hand- thinning. No hand thinning after the fourth application. Make Management—biological control no more than four applications per growing season. Do not Because the larvae are protected inside the fruit, little effective apply more than 24 oz/a per growing season. For use in low- to biological control has been observed. Larvae and pupae may moderate-pressure situations, with alternate control measures such suffer mortality from natural enemies such as nematodes and as mating disruption. REI 12 hr. PHI 14 days. [Group 22] entomopathogenic fungi while they are in the soil. ♦♦ kaolin clay (Surround WP) at 25 to 50 lb/a applied as a spray to leaves, stems, and fruit. Continue applications every 7 to 14 days Management—cultural control to assure adequate coverage on newly growing plant surfaces. Sanitation is one of the most effective management strategies Kaolin acts as a repellant to target pests. REI 4 hr. PHI 0 day. for home orchards. Regularly inspect fruit while it is on the tree, Some formulations are OMRI-listed for organic use. removing and destroying any maggot-infested fruit. Destroy ♦♦ lambda-cyhalothrin (Warrior II) at 1.28 to 2.56 fl oz in enough infested fruit on the ground, maggots will continue to develop in water to achieve thorough coverage. REI 24 hr. PHI 21 days. them and then pupate in the soil. Pick up and destroy fallen apples [Group 3] at weekly intervals from early August until harvest. In home ♦♦ spinetoram (Delegate WG) at 6 to 7 oz/a in up to 100 gal water per orchards, traps can be used to manage low density fly populations application. Do not exceed four applications per season. REI 4 hr. by trapping adults before they reproduce. Place one apple maggot PHI 7 days. [Group 5] trap in each small apple tree (less than 8 feet tall), two to four ♦♦ spinosad (Entrust 80WP) at 2 to 3 oz /a in up to 100 gal water per traps on medium-sized trees, or six to eight traps on trees 20 to 25 application. Do not exceed 9 oz /a per season. REI 4 hr. PHI 7 feet tall. Clean traps weekly and replace adhesive every 3 weeks. days. [Group 5]. OMRI-listed for organic use. This technique is not effective against high fly populations. In the ♦♦ spinosad (GF-120) at 10 to 20 oz/a. Bait spray, follow label home orchard, fruit can be protected against damage by bagging directions for dilution rate and nozzle size. Begin applications individual fruits using plastic or mesh baggies. when traps indicate presence of flies or use the phenology model. Management—chemical control: HOME USE PHI 7 days. [Group 5] OMRI-listed for organic use. Apply first in early July. ♦♦ zeta-cypermethrin (Mustang Maxx) at 1.28 to 4.0 fl oz/a in a minimum of 100 gal water for dilute spray. REI 12 hr. PHI 14 ♦♦ acetamiprid days. [Group 3A] ♦♦ azadirachtin (neem oil)—Some formulations are OMRI-listed for organic use. ♦♦ carbaryl—Highly toxic to bees. Apple—Apple rust mite ♦♦ esfenvalerate—Highly toxic to bees. Aculus schlechtendali ♦♦ gamma-cyhalothrin—Highly toxic to bees. Pest description and crop damage Extremely small, wedge- ♦♦ kaolin clay—Applied as a spray to leaves, stems, and fruit, it acts shaped mite, which is tan to amber colored. Magnification is as a repellant to target pests. Some formulations are OMRI-listed required to see this mite. Feeding makes leaves look off-color, for organic use. sometimes with a silvery sheen. Leaves roll lengthwise. Feeding ♦♦ pyrethrins—Some formulations are OMRI-listed for organic use. shuts down terminal growth. Populations of apple rust mite should ♦♦ zeta-cypermethrin—Highly toxic to bees. be tolerated because rust mites are an important alternate food source for predatory mites. However, rust mite can cause russeting Management—chemical control: COMMERCIAL USE on Golden Delicious or other green/fair colored apples and some In addition to pre-mixed bait sprays such as GF-120, Nu-Lure Insect control may be required for certain apple varieties. Bait can be mixed with some materials (particularly Group 5), and Biology and life history These mites overwinter as adult females sprayed with coarse droplets. Flies are attracted to the bait droplets under bud scales and in bark crevices. When growth begins they to feed. move out onto the leaves to feed, and produce several generations.

J6 PNW Insect Management Handbook In late July or early August they return to bud scales and bark up to 2 inches long. The larvae of these moths feed on buds and crevices to diapause/overwinter. leaves, chewing holes in buds and ragged holes out of leaves. They also feed on the growing tips, particularly on small trees or in high Management—biological control density plantings. On larger trees, most of the feeding is on the Conserve predatory mites, such as Typhlodromus spp., which lower branches, and may be concentrated to a few stems or limbs, provide effective control, by avoiding broad-spectrum insecticide while other stems are undamaged. applications. Biology and life history Weeds are the preferred source of food Management—chemical control: HOME USE for these larvae, and eggs typically are laid on weeds around the Spring and summer (note: treatments rarely necessary) trees. Depending on species, they may overwinter as pupae or ♦♦ carbaryl—Highly toxic to bees. larvae in the soil. The larvae spend the day in the soil, then climb up the tree during the night to feed, often following the same path. ♦♦ kaolin clay—Applied as a spray to leaves, stems, and fruit, it acts as a repellant to some insect pests. Some formulations are OMRI- Management—cultural control listed for organic use. Control weeds, grasses, and debris in the orchard that provide Management—chemical control: COMMERCIAL USE cover. Natural enemies of cutworm include birds and spiders. Hand- Stages 5-6: Pink spray (note: treatments rarely necessary) pick cutworm larvae, using a flashlight to find them, if practical. ♦♦ fenbutatin-oxide (Vendex 50WP) at 1 to 2 lb/a in up to 100 gal Scratch the soil at the base of plants to find larvae in the daytime. water per application. Do not apply more than two times per Caterpillars can be trapped by tying plastic wrap tightly around growing season. REI 2 days. [Group 12B] branches and trunk, then applying Tanglefoot or a similar sticky material to the plastic wrap. Remove these in the fall. ♦♦ fenpyroximate (FujiMite SC) at 2.0 pints/a in a minimum of 100 gal water per application. Only one application per season. Management—chemical control: HOME USE Suppression only. REI 12 hr. [Group 21A] Spring and summer ♦♦ kaolin clay (Surround WP) at 25 to 50 lb/a applied as a spray to ♦♦ acetamiprid leaves, stems, and fruit. Continue applications every 7 to 14 days to assure adequate coverage on newly growing plant surfaces. ♦♦ azadirachtin (neem oil)—Some formulations are OMRI-listed for Kaolin acts as a repellant to target pests. Some formulations are organic use. OMRI-listed for organic use. REI 4 hr. ♦♦ Beauveria bassiana—Some formulations are OMRI-listed for ♦♦ pyridaben (Nexter) at 6.6 to 10.67 oz/a in up to 100 gal water per organic use. application. Only one application per season. REI 12 hr. [Group 21] ♦♦ carbaryl—Highly toxic to bees. ♦♦ spirodiclofen (Envidor 2SC) at 16 to 18 fl oz/a in a minimum ♦♦ esfenvalerate—Highly toxic to bees. of 100 gal water per application. Do not apply more than one ♦♦ gamma-cyhalothrin—Highly toxic to bees. application per growing season. REI 12 hr. [Group 23] ♦♦ insecticidal soap—Some formulations OMRI-listed for organic use. Spring and summer (note: treatments rarely necessary) ♦♦ kaolin clay—Applied as a spray to leaves, stems, and fruit, it acts as a repellant to target pests. Some formulations are OMRI-listed Also, see control recommendations for pink stage bud development. for organic use. ♦♦ fenbutatin-oxide (Vendex 50WP) at 1 to 2 lb/a in up to 100 gal ♦♦ lambda-cyhalothrin—Highly toxic to bees. water per application. Do not apply more than two times per ♦♦ permethrin—Highly toxic to bees. growing season. REI 2 days. PHI 14 days. [Group 12B] ♦♦ pyrethrins——Highly toxic to bees. Some formulations are ♦♦ fenazaquin (Magister SC) at 32 to 36 oz/a in no less than 50 gal OMRI-listed for organic use. water. No more than one application per year, do not apply before petal fall. REI 12 hr. PHI 7 days. [Group 21A] ♦♦ spinosad—Some formulations are OMRI-listed for organic use. ♦♦ pyridaben (Nexter) at 6.6 to 10.67 oz/a in up to 100 gal water per ♦♦ zeta-cypermethrin—Highly toxic to bees. application. Apply as populations begin to build, between petal fall Management—chemical control: COMMERCIAL USE and harvest. Do not exceed one application per season. REI 12 hr. PHI 25 days. [Group 21] Spring and summer ♦♦ acetamiprid (Assail 70WP) at 3.4 oz/a in up to 100 gal water per ♦♦ spirodiclofen (Envidor 2SC) at 16 to 18 fl oz/a in a minimum application. Do not make more than four applications per year of 100 gal water per application. Do not apply more than one or exceed 13.5 oz/a per growing season. REI 12 hr. PHI 7 days. application per growing season. REI 12 hr. PHI 7 days. [Group 23] [Group 4A] ♦♦ spirotetramat (Movento) at 6 to 9 fl oz/a in up to 100 gal water per ♦♦ Bacillus thuringiensis var. kurstaki (Btk) (Dipel DF, Javelin, application. Do not exceed 25 fl oz/a per growing season. Do not etc.)—Formulations vary; see label for rates. Apply Btk materials apply until after petal fall. REI 24 hr. PHI 7 days. [Group 23]. two to three times, beginning at prepink, repeating at pink and petal fall. Apply Btk only when temperature exceeds 60°F. REI 4 Apple—Armyworm and Cutworm hr. PHI 0 days. Some formulations are OMRI-listed for organic use. [Group 11] [larvicide] Includes ♦♦ chlorantraniliprole (Altacor) at 3.0 to 4.5 oz/a in no less than Bertha armyworm (Mamestra configurata) 100 gal water per application. Do not apply more than 9 oz/a per Spotted cutworm (Xestia c-nigrum) growing season. Do not use an adjuvant within 60 days of harvest. Pest description and crop damage Several species of armyworm REI 4 hr. PHI 5 days. [Group 28] and cutworm attack tree fruits. The most common species found ♦♦ phosmet (Imidan 70W) at 2.1 to 5.7 lb/a in up to 100 gal water per in tree fruit in the PNW are the spotted cutworm and the bertha application. REI/PHI 7 days. [Group 1B] armyworm. The adults are large moths ranging in color from gray ♦♦ spinetoram (Delegate WG) at 4.5 to 7 oz/a in up to 100 gal water to brown with spots on the wings. The adult moths are attracted to per application. Do not exceed four applications or 28 oz/a per lights. Larvae are dirty white, reddish, gray or black caterpillars growing season. REI 4 hr. PHI 7 days. [Group 5]

PNW Insect Management Handbook J7 Apple—Blister mite REI 24 hr. Some formulations are OMRI-listed for organic use. Potential for phytoxicity with hot temperatures and with sensitive Includes apple varieties. Appleleaf blister mite (Phytoptus mali) Pearleaf blister mite (Phytoptus pyri) Management—chemical control: COMMERCIAL USE (note: treatments rarely necessary) Pest description and crop damage Adults of these mites (Eriophyidae) are very tiny and can be seen only under Stages 0-1: Egg control with delayed & delayed-dormant sprays magnification. They are light to amber yellow, cylindrical, tapered ♦♦ lime sulfur (calcium polysulfide)—Formulations vary; see label at the posterior end, with two pairs of short legs at the front of the for rates. May be mixed with horticultural mineral oil at 4 to body. The overall appearance is that of a small worm. Immatures 8 gal/a up to 400 gal water per application. REI 2 days. Some appear similar to the adult, but are smaller. Feeding on leaves formulations are OMRI-listed for organic use. Potential for causes reddish to yellowish green blisters; blisters turn brown phytotoxicity with hot temperatures. or black as the tissue dies later in the season. Leaves may drop ♦♦ sulfur (dry flowable, micronized)— Formulations vary; see label prematurely. Loss of foliage weakens trees, reduces shoot growth, for rates. Apply with suitable spray oil during bud dormancy only. and interferes with fruit maturation and fruit bud formation. REI 24 hr. Some formulations are OMRI-listed for organic use. Feeding on fruit causes russeted, sunken spots. Potential for phytoxicity with hot temperatures and with sensitive apple varieties. Biology and life history Blister mites overwinter as mature females under outer bud scales. As buds swell in the spring, the mites burrow inside to feed. After petal fall, they move to leaves Apple—Campylomma bug or fruit, causing the characteristic blisters. Several generations Campylomma verbasci per year may develop within the blisters. As they become more Pest description and crop damage Campylomma bug is of Asian crowded, mites move to growing terminals, where their feeding or European origin. Adults are brownish-yellow and about 0.1 inch produces more blisters. Fruit damage is caused by feeding injury long, very mobile and active. Nymphs are small, green, and fast to buds before bloom—mites do not reside in the blisters on fruit. moving and about 0.1 inch long when mature. The mature nymphs Mites move from tree to tree, perhaps by wind or carried on birds resemble aphids in some ways but are far more active. Feeding by or insects. nymphs causes dimpling and distortion of fruit. Scouting and thresholds Scouting for blister mite is not effective Biology and life history Campylomma bug females lay their during the current growing season, as by the time blisters are overwintering eggs into crevices in the bark of the tree where the noticed the damage is done. Plan on taking action the following eggs lie dormant until spring. The eggs begin to hatch prior to fall or winter if fruit damage is noted. Sufficient control usually is bloom and developing nymphs can scar fruit with early feeding achieved by midsummer by biological agents. activity on the tiny maturing fruitlets. Campylomma bug remains Management—biological control on the tree host through the bloom period until late spring when they move to herbaceous host plants. Campylomma bug is also Phytoseiid predator mites almost always keep mites under control known as mullein plant bug, after one of its preferred herbaceous if broad-spectrum insecticide applications are avoided. Heavy rain hosts – the noxious weed common muellein. Weeds and crop plants and cold weather also suppress mite numbers. such as potato, sugar beet, corn and small grains are also accepted Management—cultural control herbaceous hosts. Campylomma bug feeds on the plant as well as Broadleaf weeds like mallow, bindweed, white clover, and knotweed preying on aphids and thrips while on the herbaceous host. Later enhance mite numbers. Suppression of these weeds with cultivation in the season, adults move into to the orchard to mate and lay eggs. or grasses may reduce mite numbers. Mites may be washed from the Other than the brief window around bloom when fruit damage can tree with a strong stream of water. Water trees properly, as drought- occur, Campylomma bug is overwhelmingly a beneficial insect that stressed trees are more susceptible. Avoid excessive nitrogen appli- helps manage aphids, mites, and psylla (important for pears) in the cations, as this encourages mites. Small, whitish eriophyid mites orchard. Monitoring populations early in the season is important for overwinter under bud scales and produce blisters on leaves. Fruit is determining whether to apply treatments which are typically timed sometimes russeted and deformed. at prebloom or bloom (take precautions to protect pollinators). After this period, Campylomma bug cannot damage fruit and acts as a Management—chemical control: HOME USE (note: treatments beneficial insect. Operators may find that it is cost-effective to hand rarely necessary) thin the fruit that is damaged in the early season. Stages 0-1: Egg control with delayed & delayed-dormant sprays Scouting and thresholds Nymphs and adults may be monitored Apply sprays during dormant or delayed-dormant period (March to by limb tapping from the pink stage through petal fall. April). Do not use after pink appears in buds. Use enough water to cover all of the tree thoroughly including small limbs and shoots. Management—cultural control ♦♦ superior-type oil—Some formulations are OMRI-listed for organic Early-blooming apple varieties may be most affected. Damaged use. fruit can be thinned. ♦♦ sulfur—Some formulations are OMRI-listed for organic use. Management—chemical control: HOME USE Management—chemical control: COMMERCIAL USE (note: There are no products specifically registered for control of treatments rarely necessary) Campylomma bug in apple for home use. Postharvest/prior to leaf drop: Management—chemical control: COMMERCIAL USE ♦♦ horticultural mineral oil at 4 to 8 gal/a plus lime sulfur at 12 gal/a in up to 400 gal water per application. [JMS Stylet-Oil- OMRI] Stages 5-6: Pink spray ♦♦ esfenvalerate (Asana XL) at 4.8 to 14.5 oz/a in up to 100 gal water ♦♦ sulfur (dry flowable, micronized)—Formulations vary; see label per application. REI 12 hr. PHI 21 days. for rates. Apply with suitable spray oil during bud dormancy only.

J8 PNW Insect Management Handbook ♦♦ acetamiprid (Assail 70WP) at 1.7 to 3.4 oz/a in up to 100 gal Management—biological control water per application. Do not apply when bees are active. Do not Parasitoid wasps target the eggs, larvae, and pupae. Eggs that turn make more than four applications per year or exceed 13.5 oz/a per black indicate parasitism (likely by Trichogramma spp. wasps) and growing season. REI 12 hr. PHI 7 days. [Group 4A] should not be disturbed. ♦♦ thiamethoxam (Actara WDG) at 4.5 oz/a in a minimum of 50 gal water per application. Do not apply during bloom- highly toxic to Management—cultural control bees. Do not exceed 16.5 oz/a per season. REI 12 hr. PHI 35 days. Avoid unnecessary pruning cuts or injuries to the tree during the [Group 4A] summer flight period. Like most wood-boring insects, CBT is attracted to stressed trees. Keep trees as healthy as possible with Apple—Cherry bark tortrix appropriate watering, fertilizer applications, and pruning. Reduce humidity around trunks by avoiding irrigation splash and control Enarmonia formosana weeds and grass. Remove heavily infested branches or trees. Pest description and crop damage Cherry bark tortrix Pheromone traps can be used to monitor male moth populations. (CBT) occurs in Eurasia, Africa, and North America. CBT was first discovered in North America in 1989. This invasive pest has Management—chemical control: HOME USE damaged fruit and ornamental trees in urban settings particularly There are no products registered for control of this pest. in lowland coastal valleys in BC and Washington between the west Management activity should be concentrated in fall when biological slope of the Cascades and Puget Sound south to Portland. Oregon controls have had a chance to act and larvae are still actively Department of Agriculture currently has a quarantine against feeding and can be targeted. CBT from BC, WA, and Multnomah and Clackamas Counties for fruit tree nursery stock. CBT has not become a major crop pest or Management—chemical control: COMMERCIAL USE established in commercial fruit production regions. CBT is a pest There are no products registered for control of this pest in of most woody ornamental trees and shrubs in the family Rosaceae. commercial apple orchards because the pest, so far, has not been a CBT attacks not only Prunus (cherry, plum, and peach), but also significant issue in commercial orchards. Malus (apple, crabapple), Pyrus (pear), Crataegus (hawthorn), Sorbus (mountain ash), Cydonia (quince), Pyracantha (firethorn), and Photinia. Apple—Codling moth Cydia pomonella The larvae are 0.3 to 0.4 inch long, pale gray to flesh-colored, with small, pale gray spines scattered on the surface and a yellowish- Pest description and crop damage This is the most serious pest of brown head. Larvae feed directly on the cambial tissues of the tree apples in the PNW. Adult moths are 0.5 inch wide, with alternating and may kill the tree in sufficient numbers. Otherwise, their feeding gray and white bands on the wings and a copper band on the wing activity decreases the supply of nutrients to the tree and increases tips. Larvae are whitish with a black head when immature, and susceptibility to disease or insect attack and environmental stress, pinkish with brown heads when mature. Larvae are 0.1 inch long at including cold injury. The first indication of attack is the exuding hatch and 0.8 inch long at maturity. Pupae are brown and about 0.75 of a gum-like resin, which often is mixed with fecal pellets and inch long. The eggs are very tiny and rarely seen. silk. The trunk and larger limbs of bearing fruit trees are affected, Larvae feed directly on the fruit, boring into it and feeding within. usually at pruning wounds. Stings are shallow depressions where feeding occurred and stopped. Biology and life history CBT larvae overwinter under bark. Larvae bore into the fruit, leaving a characteristic tunnel filled with During spring, they resume feeding and eventually pupate in a frass that extrudes from the hole on the fruit surface. Entry holes silken tube that protrudes beyond the bark surface of the feeding may be anywhere on the fruit. site. In Europe, pupation takes place from April until late August Biology and life history Codling moth overwinters as mature and lasts about two weeks. Adults fly from late April to September larvae in silken cocoons (hybernaculi) spun under loose bark, in and are most active in the early morning; some may be attracted to the soil, or in litter at the base of the tree. Pupation takes place in lights at night. the spring around the time the first blossoms are showing pink, and Eggs are laid on tree bark, in crevices, or under loose bark, adults emerge around bloom of the apple variety ‘Red Delicious’. primarily at wounds (mechanical or old infestations). Eggs are Adults are active only at dusk and dawn and lay eggs on leaves, or placed singly or in overlapping groups of two or three and hatch in occasionally on fruit. 2 or 3 weeks. Hatching larvae penetrate the bark through openings The larvae emerge, begin feeding on fruit, and may bore to the (natural and mechanical wounds) and feed on the living tissue of center of developing fruit to feed on the flesh and seeds. As they the tree’s bark. Graft unions of ornamental trees are preferred sites mature, they push frass out of the entry hole. After 3 to 4 weeks, for attack. Larvae do not penetrate the hardwood of the tree. the larvae leave the fruit to seek a sheltered spot on the tree to During feeding, CBT larvae construct a frass tube consisting of spin cocoons. Fruit infested by larvae may also drop prematurely, fecal pellets and webbing. The tubes are about 0.25 inch long and leaving larvae to wander back to the tree or find a suitable site in the look soft, as if they are made out of sawdust. They most often are ground to form the cocoon. found around the base of the trunk or where a branch and trunk The larvae may overwinter in the cocoon, or they may emerge in 2 meet. The frass tube is the location for pupation once CBT has to 3 weeks as a new flight of adults. These adults are active in July completed the larval stage. and August. In warm areas, there may even be a third generation. Scouting and thresholds Frass tubes protruding from bark Larvae of this brood often penetrate fruit but do not complete are an excellent indication of CBT infestations, and susceptible development before harvest or the onset of winter. trees should be monitored regularly. Because other insects can Sampling and thresholds The development of codling moth can cause similar damage, inspection of the larvae is required for be predicted by the accumulation of heat units, or degree-days confirmation. using phenology models. By knowing the stage of the insect, we

PNW Insect Management Handbook J9 can target management to specific life stages that are susceptible. days after full bloom. Insecticides are timed to target eggs and For codling moth, that means that treatments against the eggs or newly hatched larvae before they bore into the fruit. Multiple the wandering larvae during the brief period between egg hatch sprays are often necessary with applications up to every 10-14 and the time when the larva is able to penetrate the fruit where it is days, however sprays can be reduced by monitoring for adult moths protected. Phenology model recommendations can originate with with monitoring traps or use of degree-day models (see description your local Extension resource, crop consultant, software system, above) to properly time insecticide applications to the hatching or use of an online degree-day calculator. It is important to make larvae during the growing season. sure that you are using an appropriate tool/model for your region. ♦♦ acetamiprid Homeowners can also benefit from use of degree-day models to ♦♦ azadirachtin (neem oil)—Some formulations are OMRI-listed for predict management timing. organic use. To calculate biofix for degree-day modeling hang traps with 1 mg ♦♦ esfenvalerate—Highly toxic to bees. pheromone lures in the upper canopy at pink. Biofix is the first ♦♦ gamma-cyhalothrin—Highly toxic to bees. capture of multiple male moths in a trap or consistent capture of ♦♦ insecticidal soap—Some formulations OMRI-listed for organic multiple males over more than one trap. The biofix date is used as use. the point to start accumulating degree-days for the Stanley and Hoyt ♦♦ kaolin—Applied as a spray to leaves, stems, and fruit, it acts as a (1987) degree-day model, which is still the best model for PNW repellant to pests. OMRI-listed for organic use. locations south of 46°N. North of this latitude, the no-biofix model ♦♦ lambda-cyhalothrin—Highly toxic to bees. can be used (Jones et al. 2008). The CM-DA lure contains a food odor and will catch females as well as males. Capture of females ♦♦ malathion—Highly toxic to bees. indicates potential for eggs and damage but models can use male ♦♦ mating disruption pheromones—See biorational control above. captures for setting biofix. It is important to note that trap captures Not a good option for small home orchard blocks, may increase do not always reflect the potential for damage and the best approach damage. for management is to integrate different strategies. ♦♦ permethrin—Highly toxic to bees. ♦♦ pyrethrins (often as a mix with other ingredients) —Highly toxic Management—biorational control to bees. A number of commercial pheromone dispensers including hand ♦♦ spinosad (Entrust) —Some formulations OMRI-listed for organic applied dispensers and aerosol emitters are available to disrupt use. mating of codling moth. Apply pheromone dispensers or aerosol ♦♦ zeta-cypermethrin—Highly toxic to bees. devices to the orchard well ahead of bloom. The codling moth population must already be at a low level for the technology to Management—biorational control: be effective. The orchard should be relatively large and without a COMMERCIAL USE ONLY high edge to core ratio. When mating disruption is used, monitor Stages 5-6: Pink application the orchard with pheromone traps baited with 10 mg pheromone or CM-DA lures set in the upper third of the canopy. If more than five Mating disruption. Pheromone release devices placed in the orchard male moths are captured in a trap over the first generation, check interfere with the communication from female to male codling the orchard for fruit damage or apply a conventional insecticide. moth and this prevents or delays mating of moths, reducing the If fruit damage exceeds 0.5% at the end of the first generation, use number of eggs laid and crop damage. A number of hand-applied conventional insecticides to provide supplemental control against pheromone dispensers are available including Isomate C+, Isomate the second generation. If more than two male moths are captured in CTT, NoMate, CheckMate, Cidetrak CM, and Checkmate CM-XL a trap during the second generation, a conventional insecticide may 1000. These dispensers are typically applied to trees at densities of be necessary. 200 to 400 per acre, sometimes with a higher density of dispensers applied to orchard borders. Aerosol devices (also called puffers) Management—cultural control for releasing pheromones are increasingly favored for their efficacy In small orchards, sanitation by removing and disposing of young and ease of application at densities such as 1 device/a. Substantial damaged fruit can be helpful in reducing codling moth. Check fruit damage could result from improper use of mating disruption, regularly throughout the season for fruit with frass-filled holes. therefore follow the label recommendations. Blocks placed under Removing and destroying infected fruit prior to larvae emergence mating disruption should be large, ideally greater than 10 acres, preceding pupation can help reduce overall populations. Picking and prospects for success increase when neighboring orchards are up dropped fruit from the ground likewise can be an effective also using the tactic and the codling moth pressure is already low. sanitation measure. Homeowners can bag individual fruit (clusters Pheromone dispensers can be applied to dormant trees and must thinned to one fruit) in paper or mesh bags approximately six be in place before first moth flight around the time of full bloom of weeks after bloom, however this can be labor-intensive and more ‘Red Delicious’. Place within 2 ft of the top of the canopy. If the challenging for cultivars with short stems. Fruit will mature orchard has a history of codling moth problems, use one or more completely within bags, however color development on red insecticide applications against the first generation. If a codling varieties may be affected. Homeowners can also place corrugated moth source exists nearby, use border sprays (five to six rows) of bands of cardboard around the lower trunk to attract larvae looking insecticides. for a place to pupate. Place bands in May and remove before the Management—biological (microbial) control: COMMERCIAL adults begin to emerge in mid-June. The same technique can be USE ONLY used with the subsequent generation(s) later in summer. ♦♦ codling moth granulosis virus (Cyd-X, Virosoft CP4)—Check Management—chemical control: HOME USE label for rates. REI 4 hr. PHI 0 day. Granulosis virus is a selective biological insecticide that must be ingested to be effective. After petal fall spray and spring and summer sprays Thorough coverage is important. The virus degrades when Apply first cover spray at 250 degree-days after biofix (or 225 exposed to UV light. If a grower relies only on granulosis virus for degree-days if the selected insecticide has ovicidal activity), or codling moth control, frequent applications are necessary (every about 10 days after full petal fall (all petals are off) or 17 to 21 7 to 10 days), especially when codling moth pressure is high. The

J10 PNW Insect Management Handbook virus controls larvae, but some fruit damage, primarily stings, may ♦♦ emamectin benzoate (Proclaim 5SG) at 3.2 to 4.8 oz/a in up be evident. OMRI-listed for organic use. to 100 gal water per application. For use in low to moderate pressure situations with alternate control measures such as mating Management—chemical control: COMMERCIAL USE disruption. Do not exceed 14.4 oz/a per season. REI 12 hr (48 hr After petal fall spray for workers performing propping, pruning, thinning and tying). Apply first cover spray at 250 degree-days after biofix, or earlier for PHI 14 days. [Group 6] [larvicidal] ovicidal materials such as oil and growth regulators (225 degree- ♦♦ fenpropathrin (Danitol 2.4 EC) at 16 to 21.3 fl oz/a in up to 100 days). Note that many materials can be mixed with horticultural oil gal water per application. Will also reduce mite populations but for increased activity against eggs and increased efficacy. This timing may cause resurgence the same season. Do not exceed 42.7 fl oz roughly corresponds to about 10 days after full petal fall (all petals are per acre per season. REI 24 hr. PHI 14 days. [Group 3] off) or 17 to 21 days after full bloom for ‘Red Delicious’. A second ♦♦ granulosis virus (CYD-X, CYD-X HP, Virosoft CP4)— treatment is recommended approximately 14 days after the first Check label for rates. Start at the beginning of first generation egg (depending on residual) to cover the full period of moth egg laying hatch. Apply every 7 to 10 days. REI 4 hr. PHI 0 day. [larvicidal] in the first generation. The first summer generation spray should be OMRI-listed for organic use. applied at 1250 degree-days after biofix, and again a second treatment ♦♦ indoxacarb (Avaunt) at 5 to 6 oz/a in up to 200 gal water per in 14 days will help cover the entire egg hatch period. Materials with application. Make no more than three applications prior to hand- rapid breakdown such as codling moth granulosis virus should be thinning. No hand thinning after the fourth application. Make applied on a more frequent schedule. no more than four applications per growing season. Do not apply more than 24 oz/a per growing season. For use in low- to ♦♦ chlorantraniliprole (Altacor) at 3.0 to 4.5 oz/a in no less than moderate-pressure situations, with alternate control measures such 100 gal water per application. Do not apply more than 9 oz/a per as mating disruption. REI 12 hr. PHI 14 days. [Group 22] growing season. Do not use an adjuvant within 60 days of harvest. REI 4 hr. PHI 5 days. [Group 28] [ovicidal and larvicidal] ♦♦ methoxyfenozide (Intrepid 2F) at 16 fl oz/a in up to 100 gal ♦♦ cyantraniliprole (Exirel) at 10 to 17 fl oz/a in up to 100 gal water water per application. For use against low- to moderate-pressure per application. Apply just prior to egg hatch. REI 12 hr. PHI 3 situations, with alternate control measures such as mating days. [Group 28] disruption. Do not exceed 64 oz/a per season. REI 4 hr. PHI 14 days. [Group 18] [ovicidal and larvicidal] ♦♦ horticultural mineral oil ♦♦ methoxyfenozide (Intrepid 2F) at 16 fl oz/a in up 100 gal water per ♦♦ novaluron (Rimon) at 30 to 50 fl oz/a in up to 100 gal water per application. For use against low- to moderate-pressure situations, application. See label for application timing. Do not exceed 150 fl with alternate control measures such as mating disruption. Use oz/a per season. REI 12 hr. PHI 14 days. [Group 15] [ovicidal] adjuvant; see label. Do not exceed 64 oz/a per growing season. ♦♦ phosmet (Imidan 70W) at 2.1 to 5.7 lb/a in up to 100 gal water per REI 4 hr. PHI 14 days. [Group 18] application. REI/PHI 7 days. [Group 1B] ♦♦ novaluron (Rimon) at 30 to 50 fl oz/a in up to 100 gal water per ♦♦ pyriproxyfen (Esteem 35WP) at 4 to 5 oz/a in up to 100 gal water application with a second application 14 to 17 days later. Do not per application. Do not exceed two applications per growing apply more than 150 fl oz per growing season. REI 12 hr. PHI 14 season. REI 12 hr. PHI 45 days. [Group 7C] [ovicidal] days. [Group 15] ♦♦ spinetoram (Delegate WG) at 6 to 7 oz/a in up to 100 gal water per ♦♦ pyriproxyfen (Esteem 35WP) at 4 to 5 oz/a in up to 100 gal water application. Do not exceed four applications per season. REI 4 hr. per application. Do not exceed two applications per season. Do not PHI 7 days. [Group 5] [larvicidal] apply earlier than 14 days after last Esteem 35 WP treatment. REI ♦♦ spinosad (Entrust 80WP) at 2 to 3 oz /a in up to 100 gal water 12 hr. PHI 45 days. [Group 7C] per application. Do not exceed 9 oz/a per season. REI 4 hr. PHI 7 Spring and summer days. OMRI-listed for organic use. [Group 5] larvicidal] ♦♦ acetamiprid (Assail 70WP) at 1.7 to 3.4 oz/a in up to 100 gal water ♦♦ thiamethoxam/chlorantraniliprole (Voliam Flexi) at 4 to 7 oz/a in per application. Do not make more than four applications per year up to 100 gal water per application. Do not apply exceed 16 oz/a or exceed 13.5 oz/a per growing season. Adding a low rate of per season and do not use an adjuvant within 60 days of harvest. horticultural mineral oil improves effectiveness against codling REI 12 hr. PHI 35 days. [Group 4A & 28] [ovicidal and larvicidal] moth. REI 12 hr. PHI 7 days. [Group 4A] [ovicidal and larvicidal] ♦♦ Chromobacterium subtsugae (Grandevo) at 1 to 3 lb/a. Under heavy pest populations, apply a knockdown insecticide prior to or Apple—Cutworm in a tank mix, use the higher label rates, shorten the spray interval, Spotted cutworm (Xestia c-nigrum) and/or increase the spray volume to improve coverage. REI 4 hr. Variegated cutworm (Peridroma saucia) PHI 0 day. OMRI-listed for organic use. Pest description and crop damage Cutworms that attack tree ♦♦ clothianidin (Belay) at 6 fl oz/a. For control of first generation fruits include the spotted cutworm and the variegated cutworm. codling moth in areas with light pressure and suppression of first Winter cutworm is a relatively new cold-tolerant species that may generation codling moth in areas of heavy infestation. Do not at times occur in orchards (see: EM9139, https://catalog.extension. apply more than 12 fl oz of Belay per acre per season. REI 12 hr. oregonstate.edu/sites/catalog/files/project/pdf/em9139.pdf). The PHI 7 days. Do not feed or allow livestock to graze on cover crops adults are large moths ranging in color from gray to brown with from treated orchards. Belay must not be applied during bloom or spots on the wings. These moths are attracted to lights. Larvae if bees are actively foraging. [Larvicidal].[Group 4A] are dirty white, reddish, gray or black caterpillars up to 2 inches ♦♦ chlorantraniliprole (Altacor) at 3.0 to 4.5 oz product/a in no less long. The larvae of these moths feed on buds and leaves, chewing than 100 gal water per application. Do not apply more than 9 oz holes in buds and ragged holes out of leaves. They also feed on per acre per growing season. Do not use an adjuvant within 60 the growing tips, particularly on small trees or in high-density days of harvest. REI 4 hr. PHI 5 days. [Group 28] [ovicidal and plantings. On larger trees, most of the feeding is on the lower larvicidal] branches, and may be limited to a few stems or limbs, while other ♦♦ cyantraniliprole (Exirel) at 10 to 17 fl oz/a in up to 100 gal water stems are undamaged. per application. Apply just prior to egg hatch. REI 12 hr. PHI 3 days. [Group 28]

PNW Insect Management Handbook J11 Biology and life history Weeds are the preferred source of food for Management—chemical control: COMMERCIAL USE these larvae, and eggs typically are laid on weeds around the trees. Stages 3-4: Prepink & tight cluster sprays Depending on species, they may overwinter as pupae or larvae in the soil. The larvae spend the day in the soil, then climb up the tree Apply thoroughly to lower trunk of tree. during the day to feed, often following the same path. ♦♦ Bacillus thuringiensis var. kurstaki (Btk) (Dipel DF, Javelin, etc.)—Formulations vary; see label for rates. Apply Btk materials Management—cultural control two to three times, beginning at prepink, repeating at pink and Control weeds, grasses, and debris in the orchard that provide petal fall. Apply Btk only when temperature exceeds 60°F. REI 4 cover. Encourage natural enemies of cutworms like birds and hr. Some formulations are OMRI-listed for organic use. [Group spiders. Hand-pick cutworm larvae, using a flashlight to find them, 11] [larvicide] if practical. Scratch the soil at the base of plants to find larvae in the ♦♦ chlorpyrifos (Lorsban 4E) at 4 pints/a in up to 100 gal water per daytime. Caterpillars can be trapped by tying plastic wrap tightly application. Only one application of chlorpyrifos can be made per around branches and trunk, then applying Tanglefoot or a similar year. Do not apply Lorsban 4E after bloom. REI 4 days. [Group 1B] sticky material to the plastic wrap. Remove these in the fall. RESTRICTED USE IN OREGON. Management—chemical control: HOME USE ♦♦ indoxacarb (Avaunt) at 5 to 6 oz/a in up 100 gal water per application. Make no more than three applications prior to hand- Stages 3-4: Prepink & tight cluster sprays thinning. No hand thinning after the fourth application. Make no ♦♦ azadirachtin (neem oil)—Some formulations are OMRI-listed for more than four applications per growing season. Do not apply organic use. more than 24 oz/a per growing season. REI 12 hr. [Group 22] ♦♦ Bacillus thuringiensis var. kurstaki (Btk)—Some formulations are Spring and summer OMRI-listed for organic use. ♦♦ Bacillus thuringiensis var. kurstaki (Btk) (Dipel DF, Javelin, ♦♦ carbaryl—Highly toxic to bees. etc.)—Formulations vary; see label for rates. Apply Btk materials ♦♦ esfenvalerate—Highly toxic to bees. two to three times, beginning at prepink, repeating at pink and ♦♦ gamma-cyhalothrin—Highly toxic to bees. petal fall. Apply Btk only when temperature exceeds 60°F. REI 4 ♦♦ imidacloprid—Soil drenches may have residual activity in woody hr. PHI 0 days. Some formulations are OMRI-listed for organic plants lasting for 12 or more months. If short-term management is use. [Group 11] [larvicide] the goal, consider other approaches. Highly toxic to bees. ♦♦ kaolin—Applied as a spray to leaves, stems, and fruit, it acts as a Apple–Eyespotted bud moth repellant to some insect pests. Some formulations are OMRI-listed Spilonota ocellana for organic use. ♦♦ lambda-cyhalothrin—Highly toxic to bees. Pest description and crop damage Adults are grayish moths about ♦♦ permethrin—Highly toxic to bees. 0.4 inch long with a wide white band on each forewing. Larvae are chocolate-brown with black heads, and up to 1 inch long. The ♦♦ pyrethrins—Highly toxic to bees. Some formulations are OMRI- eyespotted bud moth does not usually require control on apples. listed for organic use. ♦♦ spinosad—Highly toxic to bees. Some formulations are OMRI- Biology and life history Larvae spend the winter in a cocoon on listed for organic use. the bark in the crotches of small-diameter limbs. They become active ♦♦ zeta-cypermethrin—Highly toxic to bees. around budbreak and feed on leaves and buds, webbing together leaves and feeding within these nests. After feeding they pupate Spring and summer within the nest and adult moths emerge in early to mid-summer. Eggs ♦♦ azadirachtin (neem oil)—Some formulations are OMRI-listed for are laid on the lower surface of leaves. The larvae emerge and feed on organic use. the lower leaf surface until early August, at which time they construct ♦♦ Bacillus thuringiensi var. kurstaki (Btk)—Some formulations are their overwintering cocoons (hibernacula). OMRI-listed for organic use. ♦♦ carbaryl—Highly toxic to bees. Sampling and thresholds Look for larvae in nests of webbed- together leaves in the spring. ♦♦ esfenvalerate—Highly toxic to bees. ♦♦ gamma-cyhalothrin—Highly toxic to bees. Management—chemical control: HOME USE (note: treatments ♦♦ imidacloprid—Soil drenches may have residual activity in woody rarely necessary) plants lasting for 12 or more months. If short-term management is Spring and summer the goal, consider other approaches. ♦♦ carbaryl—Highly toxic to bees. ♦♦ insecticidal soap—Some formulations OMRI-listed for organic Management—chemical control: COMMERCIAL USE (note: use. treatments rarely necessary) ♦♦ kaolin—Applied as a spray to leaves, stems, and fruit, it acts as a repellant to some insect pests. Some formulations are OMRI-listed Spring and summer for organic use. ♦♦ methoxyfenozide (Intrepid 2F) at 8 to 16 fl oz/a in up 100 gal ♦♦ lambda-cyhalothrin—Highly toxic to bees. water per application. Apply once or twice against overwintering larvae. Do not exceed 64 fl oz/a per growing season. REI 4 hr. PHI ♦♦ permethrin—Highly toxic to bees. 14 days. [Group 18] ♦♦ pyrethrins—Some formulations are OMRI-listed for organic use. ♦♦ novaluron (Rimon) at 20 to 40 fl oz/a in 100 gal water per ♦♦ spinosad—Some formulations are OMRI-listed for organic use. application. Apply at beginning of egg hatch. Do not use Rimon ♦♦ zeta-cypermethrin in alternate row middle application patterns since this method will result in off-timing application and poor performance. Do not apply more than four applications or more than 150 fl oz/a per growing season. Do not allow Rimon to drift on grapes as leaf spotting may occur. REI 12 hr. PHI 14 days. [Group 15] [ovicide]

J12 PNW Insect Management Handbook ♦♦ tebufenozide (Confirm 2F) at 20 fl oz/a in up to 100 gal water ♦♦ Chromobacterium subtsugae (Grandevo) at 2 to 3 lb/a. Under per application. Do not apply more than 120 fl oz/a per growing heavy pest populations, apply a knockdown insecticide prior to or season. REI 4 hr. PHI 14 days. [Group 18A] in a tank mix, use the higher label rates, shorten the spray interval, and/or increase the spray volume to improve coverage. REI 4 hr. Apple—Grape mealybug PHI 0 day. OMRI-listed for organic use. Pseudococcus maritimus ♦♦ diazinon (Diazinon 50W) at 4 lb/a in up to 100 gal water per application. Do not apply more than one in-season application per Pest description and crop damage The adult female is wingless season. REI 4 days. PHI 21 days. [Group 1B] and looks similar to a nymph. It can be up to 0.1875 (3/16) inch long. It has a well-developed ring of waxy filaments around the sides of its body. The nymphs (or crawlers) are purplish and Apple—Green fruitworm covered with a powdery wax coating. As they get older, the coating Includes gets thicker, and a fringe of wax filaments develops. Mealybugs Green fruitworm (Lithophane antennata) cause damage by secreting honeydew. Honeydew is cast off in Pyramidal fruitworm (Amphipyra pyramidioides) small drops and falls down through the canopy. When it lands on fruit it causes a coarse, black russet, which is similar to pear psylla Pest description and crop damage Several species of green russeting. However, mealybug russeting is scattered over the fruit fruitworms can attack fruit trees. These also are found feeding on a surface, while honeydew from psylla is in patches or streaks. wide range of hosts such as willow, birch, alder, maple, strawberry, and other tree fruits. Adult fruitworm moths vary depending on the Biology and life history Grape mealybug overwinter as crawlers in species but are generally large, with gray to reddish-brown wings, egg sacs beneath bark scales and in cracks. Crawlers start emerging and are attracted to lights in the fall and spring. Immature larvae are from egg sacs at the beginning of bud swell and begin feeding on similar to cutworms, with green bodies and heads. Mature larvae the base of buds. When buds open they go directly to new shoots are green with white or cream longitudinal stripes. and leaves. Once settled, the crawlers start feeding and become progressively harder to kill. First generation nymphs mature during Green fruitworm larvae feed on flowers and leaves, occasionally late June and July in the Northwest. Adult males appear first, mate tying them together with silk. When the larvae increase in size, with last instar nymphs or adult females and die. Receptive females they begin feeding on the fruit, starting inside the cluster and taking release a pheromone to attract males. Mated females migrate to bites out of most fruit in the cluster. Badly damaged fruits drop, and sheltered areas, lay eggs and die in the egg sac. A partial second damaged fruits that remain have large, russeted cavities. generation matures in late August and September. Nymphs of this Biology and life history Depending on species, the insect may generation sometimes settle in or around the fruit calyx. overwinter as a pupa in the ground or as a fertilized female moth on the soil surface. In the spring, eggs are laid on the twigs, often Management—biological control before buds open. The eggs hatch at the pink stage, and young Little research has been done to date on the effectiveness of natural larvae feed on the flowers and leaves, and later on the leaves and enemies in keeping mealybug populations at levels below economic fruit. When the larvae mature, they drop to the soil to pupate. damage. Parasitic wasps, predatory bugs, predatory beetles, Depending on species, they remain as pupae through the winter or lacewings, and spiders can take a considerable toll on mealybugs. A emerge as adults in fall, mate, and the females overwinter. lady beetle, the “mealybug destroyer” (Cryptolaemus montrouzieri), Scouting and thresholds Examine fruit clusters shortly after fruit is considered an effective predator of mealybugs worldwide. It is set for the small green larvae. They tend to occur in clumps, so available from some insectaries. thorough monitoring is required. Management—chemical control: HOME USE Management—biological control Stages 5-6: Pink spray, spring and summer Birds often are seen eating green fruitworm larvae. Ground ♦♦ acetamiprid predators probably reduce pupal or adult overwintering populations. ♦♦ azadirachtin (neem oil)—Some formulations are OMRI-listed for Some parasitic wasps are also important. organic use. ♦♦ pyrethrins—Highly toxic to bees. Some formulations are OMRI- Management—cultural control listed for organic use. Adults can be collected in black-light traps. Hand-pick larvae when Management—chemical control: COMMERCIAL USE thinning fruit. Stages 5-6: Pink spray Management—chemical control: HOME USE ♦♦ buprofezin (Centaur WDG) at 34.5 oz/a as a ground application Stages 5-6: Pink spray using a minimum of 20 gal water per acre. Do not make more than ♦♦ azadirachtin (neem oil)—Some formulations are OMRI-listed for one application per growing season. REI 12 hr. [Group 16] organic use. ♦♦ diazinon (Diazinon 50W) 2 to 4 lb/a in up to 100 gal water per ♦♦ carbaryl—Highly toxic to bees. application. Dormant or delayed dormant use of diazinon is limited to one application per season. REI 4 days. [Group 1B] ♦♦ esfenvalerate—Highly toxic to bees. ♦♦ gamma-cyhalothrin—Highly toxic to bees. Spring and summer ♦♦ kaolin—Applied as a spray to leaves, stems, and fruit, it acts as a ♦♦ acetamiprid (Assail 70WP) at 1.7 to 3.4 oz/a in up to 100 gal water repellant to some insect pests. Some formulations are OMRI-listed per application. Do not make more than four applications per year for organic use. or exceed 13.5 oz/a per growing season. REI 12 hr. PHI 7 days. ♦♦ lambda-cyhalothrin—Highly toxic to bees. [Group 4A] ♦♦ permethrin—Highly toxic to bees. ♦♦ buprofezin (Centaur WDG) at 34.5 oz/a as a ground application using a minimum of 20 gal water per acre. Do not make more ♦♦ pyrethrins—Highly toxic to bees. Some formulations are OMRI- than one application per growing season. REI 12 hr. PHI 14 days. listed for organic use. [Group 16] ♦♦ zeta-cypermethrin—Highly toxic to bees.

PNW Insect Management Handbook J13 Management—chemical control: COMMERCIAL USE thinning. No hand thinning after the fourth application. Make no Stages 5-6: Pink spray more than four applications per growing season. Do not apply more than 24 oz/a per growing season. Apply in spray volume of ♦♦ Bacillus thuringiensis var. kurstaki (Btk) (Dipel, Javelin, etc.)— up to 200 gal/a. REI 12 hr. PHI 14 days. [Group 22] Formulations vary; see label for rates. Apply Btk materials two to three times, beginning at prepink, repeating at pink and ♦♦ novaluron (Rimon) at 20 to 50 fl oz/a in 100 gal water per petal fall. Apply Btk when temperature exceeds 60°F. REI 4 hr. application. Apply when lacanobia eggs have hatched and larvae Some formulations are OMRI-listed for organic use. [Group 11] are in first to third instar range. Do not use Rimon in alternate row [larvicide] middle application patterns since this method will result in off- timing application and poor performance. Do not apply more than ♦♦ cyantraniliprole (Exirel) at 10 to 17 fl oz/a in up to 100 gal water four applications or more than 150 fl oz/a per growing season. Do per application. REI 12 hr. PHI 3 days. [Group 28] not allow Rimon to drift on grapes as leaf spotting may occur. REI 12 hr. PHI 14 days. [Group 15] [ovicide] Apple—Lacanobia fruitworm ♦♦ spinetoram (Delegate WG) at 4.5 to 7 oz/a in up to 100 gal water Lacanobia subjuncta per application. Do not exceed four applications per growing season. REI 4 hr. PHI 7 days. [Group 5] Pest description and crop damage Also known as speckled ♦♦ spinosad (Entrust 80WP) at 2 to 3 oz /a in up to 100 gal water per cutworm moth, the adult is about 1 inch long and has a distinctive application. Do not exceed 9 oz /a per season. REI 4 hr. PHI 7 color pattern of scales on the wing that range from light brown to days. [Group 5] OMRI-listed for organic use. black The appearance of the larva varies with age: young larvae ♦♦ tebufenozide (Confirm 2F) at 10 to 20 oz/a in up to 100 gal water resemble green fruitworms (green with a lateral stripe), while per application. Do not apply more than 120 oz/a per growing older larvae may be bright green to tan to a light red or brick color. season. REI 4 hr. PHI 14 days. [Group 18A] Mature larvae have a herringbone pattern on the dorsal side and may be up to 2 inches long. Larvae can defoliate shoots. Older larvae also feed on the fruit. Apple—Leafhopper Apple leafhopper (Empoasca maligna) Biology and life history The insect overwinters as a pupa in the Rose leafhopper (Edwardsiana rosae) soil and adults emerge in May and June. Eggs may be deposited White apple leafhopper (Typhlocyba pomaria) in fruit trees or on weed hosts. The first generation larvae appear Pest description and crop damage Multiple leafhopper species in June and July and feed principally on foliage, but may also feed are found throughout the Pacific Northwest. The most prevalent on fruit. Larvae are voracious feeders and can defoliate shoots in a leafhopper in Washington is the white apple leafhopper, although a few days. The emergence of second generation adults begins in late very similar-appearing insect, the rose leafhopper, is also present. July and they are active through October. Larval feeding from the Rose leafhopper nymphs are very similar to white apple leafhopper, second generation begins in mid-August and larvae can be found in but they have rows of black spots on the back. Adults and nymphs October. suck juices from leaves, causing stippling and mottling on leaves. Scouting and thresholds Examine fruit clusters shortly after fruit Damage usually is most noticeable on neglected trees. In general, set for the small green larvae. They tend to occur in clumps, so this pest is a minor problem, and even high populations rarely cause thorough monitoring is required. yield loss. Management—cultural control Biology and life history The insect overwinters as eggs just beneath the bark on 1- to 5-year-old twigs in the trees. Presence of Home orchardists: Adults can be collected in black-light traps. the eggs is indicated by characteristic crescent-shape swellings in Hand-pick larvae when thinning fruit. the bark. Eggs hatch around the tight cluster stage (late March to Management—chemical control: HOME USE mid-April), and nymphs feed for several weeks. Adults are flying Spring and summer by late May and can be observed from then until frost, when they are killed. Overwintering eggs are laid in September. There are two ♦♦ azadirachtin (neem oil)—Some formulations are OMRI-listed for generations per year. organic use. ♦♦ carbaryl—Highly toxic to bees. Scouting and thresholds As a minor pest, monitoring is not ♦♦ pyrethrins—Some formulations are OMRI-listed for organic use. necessary, although presence of the adults can be confirmed by ♦♦ spinosad—Highly toxic to bees. Some formulations are OMRI- early morning limb taps. listed for organic use. Management—biological control ♦♦ zeta-cypermethrin—Highly toxic to bees. Parasitic wasps exert some control over leafhopper populations. Management—chemical control: COMMERCIAL USE Management—chemical control: HOME USE Spring and summer Petal fall spray and Spring/ Summer ♦♦ chlorantraniliprole (Altacor) at 3.0 to 4.5 oz product/a in no less than 100 gal water per application. Do not apply more than 9 oz Best time to control the first generation is petal fall or shortly per acre per growing season. Do not use an adjuvant within 60 thereafter. Apply about 10 days after full petal fall (all petals are days of harvest. REI 4 hr. PHI 5 days. [Group 28] [ovicidal and off) or 17 to 21 days after full bloom. larvicidal] ♦♦ acetamiprid ♦♦ emamectin benzoate (Proclaim 5SG) at 3.2 to 4.8 oz/a in up to 100 ♦♦ azadirachtin (neem oil)—Some formulations are OMRI-listed for gal water per application. Do not exceed 14.4 oz/a per growing organic use. season. REI 12 hr (48 hr for workers performing propping, ♦♦ carbaryl—Highly toxic to bees. pruning, thinning and tying). PHI 14 days. [Group 6]. ♦♦ esfenvalerate—Highly toxic to bees. ♦♦ indoxacarb (Avaunt) at 3 to 6 oz/a in up to 100 gal water per application. Make no more than three applications prior to hand- ♦♦ gamma-cyhalothrin—Highly toxic to bees.

J14 PNW Insect Management Handbook ♦♦ horticultural mineral oil—Some formulations are OMRI-listed for ♦♦ imidacloprid (Admire Pro) at 7 to 10.5 fl oz/a in up to 100 gal organic use. water per application as a soil application. Do not apply prior to ♦♦ imidacloprid—Soil drenches may have residual activity in woody bloom or when bees are actively foraging. Do not apply more than plants lasting for 12 or more months. If short-term management is 10.5 fl oz product/a per growing season. REI 12 hr. PHI 21 days. the goal, consider other approaches. Highly toxic to bees. [Group 4A] ♦♦ insecticidal soap—Some formulations OMRI-listed for organic ♦♦ indoxacarb (Avaunt) at 5.0 to 6.0 oz/a in up to 100 gal water per use. application. Make no more than 3 applications prior to hand- ♦♦ kaolin—Applied as a spray to leaves, stems, and fruit, it acts as a thinning. No hand thinning after the 4th application. Make no repellant to target pests. Some formulations are OMRI-listed for more than 4 applications per growing season. Do not apply more organic use. than 24 oz product per acre per growing season. REI 12 hr. PHI 14 days. [Group 22A] ♦♦ lambda-cyhalothrin—Highly toxic to bees. ♦♦ insecticidal soap (M-Pede) at 1 gal/100 gal water (up to 4 gal/a ♦♦ malathion—Highly toxic to bees. in 400 gal water per acre per application). REI 12 hr. PHI 0 day. ♦♦ permethrin—Highly toxic to bees. Some formulations are OMRI-listed for organic use. ♦♦ pyrethrins (often as a mix with other ingredients) —Highly toxic ♦♦ kaolin (Surround WP) at 25 to 50 lb/a applied as a spray to leaves, to bees. Some formulations are OMRI-listed for organic use. stems, and fruit. Continue applications every 7 to 14 days to ♦♦ zeta-cypermethrin—Highly toxic to bees. assure adequate coverage on newly growing plant surfaces. Kaolin acts as a repellant to target pests. REI 4 hrs. PHI 0 days. Some Management—chemical control: COMMERCIAL USE formulations are OMRI-listed for organic use. Petal fall spray ♦♦ thiamethoxam (Actara WDG) 2 to 2.75 oz/a in up to 100 gal water ♦♦ acetamiprid (Assail 70WP) at 1.1 to 1.7 oz/a in up to 100 gal water per application. Do not exceed 16.5 oz /a per season. Actara is per application. Do not make more than four applications per year extremely toxic to bees. REI 12 hr. At rates less than 2.75oz/a, the or exceed 13.5 oz/a per growing season. REI 12 hr. PHI 7 days. PHI is 14 days. [Group 4A] [Group 4A] ♦♦ thiamethoxam/chlorantraniliprole (Voliam Flexi) at 4 to 7 oz/a in ♦♦ buprofezin (Centaur WDG) at 34.5 oz/a as a ground application up to 100 gal water per application. Do not apply exceed 16 oz of using a minimum of 20 gallons of water per acre. Do not make product/a per season and do not use an adjuvant within 60 days of more than one application per growing season. REI 12 hr. PHI 14 harvest. REI 12 hr. PHI 35 days. [Group 4A & 28] days. [Group 16] ♦♦ fenpyroximate (Fujimite 5SC) at 2 pints/a in a minimum of 100 gal water per acre. Only one application per season. Do not apply Apple—Leafminer through any type of irrigation system. Do not apply by alternate Western tentiform leafminer (Phyllonorycter elmaella) row middle spray method. REI 12 hr. PHI 14 days. [Group 21A] Pest description and crop damage Adult moths are about 0.12 ♦♦ imidacloprid (Prey 1.6F) at 4 to 8 fl oz/a in up to 100 gal water inch long. The wings are held rooflike over the body and are golden per application. Do not use within 10 days prior to bloom or when bronze with white bands. The larvae vary in appearance depending bees are actively foraging. Allow 10 days between applications. on their age, as they progress through five instars. Young larvae Do not apply more than 40 fl oz/a per growing season. REI 12 hr. are legless and cream-colored. Older instars have legs and are PHI 7 days. [Group 4A] cylindrical in shape, cream-colored and about 0.125 inch long. ♦♦ insecticidal soap (M-Pede) at 1 gal/100 gal water (up to 4 gal/a Mature larvae are yellow and about 0.167 inch long. The larvae in 400 gal water per acre per application). REI 12 hr. PHI 0 day. feed within the leaf tissue creating dead discolored areas on leaves. M-Pede can be phytotoxic. Some formulations are OMRI-listed If feeding is extensive, fruit quality and yield may be affected. for organic use. ♦♦ kaolin (Surround WP) at 25 to 50 lb/a applied as a spray to leaves, Biology and life history This insect overwinters as pupae in stems, and fruit. Continue applications every 7 to 14 days to assure leaf litter. The adults emerge early in the season and lay eggs adequate coverage on newly growing plant surfaces. Kaolin acts on the undersides of leaves around the pink stage of flower bud as a repellant to target pests. REI 4 hr. PHI 0 days. development. Eggs are flat and translucent. The first three larval ♦♦ novaluron (Rimon) at 20 to 50 fl oz/a in 100 gal water per instars feed on spongy soft tissue inside the leaves, creating application. Do not use Rimon in alternate row middle application blotches visible only on the undersurface of the leaves. By early- patterns since this method will result in off-timing application and to mid-May larvae begin to feed on the upper surface of the poor performance. Do not apply more than 150 fl oz/a per growing leaf beneath the epidermis, spinning silken webs to tie the mine season. Do not allow Rimon to drift on grapes as leaf spotting may together, giving it the characteristic “tentiform” appearance. Larvae occur. REI 12 hr. PHI 14 days. [Group 15] of the first generation then pupate in the leaf. There are three to four ♦♦ thiamethoxam (Actara WDG) at 2 to 2.75 oz/a in up to 100 gal overlapping generations per year. water per application. Do not exceed 16.5 oz/a per season. Actara Sampling and thresholds An average of three eggs per leaf is the is extremely toxic to bees. REI 12 hr. At rates less than 2.75oz/a, proposed action threshold. the PHI is 14 days. [Group 4A] Management—biological control Spring and summer ♦♦ acetamiprid (Assail 70WP) at 1.1 to 1.7 oz/a in up to 100 gal water A small parasitic wasp, Pnigalio flavipes, provides sufficient control that per application. Do not make more than four applications per year insecticides may not be required. Leafminer problems may be induced by or exceed 13.5 oz/a per growing season. REI 12 hr. PHI 7 days. loss of biological control due to broad spectrum insecticides. [Group 4A] Management—chemical control: HOME USE ♦♦ clothianidin (Belay) at 4 to 6 fl oz/a in up to 100 gal water per application. Do not apply more than 12 fl oz/a per growing season. Stages 3-4: Prepink & tight cluster sprays REI 12 hr. PHI 7 days. [Group 4A] If required, sprays should be timed after the eggs of a generation ♦♦ cyantraniliprole (Exirel) at 10 to 17 fl oz/a in up to 100 gal water have hatched, but before tissue-feeding larvae (the oldest larval per application. REI 12 hr. PHI 3 days. [Group 28] stages) are observed.

PNW Insect Management Handbook J15 ♦♦ acetamiprid Apple—Leafroller ♦♦ azadirachtin (neem oil)—Some formulations are OMRI-listed for organic use. Includes European or filbert leafroller Archips( rosana) ♦♦ carbaryl —Highly toxic to bees. Fruittree leafroller (Archips argyrospila) ♦♦ gamma-cyhalothrin—Highly toxic to bees. Obliquebanded leafroller (Choristoneura rosceana) ♦♦ imidacloprid—Soil drenches may have residual activity in woody Pandemis leafroller (Pandemis pyrusana) plants lasting for 12 or more months. If short-term management is Pest description and crop damage Several species of leafrollers the goal, consider other approaches. Highly toxic to bees. [family: Tortricidae] are pests of tree fruits. These species use native ♦♦ kaolin—Applied as a spray to leaves, stems, and fruit, it acts as a host plants as well as fruit trees. The different species of leafroller repellant to target pests. Some formulations are OMRI-listed for cause similar damage to apple trees but differ in appearance and organic use. life cycle. The principal leafroller pests of fruit trees can be divided ♦♦ lambda-cyhalothrin—Highly toxic to bees. into single-generation moths, such as the fruittree leafroller and ♦♦ permethrin—Highly toxic to bees. the European leafroller, and two-generation moths, such as the ♦♦ pyrethrins (often as a mix with other ingredients)—Highly toxic to obliquebanded leafroller and pandemis leafroller. Adults of these bees. Some formulations are OMRI-listed for organic use. species vary from fawn-color to dark brown. There are distinctive ♦♦ spinosad—Highly toxic to bees. Some formulations are OMRI- bands or mottling on the wings. Wingspans range from 0.5 to 1 listed for organic use. inch. The larvae of these species are all green caterpillars with a ♦♦ zeta-cypermethrin—Highly toxic to bees. light brown to black head, depending on the species. Pandemis larvae are green with a green or brown head. Obliquebanded Management—chemical control: COMMERCIAL USE leafroller larvae are similar to pandemis larvae, except the head is Stages 3-4: Prepink & tight cluster sprays dark brown to black. Treatment at this timing may create mite problems. It is best to wait As the name leafroller implies, the larvae roll and tie leaves together until the second generation appears before making a decision to spray. for shelter and feeding. They thrash about violently when disturbed ♦♦ abamectin (Abamex) at 10 to 20 oz/a in up to 100 gal water per and may drop from the leaf suspended by a silken thread. Feeding application. For best effect apply against egg and early sap feeder on growing points on young plants can promote undesirable stages of first and second generation. Do not apply during bloom. branching. Prebloom leafroller feeding within the cluster results Do not apply more than two applications per growing season. Best in fruit abortion or deeply scarred fruit. Young larvae are tiny and used early in the season (before June 15); control after that may be notoriously difficult to sample but they are typically most damaging unsatisfactory. Do not use within 14 days before or after Captan. because of feeding on developing fruitlets. The later life stages are Use with an adjuvant. May cause russeting on light-skinned evident as the caterpillars reach maximum size and the number of varieties (e.g., ‘Golden Delicious’). REI 12 hr. [Group 6] damaged leaves increases. Mature leafroller larvae often move to ♦♦ acetamiprid (Assail 70WP) at 1.1 oz/a in up to 100 gal water per a new leaf just prior to pupation. By this point, any damage to fruit application. Do not make more than four applications per year or is done and it is better to allow natural enemies to reproduce on the exceed 13.5 oz/a per growing season. REI 12 hr. [Group 4A] mature larvae than to attempt treating the population. ♦♦ cyantraniliprole (Exirel) at 10 to 17 fl oz/a in up to 100 gal water Biology and life history The single-generation leafrollers per application. REI 12 hr. PHI 3 days. [Group 28] overwinter as egg masses on twigs and branches. Eggs hatch in ♦♦ novaluron (Rimon) at 15 to 40 fl oz/a in 100 gal water per spring as buds are opening until petal fall. The larvae feed for 4 to application. Monitor moth flights and time treatment to eggs. 6 weeks, then pupate in the rolled leaves and emerge as moths in Do not use Rimon in alternate row middle application patterns early summer. The overwintering eggs are laid in July. since this method will result in off-timing application and poor performance. Do not apply more than four applications or more Two-generation leafrollers overwinter as immature larvae under the than 150 fl oz/a per growing season. Do not allow Rimon to drift bark on scaffold branches of a variety of host plants. Larvae may on grapes as leaf spotting may occur. REI 12 hr. PHI 14 days. feed during warm periods in winter but become active in spring [Group 15] [ovicide] with onset of new growth. They feed for several weeks, then pupate ♦♦ pyriproxyfen (Esteem 35WP) at 3 to 5 oz/a in up to 100 gal water in rolled leaves. Adult moths emerge in late April to May. These lay per application. Provides suppression when applied as part of a eggs for the next generation. The next generation hatches in early season-long program. Do not exceed two applications per growing summer and does the most damage. season. REI 12 hr. [Group 7C] Scouting and thresholds Scouting young larvae is challenging, ♦♦ spinetoram (Delegate WG) at 4.5 to 7 oz/a in up to 100 gal water but mature larvae are readily apparent. Populations can be detected per application. Do not exceed four applications per growing early in the season by opening buds around bud break to examine season. REI 4 hr. [Group 5] for silk, frass, and minute larvae using magnification. Observe early ♦♦ spinosad (Entrust 80WP) at 2 to 3 oz /a in up to 100 gal water per spring growth for rolled leaves and feeding damage on new growth. application. Do not exceed 9 oz /a per season. REI 4 hr. [Group 5] larvicidal] OMRI-listed for organic use. Management—biological control Very low temperatures in winter significantly reduce overwintering populations of larvae. Spiders and parasitic wasps, as well as predators like the brown lacewing, greatly reduce leafroller populations throughout the year. Parasitism is particularly intense on mature larvae just prior to pupation, a time when insecticide treatments are not effective against leafrollers, but have a strong negative effect on the natural enemy community. A large complex of predators, parasitoid wasps, and parasitoid flies (Tachinidae) attack leafroller larvae.

J16 PNW Insect Management Handbook Management—cultural control Stages 5-6: Pink spray Fruit thinning can reduce problems significantly with some ♦♦ Bacillus thuringiensis var. kurstaki (Btk) (Dipel, Javelin, etc.)— leafrollers. Thin fruit clusters to a single fruit. Hand-pick rolled Formulations vary; see label for rates. Apply Btk materials leaves containing larvae or pupae. two to three times, beginning at prepink, repeating at pink and petal fall. Apply Btk when temperature exceeds 60°F. REI 4 hr. Management—chemical control: HOME USE Some formulations are OMRI-listed for organic use. [Group 11] Stages 2-3: Delayed-dormant spray [larvicide] ♦♦ fenpropathrin (Danitol 2.4 EC) at 16 fl oz/a in up to 100 gal per Apply sprays during dormant or delayed-dormant period (March to application. Do not exceed 42.7 fl oz/a per season. REI 24 hr. April). Do not use after pink appears in buds. Use enough water to [Group 3] cover all of the tree thoroughly including small limbs and shoots. ♦♦ methoxyfenozide (Intrepid 2F) at 8 to 16 fl oz/a in up to 100 gal ♦♦ horticultural mineral oil water per application. Apply once or twice against overwintering Stages 3-4: Prepink & tight cluster sprays, Stages 5-6: Pink spray, larvae. Use adjuvant. Do not exceed 64 fl oz/a. REI 4 hr. [Group 18] and petal fall ♦♦ pyriproxyfen (Esteem 35WP) at 4 to 5 oz/a in up to 100 gal water ♦♦ azadirachtin (neem oil)—Some formulations are OMRI-listed for per application. Do not exceed two applications per growing organic use. season. REI 12 hr. [Group 7C] ♦♦ Bacillus thuringiensis var. kurstaki (Btk)—Some formulations are ♦♦ spinetoram (Delegate WG) at 4.5 to 7 oz/a in up to 100 gal water OMRI-listed for organic use. per application. Do not exceed four applications per growing season. REI 4 hr. [Group 5] ♦♦ carbaryl—Highly toxic to bees. ♦♦ spinosad (Entrust 80WP) at 2 to 3 oz/a in up to 100 gal water ♦♦ esfenvalerate—Highly toxic to bees. per application. Do not exceed three applications or 9 oz/a per ♦♦ gamma-cyhalothrin—Highly toxic to bees. growing season. REI 4 hr. [Group 5] OMRI-listed for organic use. ♦♦ kaolin—Applied as a spray to leaves, stems, and fruit, it acts as a repellant to target pests. Some formulations are OMRI-listed for Petal fall organic use. ♦♦ Bacillus thuringiensis var. kurstaki (Btk) (Dipel, Javelin, etc.)— Formulations vary; see label for rates. Apply Btk materials two ♦♦ lambda-cyhalothrin—Highly toxic to bees. to three times, beginning at prepink, repeating at pink and petal ♦♦ permethrin—Highly toxic to bees. fall. Apply Btk when temperature exceeds 60°F. REI/PHI 4 hr. ♦♦ plant-derived essential oils—Some have shown efficacy against Some formulations are OMRI-listed for organic use. [Group 11] leafrollers. Some formulations are OMRI-listed for organic use. [larvicide] ♦♦ pyrethrins (often as a mix with other ingredients)—Some ♦♦ chloranthraniliprole (Altacor) at 2.5 to 4.5 oz/a in no less than formulations are OMRI-listed for organic use. —Highly toxic to bees. 100 gal water per application. Do not apply more than 9 oz/a per ♦♦ spinosad—Some formulations are OMRI-listed for organic use. growing season. Do not use an adjuvant within 60 days of harvest. ♦♦ zeta cypermethrin—Highly toxic to bees. REI 4 hr. PHI 5 days. [Group 28] [ovicide] ♦♦ cyantraniliprole (Exirel) at 10 to 17 fl oz/a in up to 100 gal water Management—chemical control: COMMERCIAL USE per application. For overwintering leafroller larvae, apply at pink Stages 2-3: Delayed-dormant spray to petal fall. For summer generations apply ahead of egg hatch. ♦♦ chlorpyrifos (Lorsban 4E) at 1.5 to 4 pints/a in up to 400 gal water. REI 12 hr. PHI 3 days. [Group 28] Cold or dry conditions may cause Lorsban 4E oil sprays to infuse ♦♦ Chromobacterium subtsugae (Grandevo) at 1 to 3 lb/a. Under into trees, resulting in bud damage or bud drop. Do not apply until heavy pest populations, apply a knockdown insecticide prior to or winter rains or irrigation has replenished soil moisture such that bark in a tank mix, use the higher label rates, shorten the spray interval, and twigs are not desiccated. Only one application of chlorpyrifos and/or increase the spray volume to improve coverage. REI 4 hr. can be made per year. Do not apply Lorsban 4E after postbloom. PHI 0 day. OMRI-listed for organic use. REI 4 days. [Group 1B] RESTRICTED USE IN OREGON. ♦♦ emamectin benzoate (Proclaim 5SG) at 3.2 to 4.8 oz/a in up to 100 ♦♦ pyriproxyfen (Esteem 35WP) at 4 to 5 oz/a in up to 400 gal water. gal water per application. Do not exceed 14.4 oz/a per season. REI Do not exceed two applications per season. Do not apply earlier 12 hr (48 hr for workers performing propping, pruning, thinning than 14 days after last Esteem 35 WP IGR treatment. REI 12 hr. and tying). PHI 14 days. [Group 6] [larvicide]. [Group 7C] ♦♦ methoxyfenozide (Intrepid 2F) at 8 to 16 fl oz/a in up to 100 gal Stages 3-4: Prepink & tight cluster sprays water per application. Apply once or twice against overwintering ♦♦ Bacillus thuringiensis var. kurstaki (Btk) (Dipel DF, Javelin, larvae. Use adjuvant; see label. Do not exceed 64 fl oz/a per etc.)—Formulations vary; see label for rates. Apply Btk materials season. REI 4 hr. PHI 14 days. [Group 18] [ovicide] two to three times, beginning at prepink, repeating at pink and ♦♦ novaluron (Rimon) at 30 to 50 fl oz/a in 100 gal water per petal fall. Apply Btk only when temperature exceeds 60°F. REI 4 application. Do not use Rimon in alternate row middle application hr. Some formulations are OMRI-listed for organic use. [Group patterns since this method will result in off-timing application and 11] [larvicide] poor performance. Do not apply more than four applications or ♦♦ methoxyfenozide (Intrepid 2F) at 8 to 16 fl oz/a in up 100 gal more than 150 fl oz/a per growing season. Do not allow Rimon to water per application. Apply once or twice against overwintering drift on grapes as leaf spotting may occur. REI 12 hr. PHI 14 days. larvae. Do not exceed 64 fl oz/a per growing season. REI 4 hr. [Group 15] [ovicide] [Group 18] ♦♦ pyriproxyfen (Esteem 35WP) at 4 to 5 oz/a in up to 100 gal water ♦♦ spinetoram (Delegate WG) at 4.5 to 7 oz/a in up to 100 gal water per application. Do not exceed two applications per growing per application. Do not exceed four applications growing season. season. REI 12 hr. PHI 45 days. [Group 7C] REI 4 hr. [Group 5] ♦♦ spinetoram (Delegate WG) at 4.5 to 7 oz/a in up to 100 gal water ♦♦ spinosad (Entrust 80WP) at 2 to 3 oz /a in up to 100 gal water per per application. Do not exceed four applications per growing application. Do not exceed 9 oz /a per season. REI 4 hr. [Group 5] season. REI 4 hr. PHI 7 days. [Group 5] larvicidal] OMRI-listed for organic use. ♦♦ spinosad (Entrust 80WP) at 2 to 3 oz/a in up to 100 gal water

PNW Insect Management Handbook J17 per application. Do not exceed three applications or 9 oz/a per shrubs before moving to other plants. Eggs are laid in the stems and growing season. REI 4 hr. PHI 7 days [Group 5] [larvicide] other tissues of host plants. There may be several generations per OMRI-listed. year. Resistance management Leafrollers can develop resistance Management—cultural control rapidly to chemical controls. Alternate chemistries and modes of Eliminate weeds that serve as protection and early season food for action. the insect. Lygus problems are most likely to occur with alfalfa or unmanaged borders. Eliminate border habitat or target management Apple—Lesser appleworm on border rows. Hand-thin damaged fruit. Grapholita prunivora Spring and summer Pest description and crop damage This is a tortricid pest Management—chemical control: HOME USE similar in habits to oriental fruit moth. The larvae feed inside the ♦♦ azadirachtin (neem oil)—Some formulations are OMRI-listed for fruit, often entering through the calyx end. Lesser appleworm is organic use. not currently a problem in commercial orchards, despite being ♦♦ carbaryl—Highly toxic to bees. distributed throughout the fruit producing regions of the PNW. It is ♦♦ esfenvalerate—Highly toxic to bees. a moth native to the northeastern US that was first discovered in the Pacific Northwest in the 1940s. ♦♦ gamma-cyhalothrin—Highly toxic to bees. ♦♦ kaolin clay—Applied as a spray to leaves, stems, and fruit, it acts Biology and life history The lesser appleworm prefers host plants as a repellant to target pests. Some formulations are OMRI-listed in the rose family, including crabapples, hawthorn, wild rose and for organic use. others. ♦♦ malathion—Highly toxic to bees. It overwinters as a mature larva at the base of host plants or under ♦♦ permethrin—Highly toxic to bees. bark scales. The adults begin to emerge in April, and females lay ♦♦ pyrethrins—Highly toxic to bees. Some formulations are OMRI- eggs on leaves or the fruit surface. The larvae feed on the fruit for listed for organic use. about three weeks, then pupate at the base of the tree or under bark ♦♦ zeta-cypermethrin—Highly toxic to bees. scales. Second-generation adults appear in late spring. These also Management—chemical control: COMMERCIAL USE lay eggs on the fruit. Late in the season, mature larvae spin cocoons to overwinter. ♦♦ acetamiprid (Assail 70WP) at 1.7 to 3.4 oz/a in up to 100 gal water per application. Do not make more than four applications per year Spring and summer or exceed 13.5 oz/a per growing season. Will provide suppression. Management—chemical control: HOME USE Do not apply during bloom. REI 12 hr. PHI 7 days. [Group 4A] ♦♦ acetamiprid ♦♦ lambda-cyhalothrin (Warrior II) at 1.28 to 2.56 fl oz in enough ♦♦ carbaryl—Highly toxic to bees. water to achieve thorough coverage. REI 24 hr. PHI 21 days. ♦♦ esfenvalerate—Highly toxic to bees. [Group 3] ♦♦ gamma-cyhalothrin—Highly toxic to bees. ♦♦ thiamethoxam (Actara WDG) at 4.5 to 5.5 oz/a in up to 100 gal water per application. Do not exceed 16.5 oz/a per season. REI 12 ♦♦ kaolin—Applied as a spray to leaves, stems, and fruit, it acts as a hr. PHI 35 days. [Group 4A] repellant to target pests. Some formulations are OMRI-listed for organic use. ♦♦ zeta-cypermethrin (Mustang Maxx) at 1.28 to 4.0 fl oz/a in a minimum of 100 gal water for dilute spray. REI 12 hr. PHI 14 ♦♦ lambda-cyhalothrin—Highly toxic to bees. days. [Group 3A] ♦♦ pyrethrins—Highly toxic to bees. Some formulations are OMRI- listed for organic use. ♦♦ zeta-cypermethrin—Highly toxic to bees. Apple—Pacific flatheaded borer Management—chemical control: COMMERCIAL USE Chrysobothris mali Insecticides used for codling moth are probably effective. Lesser Pest description and crop damage The Pacific flatheaded borer appleworm is not a problem in orchards receiving a regular spray is a pest of many different trees and shrubs, including most fruit program. trees. Adults are reddish bronze beetles with copper-color spots on wing covers, and about 0.25 to 0.5 inch long. Larvae are whitish to pale yellow and about 0.5 inch long when fully developed. Just Apple—Lygus bug behind the head is a broad, flat enlargement giving a “flat-headed” Lygus spp. appearance. Larvae feed beneath the bark and may girdle the trunks and branches of trees. Young, recently planted trees are most Pest description and crop damage Adult lygus bugs are oval, susceptible. Trees that are stressed because of drought or suffering about 0.19 inch long with a light yellow ‘V’ on the back. There are sunburn or sun scald on the trunks are particularly susceptible to three species that attack tree fruits and the body color may be green attack. Young trees are sometimes attacked at the graft union. or brown. The bugs feed on developing leaves, flowers and fruit. Most fruit damage occurs shortly after bloom on fruitlets. Dimpling Biology and life history The insects overwinter in host plants and deep pitting of fruit are indications of early feeding damage. as mature larvae. In spring, they pupate and then bore “D” shaped Cat-facing damage is a fruit deformity that occurs when cells emergence holes in the tree. Some borers may spend more than one surrounding the dead cells at the feeding site continue to grow as season in tree trunks. They emerge usually from late May through the fruit matures, resulting in severely misshapen fruit. August. Females lay eggs from June through July in crevices in the bark, usually on the sunny side of tree trunks below the lowest Biology and life history These insects overwinter as adults in branches. Stressed trees are the preferred egg-laying site. The larvae protected areas such as leaf debris, in bark cracks or similar spaces. hatch, burrow into the wood, and feed on the cambial and vascular Adults become active in early spring, feeding on buds of trees and

J18 PNW Insect Management Handbook tissues until full grown. Burrows are characteristically broad and Biology and life history San Jose scale overwinters in an irregular. immature life stage and is black in color. In spring, the tiny winged males emerge and mate with wingless females. Females give birth Scouting and thresholds Watch for swellings under bark on young to live young about a month later (no eggs are seen). The young trees or cracks through which frass may be seen. Fine sawdust frass scales, called “crawlers,” are very small, flattened, and yellow, piles may be evident around the base of infested trees. and move around on bark and foliage before settling down to feed. Management—biological control Young scales also can be dispersed by wind, rain, irrigation, or by the movement of people and machinery. A few days later, they Birds peck the larvae from under the bark with their beaks. Some secrete a waxy coating over their body that protects them from wasp parasites attack the borer. Carpenter ants eat both larvae and pesticides. From this point, female scales do not move. Crawlers pupae from the wood. are found during June and July and again in August to September, Management—cultural control so there are two generations per year. Oystershell scale overwinters as eggs under the female scale. Crawlers emerge in May and June Beetles are attracted to weakened, sunburned, or injured parts of and move to feeding sites on the bark. They secrete a waxy coating the trunk and lay eggs in cracks on bark exposed to the sun. Protect and the females remain sedentary. Males emerge from their coating young and newly planted trees from sunburn by whitewashing or and mate with the females, which lay eggs beneath their bodies, painting with white interior latex paint. Paper trunk protectors or gradually shrinking in size and dying after the last eggs are laid. shading the trunk with boards also may be helpful. Avoid drought There is one generation per year. stress and nutrition deficiency on young trees. Remove infested trees where practical to reduce pest pressure. Scouting and thresholds Inspect twigs during the dormant season for scales. Pay particular attention to weak plants. Observe June through July sprays the young bark for purplish-red halos which indicate infestation. Management—chemical control: HOME USE The crawlers are best observed during June to July with a 10X ♦♦ azadirachtin (neem oil)—Some formulations are OMRI-listed for magnifying glass. Crawlers can be monitored by wrapping a piece organic use. of double sided tape around an infested branch or by applying a ♦♦ imidacloprid—Soil drenches may have residual activity in woody tacky insect glue barrier. plants lasting for 12 or more months. If short-term management is Management—biological control the goal, consider other approaches. ♦♦ pyrethrins—Highly toxic to bees. Some formulations are OMRI- Larvae of green lacewings and other insects are aggressive listed for organic use. predators of scale. However, biological control does not necessarily ♦♦ zeta-cypermethrin —Highly toxic to bees. prevent significant scale infestations. Management—chemical control: COMMERCIAL USE Management—cultural control ♦♦ imidacloprid (Admire Pro and generics) at 7 to 10.5 fl oz/a Scale can be rubbed off plants by hand with a glove or toothbrush. chemigation or root drench, depending on label. Do not apply prior Major infestations can be pruned off. Tanglefoot, “stickem,” or a to bloom or when bees are actively foraging. Do not apply more similar adhesive can be applied around infestations of adult scales than 10.5 oz product/a per growing season. REI 12 hr. PHI 21 days. to catch the crawler stage. As with aphids, avoid excessive nitrogen fertilizer, as this favors increases in scale populations. Apple—Scale Management—chemical control: HOME USE Includes Stages 0-1: Egg control with dormant & delayed-dormant sprays Oystershell scale (Lepidosaphes ulmi) Oils are effective against San Jose scale, but are not very effective San Jose scale (Quadraspidiotus perniciosus) against oystershell scale. Apply sprays during dormant or delayed- Pest description and crop damage San Jose scale was introduced dormant period (March to April). Do not use after pink appears to the U.S. on flowering peach in the 1870s. It is now a pest of all in buds. Use enough water to cover the tree thoroughly including fruit trees and many ornamental and wild trees and shrubs throughout small limbs and shoots. the U.S., particularly in hot, dry climates. Oystershell scale is ♦♦ horticultural mineral oil—Some formulations OMRI-listed for European in origin and has been in the US since around 1850. San organic use. Jose scale can be differentiated from other scale insects by the scale ♦♦ horticultural mineral oil, plus one of the following: lime-sulfur, (shell) that covers the adult females. The scale is hard, gray to black, lime-sulfur materials such as polysulfide—Some formulations are and cone-shaped. The scale has a tiny white knob in the center with OMRI-listed for organic use. a series of grooves or rings around it. Oystershell scale looks like a miniature oyster. Although oystershell scale is principally a pest of Spring and summer woody parts of the plant (although it occasionally attacks fruit), San Insecticide applications are aimed at the vulnerable crawlers during Jose scale attacks woody parts and fruit. Scales are closely related mid-summer. Apply insecticides about 10 days after full petal fall to aphids, mealybugs, and whiteflies. Like these insects, they also (all petals are off) or 17 to 21 days after full bloom. Avoid making have piercing-sucking mouthparts. Large populations of scale can applications of insecticides to plants in bloom to avoid bee injury. devitalize plants and retard growth. Severe infestations by San Jose Follow all label directions. scale can kill twigs and even the whole tree. Large quantities of ♦♦ acetamiprid honeydew are produced, which makes leaves and fruit shiny and sticky. Sooty mold fungus may colonize the honeydew, giving the ♦♦ azadirachtin (neem oil)—Some formulations are OMRI-listed for plants a dirty, sooty appearance, further restricting photosynthetic organic use. activity. Fruit damaged by San Jose scale is characterized by red ♦♦ carbaryl—Highly toxic to bees. halos that form around the feeding site. ♦♦ gamma-cyhalothrin—Highly toxic to bees.

PNW Insect Management Handbook J19 ♦♦ imidacloprid—Soil drenches may have residual activity in woody Spring and summer plants lasting for 12 or more months. If short-term management is Long-term control can be achieved only with delayed-dormant the goal, consider other approaches. sprays; however, fruit infestation can be prevented with summer ♦♦ insecticidal soap—Some formulations OMRI-listed for organic applications. use. ♦♦ acetamiprid (Assail 70WP) at 3.4 oz/a in up to 100 gal water per ♦♦ lambda-cyhalothrin—Highly toxic to bees. application. Do not make more than four applications per year or ♦♦ malathion—Highly toxic to bees. exceed 13.5 oz/a per growing season. Will provide suppression. ♦♦ permethrin—Highly toxic to bees. REI 12 hr. PHI 7 days. [Group 4A] ♦♦ plant-derived essential oils—Some have shown efficacy against ♦♦ buprofezin (Centaur WDG) at 34.5 oz/a as a ground application scale. Some formulations are OMRI-listed for organic use. using a minimum of 20 gal water per acre. Do not make more ♦♦ pyrethrins (often as a mix with other ingredients) —Highly toxic than one application per growing season. REI 12 hr. PHI 14 days. to bees. Some formulations are OMRI-listed for organic use. [Group 16] ♦♦ zeta-cypermethrin—Highly toxic to bees. ♦♦ diazinon (Diazinon 50W) at 4 lb of product/a in up to 100 gal water per application. Do not apply more than one application as Management—chemical control: COMMERCIAL USE an in-season spray. REI 4 days. PHI 21 days. [Group 1B] Stages 0-2: Egg control with dormant & delayed-dormant sprays ♦♦ imidacloprid (Admire Pro) at 2.8 fl oz/a in up to 100 gal water per ♦♦ buprofezin (Centaur WDG ) at 34.5 oz/a applied as a ground application. Do not use within 10 days prior to bloom or when application using a minimum of 20 gallons of water per acre. Do bees are actively foraging. Do not exceed 14 fl oz/a per season. not make more than one application per growing season. REI 12 REI 12 hr. PHI 7 days. [Group 4A] hr. [Group 16] ♦♦ pyriproxyfen (Esteem 35WP) at 4 to 5 oz/a in up to 100 gal water ♦♦ chlorpyrifos (Lorsban 4E) at 1.5 to 4 pints/a + horticultural per application. Do not exceed two applications per growing mineral oil at 6 to 8 gal/a in up to 400 gal water. Cold or dry season. REI 12 hr. PHI 45 days. [Group 7C] conditions may cause Lorsban 4E oil sprays to infuse into trees, ♦♦ spirotetramat (Movento) at 6 to 9 fl oz/a. Do not exceed 25 fl oz /a resulting in bud damage or bud drop. Do not apply until winter per growing season. Apply after petal fall. REI 24 hr. PHI 7 days rains or irrigation has replenished soil moisture such that bark and [Group 23]. twigs are not desiccated. Only one application of chlorpyrifos can be made per year. Do not apply Lorsban 4E after postbloom. REI 4 days. [Group 1B] RESTRICTED USE IN OREGON. Apple—Shothole borer and ambrosia ♦♦ diazinon (Diazinon 50W) at 4 lb/a + horticultural mineral oil at beetle 6 to 8 gal/a in up to 400 gal water. Do not apply more than one application as a dormant spray per year. REI 4 days. [Group 1B] Includes Shothole borer (Scolytus rugulosus) ♦♦ horticultural mineral oil at 4 to 8 gal/a in up to 400 gal water. REI European shothole borer/pear blight beetle (Xyleborus dispar) varies by formulation- See label. Lesser shothole borer (Anisandrus saxeseni) ♦♦ lime sulfur (calcium polysulfide)—Formulations vary; see label for rates. May be mixed with horticultural mineral oil at 6 to 8 Pest description and crop damage Shothole borers, also known gal/a in up to 400 gal water. REI 2 days. Some formulations are as ambrosia beetles, are small beetles that were introduced to North OMRI-listed for organic use. America and have been found in the PNW since the early 1900s. ♦♦ pyriproxyfen (Esteem 35WP) at 4 to 5 oz/a plus horticultural Apple, pear, cherry, and plum all are attacked. Borers are primarily mineral oil at 4 to 8 gal/a in up to 400 gal water per application. a problem on injured or stressed plants, but healthy trees growing Do not exceed two applications per season. Do not apply earlier adjacent to blocks of neglected trees also may be attacked. The than 14 days after last Esteem treatment. REI 12 hr. [Group 7C] adult shothole borer is a brownish black beetle about 0.08 inch long. The larvae are white, legless, and about 0.17 inch long. A similar Stages 3-4: Prepink & tight cluster sprays wood-boring beetle, the ambrosia beetle, is about 0.12 inch long, ♦♦ buprofezin (Centaur WDG) at 34.5 oz/a applied as a ground dark brown or black, and covered with yellowish hairs. The larva is application using a minimum of 20 gallons of water per acre. Do pinkish-white, legless, cylindrical, and 0.17 inch long when mature. not make more than one application per growing season. REI 12 Larvae and adults of both these species bore into the cambial and hr. [Group 16] vascular tissues of trees, weakening them and causing wilting and ♦♦ diazinon (Diazinon 50W) at 4 lb/a in up to 100 gal water per dieback of individual stems and branches. Trunks and branches can application. Do not apply more than one application as an in- be completely riddled with galleries. season spray per year. REI 4 days. [Group 1B] ♦♦ pyriproxyfen (Esteem 35WP) at 4 to 5 oz of product/a per 100 gal Biology and life history Shothole borer overwinters as a larva water per application. Do not exceed two applications per season. burrowed beneath the bark of infested trees. They pupate beneath REI 12 hr. [Group 7C] the bark, then adults emerge in spring or early summer, mate, and fly to susceptible trees to feed at the base of leaves or small twigs. Pink & petal fall sprays The adults then tunnel into the tree, excavating galleries parallel to ♦♦ buprofezin (Centaur WDG) at 34.5 oz/a as a ground application the wood grain. They lay eggs along the gallery. The eggs hatch, using a minimum of 20 gallons of water per acre. Do not make and the larvae feed by tunneling at right angles to the main burrow, more than one application per growing season. REI 12 hr. PHI 14 causing a characteristic pattern of damage. After 6 to 8 weeks, the days. [Group 16] larvae pupate at the ends of the galleries, then emerge as adults ♦♦ pyriproxyfen (Esteem 35WP) at 4 to 5 oz/a in up to 100 gal water starting in August. The many small, round exit holes this creates per application. Do not exceed two applications or 10 oz/a per gives a “shothole” effect. There are two generations per year. growing season. REI 12 hr. PHI 45 days. [Group 7C] Ambrosia beetle overwinters as a mature larva, pupa, or adult in galleries in the tree. When spring temperatures exceed 65°F, the females become active, fly to susceptible hosts, and bore into the tree.

J20 PNW Insect Management Handbook Eggs are laid in the gallery, and as they develop, the female carefully spider mite, but have more of a yellowish color. Eggs are clear tends them and cultivates ambrosia fungus for them to eat. The and spherical. females usually remove excrement or wood dust from the tunnels, Spider mites damage leaves by puncturing cells and sucking out and this, along with the uniform width of the galleries, distinguishes the contents. This produces small yellow-white spots on the upper them from other wood-boring beetles. Young adults can be found leaf surface. In heavy infestations, the spots coalesce and the leaf tightly packed in the galleries in midsummer, where they remain until yellows or bronzes. the following spring. There is only one generation per year. Biology and life history Two-spotted, McDaniel and yellow Scouting and thresholds Examine branches in late spring for spider mites overwinter as fertilized females under bark or in soil holes 0.08 inch in diameter, oozing sap and sawdust. In stone fruits, debris. European red mite and brown mites overwinter as eggs these holes often are sealed with gummy ooze. Beetles particularly in crevices of twig bark and young limbs. They move to young are attracted to unhealthy trees. Adult beetles are highly attracted foliage when buds break in spring and produce many generations to ethanol. Grain spirits can be used to mass-attract beetles to during spring to autumn. Females can lay up to 10 eggs per day and simple jar or bottle traps or commercial traps and lures can be used. more than 200 during their lifetime. Egg-to-adult development can Lindgren funnel traps with ethanol lures can capture many adults. occur in 7 to 10 days during summer. They thrive under hot, dry Monitoring should begin early in the spring. conditions. Large colonies of mites produce webbing. Dispersal Management—cultural control occurs mainly through wind transport. The best management tool is to keep trees healthy with proper Scouting and thresholds Thresholds have not been established, pruning, adequate water, and fertilizer. Healthy trees repel the but economic damage is unlikely at levels below 15 to 20 per leaf. beetles by plugging borer holes with sap and resins. Remove and Treatment thresholds always must consider the presence of predatory destroy infested wood on the tree or piles of infested green wood mites, which are major biological control agents (see below). nearby, especially cherry wood. Beetles also can attack young trees adjacent to piled wood from an old orchard. Burn or remove old, Management—biological control piled wood before replanting. Once the bark on cut wood dries and Spider mite populations are held down by cool, wet conditions sloughs off, it is no longer a host for the beetles. Whitewash trunks early in the season. Considerable natural control is provided of young trees to prevent sunburn and reduce potential hazard of by lady beetles (Stethorus spp.) and minute pirate bugs (Orius attack by shothole borer and flathead borers. spp.). Predator mites such as Typhlodromus spp. or Neoseiulus fallacis (syn. Amblyseius fallacis) are also effective at managing Management—chemical control: HOME USE populations of spider mites and may be purchased. Avoid broad- Best control is maintaining healthy trees through adequate spectrum insecticide sprays to protect predators. irrigation, fertilization, and pruning practices, as well as proper sanitation (remove weak or diseased wood). Management—cultural control Spider mite infestations are favored by dry, dusty conditions, so Management—chemical control: COMMERCIAL USE avoid creating these problems and stressing the plants. The use of No effective insecticides are labeled for these pests for apples. cover crops also reduces dust and mite problems. Broadleaf weeds like mallow, bindweed, white clover, and knotweed enhance mite numbers. Suppression of these weeds with cultivation or grasses Apple—Spider mite may reduce mite numbers. Mites may be washed from the tree with Brown mite (Bryobia rubrioculus) a strong stream of water. Water trees properly, as drought-stressed European red mite (Panonychus ulmi) trees are more susceptible. Avoid excessive nitrogen applications, as McDaniel mite (Tetranychus mcdanieli) this encourages mites. Two-spotted spider mite (Tetranychus urticae) Yellow spider mite (Eotetranychus carpini borealis) Management—chemical control: HOME USE For mite identification, see: Stages 0-1: dormant & delayed-dormant spray Field Characteristics of Fruit-Tree-Attacking Spider Mites in the horticultural mineral oil—Some formulations OMRI-listed for Pacific Northwest organic use. Pest description and crop damage All adult mites are small, Spring and summer usually only about 0.02 inch long and have eight legs. The various ♦♦ azadirachtin (neem oil)—Some formulations are OMRI-listed for apple-infesting species vary in appearance as follows: organic use. Brown mite: The adult female is a dull reddish brown with dark ♦♦ carbaryl—Highly toxic to bees. orange markings, and somewhat flattened. The front legs are ♦♦ gamma-cyhalothrin—Highly toxic to bees. very long, over twice the length of the other legs, and extend ♦♦ insecticidal soap—Avoid spraying when blossoms are open. May forward from the body. require several applications. Some formulations are OMRI-listed European red mite: Adults are globular, reddish with white spines. for organic use. Immatures are similar in appearance, only smaller. Eggs red ♦♦ malathion—Highly toxic to bees. and globular. ♦♦ permethrin—Highly toxic to bees. Two-spotted or McDaniel mite: Adults are yellowish-brown, ♦♦ plant-derived essential oils—Some have shown efficacy against about 0.02 inch long. Two-spotted mites have two dark spider mites. Some formulations are OMRI-listed for organic use. spots on the body, while McDaniel mites have four. Immatures ♦♦ pyrethrins—Some formulations are OMRI-listed for organic use. are similar in appearance, only smaller. Eggs are round and translucent to opaque. ♦♦ spinosad—Highly toxic to bees. Some formulations are OMRI- Yellow spider mite: Adult females are pale yellow to white with 2 listed for organic use. or 3 dark, rectangular markings on each side of the abdomen. ♦♦ sulfur—Some formulations are OMRI-listed for organic use. Immatures are similar in appearance to the two-spotted

PNW Insect Management Handbook J21 Management—chemical control: COMMERCIAL USE gal water per acre. Also see Fujimite XLO. Only one application Stages 0-1: Egg control with dormant & delayed-dormant sprays per season. Do not apply by alternate row middle spray method. REI 12 hr. PHI 14 days. [Group 21A] ♦♦ hexythiazox (Savey 50WP) at 3 to 6 oz/a in up to 100 gal water per application. To avoid resistance development, apply ♦♦ hexythiazox (Savey 50WP) at 3 to 6 oz/a in up to 100 gal hexythiazox only once per season. Hexythiazox is an ovicide and water per application. To avoid resistance development, apply will not control adult mites: combine with adulticide if adults are hexythiazox only once per season. Hexythiazox is an ovicide present. REI 12 hr. [Group 10A] and will not control adults. Combine with adulticide if adults are present. REI 12 hr. PHI 28 days. [Group 10A] ♦♦ horticultural mineral oil at 6 to 8 gal/a in up to 400 gal water. REI varies by formulation; see label. Some formulations are OMRI- ♦♦ pyridaben (Nexter) at 6.6 to 10.67 oz/a in up to 100 gal water per listed for organic use. application. Apply as populations begin to build, between petal fall and harvest. Do not exceed one application per season. Lower ♦♦ sulfur (dry flowable)— Formulations vary; see label for rates. rates can be used for control of European red mite; higher rates are Apply with suitable spray oil during bud dormancy only. REI 24 required for control of twospotted or McDaniel spider mites. Also hr. Some formulations are OMRI-listed for organic use. Potential controls apple rust mite. REI 12 hr. PHI 25 days. [Group 21] for phytotoxicity with hot temperatures and with sensitive apple varieties. ♦♦ spirodiclofen (Envidor 2SC) at 16 to 18 fl oz product/a in a minimum of 100 gal water per application. Do not apply more ♦♦ lime sulfur (calcium polysulfide)—Formulations vary; see label than one application or 18 fl oz product/a per growing season. REI for rates. May be mixed with horticultural mineral oil at 6 to 8 12 hr. PHI 7days. [Group 23] gal/a in up to 400 gal water. REI 2 days. Some formulations are OMRI-listed for organic use. Resistance management Spider mites develop resistance rapidly to ♦♦ micronized wettable sulfur (Microthiol Disperss) 10 to 20 lb/a. chemical controls. Alternate chemistries and modes of action. Dilute applications 100 to 800 gal water, concentrated applications 20 to 100 gal. Note: certain apple varieties may be sensitive to sulfur. REI 24 hr. OMRI-listed for organic use. Apple—Stink bug Brown marmorated stink bug (Halyomorpha halys) Stages 3-4: Egg Control with Prepink & tight cluster sprays Consperse stink bug (Euschistus conspersus) ♦♦ clofentezine (Apollo SC) at 4 to 8 oz/a per growing season. To Green stink bug (Chinavia hilaris) avoid resistance development, apply Apollo only once per season. Apollo is an ovicide and will not control adult mites. REI 12 hr. Pest description and crop damage Adult stink bugs are all [Group 10A] shield-shaped, with a triangle-shaped section in the middle of their ♦♦ hexythiazox (Savey 50DF) at 3 to 6 oz/a in up to 100 gal water per backs. They are generally up to about 0.5 to 0.6 inch long. The application. To avoid resistance development, apply hexythiazox name stink bug refers to the strong odor the insects can emit if only once per season. Hexythiazox is an ovicide and will not alarmed. control adult mites. Combine with adulticide if adults are present. The consperse and green stink bugs are native pests, and the brown REI 12 hr. [Group 10A] marmorated stink bug is an invasive pest that is an increasing Spring and summer problem in apples in some regions of the PNW. Choice of miticide varies with species of mite present, selectivity to See: predatory mites, and other factors, such as resistance present in an Brown Marmorated Stink Bug: An Emerging Threat to Pacific area. Northwest Agriculture. ♦♦ abamectin (Abamex) at 10 to 20 oz/a in up to 100 gal water per application. Apply when mites first appear. Apply only during The adult consperse stink bug is pale brown, yellow underneath petal fall and up to six weeks following petal fall. Do not apply with red antennae. The adult green stink bug is bright green. more than two applications per growing season. REI 12 hr. PHI 28 Nymphs are similar in shape to the adults and come in a variety of days. [Group 6] colors. Brown marmorated stink bug (BMSB) is characterized by white bands on the coal-colored antennae and legs; a distinct brown ♦♦ acequinocyl (Kanemite 15SC) at 21 to 31 fl oz/a in up to 100 gal water per application. Do not exceed two applications per season. “marbled” color on the back that consists of flecks of different REI 12 hr. PHI 14 days. [Group 20B] brown colors; red eyes; and an underside that may be cream, pink, red, yellow or green. Stink bugs cause damage to plants by ♦♦ bifenazate (Acramite 50WS) at 0.75 to 1 lb of product/a in up to sucking sap from buds, leaves, stems or fruits. Cat-facing damage 100 gal water per application. Do not exceed one application per on fruit indicates early season damage. Late season damage may season. Do not use with oil on Golden Delicious due to risk of be difficult to detect and worsens in storage. Areas of corky cells phytotoxicity. REI 12 hr. PHI 7 days. will be apparent beneath the skin of the fruit, and these will brown ♦♦ clofentezine (Apollo SC) at 4 to 8 oz/a in up to 100 gal water per with oxidation. Stink bug damage can superficially resemble the application. Do not exceed one application of Apollo per season. physiological disorder known as bitter pit, but stink bug damage Apollo is an ovicide and will not control adult mites. REI 12 hr. tends to originate within 1 cm of the fruit surface, while bitter pit PHI 45 days. [Group 10A] damage can occur throughout the fruit. Note that chemical controls ♦♦ cyflumetofen (Nealta) at 13.7 fl oz/a in minimum of 100 gal water tend to be very disruptive to orchard natural enemies. per application. Do not exceed two applications of Nealta per season. REI 12 hr. PHI 7 days. [Group 25] Biology and life history Native stink bug adults overwinter in ♦♦ etoxazole (Zeal 72WDG) at 2 to 3 oz/a in up to 100 gal water per groundcover. They feed early in the season on weeds and may application. Only one application per season. REI 12 hr. PHI 14 move later into other host plants. Stink bug damage is worst in days. [Group 10B] dry summers when alternative hosts are dried up. BMSB adults ♦♦ fenbutatin-oxide (Vendex 50WP) at 1 to 2 lb of product/a in up to overwinter in human structures including homes, shops and 100 gal water per application. Do not apply more than two times outbuildings. Rock outcrops, leaf litter, and dead standing timber per growing season. REI 2 days. PHI 14 days. [Group 12B] may also be used as overwintering sites for BMSB. BMSB move ♦♦ fenpyroximate (Fujimite 5SC) at 2 pints/a in a minimum of 100 out from overwintering sites into orchards in the spring where they

J22 PNW Insect Management Handbook may begin to reproduce. They may also immigrate in from forest or Highly toxic to fish, bees, and wildlife. REI 24 hr. PHI 14 days. riparian borders, or other crops throughout the growing season. [Group 3A] ♦♦ gamma-cyhalothrin (Declare) at 1.02 to 2.05 fl oz in enough water Management—biological control to achieve good coverage. REI 24 hr. PHI days [Group 3A]. Egg parasitoids attack native stink bug eggs. Parasitic flies ♦♦ kaolin (Surround WP) at 25 to 50 lb/a applied as a spray to leaves, (Tachinidae) attack native stink bug nymphs and adults and lay eggs stems, and fruit. Continue applications every 7 to 14 days to on them. The egg hatches and the fly larva then penetrates the host assure adequate coverage on newly growing plant surfaces. Kaolin stink bug and consumes it from the inside. Native stink bug egg acts as a repellant to target pests. REI 4 hr. PHI 0 days. Some parasitoids and parasitic flies have little effect on BMSB, but an formulations are OMRI-listed for organic use. adventive egg parasitoid called samurai wasp (Trissolcus japonicus) ♦♦ lambda-cyhalothrin (Warrior II) at 1.28 to 2.56 fl oz in enough is now establishing across the PNW. Predators of different life water to achieve thorough coverage. REI 24 hr. PHI 21 days. stages include lacewings, ladybird beetles, ground beetles, web- [Group 3] making spiders, praying mantids and others. Orchard practices that ♦♦ methomyl (Lannate) at 1.5 to 3 pints per acre in up to 100 gal conserve natural enemies will benefit stink bug management. water. REI 72 hr. PHI 14 days. Ground application only. Danger Management—cultural control : high acute human toxicity. [Group 1A] ♦♦ novaluron (Rimon) at 20 to 30 fl oz/a in up to 100 gal water per For native stink bugs: manage weedy vegetation within and application. Targets nymphal stages tank mix with adulticide around the orchard (especially blackberry, mustard and radish). to target adults. Do not apply more than 150 fl oz per growing Do not mow cover crops or weeds when stink bugs are present season. REI 12 hr. PHI 14 days. [Group 15] since mowing may cause bugs to disperse to the fruit trees. Home orchardists can use mesh or paper bags to protect fruit from ♦♦ zeta-cypermethrin (Mustang Maxx) at 4 fl oz/a in a minimum of damage. Home orchardists may also be able to hand-remove stink 100 gal water for dilute spray. REI 12 hr. PHI 14 days. [Group 3A] bugs and egg masses from trees. Management—chemical control: HOME USE Apple—Tent caterpillar Forest caterpillar (Malacosoma disstria) Spring and summer Western tent caterpillar (Malacosoma californicum) ♦♦ acetamiprid ♦♦ azadirachtin (neem oil)—Some formulations are OMRI-listed for Pest description and crop damage The western tent caterpillar and organic use. the forest caterpillar are the main tent caterpillar pests in the PNW. These insects attack a wide variety of plants—including alder, ash, ♦♦ carbaryl—Highly toxic to bees. birch, cottonwood, and willow—as well as fruit trees and roses. The ♦♦ esfenvalerate—Highly toxic to bees. adult moths are stout-bodied, light to darker brown, and are active in ♦♦ gamma-cyhalothrin—Highly toxic to bees. early to midsummer. They are attracted to lights at night. ♦♦ imidacloprid—Soil drenches may have residual activity in woody plants lasting for 12 or more months. If short-term management is Larvae of the forest tent caterpillar are about 2 inches long, blue, the goal, consider other approaches. with black spattered markings as well as white, footprint-shape ♦♦ insecticidal soap—Some formulations OMRI-listed for organic use. marks. Larvae of the western tent caterpillar are hairy, dull yellow- brown, with rows of blue and orange spots on the body. Eggs of ♦♦ kaolin clay—Applied as a spray to leaves, stems, and fruit, it acts these moths are laid on twigs or buildings in masses. These are as a repellant to target pests. Some formulations are OMRI-listed brown to gray, about 0.06 inch long, and look like Styrofoam. for organic use. ♦♦ lambda-cyhalothrin—Highly toxic to bees. The larvae of both species feed in large groups on foliage of host ♦♦ permethrin—Highly toxic to bees. plants and can do significant damage by defoliation. Larvae of ♦♦ pyrethrins (often as a mix with other ingredients)—Highly toxic to western tent caterpillars build large silken tents over leaves on bees. Some formulations are OMRI-listed for organic use. which they feed. Larvae of forest tent caterpillars build mats of webbing rather than tents. Larvae can totally defoliate small trees, ♦♦ zeta-cypermethrin—Highly toxic to bees. which may not kill them but reduces growth and makes the trees Management—chemical control: COMMERCIAL USE more susceptible to diseases or poor weather. Healthy trees usually Late spring and summer will grow new leaves by midsummer. ♦♦ beta-cyfluthrin (Baythroid) 2 to 2.4 fl oz in up to 100 gal water per Biology and life history The moths overwinter as egg masses on application. Do not exceed 2.8 fl oz/a per season. REI 12 hr. PHI twigs or buildings. The eggs hatch in spring as buds break in April 14 days. [Group 3] or May. The young larvae feed in groups for 5 to 6 weeks, growing ♦♦ clothianidin (Belay) at 4 to 6 fl oz/a. Do not apply more than 12 larger and molting (shedding skins) four times. As they mature, they fl oz of Belay per acre per season. REI 12 hr. PHI 7 days. Do split into smaller groups and move to new feeding sites in the tree. not feed or allow livestock to graze on cover crops from treated The larvae pupate starting in mid-June, and the adults emerge 7 to orchards. [Group 4A] 10 days later. The adults, mate, and lay overwintering eggs. There is ♦♦ cyfluthrin (Tombstone) at 2.4 to 2.8 fl oz/a in no less than 100 one generation per year. gal water per application. Do not exceed 2.8 fl oz/a per growing season. REI 12 hr. PHI 7 days. [Group 3A] Scouting and thresholds Look for egg masses on twigs or other overwintering sites, and remove them. Masses of young larvae are ♦♦ esfenvalerate (Asana XL) at 4.8 to 14.5 fl oz of product/a in up identified easily in early spring. to 100 gal water per application. Very toxic to predatory mites. Foliar use may cause spider mite outbreaks. This pesticide is not Management—biological control compatible with integrated control programs for spider mites. REI 12 hr. PHI 21 days. [Group 3] Infestations of tent caterpillars occur cyclically as populations of the caterpillars and their predators rise and fall. Tent caterpillars ♦♦ fenpropathrin (Danitol 2.4 EC) at 16 to 21.3 fl oz/a in up to 100 have many natural enemies. Some birds eat the caterpillars, and gal water per application. Do not exceed 42.7 fl oz/a per season.

PNW Insect Management Handbook J23 small mammals consume the pupae. The larvae of a tachinid fly Management—cultural control parasitizes the caterpillars. Manage weedy vegetation within and around the orchard (especially Management—cultural control blackberry, mustard and radish). Do not mow cover crops or weeds, since mowing may cause thrips to disperse to the fruit trees. Home orchardists: Remove egg masses from twigs or other sites. Cut out infested twigs and dip in a bucket of soapy water. Management—chemical control: HOME USE Management—chemical control: HOME USE Stages 5-6: Pink spray ♦♦ acetamiprid Spring and summer ♦♦ azadirachtin (neem oil)—Some formulations are OMRI-listed for Spray in spring after overwintering eggs hatch, at about the time organic use. leaves are 0.75 to 1 inch long. Control is much more effective if ♦♦ carbaryl—Highly toxic to bees. sprays are applied when larvae are small. ♦♦ gamma-cyhalothrin—Highly toxic to bees. ♦♦ azadirachtin (neem oil)—Some formulations are OMRI-listed for ♦♦ insecticidal soap—Some formulations OMRI-listed for organic organic use. use. ♦♦ Bacillus thuringiensis var. kurstaki (Btk)—Some formulations are ♦♦ kaolin—Applied as a spray, it acts as a repellant to target pests. OMRI-listed for organic use. Some formulations are OMRI-listed for organic use. ♦♦ carbaryl—Highly toxic to bees. ♦♦ lambda cyhalothrin—Highly toxic to bees. ♦♦ esfenvalerate—Highly toxic to bees. ♦♦ malathion—Highly toxic to bees. ♦♦ gamma-cyhalothrin—Highly toxic to bees. ♦♦ permethrin—Highly toxic to bees. ♦♦ insecticidal soap—Some formulations OMRI-listed for organic use. ♦♦ plant-derived essential oils—Some have shown efficacy against ♦♦ kaolin clay—Applied as a spray to leaves, stems, and fruit, it acts thrips. Some formulations are OMRI-listed for organic use. as a repellant to target pests. Some formulations are OMRI-listed ♦♦ pyrethrins (often as a mix with other ingredients)—Highly toxic to for organic use. bees. Some formulations are OMRI-listed for organic use. ♦♦ lambda-cyhalothrin—Highly toxic to bees. ♦♦ spinosad—Highly toxic to bees. Some formulations are OMRI- ♦♦ malathion—Highly toxic to bees. listed for organic use. ♦♦ permethrin—Highly toxic to bees. ♦♦ zeta-cypermethrin—Highly toxic to bees. ♦♦ pyrethrins (often as a mix with other ingredients)—Highly toxic to Management—chemical control: COMMERCIAL USE bees. Some formulations are OMRI-listed for organic use. ♦♦ spinosad—Some formulations are OMRI-listed for organic use. Stages 5-6: Pink spray ♦♦ zeta-cypermethrin—Highly toxic to bees. ♦♦ Chromobacterium subtsugae (Grandevo) at 2 to 3 lb/a. Under heavy pest populations, apply a knockdown insecticide prior to Management—chemical control: COMMERCIAL USE use or in a tank mix, use the higher label rates, shorten the spray Insecticides used for other lepidopterous apple pests are effective interval, and/or increase the spray volume to improve coverage. and these pests are not normally a problem in orchards with active REI 4 hr. OMRI-listed for organic use. spray programs. ♦♦ spinetoram (Delegate WG) at 4.5 to 7 oz/a in up to 100 gal water per application. Do not exceed four applications per growing season. REI 4 hr. [Group 5] Apple—Thrips ♦♦ spinosad (Entrust 80WP) at 2 to 3 oz /a in up to 100 gal water per Includes application. Do not exceed 9 oz /a per season. REI 4 hr. [Group 5] Pear thrips (Taeniothrips inconsequens) OMRI-listed for organic use. Western flower thrips Frankliniella( occidentalis) ♦♦ tolfenpyrad (Bexar) at 21-27 oz/a in up to 100 gal water per application. See supplemental label. Aerial applications not Pest description and crop damage Adult thrips are small (about allowed. No more than two applications. REI 12 hr. PHI 14 days. 0.04 inch long at maturity), slender insects with fringed wings. [Group 21A] They are generally white when young but brown or black when mature. Larvae are very tiny and difficult to distinguish without magnification. In apples, thrips feed on developing fruits which Apple—Woolly apple aphid causes a white “pansy spot” to develop. Eriosoma lanigerum Biology and life history The western flower thrips has several Pest description and crop damage Adult woolly apple aphids generations and is a widespread problem on tree fruits and other are reddish to purple and are completely covered with a thick, crops in the Pacific Northwest. Damage to apples occurs during woolly white wax. The insects feed on roots, trunks, limbs and bloom, when female thrips lay eggs into developing fruit. A pale shoots, producing galls at the site of the infestation. Heavy area, known as “pansy spot,” develops around the scar where eggs infestations on roots or above-ground portions of the tree can stunt were deposited, and is especially noticeable on light-skin apple growth and even kill young trees. cultivars. If only one spray is applied, pink and petal fall timings give equivalent control. Biology and life history These aphids overwinter as adults on roots and aerial parts of apple trees. In severe winters, the The pear thrips has only one generation and destroys the fruit buds aboveground colonies may be killed. In spring and early summer, and flowers of fruit trees during bloom. This pest has become nymphs move up and down the tree to find a new spot to settle and a localized problem in the mid-Columbia fruit-growing area, produce new colonies. Preferred feeding sites are leaf axils on new especially in orchards that border habitat with native hosts such as shoots. maple and other deciduous trees. Use a beating tray during pink stage to monitor and detect immigrating pear thrips along border Scouting and thresholds Inspect trees during the growing season rows of orchard. Pear thrips is best controlled at early pink. for the characteristic white, waxy colonies. Aerial colonies are

J24 PNW Insect Management Handbook mainly found in rough areas of bark and in wounds caused by pruning. Management—biological control Lacewings, lady beetles and syrphid fly larvae are predators, as well Apricot Pests as the parasitic wasp Aphelinus mali. The predators will consume all but the waxy secretion left by the aphids. Chris Adams, Michael R. Bush and Heather Stoven Management—cultural control Latest revision—March 2021 This aphid is considered a minor pest in the PNW. If colonies are found on trees, they can be physically removed. Many Geneva and INCLUDES MANAGEMENT OPTIONS FOR Malling-Merton rootstocks are resistant. COMMERCIAL AND HOME USE Management—chemical control: HOME USE Spring and summer In all cases, follow the instructions on the pesticide label. The PNW ♦♦ carbaryl—Highly toxic to bees. Insect Management Handbook has no legal status, whereas the ♦♦ imidacloprid—Soil drenches may have residual activity in woody pesticide label is a legal document. Read the product label before plants lasting for 12 or more months. If short-term management is making any pesticide applications. the goal, consider other approaches. Highly toxic to bees. ♦♦ insecticidal soap—Some formulations are OMRI-listed. ♦♦ malathion—Highly toxic to bees. The following suggests the amount of each formulation per acre when applied to mature trees. The size of trees, amount of ♦♦ pyrethrins—Highly toxic to bees. Some formulations are OMRI- listed for organic use. foliage, type of equipment used, and other factors are important in determining the amount of spray to use per acre. ♦♦ zeta-cypermethrin—Highly toxic to bees. Protect pollinators: See How to Reduce Bee Poisoning from Management—chemical control: COMMERCIAL USE Pesticides. Spring and summer ♦♦ diazinon (Diazinon 50W) at 4 lb of product/a in up to 100 gal Mite identification: See Field Characteristics of Fruit-Tree- water per application. Do not apply more than one application as Attacking Spider Mites in the Pacific Northwest. an in-season spray. REI 4 days. PHI 21 days. [Group 1B] Note: Products are listed in alphabetical order and not in order ♦♦ flonicamid (Beleaf 50 SG) at 2.0 to 2.8 oz of product/a in up of preference or superiority of pest control. Active ingredients to 100 gal water per application. Do not apply more than three marketed under other product names may provide equivalent applications per season. REI 12 hr. PHI 21 days. [Group 29] control, but read product label first to check legal status before ♦♦ flupyradifurone (Sivanto) at 6.0 to 7.0 fl oz/a in up to 100 gal making any application. water per application. Suppression only. REI 4 hr. PHI 14 day. ♦♦ imidacloprid (Admire Pro and generics) at 7 to 10.5 fl oz/a chemigation or root drench depending on label. Do not apply prior Apricot—Aphid and mealybug to bloom or when bees are actively foraging. Do not apply more Includes than 10.5 oz product/a per growing season. REI 12 hr. PHI 21 Hop vine aphid (Phorodon humuli) days. Mealy plum aphid (Hyalopterus pruni) ♦♦ thiamethoxam (Actara WDG) at 4.5 to 5.5 oz/a in up to 100 gal Thistle aphid (Brachycaudus cardui) water per application. Do not exceed 16.5 oz/a per season. REI 12 Grape mealybug (Pseudococcus maritimus) hr. PHI 35 days. [Group 4A] Pest description and crop damage Several aphid species attack ♦♦ sulfoxaflor (Transform WG) at 0.75 to 1.5 oz/a in up to 100 gal apricots, including the hop vine aphid, mealy plum aphid, and water per application. See supplemental label. No more than thistle aphid. Aphids tend to be teardrop-shaped, translucent green four applications per season. PHI 7 days [Group 4C] insects that measure less than 0.125 inch long. Adults of the thistle and mealy plum aphids are pale bluish green; mealy plum aphid has a white, powdery coating. Both adult and immature aphids feed on plants by injecting their needle-like mouthparts into green tissues and sucking out plant juices. Early in the season, aphid feeding can stunt and deform shoot growth. Later in spring, feeding can lead to leaf curling, or, at high aphid abundances, shoot dieback and damage fruit. Aphids excrete large amounts of sticky honeydew that can cover surfaces of leaves and fruit. Fungi and molds colonize the honeydew and can leave dark spots on the surface of the fruit, compromising appearance and quality. Newly hatched mealybug nymphs, or crawlers, are about 0.06 inch long, pink-to-salmon colored, coated with a white powder wax, and very mobile. The more mature, sedentary nymphs are pink- to-purple with waxy filaments giving them a whitish cast. Adult females resemble nymphs and are about 0.19 inch long and mobile. Later in the season, mealybugs may produce copious amounts of honeydew. This honeydew may be colonized by black sooty mold that can discolor leaf and fruit surfaces.

PNW Insect Management Handbook J25 Biology and life history Aphid species associated with apricots ♦♦ horticultural mineral oil—Some formulations are OMRI-listed for tend to overwinter in fruit trees as dark rice-shaped eggs hidden organic use. in cracks and crevices along tree bark, twigs and buds. There are ♦♦ imidacloprid—Soil drenches may have residual activity in woody multiple aphid generations each year. Later generations reproduce plants lasting for 12 or more months. If short-term management is asexually and bear live young (foregoing the egg stage). In the late the goal, consider other approaches. spring and early summer, most aphid populations develop wings ♦♦ insecticidal soap—May require several applications. Some and leave fruit trees for a multitude of summer hosts like vegetable formulations are OMRI-listed for organic use. crops and weed species. ♦♦ kaolin—When sprayed on leaves, trunks, and fruit, kaolin acts Grape mealybug overwinters as crawlers in egg sacs beneath bark as a repellant to insects. Some formulations are OMRI-listed for scales and in cracks. Crawlers start emerging from egg sacs at the organic use. beginning of bud swell and begin feeding on the bases of buds. As ♦♦ lambda-cyhalothrin—Highly toxic to bees. buds open, the crawlers go directly to new shoots and leaves. Once ♦♦ malathion—Highly toxic to bees. settled, the crawlers start feeding, become progressively sedentary ♦♦ plant-derived essential oils—Some have shown efficacy against and harder to kill. First generation nymphs mature during late June aphids and mealybugs. Some formulations are OMRI-listed for and July in the Northwest. Adult males appear first, mate with last organic use. instar nymphs or adult females and die. Receptive females release ♦♦ pyrethrins—Highly toxic to bees. Some formulations are OMRI- a pheromone to attract males. Mated females migrate to sheltered listed for organic use. areas, lay eggs and die in the egg sac. A partial second generation ♦♦ spinosad—Aphids only. Some formulations are OMRI-listed for matures in late August and September. organic use. Pest monitoring Observe shoots for aphid and mealybug presence ♦♦ zeta-cypermethrin—Highly toxic to bees. prior to budbreak. An effective management is best undertaken Management—chemical control: COMMERCIAL USE while the aphid and mealybug populations are at their lowest density early in the spring. Delayed-dormant spray ♦♦ horticultural mineral oil (rates vary; check product label)—REI Management—biological and cultural control varies; check product label. Some formulations are OMRI-listed A number of parasitic wasps, predatory lacewings, lady beetles, for organic use. syrphid fly larvae, and other insects play an important role in Prebloom and in-season sprays controlling aphids and grape mealybugs. In some cases, these products have caused more damage than good Management—cultural control by reducing beneficial insects. For best results, apply insecticides Wash aphids from plants with a strong stream of water or by hand- before leaves begin to curl, and before petal fall. wiping. Aphid populations tend to be higher in plants that are ♦♦ diazinon (Diazinon 50W) at 1 lb/100 gal water (4 lb/a). REI 4 fertilized too liberally with nitrogen. Avoid excessive watering, or days. Diazinon is toxic to bees. Do not use if bloom is present and/ late season nitrogen applications that produce flushes of succulent or bees are foraging in the orchard. Note: Diazinon is limited to growth. Most aphid species leave apricots in June–July for summer one application as a foliar spray per season. hosts and return to fruit trees in the autumn. ♦♦ horticultural mineral oil (rates vary; check product label)—REI varies; check product label. Some formulations are OMRI-listed Management—chemical control for organic use. Dormant to delayed dormant applications target overwintering egg ♦♦ phosmet (Imidan 70W) at 0.75 to 1 lb/100 gal water (4.25 lb/a). and newly-emerged aphid populations when their abundance in REI 7 days. Extremely toxic to fish; avoid spray drift and surface the fruit trees is lowest; thorough spray coverage of exposed fruit runoff. tree surfaces is essential. Sprays applied during the growing season Petal fall spray target rapidly increasing aphid populations and for best results should be applied before leaves curl and protect aphid populations ♦♦ acetamiprid (Assail 30SG) at 5.3 oz/a. REI 12 hr. PHI 7 days. from spray residue. These applications may reduce mealybug and ♦♦ diazinon (Diazinon 50W) at 1 lb/100 gal water (4 lb/a). REI 4 leafroller abundance as well. Applications to mealybugs during days. PHI 21 days. Diazinon is toxic to bees. Do not use during earlier life stages can be more effective due to a reduced quantity of bloom or if bees are foraging in the orchard. Diazinon is limited to protective wax covering their bodies. one application as a foliar spray per season. ♦♦ imidacloprid (Prey 1.6F, Nuprid 1.6) at 2 fl oz/100 gal water (4 to Management—chemical control: HOME USE 8 fl oz/a). REI 12 hr. PHI 0 days. Do not apply during pre-bloom, Dormant to delayed-dormant season spray bloom, or when bees are actively foraging. ♦♦ horticultural mineral oil—Some formulations OMRI-listed for organic use. Apricot—Catfacing insects Growing-season spray Includes Warning: Many pesticides are hazardous to bees. Look for bee Consperse stink bug (Euschistus conspersus) precautionary statements on product labels and do not use these Plant bugs (Lygus hesperus and L. lineolaris) products during bloom or if bees are foraging in the orchard. See also: ♦♦ acetamiprid EMERGING PEST: Brown Marmorated Stink Bug—A Pending ♦♦ azadirachtin (neem oil)—Some formulations are OMRI-listed for Threat to Pacific Northwest Agriculture organic use. ♦♦ carbaryl—Highly toxic to bees. Pest description and crop damage Adult plant bugs are flattened, semi-oval insects 0.19 to 0.25 inch long. They can be yellow, green, ♦♦ esfenvalerate—Aphids only. Highly toxic to bees. and dark brown to black with a conspicuous yellow or pale green ♦♦ gamma-cyhalothrin—Highly toxic to bees.

J26 PNW Insect Management Handbook triangle on the back. Adult stink bugs have a flattened shield shape. Apricot—Earwig Length ranges from 0.25 to 0.5 inch and color from gray to brown Forficulaspp., primarily the European earwig (Forficula to green. Stink bugs are noisy fliers, with long, piercing-sucking auricularia) mouth parts. Pest description and crop damage Earwigs are slender, reddish- Bug feeding damage causes dimpling and sunken spots on young brown insects with a pair of forcep-like appendages at the tail fruit that can deform the shape of the fruit by harvest (often referred end. A mature adult earwig ranges from 0.5 to 0.75 inch in length to as cat-facing). Internal fruit damage appears as white corky areas and has wings tucked under a short elytra sheath. Immature under the surface of the fruit. Feeding may deform or kill buds earwigs are similar in appearance to the adults except smaller and shoots. These bugs have an extremely wide host range that and wingless. Earwigs are nocturnal and hide under tree bark or includes field and vegetable crops, hay crops, natural vegetation in soil debris during the day. They can prey on soft-bodied insects uncultivated land and weeds in adjacent areas. These pests do not or scavenge on decaying vegetation. Earwigs can climb trees and reproduce on tree crops, but invade from outside hosts. chew holes between leaf veins, but this damage is rarely of any Biology and life history Adults overwinter in groundcover. Early consequence. Earwigs can become pests when they chew irregular, in the season, they feed on weeds in groundcover and adjacent shallow holes on ripening or overripe fruit. fields. Later in the summer as alternative hosts dry up, these bugs Biology and life history Earwigs overwinter just below the soil may move into the canopy of fruit trees. surface as both eggs and adults. In spring, females lay 20 to 50 Pest monitoring Periodically scout the canopy of fruit trees for the smooth white to cream-color eggs in the soil. The young progress presence of adult plant and stink bugs, particularly in trees with a through four to five nymphal stages to adults by late summer. In fall, history of bug damage to the fruit. Critical times to scout are when females may lay more eggs. Earwigs are active at night. During the the adjacent weed hosts are drying up or nearby host crops are day, they hide in moist, shady places such as compost piles or beneath being harvested. Brown marmorated stink bug can be monitored stones, boards, and debris. They sometimes can be found in homes, with commercial lure-baited pyramid traps. particularly in summer, but they do no damage to house or contents. They rarely fly, but can move rapidly or can be moved by lumber, Management—cultural control cars, luggage, or other means. They are attracted to lights at night. When possible, do not plant apricot trees adjacent to hay fields, Pest monitoring Periodically scout fruit trees for signs of chewing weedy lots or uncultivated land. Proper weed management early in insect leaf damage. If damage to young leaves is detected, confirm the season can reduce the attractiveness of an orchard to these pests. the presence of earwigs by placing corrugated cardboard, flat DO NOT mow orchard floor within two weeks of fruit harvest as any boards, roofing tiles or similar material on the ground that will bug infestation in the ground cover will move to the tree canopy. provide daytime shelter for the nocturnal earwigs. Check the Management—chemical control materials each morning for presence of the insects. Infestations spread slowly as earwigs rarely fly. For tree ripened fruit, be sure to Spray applications, primarily pyrethroid products, target the adult monitor earwig populations prior to harvest. bugs. These products work best as spray residues that intercept plant and stink bugs as they move between alternative host sources Management—cultural control and fruit trees. Earwig abundance can be reduced by removing weeds and plant Management—chemical control: HOME USE debris away from base of trees. Banding tree trunks with plastic ♦♦ acetamiprid wrap covered with sticky adhesive can prevent movement of ♦♦ azadirachtin (neem oil)—Some formulations are OMRI-listed for earwigs into the tree canopy. organic use. Management—chemical control ♦♦ carbaryl—Highly toxic to bees. Some of these treatments specifically target and intercept the ♦♦ esfenvalerate—Highly toxic to bees. immature and adult earwigs as they climb into the tree canopy at ♦♦ gamma-cyhalothrin—Highly toxic to bees. night. ♦♦ insecticidal soap—May require several applications. Some formulations are OMRI-listed for organic use. Warning: Many pesticides are hazardous to bees. Look for bee precautionary statements on product labels and do not use these ♦♦ kaolin—When sprayed on leaves, trunks, and fruit, kaolin acts as a products during bloom or if bees are foraging in the orchard. repellant to some insects. Some formulations are OMRI-listed for organic use. Management—chemical control: HOME USE ♦♦ lambda-cyhalothrin—Highly toxic to bees. ♦♦ azadirachtin (neem oil)—Some formulations are OMRI-listed for ♦♦ malathion—Plant bugs only. Highly toxic to bees. organic use. ♦♦ pyrethrins—Highly toxic to bees. Some formulations are OMRI- ♦♦ carbaryl—Apply as a spray around the trunk. Highly toxic to bees. listed for organic use. ♦♦ gamma-cyhalothrin—Highly toxic to bees. ♦♦ zeta-cypermethrin—Highly toxic to bees. ♦♦ insecticidal soap—May require several applications. Some formulations are OMRI-listed for organic use. Management—chemical control: COMMERCIAL USE ♦♦ kaolin—When sprayed on leaves, trunks and fruit, kaolin acts as a Prebloom/Growing-season sprays repellant to some insects. Some formulations are OMRI-listed for ♦♦ esfenvalerate (Asana XL) at 2 to 5.8 fl oz/100 gal water (4.8 to organic use. 14.5 fl oz/a). REI 12 hr. PHI 14 days. May disrupt beneficial mite ♦♦ malathion—Highly toxic to bees. populations. Extremely toxic to fish and aquatic invertebrates; ♦♦ pyrethrins—Highly toxic to bees. Some formulations are OMRI- avoid spray drift and runoff to surface waters. listed for organic use. ♦♦ lambda-cyhalothrin (Warrior II1CS) at 1.3 to 2.5 fl oz/a. REI ♦♦ spinosad—Some formulations are OMRI-listed for organic use. 24 hr. PHI 14 days. May disrupt beneficial mite populations. Extremely toxic to fish; avoid spray drift and surface runoff. ♦♦ zeta-cypermethrin—Highly toxic to bees.

PNW Insect Management Handbook J27 Management—chemical control: COMMERCIAL USE Apricot—Leafroller Summer spray Includes ♦♦ carbaryl (Carbaryl 4L) at 2 to 3 quarts/a. REI 12 hr. PHI 3 days. Fruittree leafroller (Archips argyrospila) Apply on trunk and base of trees. Extremely toxic to aquatic Obliquebanded leafroller (Choristoneura rosaceana) invertebrates; avoid runoff and spray drift to surface waters. Pandemis leafroller (Pandemis pyrusana) Limited to 3 in-season applications per year. Pest description and crop damage There are several species of leafroller pests in tree fruits. These leafrollers use native plants as Apricot—Eriophyid mite well as fruit trees as hosts. They all cause similar damage to the Primarily the peach silver mite (Aculus fockeui) trees, but they differ in their appearance and, more importantly, in their life cycle. The principal leafroller pests of fruit trees can be Pest description and crop damage Translucent to yellow, teardrop- divided into single-generation moths, such as the fruittree leafroller shaped mites that can be seen easier with the aid of a 10X hand lens. and the European leafroller; and two-generation moths, such as the Mites feed on the surface of leaves. Feeding may cause a silvery obliquebanded leafroller and pandemis leafroller. appearance on the foliage and may lead to premature leaf drop. The adult moths of these leafrollers range from fawn-color to Biology and life history These mites overwinter as diapausing dark brown. There are distinctive bands or mottling on the wings. females in buds immediately under the bud scales, or in cracks Wingspans range from 0.5 to 1 inch. The larvae of these species are along the bark. As buds expand in the spring, females leave their all green caterpillars with a light brown to black head, depending on overwintering sites, begin feeding, and then after a few days, lay the species. eggs. In the spring, eggs may take two weeks to hatch, but by midsummer they may hatch in as little as 3 to 4 days. There are As the name “leafroller” implies, the larvae roll and tie leaves several generations per year. As the foliage deteriorates in late together for shelter and feeding. They thrash about violently summer, diapausing females are produced. when disturbed and may drop from the leaf suspended by a silken thread. Feeding on growing points on young plants can promote Pest monitoring Observe the leaves for signs of mite feeding and undesirable branching. Larvae also feed on the surface of the fruit, use a hand lens to check for the mites particularly in fruit trees with causing deep, russetted scars. a history of eriophyid mite infestations. Growing populations of eriophyid mites can be determined by successive sampling during Biology and life history The single-generation leafrollers the dormant, delayed-dormant period or early spring. overwinter as egg masses on twigs and branches. Eggs hatch in spring as buds are opening until petal fall. The larvae feed for 4 to Management—biological control 6 weeks, then pupate in the rolled leaves and emerge as moths in Eriophyid mites serve as a significant food source for predatory early summer. The overwintering eggs are laid in July. mites, so some damage from this eriophyid mite may be tolerated. Predatory mites almost always keep both eriophyid and spider mites Two-generation leafrollers overwinter as immature larvae under the under control when broad-spectrum insecticide applications are bark on scaffold branches of a variety of host plants. Larvae may avoided. Hot, dry weather and the probable hardening off of leaves feed during warm periods in winter, but become active in spring will reduce eriophyid mite numbers. with onset of new growth. They feed for several weeks, and then pupate in rolled leaves. Adults emerge in late April to May. These Management—chemical control moths lay eggs for the next generation. The next generation hatches These applications target active and growing populations of in early summer and does the most damage. eriophyid mites before they cause leaf bronzing or silvering. Do not Pest monitoring Observe early spring growth for feeding damage apply these products after the damage has been done. on new leaves or flower petals; later in the spring scout for rolled Management—chemical control: HOME USE leaves. Species-specific pheromone traps can monitor moth activity, but moth abundance is not a good indicator of leafroller density and Dormant-season spray potential damage. Apply sprays using enough water to cover the tree thoroughly includ- Management—cultural and biological control ing small limbs. Apply during the dormant, delayed-dormant period. ♦♦ horticultural mineral oil—Some formulations are OMRI-listed for Spiders, general predators and parasitic wasps may reduce these organic use. populations. When possible conserve these predator and parasite populations by avoiding the broad-spectrum insecticides. In home Growing-season spray orchards, hand-picking rolled leaves with larvae and pupae reduces ♦♦ kaolin—When sprayed on leaves, trunks, and fruit, kaolin acts as a leafroller populations. repellant to some insects. Some formulations are OMRI-listed for organic use. Management—chemical control Management—chemical control: COMMERCIAL USE Dormant or delayed-dormant applications target the overwintering life stages of leafrollers. Apply sprays with enough water to cover Delayed-dormant spray entire tree thoroughly including small limbs. Apply only during ♦♦ horticultural mineral oil (rates vary; check product label)—REI dormant or delayed dormant period. These sprays are most effective varies; check product label. Some formulations are OMRI-listed on leafrollers with one generation per year that overwinter primarily for organic use. in the egg stage. Applications during the growing season must Growing-season spray be well timed so spray residues contact the newly hatched larvae ♦♦ pyridaben (Nexter 75WSB) at 4.4 to 10.6 oz/a. REI 12 hr. PHI 300 before they can web leaves together and escape subsequent spray days. Treat after fruit harvest. applications. ♦♦ spirodiclofen (Envidor 2SC) at 16 to 18 fl oz/a. REI 12 hr. PHI 7 days. Limited to one application per year.

J28 PNW Insect Management Handbook Management—chemical control: HOME USE Apricot—Oriental fruit moth Dormant-season spray Grapholita molesta ♦♦ horticultural mineral oil—Some formulations OMRI-listed for Pest description and crop damage Adult is a grayish-brown organic use. moth with a wing span of 0.5 inch. Larvae are creamy white to Growing-season spray pinkish caterpillars with black heads and black shields on the thorax Warning: Many pesticides are hazardous to bees. Look for bee and last body segment. Their length ranges from 0.06 to 0.5 inch. precautionary statements on product labels and do not use these Larvae bore and tunnel into shoot terminals, causing leaves and products during bloom or if bees are foraging in the orchard. terminal to wilt and die. Larvae may bore into fruit, tunnel, and feed on flesh. Distribution of this pest appears to be spotty here in ♦♦ azadirachtin—Some formulations are OMRI-listed for organic use. the Pacific Northwest with isolated populations found primarily in ♦♦ carbaryl—Highly toxic to bees. neglected backyard fruit trees. This insect has not been a problem in ♦♦ esfenvalerate—Highly toxic to bees. Oregon orchards for several years. ♦♦ gamma-cyhalothrin—Highly toxic to bees. Biology and life history This insect overwinters as fully grown ♦♦ horticultural mineral oil—Some formulations OMRI-listed for larvae in a hibernacula (silk webbing) in ground cover or tree organic use. crevices. In spring, pupation occurs and adults appear near bloom. ♦♦ kaolin—When sprayed on leaves, trunks, and fruit, kaolin acts as a Eggs are laid on foliage and the larvae feed by boring into the repellant to some insects. Some formulations are OMRI-listed for growing shoots. There may be 3-4 generations per year. Later organic use. generations also attack fruit before seeking overwintering sites. ♦♦ lambda-cyhalothrin—Highly toxic to bees. ♦♦ malathion—Highly toxic to bees. Pest monitoring In fruit trees with a confirmed history of Oriental fruit moth infestations, scout for larvae and wilted leaves on shoot ♦♦ plant-derived essential oils—Some have shown efficacy against and twig tips in early spring. Monitoring traps baited with Oriental leafrollers. Some formulations are OMRI-listed for organic use. fruit moth pheromone can be used to detect the absence/presence of ♦♦ pyrethrins—Highly toxic to bees. Some formulations are OMRI- this pest in your area and can help better time pesticide applications. listed for organic use. ♦♦ spinosad—Some formulations are OMRI-listed for organic use. Management—chemical control ♦♦ zeta-cypermethrin—Highly toxic to bees. Spray applications and pesticide residues must be well-timed to contact the newly-hatched larvae before they bore into the shoot or Management—chemical control: COMMERCIAL USE fruit. For trees with a history of Oriental fruit moth problems, direct For orchards with a history of leafroller problems, direct cover sprays cover sprays around petal fall toward the first generation of larvae. in the early spring at the overwintering generations for best control. Further spray applications in summer may be unnecessary if the Summer generations of leafrollers are more difficult to control. first generation has been effectively controlled. Petal fall, spring, and summer sprays Pheromone mating disruption works best in large orchard blocks ♦♦ Bacillus thuringiensis var. kurstaki—Formulations vary; check and is not considered an effective option for backyard fruit trees. label for rates. REI 4 hr. PHI 0 days. Nontoxic to bees. This biologically derived material is slow acting and requires good Management—chemical control: HOME USE coverage and multiple applications in order to be effective. Apply Warning: Many pesticides are hazardous to bees. Look for bee when forecast calls for warm daily temperatures. This material precautionary statements on product labels and do not use these is less effective during cool weather when larvae are not actively products during bloom or if bees are foraging in the orchard. eating. Some formulations are OMRI-listed for organic use. ♦♦ acetamiprid ♦♦ chlorantraniliprole (Altacor 35WDG) at 3 to 4.5 oz/a. PHI 10 ♦♦ azadirachtin—Some formulations are OMRI-listed for organic days. REI 4 hr. use. ♦♦ methoxyfenozide (Intrepid 2F) at 8 to 16 fl oz/a. REI 4 hr. PHI 7 ♦♦ carbaryl—Highly toxic to bees. days. ♦♦ esfenvalerate—Highly toxic to bees. ♦♦ spinetoram (Delegate 25WG) at 4.5 to 7 oz/a. REI 4 hr. PHI 14 days. ♦♦ gamma-cyhalothrin—Highly toxic to bees. ♦♦ spinosad (Entrust 80W) at 0.4 to 0.8 oz/100 gal water (1.25 to ♦♦ kaolin—When sprayed on leaves, trunks, and fruit, kaolin acts as a 2.5 oz/a). REI 4 hr. PHI 14 days. Results are best when applied at repellant to some insects. Some formulations are OMRI-listed for petal fall. OMRI-listed for organic use. May act slowly. organic use. ♦♦ lambda-cyhalothrin—Highly toxic to bees. Resistance management Leafrollers can develop resistance ♦♦ malathion—Highly toxic to bees. rapidly to chemical controls. Do not treat consecutive generations with pesticides representing the same chemical group or mode of ♦♦ pyrethrins—Highly toxic to bees. Some formulations are OMRI- action. Spinetoram and spinosad are group 5 products. listed for organic use. ♦♦ spinosad—Some formulations are OMRI-listed for organic use. ♦♦ zeta-cypermethrin—Highly toxic to bees. Management—chemical control: COMMERCIAL USE Petal fall application ♦♦ Isomate-OFM/PTB TT at 100 to 200 dispensers/a. These dispensers release a synthetic insect pheromone that disrupt insect mating. Dispensers must be placed in the orchard before adult mating and egg-laying flights begin in spring. Scouting and monitoring are necessary to use the product effectively.

PNW Insect Management Handbook J29 Spring and summer spray ♦♦ kaolin—When sprayed on leaves, trunks, and fruit, kaolin acts as a repellant to some insects. Some formulations are OMRI-listed for Warning: These products are toxic to bees. Do not use them organic use. during bloom or when bees are foraging in the orchard. ♦♦ lambda-cyhalothrin—Highly toxic to bees. ♦♦ chlorantraniliprole (Altacor 35 WDG) at 4.5 oz/a. REI 4 hr. PHI 10 days. ♦♦ pyrethrins—Highly toxic to bees. Some formulations are OMRI- listed for organic use. ♦♦ methoxyfenozide (Intrepid 2F) at 10 to 16 fl oz/a. REI 4 hr. PHI 7 days. ♦♦ zeta-cypermethrin—Highly toxic to bees. ♦♦ phosmet (Imidan 70W) at 0.75 to 1 lb/100 gal water (4.25 lb/a). Management—chemical control: COMMERCIAL USE REI 7 days. PHI 14 days. Extremely toxic to fish; avoid spray drift Spring and summer sprays and surface runoff. ♦♦ esfenvalerate (Asana XL) at 2 to 5.8 fl oz/100 gal water (4.8 to ♦♦ spinetoram (Delegate 25WG) at 6 to 7 oz/a. REI 4 hr. PHI 14 14.5 fl oz/a). REI 12 hr. PHI 14 days. Extremely toxic to fish days. and aquatic invertebrates; avoid spray drift and runoff to surface ♦♦ spinosad (Entrust 80W) at 0.4 to 0.8 oz/100 gal water (1.25 to 2.5 waters. oz/a). REI 4 hr. PHI 14 days. OMRI-listed for organic use. May ♦♦ Isomate P at 100 to 250 dispensers/a. These dispensers release a act slowly. synthetic insect pheromone that disrupts insect mating. Dispensers must be placed in the orchard before adult mating and egg-laying flight begins in late June or when the first moths are captured in Apricot—Peachtree borer pheromone traps. Careful scouting and monitoring are necessary Synanthedon exitiosa to use this product effectively. Pest description and crop damage Adult male is a steel-blue, clear-winged moth, the female is similar in appearance but has smoky-colored wings and an orange band around her abdomen. Apricot—Peach twig borer Both male and female moths are approximately 1 inch in length, Anarsia lineatella with males slightly smaller than females. Adult flight is usually Pest description and crop damage Peach twig borer is a from late June through September and eggs are laid at or on the European moth first found in California in the 1880s. It is a major base of the fruit tree. Larvae burrow in the crown and roots, girdle pest of apricots, peaches, plums, and prunes. The adult is a gray young trees, and weaken others. A single larva is capable of girdling moth with white and dark scales, about 0.33 to 0.5 inch long. The a newly-planted fruit tree. Full-grown larvae are 1 to 1.5 inch long larva is a caterpillar, about 0.5 inch long, with a dark brown head with a whitish body and a brown head. and distinctive, alternating light and dark bands on the body. The pupa is smooth and brown. Larvae injure fruit and trees by feeding Biology and life history The borer overwinters as a larvae under on the buds and twigs early in the season. Later in the season, the the tree bark, usually below the soil surface. As temperatures rise larva bores into the shoots causing a characteristic “flagging” or above 50°F in the spring, larvae resume feeding on the tissues under wilting of the new growth. Later generations of larvae feed on the bark. Reaching maturity during May through June, the larvae shoots or fruit, disfiguring the fruit. Flagging of twigs indicates an pupate. Adult moths emerge beginning in June and continue to infestation. emerge through September. Eggs are laid quickly after mating. The young larvae hatch after 8 to 10 days and bore immediately into the Biology and life history The borer overwinters as an immature base of the tree. Larvae in the bark above the soil surface usually do larva in tunnels constructed within the crotches of twigs and not survive the winter in cold areas. branches. These overwintering sites can be identified by the small chimneys of frass and wood fragments produced by the feeding of Pest monitoring In late fall or early spring, scout for signs of borer the larvae. Larva become active by the pink bud stage and emerge infestation and larval feeding near the base of the tree trunk near the to feed on buds and young leaves. Later the larvae will bore into soil surface. Larval presence can best be detected by globs of gum/ shoots. These larvae eventually leave the mined shoots to pupate. sap mixed with a granular brown frass that appear at the base of Adults then emerge in mid-to-late May. Eggs are laid on fruit, infested fruit trees. shoots, or undersides of leaves. Eggs are yellowish-white to orange. Management—cultural control The eggs hatch, and these larva feed on shoots and immature fruit. The next adult flight is in mid-July. Some of the larvae from this Protect the base of the fruit tree from larval entry by placing a flight overwinter, the rest produce a partial third flight. plastic or metal cone or barrier around it before egg laying begins. The cone should be pushed 1 to 2 inches into the soil and should Pest monitoring Use pheromone traps to time sprays to target the fit snugly around the trunk at the top to prevent the tiny larvae young larvae before they bore into tissues. Scout for flagging of from getting beneath it. Alternatively, if there are only one or a few shoots early in season. Detection indicates a need to protect fruit apricot trees in a home orchard, it is quicker and cheaper to control from later generations of peach twig borer. this insect by “worming.” Use a pocket knife, wire or some pointed instrument to remove dirt around the tree and dig out the larvae. Management—cultural control Cut out and destroy mined shoots below the wilted area to eliminate Management—chemical control larvae. Overwintering larvae may be found and destroyed under Spray applications and, more importantly, pesticide residues on thin bark in branch crotches. Look for a buildup of chewed bark and the trunk of the tree can prevent newly-hatched larvae from boring frass (excrement). beneath the tree bark and entering the woody trunk where they are protected from all insecticide sprays. Management—chemical control Early sprays aimed at the newly-hatched larvae, before they bore into Management—chemical control: HOME USE the shoot or fruit, will provide the best control of peach twig borer. ♦♦ azadirachtin—Some formulations are OMRI-listed for organic use. ♦♦ gamma-cyhalothrin—Highly toxic to bees.

J30 PNW Insect Management Handbook Management—chemical control: HOME USE when forecast calls for warm daily temperatures. This acts as a Dormant-season spray stomach poison and is less effective during cool weather, when larvae are not actively feeding. Some formulations are OMRI- ♦♦ superior-type oil—Some formulations OMRI-listed for organic use. listed for organic use. Growing-season spray ♦♦ chlorantraniliprole (Altacor 35 WDG) at 3 to 4.5 oz/a. REI 4 hr. For most effective control, target the young larvae with cover PHI 10 days. sprays during pre-bloom or petal fall. ♦♦ methoxyfenozide (Intrepid 2F) at 8 to 16 fl oz/a. REI 4 hr. PHI 7 days. Warning: Many pesticides are hazardous to bees. Look for bee ♦♦ phosmet (Imidan 70W) at 0.75 to 1 lb/100 gal water (4.25 lb/a). precautionary statements on product labels and do not use these REI 7 days. PHI 14 days. Extremely toxic to fish; avoid runoff and products during bloom or if bees are foraging in the orchard. spray drift to surface waters. ♦♦ acetamiprid ♦♦ spinetoram (Delegate 25WG) at 4.5 to 7 oz/a. REI 4 hr. PHI 14 ♦♦ azadirachtin—Some formulations are OMRI-listed for organic days. use. ♦♦ spinosad (Entrust 80W) at 0.4 to 0.8 oz/100 gal water (1.25 to 2.5 ♦♦ carbaryl—Highly toxic to bees. oz/a). REI 4 hr. PHI 14 days. OMRI-listed for organic use. May ♦♦ esfenvalerate—Highly toxic to bees. act slowly. ♦♦ gamma-cyhalothrin—Highly toxic to bees. ♦♦ kaolin—When sprayed on leaves, trunks, and fruit, kaolin acts as a Apricot—Scale repellant to some insects. Some formulations are OMRI-listed for Includes European fruit lecanium scale (Parthenolecanium corni) organic use. ♦♦ lambda-cyhalothrin —Highly toxic to bees. Pest description and crop damage Adult scales are up to 0.2 ♦♦ pyrethrins—Highly toxic to bees. Some formulations may be inch across, reddish brown and rounded, resembling small helmets OMRI-listed as organic. or bumps on branches, stems and the underside of leaves. The crawlers are flat, oval, and pinkish brown. Scales are closely related ♦♦ spinosad—Some formulations may be OMRI-listed as organic. to aphids, mealybugs, and whiteflies. Like these insects, they also ♦♦ zeta-cypermethrin—Highly toxic to bees. have piercing-sucking mouthparts. Large populations of scale can Management—chemical control: COMMERCIAL USE devitalize plants and retard growth. Severe infestations can kill twigs. Large quantities of honeydew are produced that may cause For most effective control, target the young larvae with cover russeting on fruit and growth of sooty mold fungus. sprays during pre-bloom or petal fall. Biology and life history Lecanium scale overwinters as an Delayed-dormant and prebloom spray immature scale on twigs and branches. They resume feeding in the Warning: Many pesticides are hazardous to bees. Look for bee spring, and eggs are laid underneath the scales in May to June. The precautionary statements on product labels and do not use these eggs remain under the scales until hatching in early summer. The products during bloom or if bees are foraging in the orchard. young scales, called “crawlers,” migrate to the undersides of leaves ♦♦ horticultural mineral oil (rates vary, check product label) + carbaryl to feed. Young scales also can be dispersed by wind, rain, irrigation, (Carbaryl 4L) at 4 to 5 quarts/a. REI 12 hr. Extremely toxic to or by the movement of people and machinery. After 4 to 6 weeks aquatic invertebrates; avoid spray drift and runoff to surface waters. on the leaves, the young return to the stems and twigs to feed, mate, ♦♦ chlorantraniliprole (Altacor 35 WDG) at 3 to 4.5 oz/a. REI 4 hr. and overwinter. There is one generation per year. May be applied with a registered horticultural mineral oil. Pest monitoring Overwintering scales can be monitored by ♦♦ phosmet (Imidan 70W) at 0.75 to 1 lb/100 gal water (4.25 lb/a). collecting spur samples during the dormant season. Presence of REI 7 days. Extremely toxic to fish; avoid spray drift and runoff to honeydew or sooty mold on fruit at harvest indicates need for pest surface waters. management next season. ♦♦ spinetoram (Delegate 25WG) at 3.0 to 7 oz/a. REI 4 hr. Management—cultural control ♦♦ spinosad (Entrust 80W) at 0.4 to 0.8 oz/100 gal water (1.25 to 2.5 oz/a). REI 4 hr. OMRI-listed for organic use. May act slowly. Major infestations can be pruned off. Tanglefoot, “stickem,” or a similar adhesive can be applied around infestations of adult scales Bloom spray to catch the crawler stage. As with aphids, avoid excessive nitrogen ♦♦ Bacillus thuringiensis var. kurstaki—Formulations vary; check fertilizer or water applications, as this favors increases in the label for rates. REI 4 hr. Nontoxic to bees. This biologically populations. In home orchards, scale can be rubbed off plants by derived material is slow acting and requires good coverage and hand with a glove or toothbrush. multiple applications in order to be effective. Apply when forecast calls for warm daily temperatures. This acts as a stomach poison Management—biological control and is less effective during cool weather, when larvae are not Parasitic wasps and lady beetles play an important role in actively feeding. Some formulations are OMRI-listed for organic suppressing scale insects. use. Petal fall, spring, and summer sprays Management—chemical control Warning: Many pesticides are hazardous to bees. Look for bee The best time to control scale insects is during the delayed-dormant precautionary statements on product labels and do not use these period. These applications target and smother the non-motile products during bloom or if bees are foraging in the orchard. overwintering adult and egg stages. If spring and summer scale control is required, apply during the crawler period (June). ♦♦ Bacillus thuringiensis var. kurstaki—Formulations vary; check label for rates. REI 4 hr. PHI 0 days. Nontoxic to bees. This biologically derived material is slow acting and requires good coverage and multiple applications in order to be effective. Apply

PNW Insect Management Handbook J31 Management—chemical control: HOME USE Yellow spider mite: Adult females are pale yellow to white with 2 Dormant-season spray or 3 dark, rectangular markings on each side of the abdomen. Immature mites are similar in appearance to the twospotted Use enough spray to cover the entire tree thoroughly including spider mite, but have more of a yellowish color. Eggs are clear small limbs and shoots. Apply only during dormant or delayed- and spherical. dormant period. These spider mites damage tissues by puncturing individual plant ♦♦ horticultural mineral oil—Some formulations are OMRI-listed for cells, then sucking the contents out of the cell. The damage appears organic use. as small yellow-white spots on the upper leaf surface. In heavy Growing-season spray infestations, the spots coalesce and the leaf yellows or bronzes. ♦♦ acetamiprid For mite identification, see: ♦♦ azadirachtin (neem oil)—Some formulations are OMRI-listed for Field Characteristics of Fruit-Tree-Attacking Spider Mites in the organic use. Pacific Northwest ♦♦ carbaryl—Highly toxic to bees. Biology and life history McDaniel, twospotted, and yellow spider ♦♦ gamma-cyhalothrin—Highly toxic to bees. mites overwinter as fertilized females under bark or in soil debris. ♦♦ horticultural mineral oil—Some formulations OMRI-listed for European red spider mite overwinters as eggs in crevices of twig organic use. bark and young limbs. They move to young foliage when buds ♦♦ insecticidal soap—Some formulations are OMRI-listed for organic break in spring and produce many generations during spring to use. autumn. Females can lay up to 10 eggs per day and more than 200 ♦♦ lambda-cyhalothrin—Highly toxic to bees. during their lifetime. Egg-to-adult development can occur in 7 to ♦♦ malathion—Highly toxic to bees. 10 days during summer. They thrive under hot, dry conditions. ♦♦ plant-derived essential oils—Some have shown efficacy against Large colonies of mites produce webbing along leaf midveins. Mite scale. Some formulations are OMRI-listed for organic use. dispersal occurs mainly through wind transport. ♦♦ pyrethrins——Highly toxic to bees. Some formulations are Pest monitoring Scout your tree periodically during the summer OMRI-listed for organic use. months for stippled or yellowing leaves, especially in trees with a ♦♦ zeta-cypermethrin—Highly toxic to bees. history of spider mite damage or water-stressed trees. Confirm the Management—chemical control: COMMERCIAL USE presence of mites by using a hand lens to view the undersides of leaves for the mites, their eggs and webbing. Dormant to delayed-dormant spray Management—biological control ♦♦ diazinon (Diazinon 50W) at 4 lb/a + horticultural mineral oil (rates vary; check product label). REI 4 days. Diazinon is limited to one Spider mite populations are held down by cool, wet conditions dormant season application per season regardless of target pest. early in the season. Considerable natural control is provided by ♦♦ horticultural mineral oil (rates vary; check product label)—REI lady beetles (Stethorus spp.) and minute pirate bugs (Orius spp.). varies; check product label. Horticultural oils at this timing are Predator mites such as Typhlodromus spp. or Neoseiulus fallacis sufficient to control light to moderate populations of scale. Some are also effective at managing populations of spider mites and may formulations are OMRI-listed for organic use. be commercially available. Avoid broad-spectrum and pyrethroid ♦♦ pyriproxyfen (Esteem 35WP) at 4 to 5 oz/a + horticultural mineral sprays during the growing season due to their negative effect on oil (rates vary; check product label). REI 12 hr. Esteem is an insect natural enemies. growth regulator with good activity toward the scale egg stage. Management—cultural control Prebloom spray Spider mite infestations are favored by dry, dusty conditions, so ♦♦ diazinon (Diazinon 50W) at 1 lb/100 gal water (4 lb/a). REI avoid creating these problems and stressing the plants. The use of 4 days. PHI 21 days. Diazinon is limited to one in-season cover crops also reduces dust and mite problems. Broadleaf weeds application per season regardless of target pest. like mallow, bindweed, white clover, and knotweed enhance mite ♦♦ pyriproxyfen (Esteem 35WP) at 4 to 5 oz/a. REI 12 hr. PHI 14 numbers. Suppression of these weeds with cultivation or grasses days. Esteem is an insect growth regulator. may reduce mite numbers. Mites may be washed from the tree with a strong stream of water. Water trees properly, as drought-stressed trees are more susceptible. Avoid excessive nitrogen applications, as Apricot—Spider mite this encourages mites. Primarily Management—chemical control European red spider mite (Panonychus ulmi) McDaniel spider mite (Tetranychus mcdanieli) When applied during the dormant or delayed dormant season, Twospotted spider mite (Tetranychus urticae) horticultural oils can greatly reduce European red spider mite Yellow spider mite (Eotetranychus carpini borealis) populations later in the season. Pest description and crop damage All adult mites are small, Management—chemical control: HOME USE usually only about 0.02 inch long and have eight legs. The various Dormant-season spray apricot-infesting species vary in appearance as follows: ♦♦ superior-type oil (European red spider mite only)—Some European red spider mite: Adults are globular, reddish with white formulations are OMRI-listed for organic use. spines. Immature mites are similar in appearance, only smaller. Eggs are red and globular. Growing-season spray Twospotted and McDaniel spider mite: Adults are yellowish- ♦♦ azadirachtin (neem oil)—Some formulations are OMRI-listed for brown, about 0.02 inch long. Twospotted mites have two dark organic use. spots on the body, while McDaniel mites have four. Immature ♦♦ gamma-cyhalothrin—Highly toxic to bees. mites are similar in appearance, only smaller. Eggs are round ♦♦ horticultural mineral oil—Some formulations OMRI-listed for and translucent to opaque. organic use.

J32 PNW Insect Management Handbook ♦♦ insecticidal soap—Avoid spraying when blossoms are present. Management—cultural control Complete coverage, especially undersides of leaves, is essential. Spotted-wing drosophila larvae can develop in either ripening or Some formulations are OMRI-listed for organic use. dropped fruit of many fruits and berries, both wild and cultivated. ♦♦ lambda-cyhalothrin—Highly toxic to bees. Harvest fruit in a timely manner and clean up dropped or infested ♦♦ malathion—Highly toxic to bees. fruit. Eliminate excess vegetation that can provide refuge and ♦♦ plant-derived essential oils—Some have shown efficacy against reproductive habitat. SWD prefer high humidity and shelter from spider mites. Some formulations are OMRI-listed for organic use. direct sunlight. Manipulation of the microclimate can provide ♦♦ pyrethrins—Highly toxic to bees. Some formulations may be important population control for this pest. Drip irrigation, weed OMRI-listed as organic. barrier fabric, and heavy pruning to create an open canopy have all ♦♦ spinosad—Some formulations may be OMRI-listed as organic. been shown to reduce infestation. Management—chemical control: COMMERCIAL USE Management—chemical control: HOME USE ♦♦ acetamiprid In recent years, several effective miticide products have become available with multiple modes of action that target different life ♦♦ azadirachtin (neem oil)—Some formulations are OMRI-listed for stages of spider mites. organic use. ♦♦ kaolin—When sprayed on leaves, trunks, and fruit, kaolin acts as a Dormant to delayed-dormant spray repellant to some insects. Some formulations are OMRI-listed for ♦♦ horticultural mineral oil (rates vary; check product label)—REI organic use. varies; check product label. Some formulations are OMRI-listed ♦♦ insecticidal soap—Avoid spraying when blossoms are present. for organic use. Complete coverage, especially undersides of leaves, is essential. Spring and summer sprays Some formulations are OMRI-listed for organic use. ♦♦ bifenazate (Acramite 50 WS) at 0.75 to 1 lb/a. REI 12 hr. PHI 3 ♦♦ pyrethrins—Highly toxic to bees. Some formulations are OMRI- days. Only one application per crop season. listed for organic use. ♦♦ clofentezine (Apollo SC) at 4 to 8 oz/a. REI 12 hr. PHI 21 days. ♦♦ spinosad—Some formulations are OMRI-listed for organic use. Only one application per season. Must be applied early in the ♦♦ zeta-cypermethrin—Highly toxic to bees. season when mite population is predominantly in egg stage. Do Management—chemical control: COMMERCIAL USE not apply within 100 ft of an aquatic habitat. ♦♦ hexythiazox (Savey 50 DF) at 3 to 6 oz/a. REI 12 hr. PHI 28 days. Spring and summer sprays Apply at first sign of egg deposition, before adult mites build up. ♦♦ diazinon (Diazinon 50W) at 1 lb/100 gal water (4 lb/a). REI Does not significantly control adult mites. Only one application 4 days. PHI 21 days. A maximum of one in-season foliar per crop season. applications regardless of target pest. ♦♦ spirodiclofen (Envidor 2 SC) at 16 to 18 fl oz/a. REI 12 hr. PHI 7 ♦♦ esfenvalerate (Asana XL) at 2 to 5.8 fl oz/100 gal water (4.8 to days. Only one application per crop season. 14.5 fl oz/a). REI 12 hr. PHI 14 days. May disrupt beneficial mite populations. Extremely toxic to fish and aquatic invertebrates; Resistance management Spider mites can develop resistance avoid spray drift and runoff to surface waters. rapidly to chemical controls. ♦♦ lambda-cyhalothrin (Warrior II 1CS) at 1.3 to 2.5 fl oz/a. REI 24 hr. PHI 14 days. May disrupt beneficial mite populations. Apricot—Spotted-wing drosophila Extremely toxic to fish; avoid spray drift and surface runoff. Drosophila suzukii ♦♦ malathion (Malathion 57EC) at 2 pints/a. REI 12 hr. PHI 6 days. Maximum number of application per year is two. For pest description, crop damage, biology, life history, and ♦♦ spinetoram (Delegate 25WG) at 4.5 to 7 oz/a. REI 4 hr. PHI cultural management 14 days. Apply at least 1 week apart, with a maximum four See: applications per season. EMERGING PEST: Spotted-Wing Drosophila—A Berry and ♦♦ spinosad (Entrust 80W) at 0.4 to 0.8 oz/100 gal water (1.25 to 2.5 Stone Fruit Pest oz/a). REI 4 hr. PHI 14 days. OMRI-listed for organic use. May act slowly. Pest monitoring Monitor for spotted-wing drosophila (SWD) with clear quart-sized plastic deli cups with lids. Drill or puncture about ten 3/16 inch holes near the rim of the cup for fly entry. Bait traps with pure apple cider vinegar plus a drop of unscented liquid soap. Hang the trap in a shady, cool location within the plant tree canopy. Place as many traps as you can maintain in your susceptible crops just before fruit starts to ripen. Check traps weekly. There are various kinds of flies that will be captured in this non-specific trap so learn to identify SWD and have positive catches confirmed by your local Extension office. Adult SWD males have spots on their wings. Treatment thresholds have not been established, but preventive measures should be taken when the first SWD is captured and fruit starts to ripen. SWD have been captured in mid-May in the Mid- Columbia area, earlier west of the Cascades. Watch the SWD website for regional detections of SWD (http://spottedwing.org). Monitoring guidelines are based on the data currently available and designed for ease of grower adoption and use.

PNW Insect Management Handbook J33 Management—cultural control Hand remove larvae and pupae from rolled leaves. Prune out heavily infested twigs. Cherry (Sweet and Sour) Pests Management—chemical control: HOME USE

Heather Stoven, Ashley Thompson and Chris Adams There are no products registered for control of this pest. Latest revision—March 2021 Cherry—Black cherry aphid Myzus cerasi INCLUDES MANAGEMENT OPTIONS FOR Pest description and crop damage The adult aphid is black, COMMERCIAL AND HOME USE globular in shape and about 0.125 inch long. Black cherry aphid is the only black aphid on cherry. These aphids curl foliage, reduce In all cases, follow the instructions on the pesticide label. The PNW terminal growth, and deposit honeydew on cherries, which can be Insect Management Handbook has no legal status, whereas the difficult to remove prior to commercial packing. Damage to young pesticide label is a legal document. Read the product label before trees can be significant. making any pesticide applications. Biology and life history These aphids overwinter as eggs in crevices and twigs. The eggs hatch near budbreak, and the nymphs feed on unopened buds and the undersides of leaves. Nymphs inject Note: To prolong the effectiveness of insecticides, an effective insect a toxin into leaves, causing them to curl and protect the aphids as resistance management program must be part of an IPM program they feed. After two to three generations, winged forms emerge that that involves sampling and monitoring, treatment thresholds, and migrate to summer hosts, which include weeds, ornamental plants, biological and cultural control. Do not use pesticides with the same vegetables, and plants of the mustard family. After several more mode of action on back-to-back generations of a pest. generations, the winged forms migrate back to the fruit trees in the Protect pollinators: See How to Reduce Bee Poisoning from autumn to mate and lay the overwintering eggs. Pesticides. Pest monitoring Begin observing shoots before budbreak, as For mite identification, see: management is best undertaken early while the aphids are small and Field Characteristics of Fruit-Tree-Attacking Spider Mites in the prior to leaf curl. Pacific Northwest. Management—biological control Note: Products are listed in alphabetical order and not in order of Aphids have many natural enemies, which include lady beetles, preference or superiority of pest control. Active ingredients marketed syrphid fly larvae, and green lacewings. Avoid broad-spectrum under other product names may provide equivalent control: read insecticide applications that would disrupt these biological controls. product label first to check legal status before making any application. Management—cultural control Home orchardists: Wash aphids from plants with a strong stream Cherry—Apple-and-thorn skeletonizer of water or by hand-wiping. Aphids are difficult to control once Choreutis pariana leaves begin to curl as insects are protected within the curled leaf from direct contact by water and chemicals. Aphid populations tend Pest description and crop damage Adult moth is reddish brown, to be higher in plants fertilized too liberally with nitrogen. Avoid with a wingspread less than 0.5 inch, and irregular light and dark excessive watering which, together with nitrogen applications, bands on the wings. Larvae are 0.5 inch long, yellowish to greenish, produces flushes of succulent growth. with black spots and a yellow-brown head. Pupae are yellow to brown with a white silken cocoon. The larvae skeletonize and roll Management—chemical control: HOME USE leaves. They feed on apple, crabapple, cherry, and hawthorn. Warning: These pesticides are hazardous to bees. Look for bee Biology and life history Adult moths overwinter in crevices in the precautionary statements on product labels and do not use these tree. They lay eggs in small bunches on the undersides of leaves. The products during bloom or if bees are foraging in the orchard. larvae emerge and feed on the underside of the leaves, then move to ♦♦ carbaryl—Highly toxic to bees. the top surface and feed there, often tying the sides together creating ♦♦ esfenvalerate—Highly toxic to bees. a “rolled” effect. After 3 to 4 weeks, larvae pupate in the rolled leaf. ♦♦ gamma-cyhalothrin—Highly toxic to bees. Adults emerge about two weeks later to start a new generation. There are at least two generations per year. ♦♦ lambda-cyhalothrin—Highly toxic to bees. ♦♦ malathion—Highly toxic to bees. Pest monitoring Watch for signs of skeletonizing, which from a ♦♦ pyrethrins—Some formulations are OMRI-listed for organic use. distance looks like the leaf tips have been burned. Highly toxic to bees. Management—biological control ♦♦ zeta-cypermethrin—Highly toxic to bees. There are many natural enemies of this pest. Avoid broad-spectrum Management—chemical control: COMMERCIAL USE pesticides that would disrupt this system. Warning: These materials are hazardous to bees. Do not use during bloom or if bees are foraging in the orchard. Dormant-season and delayed-dormant sprays ♦♦ chlorpyrifos (Lorsban 75 WG) at 2.0 to 2.67 lb/a or (Lorsban 4E) at 4 pints/a. REI 4 days. May be mixed with horticultural mineral

J34 PNW Insect Management Handbook oil (rates vary; see product label). Do not exceed one application Management—cultural control of chlorpyrifos as a dormant or delayed-dormant per season. Avoid Home orchardists: Pick off individual larvae from infested leaves, contact with foliage in sweet cherries as premature leaf drop may or wash them off with a strong stream of water. result. Extremely toxic to fish and aquatic invertebrates; avoid spray drift and runoff to surface waters. RESTRICTED USE IN Management—chemical control: HOME USE OREGON. ♦♦ carbaryl—Highly toxic to bees. ♦♦ diazinon (Diazinon AG500) at 4 pints/a + horticultural mineral oil ♦♦ esfenvalerate—Highly toxic to bees. (rates vary; see product label) or (Diazinon 50W) at 4 lb/a. Do not ♦♦ insecticidal soap—Some formulations OMRI-listed for organic exceed 6 gal of oil when applying Diazinon 50WP. REI 4 days. use. Do not exceed one dormant application of diazinon per season. ♦♦ kaolin clay (Surround at Home)—Repels some insect pests when ♦♦ dimethoate (Dimethoate 400 EC) at 1 quart/a. REI 10 days (REI applied as a spray to leaves, stems, and fruit. OMRI-listed for is 14 days in areas where average annual rainfall is less than 25 organic use. inches). Do not exceed one pre-harvest application per season. ♦♦ pyrethrin—Some formulations are OMRI-listed for organic use. Can cause leaf burning and fruit marking. Do not use on cherries Highly toxic to bees. to be exported to Japan. ♦♦ spinosad—Some formulations are OMRI-listed for organic use. Spring and summer sprays ♦♦ acetamiprid (Assail 70WP) at 2.3 oz/a. REI 12 hr. PHI 7 days. Management—chemical control: COMMERCIAL USE ♦♦ diazinon (Diazinon 50W) at 4 lb/a. REI 4 days. PHI 21 days. Do Spring and summer sprays not exceed one in-season foliar application per year. ♦♦ carbaryl (Carbaryl 4L) at 2 quarts/a. REI 12 hr. PHI 3 days. ♦♦ esfenvalerate (Asana XL) at 4.8 to 14.5 fl oz/a. REI 12 hr. PHI 14 Extremely toxic to aquatic invertebrates; avoid spray drift and days. Asana may aggravate spider mite problems. Extremely toxic runoff to surface waters. to fish and aquatic invertebrates; avoid spray drift and runoff to ♦♦ imidacloprid (Prey 1.6F) at 6.0 to 8.0 fl oz/a. REI 12 hr. PHI 7 surface waters. days. ♦♦ imidacloprid (Prey 1.6F) at 4 to 8 fl oz/a. REI 12 hr. PHI 7 days. ♦♦ spinosad (Entrust SC) at 4 to 8 fl oz/a. REI 4 hr. PHI 7 days. Do not use until pollination is complete and bees are no longer Results are best when applied at petal fall. OMRI-listed for present in canopy or ground cover. organic use. May act slowly. Do not exceed 29 fl oz/a per year. ♦♦ malathion (Malathion 57EC) at 1.5 pints/a. REI 12 hr. PHI 3 days. Malathion may be used in the evening after bee activity. Do not apply within 300 ft of aquatic habitat. Cherry—Cutworm (climbing) Many species, including variegated cutworm (Peridroma saucia) ♦♦ spirotetramat (Movento) at 6 to 9 fl oz. REI 24 hr. PHI 7 days. Do not apply until after petal fall. Limited to 15.3 fl oz/a per season. Pest description and crop damage Larvae can be brown, gray, ♦♦ thiamethoxam (Actara 25WDG) at 3 to 4 oz/a. REI 12 hr. PHI 14 or greenish and range from 0.25 to 1.25 inches long. They are days. Do not exceed 11 oz /a per season. Actara is extremely toxic most damaging to trees that have high weeds around their bases. to bees exposed to direct treatment or residues. Feeding is nocturnal and this feeding may damage leaves and buds. Generally controlled with dormant or delayed-dormant sprays. Cherry—Cherry slug (pear slug, cherry Biology and life history Weeds are the preferred source of food for these larvae, and eggs typically are laid on weeds around the trees. sawfly, pear sawfly) Depending on species, they may overwinter as pupae or larvae in Caliroa cerasi the soil. The larvae spend the day in the soil, and then climb up the Pest description and crop damage The adult is a glossy black tree during the night to feed. wasp, about 0.2 inch long. The larva initially resembles a small Management—cultural control slug, due to the olive green slime that covers the body and the fact that the head is wider than the rest of the body. Mature larvae are Control weeds, grasses, and debris in the orchard that provide 0.37-inch long and orange-yellow. Larvae feed on the upper surface cover. Encourage natural enemies of cutworms such as spiders. of leaves, skeletonizing them. Heavy feeding causes leaf drop with Handpick cutworm larvae, using a flashlight to find them, if reduction in vigor and yield, particularly on young trees. practical. Scratch the soil at the base of plants to find larvae in the daytime. Tanglefoot or a similar sticky material applied as a band to Biology and life history Cherry slug overwinters as a pupa in the trunk will stop movement of larvae up the trunk. Wrap the trunk a cocoon 2 to 3 inches deep in the soil. Adults emerge over an tightly with plastic wrap to ensure the insects cannot crawl beneath extended period in late April to May. The adult female inserts the wrap. Apply the Tanglefoot to the plastic wrap, not the tree, as eggs into leaf tissue, and eggs hatch in 10 to 15 days. Larvae it can soften bark. Note: Young trees can be harmed by banding immediately begin to feed on the upper surface of the leaf. After 3 Tanglefoot directly on thin bark. to 4 weeks, they drop to the soil to pupate. Second generation adults emerge in July and larvae from this generation feed in August and Management—chemical control: HOME USE September. Most larvae from this generation drop to the ground to Climbing cutworms can be difficult to control. overwinter. ♦♦ azadirachtin (neem oil)—Some formulations are OMRI-listed for Pest monitoring Watch trees for the slug-like larvae in August and organic use. September when large populations can build up. ♦♦ Bacillus thuringiensis var. kurstaki—Some formulations are OMRI-listed for organic use. Management—biological control ♦♦ carbaryl—Highly toxic to bees. Specific biocontrol agents are not known, but this is rarely a pest in ♦♦ esfenvalerate—Highly toxic to bees. backyard gardens, so significant biocontrol likely occurs most years. ♦♦ gamma-cyhalothrin—Highly toxic to bees. ♦♦ imidacloprid—Soil drenches may have residual activity in woody

PNW Insect Management Handbook J35 plants lasting for 12 or more months. If short-term management is Management—cultural control the goal, consider other approaches. Home orchardists: Cultivation of the soil in early spring in areas ♦♦ kaolin clay (Surround at Home)—Repels some insect pests when where earwigs are present will disturb nests and expose eggs applied as a spray to leaves, stems, and fruit. OMRI-listed for to predators. Do not allow debris and decaying organic matter organic use. to accumulate in the garden. Earwigs can be trapped by using ♦♦ lambda-cyhalothrin—Highly toxic to bees. Tanglefoot, “Stickem,” or a similar material applied to the trunk ♦♦ permethrin—Highly toxic to bees. of the tree to prevent their crawling up. Before emergence of the ♦♦ pyrethrins—Some formulations are OMRI-listed for organic use. nymphs, wrap the trunk tightly with plastic wrap to ensure the Highly toxic to bees. insects cannot crawl beneath the wrap. Apply Tanglefoot adhesive ♦♦ spinosad—Some formulations are OMRI-listed for organic use. to the plastic wrap, not the tree, as the adhesive can soften bark. Remove these bands before winter. Earwigs also can be trapped ♦♦ zeta-cypermethrin—Highly toxic to bees. and removed following the monitoring techniques described Management—chemical control: COMMERCIAL USE above. Empty traps each morning into a pail of water topped with Insecticides applied as a full dilute spray to the tree trunks and detergent. Earwigs are attracted strongly to fish oil and to some bases will control most cutworm species. If other cutworms are extent vegetable oil. Insects can be trapped by filling shallow involved, spray the whole tree and the ground around the tree. containers with the oil and burying it in soil up to its rim. Treat in spring when buds swell or when cutworms become active. Management—biological control Control weeds under trees to keep cutworms from climbing up into the trees. Tachinid flies are predators of earwigs. Dormant-season and delayed-dormant sprays Management—chemical control: HOME USE ♦♦ chlorpyrifos (Lorsban 75 WG) at 2.0 to 2.67 lb/a. or (Lorsban 4E) Apply May to July— at 4 pints/a. REI 4 days. May be mixed with horticultural mineral ♦♦ azadirachtin (neem oil)—Some formulations are OMRI-listed for oil (rates vary; see product label). Do not exceed one application organic use. of chlorpyrifos as a dormant or delayed-dormant per season. Avoid ♦♦ carbaryl—Apply around bases of trees and on trunks as well as contact with foliage in sweet cherries as premature leaf drop may under vegetation and on trash. Highly toxic to bees. result. Extremely toxic to fish and aquatic invertebrates; avoid ♦♦ gamma-cyhalothrin—Highly toxic to bees. spray drift and runoff to surface waters. RESTRICTED USE IN OREGON. ♦♦ insecticidal soap—Some formulations are OMRI-listed for organic use. ♦♦ kaolin clay (Surround at Home)—Repels some insect pests when Cherry—Earwig applied as a spray to leaves, stems, and fruit. OMRI-listed for Primarily European earwig (Forficula auricularia) organic use. Pest description and crop damage Earwigs are elongate, ♦♦ malathion—Highly toxic to bees. flattened, reddish-brown insects about 0.75 inch long. They are ♦♦ pyrethrins—Some formulations are OMRI-listed for organic use. identified easily by the forceps-like pincers on the end of the Highly toxic to bees. abdomen. Adults have chewing mouthparts and are winged. Young ♦♦ spinosad—Some formulations are OMRI-listed for organic use. earwigs (nymphs) are similar in appearance but are white to olive ♦♦ zeta-cypermethrin—Highly toxic to bees. green and lack wings. Earwigs are harmless to humans or animals, Management—chemical control: COMMERCIAL USE though they may give a slight pinch with their forceps. They can emit a foul-smelling liquid if alarmed. Earwigs feed primarily on Spring-summer sprays decaying organic matter and are quite beneficial in that they also ♦♦ carbaryl (Carbaryl 4L) at 3 quarts/a. REI 12 hr. PHI 3 days. consume other small insects. However, they will chew small holes Extremely toxic to aquatic invertebrates; avoid spray drift and in the leaves and fruit of stone fruit. runoff to surface waters. Biology and life history Earwigs overwinter as both eggs and adults just below the soil surface. In spring, females lay 20 to 50 smooth Cherry—Eyespotted bud moth white to cream-colored eggs in the soil. The young progress through Spilonota ocellana partial metamorphosis to adults by late summer. In fall, females Pest description and crop damage Adults are grayish moths may lay more eggs. Earwigs are active at night. During the day, about 0.4 inch long with a wide white band on each forewing. they hide in moist, shady places such as compost piles or beneath Larvae are chocolate-brown with black heads, and up to one inch stones, boards, and debris. They sometimes can be found in homes, long. The larvae feed on terminal growth and on the surface of the particularly in summer, but they do no damage to house or contents. fruit and can also feed on blossoms early in the season. They rarely fly, but can move rapidly or can be moved by lumber, cars, luggage, or other means. They are attracted to lights at night. Biology and life history Larvae spend the winter in a cocoon on the bark in the crotches of small-diameter limbs. They become Pest monitoring Home orchardists: If damage to young leaves active around budbreak and feed on leaves and buds, webbing is seen, the presence of earwigs in the garden can be confirmed together leaves and feeding within these nests. After feeding, by placing a sheet of corrugated cardboard, hollow bamboo cane, they pupate within the nest and adult moths emerge in early- sections of old garden hose, or similar material on the ground to-mid summer. Eggs are laid on the lower surface of leaves. that will provide shelter in the garden. Check the materials each The larvae emerge and feed on the lower leaf surface until early morning for presence of the insects. Infestations spread slowly, as August, at which time they construct their overwintering cocoons earwigs rarely fly. (hibernacula).

J36 PNW Insect Management Handbook Pest monitoring Look for larvae in nests of webbed-together ♦♦ horticultural mineral oil—Some formulations OMRI-listed for leaves in the spring. organic use. Management—chemical control: HOME USE Growing-season spray Warning: These pesticides are hazardous to bees. Look for bee Warning: Many pesticides are hazardous to bees. Look for bee precautionary statements on product labels and do not use these precautionary statements on product labels and do not use these products during bloom or if bees are foraging in the orchard. products during bloom or if bees are foraging in the orchard. ♦♦ carbaryl—Highly toxic to bees. ♦♦ azadirachtin (neem oil)—Some formulations are OMRI-listed for ♦♦ pyrethrins—Some formulations are OMRI-listed for organic use. organic use. Highly toxic to bees. ♦♦ Bacillus thuringiensis var. kurstaki—Some formulations are OMRI-listed for organic use. Management—chemical control: COMMERCIAL USE ♦♦ carbaryl—Highly toxic to bees. Dormant-season and delayed-dormant sprays ♦♦ malathion—Highly toxic to bees. ♦♦ chlorpyrifos (Lorsban 75WG) at 2.0 to 2.67 lb/a or (Lorsban ♦♦ pyrethrins—Some formulations are OMRI-listed for organic use. 4E) at 4 pints/a. REI 4 days. Do not exceed one application of Highly toxic to bees. chlorpyrifos as a dormant or delayed-dormant per season. Avoid contact with foliage in sweet cherries as premature leaf drop ♦♦ zeta-cypermethrin—Highly toxic to bees. may result. Extremely toxic to fish and aquatic invertebrates; Management—chemical control: COMMERCIAL USE avoid spray drift and runoff to surface waters. Do not exceed one Dormant-season spray dormant application per year. ♦♦ chlorpyrifos (Lorsban 75 WG) at 2.0 to 2.67 lb/a or (Lorsban 4E) ♦♦ diazinon (Diazinon AG500) at 4 pints/a + horticultural mineral at 4 pints/a. REI 4 days. May be mixed with horticultural mineral oil (rates vary; see product label). REI 4 days. Do not exceed one oil (rates vary; see product label). Do not exceed one application dormant application of diazinon per season. of chlorpyrifos as a dormant or delayed-dormant per season. Avoid Spring and summer sprays contact with foliage in sweet cherries as premature leaf drop may result. Extremely toxic to fish and aquatic invertebrates; avoid Warning: These materials are hazardous to bees. Do not use spray drift and runoff to surface waters. RESTRICTED USE IN during bloom or if bees are foraging in the orchard. OREGON. ♦♦ methoxyfenozide (Intrepid 2F) at 8 to 16 fl oz/a. REI 4 hr. PHI ♦♦ diazinon (Diazinon AG500) at 4 pints/a + horticultural mineral 7 days. Apply when egg hatch begins or at the first sign of larval oil (rates vary; see product label). REI 4 days. Do not exceed one infestation. Do not apply within 25 ft of an aquatic habitat, 150 ft dormant application of diazinon per season. if applied by air. ♦♦ horticultural mineral oil—Rates vary; check product label. REI ♦♦ spinosad (Entrust SC) at 4 to 8 fl oz/a. REI 4 hr. PHI 7 days. varies; check product label. Some formulations are OMRI-listed Results are best when applied at petal fall. OMRI-listed for for organic use. organic use. May act slowly. Do not exceed 29 fl oz/a per year. ♦♦ pyriproxyfen (Esteem 35WP) at 4 to 5 oz/a + horticultural mineral oil (rates vary; see product label). REI 12 hr. Pyriproxyfen is a Cherry—Fruittree leafroller growth regulator with activity toward egg and immature stages Archips argyrospila only. Under heavy scale pressure, use the higher rate. Pest description and crop damage Mature larvae are 0.75 inch Growing-season sprays long and greenish with a black head. Overwintering eggs start Warning: These materials are hazardous to bees. Do not use hatching about the time trees begin to bloom. Newly hatched larvae during bloom or if bees are foraging in the orchard. may work into blossoms and damage developing cherries. Larvae ♦♦ carbaryl (Carbaryl 4L) at 2 quarts/a. REI 12 hr. PHI 3 days. damage buds and developing fruit and roll leaves. Extremely toxic to aquatic invertebrates; avoid spray drift and Biology and life history The single-generation leafrollers runoff to surface waters. overwinter as egg masses on twigs and branches. Eggs hatch in ♦♦ chlorantraniliprole (Altacor 35WDG) at 3 to 4.5 oz/a. REI 4 hr. spring as buds are opening until petal fall. The larvae feed for 4 to PHI 10 days. Do not apply more than 9 oz/a per season. 6 weeks, then pupate in the rolled leaves, and emerge as moths in ♦♦ diazinon (Diazinon 50W) at 4 lb/a. Do not exceed one foliar early summer. The overwintering eggs are laid in July. application per season. REI 4 days. PHI 21 days. Do not apply within 300 ft of aquatic habitat. Management—biological control ♦♦ lambda-cyhalothrin (Warrior II) 1.28 to 2.56 fl oz/a. REI 24 hr. Spiders and parasitic wasps, as well as predators like the brown PHI 14 days. May disrupt beneficial mite populations. Extremely lacewing, greatly reduce leafroller populations throughout the year. toxic to fish; avoid spray drift and surface runoff. Management—cultural control ♦♦ malathion (Malathion 57E) at 1.5 pints/a. REI 12 hr. PHI 3 days. ♦♦ methoxyfenozide (Intrepid 2F) at 8 to 16 fl oz/a. REI 4 hr. PHI 7 Hand-pick rolled leaves containing larvae or pupae. Removal of days. Additional applications at 10- to 18-day intervals at maximum overwintering sites, such as rolled leaves on the ground can reduce rates may be required for heavy infestations, sustained moth flight, next year’s population. situations in which it is difficult to achieve thorough coverage, and Management—chemical control: HOME USE for quicker knockdown of larvae. Do not apply more than 58 fl oz /a per season. See label for biofix information. Do not apply within 25 Dormant-season spray ft of an aquatic habitat, 150 ft if applied by air. Apply sprays using enough water to cover the entire tree thoroughly ♦♦ spinetoram (Delegate WG) at 4.5 to 7 oz/a. REI 4 hr. PHI 7 days. including small limbs. Apply only during dormant or delayed- ♦♦ spinosad (Entrust SC) at 4 to 8 fl oz/a. REI 4 hr. PHI 7 days. dormant period. Results are best when applied at petal fall. OMRI-listed for organic use. May act slowly. Do not exceed 29 fl oz/a per year.

PNW Insect Management Handbook J37 Resistance management Fruit tree leafrollers can develop ♦♦ permethrin—Highly toxic to bees. resistance rapidly to chemical controls. Resistance management ♦♦ pyrethrins (often as a mix with other ingredients)—Highly toxic to techniques include using sampling and pest action thresholds to bees. Some formulations are OMRI-listed for organic use. make spray decisions, using higher thresholds on young, non- ♦♦ spinosad—Toxic to bees. Some formulations are OMRI-listed for bearing trees, and rotating pesticides with different modes of action. organic use. Spinetoram and spinosad are in the same insecticide class and same ♦♦ zeta-cypermethrin—Highly toxic to bees. mode of action. Management- chemical control: COMMERCIAL USE Post-harvest insecticides Cherry—Leafhopper ♦♦ acetamiprid (Assail 70WP) at 1.1 to 2.3 oz/a. REI 12 hr. PHI 7 Mountain leafhopper (Colladonus montanus) days. Colladonus reductus ♦♦ carbaryl (Carbaryl 4L) at 2 to 3 qt/a. REI 12 hr. PHI 3 days. Colladonus geminatus Cherry leafhopper (Fiebriella florii) ♦♦ esfenvalerate (Asana XL) at 4.8 to 14.5 oz/a. REI 12 hr. PHI 14 Scaphytopius acutus days. Paraphlepsius irroratus ♦♦ imidacloprid (Prey 1.6F,) at 4 to 8 fl oz/a REI 12 hr. PHI 7 days. Pest description and crop damage Leafhoppers are slender, ♦♦ lambda-cyhalothrin (Warrior II) at 1.28 to 2.56 fl oz/a. REI 24 hr. delicate insects about 0.125 inch or less in length. They are PHI 14 days. distinguishable due to the habit of the adult hopping or flying ♦♦ thiamethoxam (Actara 25WDG) at 2 to 2.75 oz/a. REI 12 hr. PHI to escape danger, and by the ability of nymphs and adults to 14 days. Do not exceed 11 oz /a per season. run forwards, backwards, or sideways easily. Several species of leafhoppers are found on cherry, which vary in coloration from green to brown. Leafhoppers suck juices from the leaves of cherries, Cherry—Leafroller ornamental plants and weeds. Certain species of leafhoppers can Obliquebanded leafroller (Choristoneura rosaceana) transmit the X disease phytoplasma from infected cherry trees to Pandemis leafroller (Pandemis pyrusana) healthy cherry trees. Pest description and crop damage These are similar to fruittree leafroller, but they overwinter as larvae and produce two Biology and life history Varies with the species. Leafhoppers may generations each year. Pandemis leafroller larvae are green with a overwinter as adults, nymphs, or eggs. There may be two or three green or brown head and are about one inch long when fully grown. generations per year. The leafhopper population within the orchard Adults are buff-colored moths with dark tan bands on the wings. appears to peak after harvest, coincidently this is also when the X They can be monitored with pheromone traps. Obliquebanded disease phytoplasma concentration is greatest within infected trees. leafroller (OBLR) larvae are similar to pandemis larvae, except the Pest monitoring Place yellow sticky card traps high in the cherry head is dark brown to black. Larvae feed on leaves and enter cherry canopy early and late in the season. Leafhoppers may be present fruit, contaminating fruit. OBLR is the dominant leafroller pest in from February through November in some areas. The action The Dalles and Milton-Freewater, OR. threshold remains unknown. Biology and life history Second generation leafrollers overwinter Management—cultural control as immature larvae under the bark on scaffold branches of a variety of host plants including many native species. Larvae may feed Control weeds and alternative hosts such as, clovers, mallow, during warm periods in winter but become active in spring with dandelion, curly dock, bitter cherry, and chokecherry, in and around onset of new growth. They feed for several weeks, then pupate in your orchard. rolled leaves. Adult moths emerge in late April to May. These lay Management—chemical control: HOME USE eggs for the second generation. The second generation hatches in Warning: These pesticides are hazardous to bees. Look for bee early summer during cherry harvest. Larvae can feed in cherries precautionary statements on product labels and do not use these creating small holes or enter through rain induced cracks. products during bloom or if bees are foraging in the orchard. Pest monitoring Observe early spring growth for rolled leaves and ♦♦ acetamiprid—Toxic to bees. feeding damage on new growth. ♦♦ azadirachtin (neem oil)—Some formulations are OMRI-listed for organic use. Management—biological control ♦♦ carbaryl—Highly toxic to bees. Very low temperatures in winter significantly reduce overwintering ♦♦ esfenvalerate—Highly toxic to bees. populations of larvae. Spiders and parasitic wasps as well as ♦♦ gamma-cyhalothrin—Highly toxic to bees. predators like the brown lacewing greatly reduce leafroller populations throughout the year. ♦♦ horticultural mineral oil—Some formulations are OMRI-listed for organic use. Management—chemical control: HOME USE ♦♦ imidacloprid—Soil drenches may have residual activity in woody Warning: Many pesticides are hazardous to bees. Look for bee plants lasting for 12 or more months. If short-term management is precautionary statements on product labels and do not use these the goal, consider other approaches. Highly toxic to bees. products during bloom or if bees are foraging in the orchard. ♦♦ insecticidal soap—Some formulations OMRI-listed for organic use. Apply April to May ♦♦ kaolin—Applied as a spray to leaves, stems, and fruit, it acts as a ♦♦ azadirachtin (neem oil)—Some formulations are OMRI-listed for repellant to target pests. Some formulations are OMRI-listed for organic use. organic use. ♦♦ Bacillus thuringiensis var. kurstaki—Some formulations are ♦♦ lambda-cyhalothrin—Highly toxic to bees. OMRI-listed for organic use. ♦♦ malathion—Highly toxic to bees. ♦♦ carbaryl—Highly toxic to bees.

J38 PNW Insect Management Handbook ♦♦ esfenvalerate—Highly toxic to bees. Pest monitoring Look for larvae in nests of webbed-together ♦♦ gamma-cyhalothrin—Highly toxic to bees. leaves in the spring. ♦♦ kaolin clay (Surround at Home)—Repels some insect pests when Management—chemical control: HOME USE applied as a spray to leaves, stems, and fruit. OMRI-listed for organic use. There are no products specifically registered for control of these ♦♦ lambda-cyhalothrin—Highly toxic to bees. pests. ♦♦ malathion—Highly toxic to bees. Management—chemical control: COMMERCIAL USE ♦♦ permethrin—Highly toxic to bees. Insecticides applied for fruittree leafroller also control leaf crumpler ♦♦ plant-derived essential oils—Some have shown efficacy against and mineola moth. leafrollers. Some formulations are OMRI-listed for organic use. ♦♦ pyrethrins—Some formulations are OMRI-listed for organic use. Highly toxic to bees. Cherry—Lesser appleworm ♦♦ spinosad —Some formulations are OMRI-listed for organic use. Grapholita prunivora Toxic to bees. Pest description and crop damage This is a tortricid pest similar ♦♦ zeta-cypermethrin—Highly toxic to bees. in habit to Oriental fruit moth. The larvae feed inside the fruit; often Management—chemical control: COMMERCIAL USE entering through the calyx end. It is an internal fruit feeder. Lesser ♦♦ Bacillus thuringiensis kurstaki (Dipel, Javelin, and others)— appleworm is not currently a problem in commercial orchards. It is Check label for rates. REI 4 hr. PHI 0 days. Nontoxic to bees. a moth native to the northeastern US that was first discovered in the This biologically derived material acts slowly: effectiveness Pacific Northwest in the 1940s in the Milton-Freewater area, where requires good coverage. Apply when forecast calls for warm daily it has been most problematic. Insecticides applied for fruittree temperatures. This material is less effective during cool weather leafroller control should help control lesser appleworm. when larvae are not actively eating. Some formulations are OMRI- Biology and life history The lesser appleworm prefers host plants listed for organic use. in the rose family, including crabapples, hawthorn, wild rose and ♦♦ chlorantraniliprole (Altacor 35WDG) at 3 to 4.5 oz/a. REI 4 hr. others. This caterpillar overwinters as mature larvae within a PHI 10 days. Do not apply more than 9 oz/a per season. cocoon at the base of host plants under debris. The adults begin to ♦♦ lambda-cyhalothrin (Warrior II) at 1.28 to 2.56 fl oz/a. REI 24 hr. emerge in April, and females lay eggs on leaves or the fruit surface. PHI 14 days. May disrupt beneficial mite populations. Extremely The larvae feed on the fruit for about three weeks, and then pupate toxic to fish; avoid spray drift and surface runoff. at the base of the tree or under bark scales. Second-generation ♦♦ methoxyfenozide (Intrepid 2F) at 8 to 16 fl oz/a. REI 4 hr. PHI adults appear in late spring. These also lay eggs on the fruit. Late in 7 days. Additional applications at 10- to 18-day intervals at the season, mature larvae spin cocoons to overwinter. maximum rates may be required for heavy infestations, sustained moth flight, situations in which it is difficult to achieve thorough Adults and larvae are similar to the codling moth, but all stages are coverage, and for quicker knockdown of larvae. See label for smaller. biofix information. Do not apply within 25 ft of an aquatic habitat, Management—chemical control: HOME USE 150 ft if applied by air. ♦♦ spinetoram (Delegate WG) at 4.5 to 7 oz/a. REI 4 hr. PHI 7 days. Warning: Many pesticides are hazardous to bees. Look for bee Maximum of four applications of spinetoram per season. precautionary statements on product labels and do not use these ♦♦ spinosad (Entrust SC) at 4 to 8 fl oz/a. REI 4 hr. PHI 7 days. products during bloom or if bees are foraging in the orchard. Results are best when applied at petal fall. OMRI-listed for ♦♦ acetamiprid—Toxic to bees. organic use. May act slowly. Do not exceed 29 fl oz/a per year. ♦♦ carbaryl—Highly toxic to bees. Resistance management Pandemis leafrollers and obliquebanded ♦♦ esfenvalerate—Highly toxic to bees. leafrollers can develop resistance rapidly to chemical controls. ♦♦ gamma-cyhalothrin—Highly toxic to bees. ♦♦ kaolin clay (Surround at Home)—Repels some insect pests when applied as a spray to leaves, stems, and fruit. OMRI-listed for Cherry—Leaf crumpler and Mineola moth organic use. Leaf crumpler (Acrobasis indigenella) ♦♦ lambda-cyhalothrin—Highly toxic to bees. Mineola moth (Acrobasis tricolorella) ♦♦ pyrethrins—Highly toxic to bees. Some formulations are OMRI- Pest description and crop damage The leaf crumpler is a pest listed for organic use. of a wide range of rosaceous plants, including native species like ♦♦ zeta-cypermethrin—Highly toxic to bees. crabapple, ornamentals such as pyracantha and most tree fruits. The adult moth is light brown with a white patch on each wing Management—chemical control: COMMERCIAL USE and several black lines. Mature larvae are pinkish and about 0.5 Dormant-season and delayed-dormant sprays inch long. The larvae construct tubes that are attached to twigs of ♦♦ chlorpyrifos (Lorsban 75WG) at 2.0 to 2.67 lb/a or (Lorsban 4E) at host plants, feeding on developing leaves. They also feed on buds. 4 pints/a. REI 4 days. Do not exceed one application of chlorpyrifos Second generation larvae burrow into cherries and prunes. as a dormant or delayed-dormant per season. Avoid contact with foliage in sweet cherries as premature leaf drop may result. Biology and life history Partially grown brown larvae overwinter Extremely toxic to fish and aquatic invertebrates; avoid spray drift in hibernacula (cocoons) on trees. Larvae resume feeding in the and runoff to surface waters. RESTRICTED USE IN OREGON. spring and leave their nest at night to bring back leaf fragments. Pupation occurs in late spring, and the adults lay eggs on leaves in Growing-season sprays early June. The majority of feeding for this generation occurs in ♦♦ spinosad (Entrust SC) at 4 to 8 fl oz/a. REI 4 hr. PHI 7 days. June and July. The second-generation adults appear in August and Results are best when applied at petal fall. OMRI-listed for lay eggs for the overwintering generation of larvae. In cool areas organic use. May act slowly. Do not exceed 29 fl oz/a per year. only a single generation may be produced.

PNW Insect Management Handbook J39 Cherry—Pacific flatheaded borer Cherry—Peachtree borer Chrysobothris mali Synanthedon exitiosa Pest description and crop damage The Pacific flatheaded borer is Pest description and crop damage Peachtree borer is a clearwing a pest of many different trees and shrubs, including most fruit trees. moth native to North America and common in the Northwest. Adults are reddish bronze beetles with copper spots on wing covers, Adults are a metallic blue-black. The male moth may have bands and about 0.25 to 0.5-inch long. Larvae are whitish to pale yellow of light yellow scales on the abdomen, and resembles a wasp. The and about 0.5 inch long when fully developed. The area behind female has an orange band around the abdomen. Full-grown larvae the head has a broad, flat enlargement giving the larvae their “flat- are one inch long and whitish with a brown head. Larvae burrow headed” appearance. Larvae feed beneath the bark and may girdle into the bark of the crown and feed on the cambium. Feeding is the trunks and branches of trees. Young, recently planted trees are restricted to an area a few inches above and below the soil line. most susceptible. Trees that are stressed because of drought or other Young trees can be girdled completely and killed. Older trees causes are especially vulnerable. are rarely girdled, but the feeding reduces vigor and makes them vulnerable to other pests and diseases. Infested trees bleed frass- Biology and life history The insects overwinter in host plants as infested gum during the growing season. mature larvae. In spring, they pupate and then bore holes in the tree. They emerge usually from May to June. Females lay eggs from Biology and life history The borer overwinters as a larva on or June through July in crevices in the bark, usually on the sunny side under the tree bark, usually below ground. As temperatures rise of tree trunks below the lowest branches. Stressed trees are the above 50°F in the spring, the larva resumes feeding on the tissues preferred egg-laying site. The larvae hatch, burrow into the wood, under the bark. At maturity in May and June, the larva pupates. and feed on the cambial and vascular tissues until fully grown. Adult moths emerge beginning in June and continue through Burrows are characteristically broad and irregular. September. Eggs are laid quickly after mating, and the young larvae hatch after 8 to 10 days and bore immediately into the base of the Pest monitoring Watch for depressions in the bark or cracks tree. Larvae in the bark above the soil line usually do not survive through which frass (excrement) may be seen. the winter in cold areas. Management—biological control Pest monitoring This insect can do substantial damage if not Birds peck the larvae from under the bark with their beaks. Some controlled—one larva can kill a small tree. Therefore, the finding of wasp parasites attack the borer. Carpenter ants eat both larvae and a single larva justifies action in a small home orchard. pupae from the wood. Management—biological control Management—cultural control Several wasp species are parasitic on the larvae or pupae of the Beetles are attracted to weakened, sunburned, or injured parts of borer. trunks and lay eggs in cracks on bark exposed to the sun. Protect young, newly planted trees from sunburn by whitewashing with an Management—cultural control interior white latex paint. Paper trunk protectors or boards also may Protect the base of the tree from larval entry by placing a cone be used to shield the trunks from sun. Limit summer pruning of around it before egg laying begins. Light metal or flexible plastic mature trees to September and early October. works. The cone should be pushed 1 to 2 inches into the soil and should fit snugly around the trunk at the top to prevent the tiny Management—chemical control: HOME USE larvae from getting beneath it. Budding tape or other flexible ♦♦ azadirachtin (neem oil)—Some formulations are OMRI-listed for material will help seal the top. organic use. ♦♦ imidacloprid—Soil drenches may have residual activity in woody Alternatively, if there are only one or a few peach trees in a home plants lasting for 12 or more months. If short-term management is orchard, it is quicker and cheaper to control this insect by worming. the goal, consider other approaches. Use a pocket knife or some pointed instrument to remove dirt ♦♦ pyrethrins—Some formulations are OMRI-listed for organic use. around the tree and dig out the larvae. Highly toxic to bees. Management—chemical control: HOME USE ♦♦ zeta-cypermethrin—Highly toxic to bees. ♦♦ gamma-cyhalothrin—Highly toxic to bees. Management—chemical control: COMMERCIAL USE ♦♦ lambda-cyhalothrin—Highly toxic to bees. Dormant-season and delayed-dormant sprays ♦♦ pyrethrins—Some formulations are OMRI-listed for organic use. ♦♦ chlorpyrifos (Lorsban 75WG) at 2.0 to 2.67 lb/a or (Lorsban Highly toxic to bees. 4E) at 4 pints/a. REI 4 days. Do not exceed one application of ♦♦ zeta-cypermethrin—Highly toxic to bees. chlorpyrifos as a dormant or delayed-dormant per season. Avoid Management—chemical control: COMMERCIAL USE contact with foliage in sweet cherries as premature leaf drop may result. Extremely toxic to fish and aquatic invertebrates; avoid Dormant-season and delayed-dormant sprays spray drift and runoff to surface waters. Direct sprays to the trunks and bases of trees. A full dilute Growing-season sprays drenching spray gives best control. ♦♦ esfenvalerate (Asana XL) at 4.8 to 14.5 fl oz/a. REI 12 hr. PHI ♦♦ chlorpyrifos (Lorsban 75WG) at 2.0 to 2.67 lb/a or (Lorsban 14 days. Extremely toxic to fish and aquatic invertebrates; avoid 4E) at 4 pints/a. REI 4 days. Do not exceed one application of spray drift and runoff to surface waters. chlorpyrifos as a dormant or delayed-dormant per season. Avoid contact with foliage in sweet cherries as premature leaf drop may result. Extremely toxic to fish and aquatic invertebrates; avoid spray drift and runoff to surface waters. RESTRICTED USE IN OREGON.

J40 PNW Insect Management Handbook Growing-season sprays ♦♦ pyridaben (Nexter 75WSB) at 4.4 to 10.6 oz/a. REI 12 hr. PHI 300 days. Highly toxic to bees. Ground applications only. Do not Direct sprays to the trunks and bases of trees. A full dilute exceed two applications per season. drenching spray gives best control. ♦♦ spirodiclofen (Envidor 2SC) at 16 to 18 oz/a. REI 12 hr. PHI 7 ♦♦ esfenvalerate (Asana XL) at 4.8 to 14.5 fl oz/a. REI 12 hr. PHI days. Limited to one application per season. 14 days. Extremely toxic to fish and aquatic invertebrates; avoid spray drift and runoff to surface waters. ♦♦ lambda-cyhalothrin (Warrior II) at 1.28 to 2.56 fl oz/a. REI 24 hr. Cherry—Redhumped caterpillar PHI 14 days. May disrupt beneficial mite populations. Extremely Schizura concinna toxic to fish; avoid spray drift and surface runoff. Pest description and crop damage The redhumped caterpillar ♦♦ permethrin (Pounce 25WP) at 6.4 to 12.8 oz/a. REI 12 hr. PHI is one of the most widely distributed and commonly encountered 3 days. Extremely toxic to fish and aquatic invertebrates; avoid large caterpillars in North America. Although the adult moth is an spray drift and runoff to surface waters. inconspicuous gray moth, the mature larvae are one-inch long and are reddish or yellow and have several spines on each segment. The Cherry—Prunus rust mite entire body is lined with white, dark reddish brown, and black lines. Aculus fockeui The head is red, and the fourth segment behind the head is humped. Larvae usually appear in midsummer and consume the whole leaf, Pest description and crop damage The adult mite is a typical leaving only the midrib. They can completely defoliate individual eriophyid mite with a cylindrical body, yellow in color early on but branches and even entire young trees. changing to brownish yellow or tan with age. The adults are minute and can barely be seen with the naked eye when placed against a Biology and life history The insect overwinters as a mature larva black background. Immature mites are similar in structure to the in a cocoon in the ground. It pupates in early summer, and adult adults but smaller and white. The mites feed on the surface of the moths appear in June and July. Eggs are laid on lower surfaces leaf with piercing–sucking mouthparts, sucking fluids from the of leaves. The caterpillars emerge and feed in groups through cells. Mature foliage may be curled upward or dwarfed. The lower September, at which time they move to the ground to construct their surfaces of the leaves become brown or bronze. Feeding on younger overwintering cocoon. leaves causes development of small yellow spots on the leaves, Pest monitoring Examine trees for feeding damage in early followed by shotholing. The impact of this feeding on vigor and summer. yield is uncertain. Prunus rust mites are seldom a problem except on young, unsprayed trees. Management—chemical control: HOME USE ♦♦ Bacillus thuringiensis var. kurstaki—Some formulations are Biology and life history The mite overwinters as an adult female OMRI-listed for organic use. under bud scales. As the buds expand, they leave the buds, scatter over the expanding foliage, and feed for several days before laying ♦♦ spinosad—Some formulations are OMRI-listed for organic use. eggs. A complete generation requires 6 to 22 days, and generations ♦♦ zeta-cypermethrin—Highly toxic to bees. are produced continuously in summer. As foliage hardens or Management—chemical control: COMMERCIAL USE degrades, overwintering females are produced for the following ♦♦ Bacillus thuringiensis kurstaki (Dipel, Javelin, and others)— year. Check label for rates. REI 4 hr. PHI 0 days. Nontoxic to bees. This Pest monitoring Observe the leaves for signs of feeding, and use a biologically derived material acts slowly. Some formulations are hand lens to check for the mites. OMRI-listed for organic use. ♦♦ methoxyfenozide (Intrepid 2F) at 8 to 16 fl oz/a. REI 4 hr. PHI Management—biological control 7 days. Apply when egg hatch begins or at the first sign of larval Phytoseiid predator mites almost always keep mites under control if infestation. Reapply as necessary in 10 to 14 days. Do not apply broad-spectrum insecticide applications are avoided. Rust mites are within 25 ft of aquatic habitat, 150 ft if applied by air. a significant food source for these predator mites, so damage from ♦♦ spinetoram (Delegate WG) at 4.5 to 7 oz/a. REI 4 hr. PHI 7 days. this mite can be tolerated. Maximum four applications per season. ♦♦ spinosad (Entrust SC) at 4 to 8 fl oz/a. REI 4 hr. PHI 7 days. Management—chemical control: HOME USE Results are best when applied at petal fall. OMRI-listed for Dormant-season spray organic use. May act slowly. Do not exceed 29 fl oz/a per year. Apply sprays using enough water to cover the entire tree thoroughly, including small limbs. Apply only during dormant Cherry—Scale period. European fruit lecanium (Parthenolecanium corni) ♦♦ horticultural mineral oil—Some formulations are OMRI-listed for San Jose scale (Quadraspidiotus perniciosus) organic use. Pest description and crop damage Adult lecanium scales are Growing-season spray up to 0.2 inch across, reddish brown, and rounded. They resemble ♦♦ plant-derived essential oils—Some have shown efficacy against small helmets or bumps on branches, stems, and the underside of mites. Some formulations are OMRI-listed for organic use. leaves. The crawlers are flat, oval, and pinkish brown. San Jose Management—chemical control: COMMERCIAL USE scale was introduced to the U.S. on flowering peach in the 1870s. It is now a pest of all fruit trees and many ornamental and wild trees ♦♦ fenbutatin-oxide (Vendex 50WP) at 1.5 to 3 lb/a. REI 2 days. PHI 14 days. Apply when mites first appear. Do not exceed two and shrubs throughout the U.S., particularly in hot, dry climates. applications per season. San Jose scale can be differentiated from other scale insects by the scale (shell) that covers the adult females. The scale is hard, gray to ♦♦ horticultural mineral oil—Rates vary; read product label. REI black, cone-shaped and has a tiny white knob in the center with a varies; check product label. Some formulations are OMRI-listed series of grooves or rings around it. for organic use.

PNW Insect Management Handbook J41 Scale are closely related to aphids, mealybugs, and whiteflies. for organic use. Like these insects, they also have piercing-sucking mouth parts. ♦♦ carbaryl—Highly toxic to bees. Large populations of scale can devitalize plants and retard growth. ♦♦ gamma-cyhalothrin—Highly toxic to bees. Infested trees show small, grayish to brownish disk-shape areas or ♦♦ imidacloprid—Soil drenches may have residual activity in woody spots and raised surfaces on the bark. Severe infestations can kill plants lasting for 12 or more months. If short-term management is twigs. Large quantities of honeydew are produced which causes the goal, consider other approaches. russeting on fruit and growth of sooty mold fungus. San Jose ♦♦ insecticidal soap—Some formulations are OMRI-listed for organic scale is the more serious pest of this group. It can kill trees and use. the secondary effect of sooty mold can result in discolored fruit. Lecanium scale can also be a serious pest. ♦♦ lambda-cyhalothrin—Highly toxic to bees. ♦♦ malathion—Highly toxic to bees. Biology and life history Lecanium scale overwinters in an ♦♦ plant-derived essential oils—Some have shown efficacy against immature state on twigs and branches. This scale resumes feeding scale. Some formulations are OMRI-listed for organic use. in the spring, and eggs are laid underneath the female (from May ♦♦ pyrethrins—Some formulations are OMRI-listed for organic use. to June) where they remain until they hatch in early summer. The Highly toxic to bees. young scales, called “crawlers,” migrate to the undersides of leaves to feed. Crawlers can also be dispersed by wind, rain, irrigation, or ♦♦ zeta-cypermethrin—Highly toxic to bees. by the movement of people and machinery. After 4 to 6 weeks on Management—chemical control: COMMERCIAL USE the leaves, the crawlers return to the stems and twigs to feed, mate, Dormant-season spray and overwinter. There is one generation per year. ♦♦ buprofezin (Centaur WDG) at 34.5 oz/a. REI 12 hr. San Jose scale overwinters in an immature state and is black in color. ♦♦ chlorpyrifos (Lorsban 75WG) at 2.0 to 2.67 lb/a or (Lorsban 4E) In spring, the tiny winged males emerge and mate with wingless at 4 pints/a. REI 4 days. May be mixed with horticultural mineral females. Females give birth to live young about a month later (no oil (rates vary; see product label). Do not exceed one application eggs are seen). The young scales, called “crawlers,” are very small, of chlorpyrifos as a dormant or delayed-dormant per season. Avoid flattened, and yellow, and move around on bark and foliage before contact with foliage in sweet cherries as premature leaf drop may settling down to feed. Young scales also can be dispersed by wind, result. Extremely toxic to fish and aquatic invertebrates; avoid rain, irrigation, or by the movement of people and machinery. A few spray drift and runoff to surface waters. RESTRICTED USE IN days later, they secrete a waxy coating over their body that protects OREGON. them from pesticides. From this point, female scales do not move. ♦♦ methidathion (Supracide 2E) at 8 pints/a. May mix with a Crawlers are present during June and July and again in August to horticultural mineral oil (rates vary; see product label). REI 3 days. September, consisting of two generations per year. ♦♦ pyriproxyfen (Esteem 35WP) at 4 to 5 oz/a. May mix with a Pest monitoring In cherry orchards, leaves of infested trees do not horticultural mineral oil (rates vary; refer to product label). REI 12 hr. Pyriproxyfen is a growth regulator with activity towards drop in the fall, making detection straightforward. Inspect twigs egg and immature stages only. Under heavy scale pressure, use the during the dormant season for scales. Pay particular attention to higher rate. Do not exceed more than 3 application per season. weak plants. Observe the young bark for purplish-red halos which indicate infestation. The crawlers are best observed during June to Growing-season spray July with a 10X magnifying glass. Crawlers can be monitored by Apply May to July. Control crawlers in mid-June or early July. wrapping a piece of black sticky tape around an infested branch with the sticky side out. ♦♦ buprofezin (Centaur WDG) at 34.5 oz/a. REI 12 hr. PHI 14 days. Do not make more than two in-season applications per year. Management—biological control ♦♦ diazinon (Diazinon 50W) at 4 lb/a. REI 4 days. PHI 21 days. Do Larvae of green lacewings and other insects are aggressive not exceed one in season foliar application per year. Do not apply predators of scale. However, biological control does not necessarily within 300 ft of aquatic habitat. prevent significant scale infestations. ♦♦ imidacloprid (Prey 1.6F) at 4 to 8 fl oz/a. REI 12 hr. PHI 7 days. Do not use until pollination is complete and bees are no longer Management—cultural control present. Scale can be rubbed off plants by hand with a glove or toothbrush. ♦♦ pyriproxyfen (Esteem 35WP) at 4 to 5 oz/a. REI 12 hr. PHI 14 Major infestations can be pruned off. Tanglefoot, “stickem,” or a days. Do not exceed more than 3 application per season. similar adhesive can be applied around infestations of adult scales ♦♦ spirotetramat (Movento) at 6 to 9 fl oz. REI 24 hr. PHI 7 days. Do to catch the crawler stage. As with aphids, avoid excessive nitrogen not apply until after petal fall. Limited to 15.3 fl oz/a per season. fertilizer, as this favors increases in the population. Management—chemical control: HOME USE Cherry—Shothole borer Dormant-season spray Ambrosia beetle (subfamily Scolytinae) Apply sprays using enough water to cover the entire tree thoroughly Shothole borer (Scolytus rugulosus) including small limbs. Apply only during dormant or delayed- Pest description and crop damage Shothole borers are pests of dormant period. forest trees, ornamental shade trees, and shrubs as well as fruit ♦♦ horticultural mineral oil—Some formulations are OMRI-listed for trees. Apple, pear, cherry, and plum are all attacked. Borers are organic use. primarily a problem on injured or stressed plants, but healthy trees growing adjacent to blocks of neglected trees also may be attacked. Growing-season spray The adult shothole borer is a brownish-black beetle about 0.12- Control crawlers in mid-June or early July. inch long. The larvae are white, legless, and about 0.17 inch long. ♦♦ acetamiprid —Highly toxic to bees. A similar wood-boring beetle, the ambrosia beetle, is about 0.12- inch long, dark brown or black, and covered with yellowish hairs. ♦♦ azadirachtin (neem extract)—Some formulations are OMRI-listed

J42 PNW Insect Management Handbook The larva is pinkish-white, legless, cylindrical, and 0.2 inch long Growing-season spray when mature. Larvae and adults of both these species bore into the Direct trunk and limb sprays to infested and neighboring trees cambial and vascular tissues of trees, weakening them and causing when adults are active (late February to early March, June to July, wilting and dieback of individual stems and branches. Trunks and September to October). branches become riddled with beetle galleries. ♦♦ esfenvalerate (Asana XL) at 4.8 to 14.5 fl oz/a. REI 12 hr. PHI Biology and life history Shothole borer overwinters as a larva in 14 days. Treat in April. Extremely toxic to fish and aquatic burrows beneath the bark of infested trees. They pupate under the invertebrates; avoid spray drift and runoff to surface waters. bark and adults emerge in spring or early summer, mate, and fly to susceptible trees to feed at the base of leaves or small twigs. Borers then tunnel into the tree, excavating galleries parallel to the wood Cherry—Spider mite grain laying eggs along the gallery. The eggs hatch and the larvae Includes feed by tunneling at right angles to the main burrow, causing a European red mite (Panonychus ulmi) characteristic pattern of damage. The burrows are filled with frass McDaniel spider mite (Tetranychus mcdanieli) (excrement) and increase in diameter as the larvae mature. After 6 Twospotted spider mite (Tetranychus urticae) to 8 weeks, the larvae pupate at the ends of the galleries and emerge For mite identification, see: as adults starting in August. The many small, round exit holes this Field Characteristics of Fruit-Tree-Attacking Spider Mites in the creates gives a “shothole” effect. There are two generations per year. Pacific Northwest Ambrosia beetle overwinters as a mature larva, pupa, or adult in galleries in the tree. When spring temperatures exceed 65°F, the Pest description and crop damage Several species of mites can females become active, fly to susceptible hosts, and bore into the cause damage in tree fruits. The principal mite pests of cherries tree. Eggs are laid in the gallery, and, as they develop, the female include the European red mite and the twospotted spider mite. carefully tends them and cultivates ambrosia fungus for them to eat. Appearance of these mites varies with the species, although all are The females usually remove excrement or wood dust from the tunnels very small, 0.02 inch or smaller. Female European red mites are and this, along with the uniform width of the galleries, distinguishes round with red bodies; males are yellowish-red. Twospotted mites them from other wood-boring beetles. Young adults are found tightly are oval and yellowish-brown or green with distinctive black spots packed in the galleries in midsummer, where they remain until the on the body. Mites damage fruit indirectly by feeding on leaves, following spring. There is only one generation per year. which causes stippling, bronzing, and possibly leaf drop. The reduction in photosynthesis causes loss of tree vigor and yield. Pest monitoring Examine branches in late spring for holes 0.12 inch in diameter, oozing sap and sawdust. In stone fruits, these Biology and life history European red mites overwinter as eggs holes often are sealed with gummy ooze. Beetles are particularly on smaller branches and fruit spurs. They hatch at pink stage and attracted to unhealthy trees. commence feeding. There are six to seven generations per year. Management—cultural control Twospotted spider mites overwinter as adult females under bark or in ground cover. They become active in the spring. There may be Destroy or remove all prunings, particularly infested prunings, and eight to ten overlapping generations per year. keep trees in healthy, vigorous growing condition. Borer attack usually indicates trees are unhealthy. Whitewash trunks of young Pest monitoring Observe the leaves for mites and webbing and trees to prevent sunburn and reduce potential hazard of attack by check for the number of pest and predator mites. Sufficient control shothole borer and flathead borers. usually is achieved by midsummer by natural enemies. Management—chemical control: HOME USE Management—biological control Pesticides must be timed to manage adults and are often not very Spider mite populations are held down by cool, wet conditions effective. Cultural techniques are typically the best management early in the season. Considerable natural control is provided by lady practices. beetles (Stethorus spp.) and minute pirate bugs (Orius tristicolor). ♦♦ azadirachtin (neem extract)—Some formulations are OMRI-listed Predator mites such as Typhlodromus spp. or Neoseiulus fallacis for organic use. (syn. Amblyseius fallacis) are also effective at managing populations of spider mites and may be purchased. ♦♦ pyrethrins—Some formulations are OMRI-listed for organic use. Highly toxic to bees. Management—cultural control Management—chemical control: COMMERCIAL USE Spider mite infestations are favored by dry, dusty conditions, so Dormant-season spray avoid creating these conditions and/or stressing the plants. The use of cover crops also reduces dust and mite problems. Broadleaf Apply sprays using enough water to cover the entire tree thoroughly weeds like mallow, bindweed, white clover, and knotweed enhance including small limbs. Apply only during dormant or delayed- mite numbers. Suppression of these weeds with cultivation or dormant period. grasses may reduce mite numbers. Water trees properly, as drought- ♦♦ chlorpyrifos (Lorsban 75 WG) at 2.0 to 2.67 lb/a or (Lorsban 4E) stressed trees are more susceptible. Avoid excessive nitrogen at 4 pints/a. REI 4 days. May be mixed with horticultural mineral applications, as this encourages mites. oil (rates vary; see product label). Do not exceed one application of chlorpyrifos as a dormant or delayed-dormant per season. Avoid Home orchardists: Mites may be washed from the tree with a strong contact with foliage in sweet cherries as premature leaf drop may stream of water. result. Extremely toxic to fish and aquatic invertebrates; avoid Management—chemical control: HOME USE spray drift and runoff to surface waters. RESTRICTED USE IN OREGON. Dormant-season spray ♦♦ horticultural mineral oil—Rates vary; check product label. REI Apply sprays using enough water to cover the entire tree thoroughly varies; check product label. Some formulations are OMRI-listed including small limbs. Apply only during dormant or delayed- for organic use. dormant period.

PNW Insect Management Handbook J43 ♦♦ horticultural mineral oil (European red mite only) —Some Post-harvest spray formulations are OMRI-listed for organic use. ♦♦ fenazaquin (Magister) at 32 to 36 fl oz/a. REI 12 hr. PHI 3 days. Growing-season spray Do not exceed one application per season. ♦♦ azadirachtin (neem oil)—Some formulations are OMRI-listed for ♦♦ propargite (Omite 30WS) at 6 lb/a. REI 2 days. No PHI listed. Do organic use. not exceed two applications per season. ♦♦ carbaryl—Highly toxic to bees. ♦♦ pyridaben (Nexter) at 10.67 oz/a. REI 12 hr. PHI 300 days. Do not exceed two applications per season. ♦♦ gamma-cyhalothrin—Highly toxic to bees. ♦♦ insecticidal soap—May require several applications. Complete Resistance management Spider mites can develop resistance coverage, especially of undersides of leaves, is essential. Apply rapidly to chemical controls. Resistance management techniques April to May. Some formulations are OMRI-listed for organic use. include using sampling and pest action thresholds to make spray ♦♦ lambda-cyhalothrin —Highly toxic to bees. decisions, using higher thresholds on young, non-bearing trees, and ♦♦ malathion—Highly toxic to bees. rotating pesticides with different modes of action. Clofentezine, etoxazole, and hexythiazox have the same mode of action as do ♦♦ permethrin—Highly toxic to bees. fenbutatin-oxide and propargite. ♦♦ plant-derived essential oils—Some have shown efficacy against spider mites. Some formulations are OMRI-listed for organic use. ♦♦ pyrethrins—Some formulations are OMRI-listed for organic use. Cherry—Spotted-wing drosophila Highly toxic to bees. Drosophila suzukii ♦♦ spinosad—Some formulations are OMRI-listed for organic use For pest description, crop damage, biology, life history, ♦♦ sulfur—Some formulations are OMRI-listed for organic use. sampling and cultural management Management—chemical control: COMMERCIAL USE See: Dormant-season spray EMERGING PEST: Spotted Wing Drosophila—A Berry and ♦♦ chlorpyrifos (Lorsban 75 WG) at 2.0 to 2.67 lb/a or (Lorsban 4E) Stone Fruit Pest at 4 pints/a. REI 4 days. May be mixed with horticultural mineral oil (rates vary; see product label). Do not exceed one application Management—chemical control: HOME USE of chlorpyrifos as a dormant or delayed-dormant per season. Avoid ♦♦ acetamiprid—In field tests, this product has provided inconsistent contact with foliage in sweet cherries as premature leaf drop may control of SWD. result. Extremely toxic to fish and aquatic invertebrates; avoid ♦♦ kaolin clay (Surround at Home)—Repels some insect pests when spray drift and runoff to surface waters. applied as a spray to leaves, stems, and fruit. OMRI-listed for ♦♦ diazinon (Diazinon AG500) at 4 pints/a + horticultural mineral organic use. oil (rates vary; see product label). REI 4 days. Do not exceed one ♦♦ permethrin—In field tests, this product has provided inconsistent dormant application of diazinon per season. control of SWD. ♦♦ horticultural mineral oil—Rates vary; check product label. REI ♦♦ pyrethrins—These products provide about 80% control of SWD varies; check product label. Some formulations are OMRI-listed but have no residual activity. Some formulations are OMRI-listed for organic use. for organic use. ♦♦ pyriproxyfen (Esteem 35WP) at 4 to 5 oz/a. May be mixed with a ♦♦ spinosad—This product generally provides 100% control and 5-7 horticultural mineral oil (rates vary; check product label). REI 12 days residual activity. Some formulations are OMRI-listed for hr. Pyriproxyfen is a growth regulator with activity toward egg and organic use. immature stages only. Under heavy scale pressure, use the higher ♦♦ zeta-cypermethrin rate. Do not exceed more than 3 application per season. Management—chemical control: COMMERCIAL USE Growing-season sprays Growing-season sprays ♦♦ bifenazate (Acramite 50WS) at 0.75 to 1 lb/a. REI 12 hr. PHI 3 days. Use only once per season. Note: When winters are mild, a fall shuck spray can reduce the ♦♦ clofentezine (Apollo SC) at 4 to 8 fl oz/a. REI 12 hr. PHI 21 days. number of overwintering females. Do not exceed one application per season. Must be applied early ♦♦ carbaryl (Carbaryl 4L) at 3 quarts/a. REI 12 hr. PHI 3 days. At in the season when the mite population is predominantly in the this rate, do not exceed three in-season applications per year. egg stage. Extremely toxic to aquatic invertebrates; avoid spray drift and ♦♦ etoxazole (Zeal WSP) at 2 to 3 oz/a. REI 12 hr. PHI 7 days. Use runoff to surface waters. only once per season. ♦♦ esfenvalerate (Asana XL) at 4.8 to 14.5 oz/a. REI 12 hr. PHI 14 ♦♦ fenbutatin-oxide (Vendex 50WP) at 1.5 to 3 lb/a. REI 2 days. PHI days. 14 days. Do not exceed two applications or 4.5 lb/a/year. ♦♦ malathion (Malathion 57EC) at 1 pint/a. REI 12 hr. PHI 3 days. ♦♦ hexythiazox (Savey 50DF) at 3 to 6 oz/a. REI 12 hr. PHI 28 days. ♦♦ malathion (Fyfanon ULV Ag) at 16 oz/a. REI 12 hr. PHI 1 day. Does not significantly control adult rust mites. Apply at first sign Not a stand-alone product for SWD control. Do not use sequential of egg deposition before adult mites build up. Apply only one sprays for SWD control. Maximum applications per season: sweet hexythiazox product per season. cherries- 4; tart cherries- 6. ♦♦ horticultural mineral oil—Rates vary; check product label. REI ♦♦ spinetoram (Delegate 25WG) at 4.5 to 7 oz/a. REI 4 hr. PHI 7 varies; check product label. Necrotic foliage may result if applied days. No more than four applications per season. within 2 weeks of any sulfur application. Some formulations are ♦♦ spinosad (Entrust SC) at 4 to 8 fl oz/a. REI 4 hr. PHI 7 days. OMRI-listed for organic use. Results are best when applied at petal fall. OMRI-listed for ♦♦ spirodiclofen (Envidor 2SC) at 16 to 18 fl oz/a. REI 12 hr. PHI 7 organic use. May act slowly. Do not exceed 29 fl oz/a per year. days. Do not exceed one application/year.

J44 PNW Insect Management Handbook Cherry—Stink bug Cherry—Syneta beetle Includes Syneta albida Brown marmorated stink bug (Halyomorpha halys) Pest description and crop damage Adults are up to about 0.4 inch Consperse stink bug (Euschistus conspersus) long, creamy or yellowish. The larvae are grub-like, white with Green stink bug (Chinavia hilaris) a brown head. Syneta beetles emerge in early spring. They may Pest description and crop damage Adult stink bugs are all shield- emerge and require control between early popcorn and petal fall. shaped, with a triangle-shaped section in the middle of their backs. Adults chew holes in foliage and fruit stems. Most feeding damage They are generally up to about 0.5 to 0.6 inch long. The name stink on fruit is pinhead-sized and smaller. Immature cherries are scarred bug refers to the strong odor the insects can emit if alarmed. The and deformities result. Cherries are the most affected host, but pear, consperse stink bug is pale brown, yellow underneath with red plum, prune, apple, and various nut trees may also be affected. antennae. The green stink bug is bright green. Brown marmorated Larvae feed on fibrous roots, but cause only minor damage. This is stink bug is brown with alternating white bands on the antennae. a pest in the Willamette Valley of Oregon. Nymphs are similar in shape to the adults and come in a variety of colors. Stink bugs cause damage to plants by sucking sap from Biology and life history This species is restricted to west of the buds, flowers or fruits. Large green, brown, or gray bugs that cause Cascade Mountains. The insect overwinters as larvae in the soil. deformities in cherries make the fruit unsalable. Damaged fruit is Pupation occurs in February or early March, and the adults may pitted, similar to hail damage. Injury usually is confined to fruit be found from April through mid-June. Eggs are dropped on the clusters or a single limb. Damage usually is around May 1. ground, and the larvae hatch and burrow into the soil where they feed on tree roots. When syneta beetle mature, they construct Biology and life history Adults overwinter in groundcover. They earthen cells and overwinter. There is one generation per year. feed early in the season on weeds and may move later into other host plants. Stink bug damage is worst in dry summers, when Management—chemical control: HOME USE alternative hosts are dried up. There are no products specifically registered for control of this pest For further biology and life history as well as sampling and in the home garden. biological control Management—chemical control: COMMERCIAL USE See: ♦♦ spinosad (Entrust SC) at 4 to 8 fl oz/a. REI 4 hr. PHI 7 days. EMERGING PEST: Brown Marmorated Stink Bug—A Threat to Results are best when applied at petal fall. OMRI-listed for Pacific Northwest Agriculture organic use. May act slowly. Do not exceed 29 fl oz/a per year.

Management—chemical control: HOME USE ♦♦ acetamiprid—Toxic to bees. Cherry—Tent caterpillar ♦♦ azadirachtin (neem oil)—Some formulations are OMRI-listed for Includes organic use. Forest caterpillar (Malacosoma disstria) ♦♦ carbaryl—Highly toxic to bees. Western tent caterpillar (Malacosoma californica) ♦♦ esfenvalerate—Highly toxic to bees. Pest description and crop damage The western tent caterpillar ♦♦ gamma-cyhalothrin—Highly toxic to bees. and the forest caterpillar are the main tent caterpillar pests in the ♦♦ imidacloprid—Soil drenches may have residual activity in woody PNW. These insects attack a wide variety of plants, including alder, plants lasting for 12 or more months. If short-term management is ash, birch, cottonwood, and willow, as well as fruit trees and roses. the goal, consider other approaches. The adult moths are stout-bodied, light to darker brown, and are ♦♦ kaolin clay (Surround at Home)—Repels some insect pests when active in early to midsummer. They are attracted to lights at night. applied as a spray to leaves, stems, and fruit. OMRI-listed for organic use. Larvae of the forest tent caterpillar are about two-inches long; blue, with black spattered markings as well as white, footprint-shaped ♦♦ lambda-cyhalothrin—Highly toxic to bees. marks. Larvae of the western tent caterpillar are hairy, dull yellow- ♦♦ permethrin—Highly toxic to bees. brown, with rows of blue and orange spots on the body. The larvae of ♦♦ pyrethrins—Some formulations are OMRI-listed for organic use. both species feed in large groups on foliage of host plants and can do Highly toxic to bees. significant damage by defoliation. Larvae of western tent caterpillars ♦♦ zeta-cypermethrin—Highly toxic to bees. build large silken tents over leaves on which they feed. Larvae of Management—chemical control: COMMERCIAL USE forest tent caterpillars build mats of webbing rather than tents. Larvae can totally defoliate small trees, which may not kill them but reduces Growing-season spray growth and makes the trees more susceptible to diseases or poor ♦♦ esfenvalerate (Asana XL) at 4.8 to 14.5 fl oz/a. REI 12 hr. PHI weather. Healthy trees usually will grow new leaves by midsummer. 14 days. Treat in April. Extremely toxic to fish and aquatic invertebrates; avoid spray drift and runoff to surface waters. Biology and life history The moths overwinter as egg masses on ♦♦ kaolin clay (Surround WP) at 25 to 50 lb/a. REI 4 hr. No PHI twigs or buildings. The eggs hatch in spring as buds break in April listed. Repels some insect pests when applied as a spray to leaves, or May. The young larvae feed in groups for 5 to 6 weeks, growing stems, and fruit. OMRI-listed for organic use. larger and molting (shedding skins) four times. As they mature, they ♦♦ lambda-cyhalothrin (Warrior II) at 1.28 to 2.56 fl oz/a. REI 24 hr. split into smaller groups and move to new feeding sites in the tree. PHI 14 days. May disrupt beneficial mite populations. Extremely The larvae pupate starting in mid-June, and the adults emerge 7 to toxic to fish; avoid spray drift and surface runoff. 10 days later. The adults fly around, mate, and lay overwintering ♦♦ thiamethoxam (Actara 25WDG) at 4.5 to 5.5 oz /a. REI 12 hr. eggs. There is one generation per year. PHI 14 days. Actara is extremely toxic to bees exposed to direct Pest monitoring Look for egg masses on twigs or other treatment or residues. Do not apply Actara between the pre-bloom overwintering sites and remove them. Masses of young larvae are (swollen bud) and post-bloom (petal fall) growth stages. Do not identified easily in early spring. exceed 11 oz /a per season.

PNW Insect Management Handbook J45 Management—biological control Female western flower thrips lay eggs in the developing fruit Infestations of tent caterpillars occur cyclically as populations of the causing a small oviposition scar surrounded by a pale area. In recent caterpillars and their predators rise and fall. Tent caterpillars have years, WFT feeding has been implicated in causing superficial many natural enemies. Some birds eat the caterpillars and small silvery rings where cherries touch each other, especially on late mammals consume the pupae. The larva of a tachinid fly parasitizes cultivars such as Lapins or Sweetheart. It usually shows up 3 to 4 the caterpillars. weeks before harvest, when vegetation surrounding cherry orchards dries up, forcing thrips adults to disperse and move into orchards. Management—cultural control Control thrips when adults begin to disperse into orchards of the Home orchardists: Remove egg masses from twigs or other sites. late-season cultivars. A tentative threshold for controlling thrips at Cut out infested twigs and dip in a bucket of soapy water. that time is five or more per beating tray. Management—chemical control: HOME USE Feeding by pear thrips causes blasting of buds and ragging of foliage. This pest has recently become a localized problem in the Warning: Many pesticides are hazardous to bees. Look for bee Hood River fruit-growing area, especially in orchards that border precautionary statements on product labels and do not use these habitat with native hosts such as maple and other deciduous trees. products during bloom or if bees are foraging in the orchard. Biology and life history Western flower thrips overwinter as adults Dormant-season spray in ground duff. In the spring, they seek out flowers where they ♦♦ horticultural mineral oil feed on pollen and nectar and lay eggs into floral parts. The larvae Growing-season spray feed on flowers, buds and leaves. When mature, the larvae drop to the ground and pupate. The adults that emerge may lay eggs on Spray in spring after overwintering eggs hatch, at about the time developing fruit. Under favorable conditions, a complete life cycle leaves are 0.75 to 1 inch long. Control is much more effective if may be completed in two weeks. There are several overlapping sprays are applied when larvae are small. generations per year. Seasonal migration occurs at various times of ♦♦ azadirachtin (neem oil)—Some formulations are OMRI-listed for the year due to destruction or drying up of host plants, and adjacent organic use. crops may be invaded by these insects. Thrips eat pollen and nectar ♦♦ Bacillus thuringiensis var. kurstaki—Some formulations are on a wide range of plants (at least 244 species from 62 families). OMRI-listed for organic use. Pear thrips are a native of Europe and have been a pest since the ♦♦ carbaryl—Highly toxic to bees: do not apply during bloom. early 1900s not only on tree fruit, but on an array of forest trees. ♦♦ esfenvalerate—Highly toxic to bees. This pest spends most of the winter as an adult female in the soil. ♦♦ gamma-cyhalothrin—Highly toxic to bees. Adults emerge in early spring and adults disperse to a suitable host ♦♦ insecticidal soap—May require several applications. Complete and crawl beneath a swollen bud scale to feed on immature tissue, coverage is essential. Some formulations are OMRI-listed for which they can extensively damage. Eggs are laid soon after a organic use. suitable host is located. Following egg hatch, the larvae continue to ♦♦ kaolin clay (Surround at Home)—Repels some insect pests when feed while the adult thrips die off. The larvae drop to the soil in late applied as a spray to leaves, stems, and fruit. OMRI-listed for spring and prepare to overwinter. organic use. Scouting and thresholds Use a beating tray during pink stage to ♦♦ lambda-cyhalothrin—Highly toxic to bees. monitor and detect immigrating pear thrips or as late season cherries ♦♦ malathion—Highly toxic to bees. begin to ripen for western flower thrips along border rows of orchard. ♦♦ pyrethrins—Some formulations are OMRI-listed for organic use. Highly toxic to bees. Management—cultural control ♦♦ spinosad—Some formulations are OMRI-listed for organic use. Avoid disking the orchard floor during bloom or mowing cover crop Toxic to bees. prior to harvest if thrips are numerous on orchard floor vegetation. ♦♦ zeta-cypermethrin—Highly toxic to bees. Management—chemical control: HOME USE Management—chemical control: COMMERCIAL USE Pear thrips are best controlled at early pink. Rarely a pest in commercial operations. Warning: Many pesticides are hazardous to bees. Look for bee precautionary statements on product labels and do not use these Cherry—Thrips products during bloom or if bees are foraging in the orchard. Pear thrips (Taeniothrips inconsequens) ♦♦ acetamiprid—Toxic to bees. Western flower thrips Frankliniella( occidentalis) ♦♦ azadirachtin (neem oil)—Some formulations are OMRI-listed for organic use. Pest description and crop damage Adult western flower thrips (WFT) are very small (about 0.04 inch long at maturity), slender ♦♦ carbaryl—Highly toxic to bees: do not apply during bloom. insects with fringed wings. They are generally white when young ♦♦ gamma-cyhalothrin—Highly toxic to bees. but brown or black when mature. Larvae are very tiny and difficult ♦♦ imidacloprid—Soil drenches may have residual activity in woody to distinguish without magnification. Pear thrips are also very small plants lasting for 12 or more months. If short-term management is (0.07 inch at maturity). Adults of these insects are perceived as the goal, consider other approaches—Highly toxic to bees. mere black specks when observed on foliage. Adult pear thrips have ♦♦ insecticidal soap—May require several applications. Complete two pairs of wings, but are weak fliers. Consequently, dispersal by coverage is essential. Some formulations are OMRI-listed for adults from one infested area to another may be attributed to wind organic use. currents. The larvae have red eyes and are pale cream to translucent ♦♦ kaolin clay (Surround at Home)—Repels some insect pests when green which makes them difficult to observe on host foliage. Larvae applied as a spray to leaves, stems, and fruit. OMRI-listed for sometimes congregate in groups on the foliage which makes them organic use. more conspicuous.

J46 PNW Insect Management Handbook ♦♦ lambda-cyhalothrin—Highly toxic to bees. Management—chemical control: HOME USE ♦♦ malathion—Highly toxic to bees. Warning: Many pesticides are hazardous to bees. Look for bee ♦♦ permethrin—Highly toxic to bees. precautionary statements on product labels and do not use these ♦♦ plant-derived essential oils—Some have shown efficacy against products during bloom or if bees are foraging in the orchard. thrips. Some formulations are OMRI-listed for organic use. Begin spraying late May and continue through harvest. Spray at ♦♦ pyrethrins—Highly toxic to bees. Some formulations are OMRI- 10- to 21-day intervals. Degree-days can also be used to better listed for organic use. determine fly emergence which is 950 degree-days after March 1. ♦♦ spinosad—Toxic to bees. Some formulations are OMRI-listed for ♦♦ acetamiprid—Toxic to bees. organic use. ♦♦ carbaryl—Highly toxic to bees. ♦♦ zeta-cypermethrin—Highly toxic to bees. ♦♦ esfenvalerate—Highly toxic to bees. Management—chemical control: COMMERCIAL USE ♦♦ imidacloprid—Soil drenches may have residual activity in woody Pear thrips are best controlled at early pink. plants lasting for 12 or more months. If short-term management is ♦♦ spinosad (Entrust SC) at 4 to 8 fl oz/a. REI 4 hr. PHI 7 days. the goal, consider other approaches Results are best when applied at petal fall. OMRI-listed for ♦♦ kaolin clay (Surround at Home)—Applied as a spray to leaves, organic use. May act slowly. Do not exceed 29 fl oz/a per year. stems, and fruit, it acts as a repellant to some insect pests. OMRI- Western flowers thrips pre-harvest listed for organic use. ♦♦ spinetoram (Delegate WG) at 4.5 to 7 oz/a. REI 4 hr. PHI 7 days. ♦♦ malathion—Highly toxic to bees. Apply no less than 3 days apart for thrips, with a maximum of four ♦♦ pyrethrins—Some formulations are OMRI-listed for organic applications per season. Control may be improved by addition of use.—Highly toxic to bees. an adjuvant to the spray mixture. ♦♦ zeta-cypermethrin—Highly toxic to bees. ♦♦ spinosad (Entrust SC) at 4 to 8 fl oz/a. REI 4 hr. PHI 7 days. Management—chemical control: COMMERCIAL USE Results are best when applied at petal fall. OMRI-listed for organic use. May act slowly. Do not exceed 29 fl oz/a per year. Warning: These materials are hazardous to bees. Do not use during bloom or if bees are foraging in the orchard. Cherry—Western cherry fruit fly Growing-season sprays Rhagoletis indifferens ♦♦ acetamiprid (Assail 70WP) at 2.3 to 3.4 oz/a. REI 12 hr. PHI 7 days. Pest description and crop damage Adults are somewhat smaller ♦♦ carbaryl (Carbaryl 4L) at 2 to 3 quarts/a. REI 12 hr. PHI 3 days. than a house fly and are about 0.2 inch long. They have brownish Extremely toxic to aquatic invertebrates; avoid spray drift and to black wings with dark bands. White maggots infest cherries. runoff to surface waters. The mature maggot makes a hole in the cherry as it exits. In the ♦♦ diazinon (Diazinon 50W) 4 lb/a. REI 4 days. PHI 21 days. Do not Northwest, the western cherry fruit fly infests both home grown and exceed one in-season application per year. commercial cherries. Western cherry fruit fly is found in wild bitter ♦♦ esfenvalerate (Asana XL) at 4.8 to 14.5 fl oz/a. REI 12 hr. PHI 14 cherry (Prunus emarginata). days. May aggravate spider mite problems. Extremely toxic to fish Biology and life history The flies overwinter as pupae in the and aquatic invertebrates; avoid spray drift and runoff to surface soil. The adult flies emerge from the soil from mid-May, about waters. 5 weeks before harvest, until the end of July. Peak emergence ♦♦ imidacloprid (Prey 1.6F) at 8 fl oz/a. REI 12 hr. PHI 7 days. often coincides with harvest. Adults feed on honeydew on leaves Do not use until pollination is complete and bees are no longer and pollen. After 7 to 10 days, females lay eggs under the skin of present. the fruit. The eggs hatch, and the larvae burrow toward the pit of ♦♦ malathion (Malathion 57EC) at 1 pint/a. REI 12 hr. PHI 3 days. the fruit. There they feed for 10 to 21 days before boring out and May injure certain varieties of sweet cherries. Malathion sprays dropping to the ground to pupate. There is one generation per year. may be less hazardous to bees. Adults emerge early the following season. A few pupae of western ♦♦ malathion (Fyfanon ULV Ag) at 16 oz/a. REI 12 hr. PHI 1 cherry fruit fly may remain in soil as long as 3 years. day. Maximum applications per season: sweet cherries- 4; tart Pest monitoring There is no tolerance for cherry fruit fly in cherry cherries- 6. Repeat treatments after heavy rain if label allows. fruit, thus the threshold is zero. Degree day models are used to ♦♦ spinetoram (Delegate 25WG) at 6 to 7 oz/a. REI 4 hr. PHI 7 days. determine first emergence in the major cherry production regions of Maximum four applications per season. the Pacific Northwest. Consult with your county Extension agent to ♦♦ spinosad (Entrust SC) at 4 to 8 fl oz/a. REI 4 hr. PHI 7 days. determine the development of cherry fruit fly populations in your OMRI-listed for organic use. area. Yellow sticky traps hung in sunny parts of the tree will attract ♦♦ thiamethoxam (Actara 25WDG) at 4.5 to 5.5 oz. REI 12 hr. PHI adults. Monitor daily. 14 days. Repeated applications may cause spider mite buildup. Do not exceed 11 oz /a per season. Management—cultural control Postharvest spray Home orchardists: Grow early-maturing varieties such as ‘Chelan.’ ♦♦ dimethoate (Dimethoate 400EC) at 1 quart/a. REI 10 days (REI Pick fruit within 8 to 9 days of catching the first flies, which 14 days in areas with less than 25 inches/year). One post-harvest will happen before egg hatch. Remove all fruit from the trees to application permitted in Oregon, Idaho, and Washington. Do not eliminate sites for the fly to reproduce. Cultivation of the soil has feed or graze livestock on cover crops in treated orchards. Do not not been effective, as the pupae are very hard-shelled. mix with Syllit.

PNW Insect Management Handbook J47 Cherry—Western tentiform leafminer Maximum 4 applications per season. Phyllonorycter elmaella ♦♦ spinosad (Entrust SC) at 4 to 8 fl oz/a. REI 4 hr. PHI 7 days. Results are best when applied at petal fall. OMRI-listed for Pest description and crop damage Adult moths are small, about organic use. May act slowly. Do not exceed 29 fl oz/a per year. 0.12 inch long. The wings are held roof like over the body and are golden bronze with white bands. Eggs are flat, translucent, and laid on the undersides of leaves. The larvae vary in appearance Cherry—Winter moth depending on their age, as they progress through five instars. Young Operophtera brumata larvae are legless and cream-colored. Older instars have legs and Pest description and crop damage Adults are gray or off-white are cylindrical in shape, cream-colored and about 0.125 inch long. moths which are present in late fall and winter, hence the name. The Mature larvae are yellow and about 0.0625 inch long. The larvae larvae are pale green with a light stripe down their sides, up to 0.5 feed within the leaf tissue creating whitish areas on the leaf. inch long. Larvae damage the buds, blooms, and leaves during the Biology and life history This insect overwinters as pupae in early season but are gone before fruit is large enough to damage. fallen leaves. The adults emerge early in the season and lay eggs The defoliation can have a negative impact on fruit set and size. on the undersides of leaves around the pink stage of flower bud Symptoms of leaf feeding are distinct from leafroller larvae as the development. Eggs are flat and translucent. The first three instars of leaves are tied together with silken threads, but not rolled. larvae are referred to as sap feeders and feed on spongy soft tissue Biology and life history Flightless females deposit 100 to 200 inside the leaves, creating blotches visible only on the undersurface eggs on stems of host plants in late fall and winter. Since the female of the leaves. Later instars are called tissue feeders and develop cannot fly, populations of winter moth often are clumped, as all by early to mid-May. These feed on the upper surface of the the eggs usually are deposited in one tree. The eggs hatch in early leaf beneath the epidermis, spinning silken webs to tie the mine spring at the green tip stage, and larvae feed from then until petal together, giving it the characteristic tent-like appearance, visible on fall. The larvae often drop on silken threads and are carried by the the upper leaf surface. Larvae of the first generation then pupate in wind to new growth areas. They drop to the soil to pupate during the leaf. There are three to four overlapping generations per year. the summer, and after the first severe frost, the adults emerge. There Pest monitoring An average of three eggs per leaf is the proposed is one generation per year. action threshold. Pest monitoring Beginning in late March, inspect plants for Management—biological control evidence of feeding injury to buds, webbing of leaves, or larvae. Especially in coastal areas, this often will be the first caterpillar A small parasitic wasp, Pnigalio flavipes, provides sufficient control visible in the spring. that insecticides may not be required. Management—cultural control Management—chemical control: HOME USE Home orchardists: Pick larvae when you find them and prune out If required, sprays should be timed after the eggs of a generation infested growth. have hatched, but before tissue-feeding larvae are observed. Management—chemical control: HOME USE Warning: Many pesticides are hazardous to bees. Look for bee precautionary statements on product labels and do not use these There are no products registered for control of this pest in home products during bloom or if bees are foraging in the orchard. gardens. ♦♦ acetamiprid—Toxic to bees. ♦♦ azadirachtin (neem oil)—Some formulations are OMRI-listed for organic use. ♦♦ carbaryl—Highly toxic to bees. ♦♦ gamma-cyhalothrin—Highly toxic to bees. ♦♦ imidacloprid—Soil drenches may have residual activity in woody plants lasting for 12 or more months. If short-term management is the goal, consider other approaches.—Highly toxic to bees. ♦♦ insecticidal soap—May require several applications. Complete coverage is essential. Some formulations are OMRI-listed for organic use. ♦♦ lambda-cyhalothrin—Highly toxic to bees. ♦♦ malathion—Highly toxic to bees. ♦♦ permethrin—Highly toxic to bees. ♦♦ pyrethrins—Highly toxic to bees. Some formulations are OMRI- listed for organic use. ♦♦ spinosad—Toxic to bees. Some formulations are OMRI-listed for organic use. ♦♦ zeta-cypermethrin—Highly toxic to bees. Management—chemical control: COMMERCIAL USE ♦♦ methoxyfenozide (Intrepid 2F) at 8 to 16 fl oz/a. REI 4 hr. PHI 7 days. Do not apply within 25 ft of aquatic habitat, 150 ft if applied by air. ♦♦ spinetoram (Delegate WG) at 4.5 to 7 oz/a. REI 4 hr. PHI 7 days.

J48 PNW Insect Management Handbook to three generations, winged forms are produced that migrate to summer hosts such as weeds, ornamental plants, vegetables, or plants in the mustard family. After several generations, in the autumn, the winged forms migrate back to the fruit trees to mate Peach and Nectarine Pests and lay the overwintering eggs. Michael R. Bush and Heather Stoven Pest monitoring Observe shoots for eggs and newly hatched aphids prior to budbreak as management is best undertaken while Latest revision—March 2021 aphid abundance is the lowest. Management—biological control INCLUDES MANAGEMENT OPTIONS FOR Aphids are susceptible to several fungal pathogens, including COMMERCIAL AND HOME USE Beauveria bassiana packaged as a commercial product. Aphids have many natural enemies, which include lady beetles, syrphid In all cases, follow the instructions on the pesticide label. The PNW fly larvae, lacewings, and parasitic wasps. Avoid broad-spectrum Insect Management Handbook has no legal status, whereas the insecticide applications that would disrupt these natural enemies. pesticide label is a legal document. Read the product label before Management—cultural control making any pesticide applications. Wash aphids from plants with a strong stream of water or by hand- wiping. Aphid populations tend to be higher in plants that are fertilized liberally with nitrogen. Avoid excessive watering which, The following management information provides a suggested amount together with nitrogen applications, produces flushes of succulent of each formulation per acre when applied to mature trees. The size growth. of trees, amount of foliage, type of equipment used, and other factors are important in determining the amount of spray to use per acre. Management—chemical control: HOME USE Read carefully the entire label of each material to be used. Dormant-season spray Protect pollinators: Warning: Many pesticides are hazardous to Apply sprays using enough water to cover the entire tree thoroughly bees. Look for bee precautionary statements on product labels and including small limbs. Apply only during dormant or delayed- do not use these products during bloom or if bees are foraging in dormant period. the orchard. See How to Reduce Bee Poisoning from Pesticides. ♦♦ horticultural mineral oil—Some formulations are OMRI-listed for Mite identification: See Field Characteristics of Fruit-Tree- organic use. Attacking Spider Mites in the Pacific Northwest. Growing-season spray Note: Products are listed in alphabetical order and not in order ♦♦ acetamiprid—Toxic to bees. of preference or superiority of pest control. Active ingredients ♦♦ azadirachtin (neem extract)—Some formulations are OMRI-listed marketed under other product names may provide equivalent for organic use. control, but read product label first to check legal status before ♦♦ carbaryl—Highly toxic to bees. making any application. ♦♦ esfenvalerate—Highly toxic to bees. ♦♦ gamma-cyhalothrin—Highly toxic to bees. Peach and nectarine—Aphid ♦♦ horticultural mineral oil—Some formulations OMRI-listed for organic use. Green peach aphid (Myzus persicae) Mealy plum aphid (Hyalopterus pruni) ♦♦ imidacloprid—Soil drenches may have residual activity in woody Rusty plum aphid (Hysteroneura setariae) plants lasting for 12 or more months. If short-term management is the goal, consider other approaches. Highly toxic to bees. Pest description and crop damage Several aphid species attack ♦♦ insecticidal soap—Not recommended for use on yellow-skin peaches and nectarines, including the green peach aphid, mealy nectarine varieties. Some formulations are OMRI-listed for plum aphid and rusty plum aphid. Green peach aphid adults have organic use. yellowish-green, pear-shaped bodies about 0.125 inch long. At ♦♦ kaolin clay—Repels some insect pests when applied as a spray to certain times each year, adults may develop wings and migrate leaves, stems, and fruit. OMRI-listed for organic use. to other hosts. Nymphs look like the adults, but are smaller and wingless. Adults of the mealy plum aphid are pale bluish green with ♦♦ lambda-cyhalothrin—Highly toxic to bees. a white, powdery coating. The rusty plum aphid is rusty brown or ♦♦ plant-derived essential oils—Some have shown efficacy against deep purple with white bands on the legs. aphids. Some formulations are OMRI-listed for organic use. ♦♦ pyrethrins—Some formulations are OMRI-listed for organic use. The aphids feed initially on the shoot tips, which can cause growth Highly toxic to bees. stunting and malformation at the tips of young trees. On older trees, ♦♦ zeta-cypermethrin—Highly toxic to bees. fruit set may be reduced in subsequent years if populations are high. Aphid honeydew production can cause sooty mold problems on Management—chemical control: COMMERCIAL USE fruit. Green peach aphid is a more serious problem on nectarines Dormant and delayed-dormant sprays which lack “fuzz” on the fruit’s surface. ♦♦ diazinon (Diazinon AG500) at 1 pint/100 gal water (1.5 to 3 Biology and life history These aphids overwinter as eggs in pints/a) + horticultural mineral oil (rates vary; check product crevices and twigs. The eggs hatch near budbreak, then the nymphs label). REI 4 days. Diazinon is limited to one application per season as a dormant spray. feed on unopened buds and, later on, the undersides of the leaves. The leaves curl and protect the aphids as they feed. After two ♦♦ esfenvalerate (Asana XL) at 2.0 to 5.8 fl oz/100 gal water (4.8 to 14.5 fl oz/a) + horticultural mineral oil (rates vary; check product label). REI 12 hr.

PNW Insect Management Handbook J49 ♦♦ horticultural mineral oil—Rates vary; check product label. REI listed for organic use. varies; check product label. Some formulations are OMRI-listed ♦♦ kaolin clay—Repels some insect pests when applied as a spray to for organic use. leaves, stems, and fruit. OMRI-listed for organic use. ♦♦ phosmet (Imidan 70W) at 4 lb/a. REI 7 days. ♦♦ lambda-cyhalothrin—Highly toxic to bees. Petal fall spray ♦♦ pyrethrins—Some formulations are OMRI-listed for organic use. ♦♦ acetamiprid (Assail 70WP) at 1.1 to 2.3 oz/a. REI 12 hr. PHI 7 Highly toxic to bees. days. ♦♦ spinosad—Toxic to bees. Some formulations are OMRI-listed for ♦♦ diazinon (Diazinon 50W) at 4 lb/a. REI 4 days. PHI 21 days. Do organic use. not exceed one in-season foliar application per year. ♦♦ zeta-cypermethrin—Highly toxic to bees. ♦♦ imidacloprid (Prey 1.6F) 4 to 8 fl oz/a. REI 12 hr. PHI 0 day. Management—chemical control: COMMERCIAL USE Dormant and delayed-dormant sprays Peach and nectarine—Armyworm and ♦♦ chlorpyrifos (Lorsban Advanced) at 1.5 to 4 pints/a. May mix with a horticultural mineral oil (rates vary; check product label). REI 4 cutworm (climbing) days. Includes Bertha armyworm (Mamestra configurata) Spring and summer sprays Spotted cutworm (Xestia c-nigrum) ♦♦ methoxyfenozide (Intrepid 2F) at 10 to 16 fl oz/a. REI 4 hr. PHI 7 Variegated cutworm (Peridroma saucia) days. ♦♦ spinosad (Entrust 80W) at 1.25 to 2.5 oz/a. REI 4 hr. PHI 1 day. Pest description and crop damage Several species of cutworm, OMRI-listed for organic use. including the spotted cutworm and the variegated cutworm, may be in orchards at various times. Larvae are caterpillars that vary in color from dirty white to greenish or pinkish grey. Mature Peach and nectarine—Earwig caterpillars may reach 1 to 2 inches long. Depending on species, Primarily European earwig (Forficula auricularia) they may overwinter as pupae or mature larvae in the soil or groundcover. Weeds are the preferred source of food for these Pest description and crop damage Earwigs are slender, reddish- larvae, and eggs typically are laid on weeds around the trees. Early brown insects with a pair of “forceps” or “pinchers” on the end in the spring, cutworm species may climb up trees at night and of their abdomen. A mature adult earwig ranges from 0.5 to 0.75 excavate out the developing buds and/or chew ragged holes out of inch in length and has wings tucked under a short elytra sheath. new leaves, particularly those near the base of the tree. The adults They can emit a foul odor when disturbed. Immature earwigs are are rather nondescript moths ranging in color from gray to brown similar in appearance to the adults except smaller, wingless and with unique patterns of spots and bars on their wings. may be lighter in color. Earwigs are nocturnal and hide under tree bark or soil debris during the day. They prey on soft-bodied insects Pest monitoring In the early spring around bud swell and and scavenge on decaying vegetation. Earwigs can climb trees and throughout spring, scout fruit trees for signs of bud or leaf damage, chew holes between leaf veins, but this damage is rarely of any particularly if the orchard or fruit trees have a history of cutworm consequence. Earwigs can become pests when they chew irregular, damage. Confirm cutworm damage by scouting for the caterpillars shallow holes on ripening or overripe fruit. at night with a flashlight. Biology and life history Earwigs overwinter just below the soil Management—cultural control surface as both eggs and adults. In spring, females lay 20 to 50 Control weeds, grasses, and debris in the orchard that provide smooth white to cream-color eggs in the soil. The immatures grow cover. Weed management prevents initial infestations of cutworms through four to five nymphal stages to adults by late summer. In and eliminates natural ladders to lower limbs of the fruit tree. When fall, females may lay more eggs. Earwigs are active at night. During practical, use a flashlight to find and hand-pick cutworm larvae the day, they hide in moist, shady places such as compost piles or in the lower canopy or groundcover at night. Caterpillars can be beneath stones, boards, and debris. trapped by tying plastic wrap tightly around the base of branches Pest monitoring Periodically scout fruit trees for signs of and trunk, then applying sticky adhesive or a similar sticky material leaf damage. If damage to young leaves is detected, confirm to the plastic wrap. Remove these wraps in the autumn. the presence of earwigs by placing corrugated cardboard, flat Management—chemical control boards, roofing tiles or similar material on the ground that will provide daytime shelter for the nocturnal earwigs. Check under or Chemical applications target the overwintering caterpillars that seek within these materials each morning for presence of the insects. to feed on green tree tissue before their normal weed host emerges. Infestations spread slowly as earwigs rarely fly. For tree-ripened Later in the season, these applications target the young actively- fruit, be sure to monitor earwig populations prior to harvest. feeding caterpillars as the older and mature caterpillars tend to be more tolerant of pesticides. Management—cultural control Management—chemical control: HOME USE Earwigs can be monitored and trapped in small boxes filled with ♦♦ azadirachtin (neem extract)—Some formulations are OMRI-listed newspaper or straw placed at the base of the tree or in strips of for organic use. corrugated cardboard strapped around the tree trunk. Earwig abundance can be reduced by removing weeds and plant debris ♦♦ Bacillus thuringiensis var. kurstaki—Some formulations are away from the base of trees. Banding tree trunks with plastic wrap OMRI-listed for organic use. covered with sticky adhesive can prevent earwigs from moving into ♦♦ carbaryl—Highly toxic to bees. the tree canopy. ♦♦ esfenvalerate—Highly toxic to bees. ♦♦ gamma-cyhalothrin—Highly toxic to bees. ♦♦ insecticidal soap—Peach only. Some formulations are OMRI-

J50 PNW Insect Management Handbook Management—chemical control Management—chemical control These treatments target and intercept the immature and adult Successive sampling during the dormant, delayed-dormant period earwigs as they climb into the tree canopy at night. or early spring can best target pesticide applications towards active and growing populations of eriophyid mites before mite damage Management—chemical control: HOME USE causes leaf bronzing or silvering. Do not apply these products after ♦♦ azadirachtin (neem extract)—Some formulations are OMRI-listed the damage has been done. for organic use. ♦♦ carbaryl—Highly toxic to bees. Management—chemical control: HOME USE ♦♦ gamma-cyhalothrin—Highly toxic to bees. Dormant-season spray ♦♦ insecticidal soap—Not recommended for use on yellow-skin Apply sprays using enough water to cover the tree thoroughly, nectarine varieties. Some formulations are OMRI-listed for including small limbs. Apply during the dormant, delayed-dormant organic use. period. ♦♦ kaolin clay—Repels some insect pests when applied as a spray to ♦♦ horticultural mineral oil—Some formulations OMRI-listed for leaves, stems, and fruit. OMRI-listed for organic use. organic use. ♦♦ pyrethrins—Highly toxic to bees. Some formulations are OMRI- listed for organic use. Growing-season spray ♦♦ spinosad—Toxic to bees. Some formulations are OMRI-listed for ♦♦ carbaryl—Highly toxic to bees. organic use. Management—chemical control: COMMERCIAL USE ♦♦ zeta-cypermethrin—Highly toxic to bees. Spring and summer sprays Management—chemical control: COMMERCIAL USE ♦♦ spirodiclofen (Envidor 2SC) at 16 to 18 fl oz/a. REI 12 hr. PHI 7 days. Limited to one application per season. Spring and summer sprays ♦♦ carbaryl (Carbaryl 4L) at 2 to 3 quarts/a. REI 12 hr. PHI 3 days. Apply on trunk and soil around trees. Do not exceed three Peach and nectarine—Leafroller in-season applications per year. Extremely toxic to aquatic invertebrates; avoid spray drift and runoff to surface waters. Includes European leafroller (Archips rosana) Fruittree leafroller (Archips argyrospila) Peach and nectarine—Eriophyid mites Obliquebanded leafroller (Choristoneura rosaceana) Pandemis leafroller (Pandemis pyrusana) Includes Peach silver mite AKA Pest description and crop damage There are several species of Prunus rust mite (Aculus fockeui) leafroller pests in tree fruits. The larvae of these moth species use native plants as well as fruit trees as hosts. They all cause similar Pest description and crop damage Adult mites are extremely damage to the trees, but differ in their appearance and, more small and require at least a 10X magnifying lens to scout for them. importantly, in their life cycle. The principal leafroller pests of They are light-color, cylindrical and wedge-shaped. Immature mites fruit trees can be divided into single-generation moths, such as the are similar in appearance, but smaller and often lighter in color. fruittree leafroller and the European leafroller; and two-generation These mites have piercing-sucking mouthparts and feed on the moths, such as the obliquebanded leafroller and pandemis leafroller. outermost plant cells. Eriophyid mite feeding can cause a silvering or bronzing of leaf foliage, and heavy infestations may lead to Adults of these species vary in color, ranging from fawn-colored premature defoliation. to dark brown. There are distinctive bands or mottling on the wings. Wingspans range from 0.75 to 1 inch. The larvae of these Biology and life history These mites overwinter as diapausing species are all green caterpillars with a light brown to black head, females in buds immediately under the bud scales, or in cracks depending on the species. Larvae roll and tie leaves together for along the bark. As buds expand in the spring, females leave their shelter and feeding on the leaves. Feeding on growing points on overwintering sites and begin feeding, then after a few days lay young plants can promote undesirable branching. Newly hatched eggs. In the spring, eggs may take two weeks to hatch, but by larvae may work into blossoms and damage developing fruit, which midsummer they may hatch in as little as 3 to 4 days. There are then abort and fall off the tree. Larvae of the summer generation of several generations per year. As the foliage deteriorates in late pandemis and obliquebanded leafrollers may feed on the surface of summer, diapausing females are produced. fruit just before harvest. Pest monitoring Typically when crop damage by these mites Biology and life history The single-generation leafrollers is detected, the best plan is to monitor and manage this pest the overwinter as egg masses on twigs and branches. Eggs hatch in following spring. Observe the leaves for signs of mite feeding and spring as buds are opening until petal fall. The larvae feed for 4 to use a hand lens to check for the mites, particularly in fruit trees with 6 weeks, then pupate in the rolled leaves and emerge as moths in a history of eriophyid mite infestations. early summer. The overwintering eggs are laid in July. Management—biological control Two-generation leafrollers overwinter as immature larvae under Phytoseiid predator mites almost always keep these mites under the bark on scaffold branches of a variety of host plants. Larvae control when broad-spectrum insecticide applications are avoided. may feed during warm periods in winter, but become most active Rust mites form a significant food source for these predator mites in spring with onset of new growth. They feed for several weeks that also control spider mite pests, so populations of this eriophyid and then pupate in rolled leaves. Adult moths emerge in late April mite can be tolerated. Hot, dry weather and the hardening off of to May, mate and then lay eggs for the second generation. These leaves can also reduce eriophyid mite numbers. larvae hatch in early summer and do the most fruit damage.

PNW Insect Management Handbook J51 Pest monitoring Observe early spring growth for rolled leaves ♦♦ chlorantraniliprole (Altacor 35WDG) at 3 to 4.5 oz/a. REI 4 hr. and feeding damage on new growth. There are species-specific PHI 10 days. pheromone lures available for these leafroller moths. Traps baited ♦♦ flubendiamide + buprofezin (Tourismo) at 10 to 14 fl oz /a. REI 12 with these lures are effective in monitoring moth flight periods and hr. PHI 14 days. timing spray applications. Note that trap catch numbers are not ♦♦ methoxyfenozide (Intrepid 2F) at 8 to 16 fl oz/a. REI 4 hr. PHI 7 always correlated with fruit damage at harvest. days. Management—biological control ♦♦ spinetoram (Delegate 25WG) at 4.5 to 7 oz/a. REI 4 hr. PHI 1 day. Very low temperatures in winter significantly reduce overwintering ♦♦ spinosad (Entrust 80W) at 1.25 to 2.5 oz/a. REI 4 hr. PHI 1 day. Results are best when applied at petal fall. OMRI-listed for populations of larvae. Spiders and parasitic wasps, as well as organic use. May act slowly. predators like lacewings, greatly reduce leafroller populations throughout the year. Resistance management Leafrollers can develop resistance rapidly to chemical controls. Do not treat consecutive generations Management—cultural control with pesticides representing the same chemical group or mode Hand-pick rolled leaves containing larvae or pupae. Removal of of action. Spinetoram and spinosad are group 5 products. overwintering sites, such as dropped and rolled leaves on the ground Chlorantraniliprole and flubendiamide are group 28 products. or leaves plastered to tree trunks, can reduce next year’s population. Management—chemical control: HOME USE Peach and nectarine—Lygus bug and stink Dormant-season spray bug Apply sprays using enough water to cover the entire tree thoroughly Includes including small limbs. Apply only during dormant or delayed- Lygus bug (Lygus spp.) dormant period. Stink bug (several species) ♦♦ horticultural mineral oil—Some formulations OMRI-listed for See also: organic use. EMERGING PEST: Brown Marmorated Stink Bug—A Pending Growing-season spray Threat to Pacific Northwest Agriculture ♦♦ azadirachtin (neem extract)—Some formulations are OMRI-listed for organic use. Pest description and crop damage Lygus bugs are small, semi- oval bugs. Adults are 0.19 inch long, brown, green, gray, or almost ♦♦ Bacillus thuringiensis var. kurstaki—Some formulations are OMRI-listed for organic use. black with a yellow “V” on the back. They may feed on and damage fruit and blossoms. Stink bugs are gray, brown, or green, ♦♦ carbaryl—Highly toxic to bees. and are shield-shaped; they are about 0.5 inch long. These bugs ♦♦ esfenvalerate—Highly toxic to bees. pierce fruit with their mouthparts and siphon out tissue fluids.This ♦♦ gamma-cyhalothrin—Highly toxic to bees. feeding damage causes dimpling, sunken spots on young fruit and ♦♦ horticultural mineral oil—Some formulations OMRI-listed for can deform mature fruit (often referred to as cat-facing). Interior organic use. fruit damage appears as white, corky areas. These bugs have an ♦♦ insecticidal soap—Not recommended for use on yellow-skin extremely wide host range that includes field and vegetable crops, nectarine varieties. Some formulations OMRI-listed for organic hay crops, natural vegetation in uncultivated land and weeds in use. adjacent areas. These pests do not reproduce on tree crops, but ♦♦ kaolin clay—Repels some insect pests when applied as a spray to invade from outside hosts. leaves, stems, and fruit. OMRI-listed for organic use. Biology and life history Adults typically overwinter in ♦♦ lambda-cyhalothrin—Highly toxic to bees. groundcover. They feed early in the season on weeds and later ♦♦ plant-derived essential oils—Some have shown efficacy against may move into fruit tree canopy. Stink bug damage is worse in dry leafrollers. Some formulations are OMRI-listed for organic use. summers, when alternative hosts are dried up. ♦♦ pyrethrins—Highly toxic to bees. Some formulations are OMRI- Pest monitoring Periodically scout fruit trees for the presence of listed for organic use. adult lygus and stink bugs particularly in trees with a history of bug ♦♦ spinosad—Highly toxic to bees. Some formulations are OMRI- damage to the fruit. Critical times to scout are when the adjacent listed for organic use. weed hosts are drying up or when nearby host crops are being ♦♦ zeta-cypermethrin—Highly toxic to bees. harvested. Management—chemical control: COMMERCIAL USE Management—cultural and biological control For orchards with a history of leafroller problems, direct cover When possible, do not plant peach or nectarine trees adjacent to hay sprays in the early spring at the overwintering generations for best fields, weedy lots or uncultivated land. Proper weed management control. Summer generations of leafrollers become more difficult to early in the season can reduce the attractiveness of an orchard to control. these pests. DO NOT mow orchard floor within two weeks prior to Petal fall, spring and summer sprays fruit harvest as any bug infestation in the ground cover will move to ♦♦ Bacillus thuringiensis var. kurstaki—Check label for rates. REI the tree canopy. 4 hr. PHI 0 days. Nontoxic to bees. This biologically derived Management—chemical control material is slow acting and requires good coverage and multiple applications in order to be effective. Apply when forecast calls Spray applications, primarily pyrethroid products, target the adult for warm daily temperatures. This material is less effective bugs. Spray residue contacts and intercepts lygus and stink bugs as during cool weather when larvae are not actively eating. Some they move between outside host source and fruit tree. Use of the formulations are OMRI-listed for organic use. pyrethroid products may result in increased problems with spider mites.

J52 PNW Insect Management Handbook Management—chemical control: HOME USE Management—chemical control ♦♦ acetamiprid—Stink bug only. Toxic to bees. Spray applications and pesticide residues must be well-timed to ♦♦ azadirachtin (neem extract)—Some formulations are OMRI-listed contact the newly-hatched larvae before they bore into the shoot or for organic use. fruit. ♦♦ carbaryl—Highly toxic to bees. Management—chemical control: HOME USE ♦♦ esfenvalerate-—Highly toxic to bees. ♦♦ acetamiprid ♦♦ gamma-cyhalothrin-—Highly toxic to bees. ♦♦ azadirachtin (neem extract)—Some formulations are OMRI-listed ♦♦ kaolin clay—Repels some insect pests when applied as a spray to for organic use. leaves, stems, and fruit. OMRI-listed for organic use. ♦♦ carbaryl—Highly toxic to bees. ♦♦ lambda-cyhalothrin—Stink bug only. Highly toxic to bees. ♦♦ esfenvalerate—Highly toxic to bees. ♦♦ pyrethrins—Highly toxic to bees. Some formulations are OMRI- ♦♦ gamma-cyhalothrin—Highly toxic to bees. listed for organic use. ♦♦ kaolin clay—Repels some insect pests when applied as a spray to ♦♦ zeta-cypermethrin-—Highly toxic to bees. leaves, stems, and fruit. OMRI-listed for organic use. Management—chemical control: COMMERCIAL USE ♦♦ lambda-cyhalothrin—Highly toxic to bees. Dormant and delayed-dormant sprays ♦♦ pyrethrins—Some formulations are OMRI-listed for organic use. ♦♦ esfenvalerate (Asana XL) at 4.8 to 14.5 fl oz/a. REI 12 hr. ♦♦ spinosad—Highly toxic to bees. Some formulations are OMRI- Extremely toxic to fish and wildlife; avoid spray drift and runoff to listed for organic use. surface waters. ♦♦ zeta-cypermethrin—Highly toxic to bees. Spring and summer sprays Management—chemical control: COMMERCIAL USE ♦♦ esfenvalerate (Asana XL) at 4.8 to 14.5 fl oz/a. REI 12 hr. PHI 14 days. May disrupt beneficial mite populations. Extremely toxic Spring applications to fish and aquatic invertebrates; avoid spray drift and runoff to Dispensers must be in the orchard before adults begin flying in surface waters. spring. Place dispensers in the upper one-third of the tree or higher. ♦♦ lambda-cyhalothrin (Warrior II) at 1.3 to 2.5 fl oz/a. REI 24 hr. Some formulations are OMRI-listed for organic use. PHI 14 days. May disrupt beneficial mite populations. Extremely ♦♦ CheckMate OFM Dispenser at 100 to 200 dispensers/a. Some toxic to fish; avoid spray drift and runoff to surface waters. dispensers are OMRI-listed for organic use. ♦♦ Isomate OFM/PTB TT at 100 to 200 dispensers/a. Some Peach and nectarine—Oriental fruit moth dispensers are OMRI-listed for organic use. Grapholita molesta Spring and summer sprays Pest description and crop damage Adult is a grayish brown moth Multiple sprays are necessary to control this pest, because it with a wingspan of 0.5 inch. Larvae are pinkish and 0.5 inch long has three to four generations per year. Apply sprays based on when fully grown. Larvae tunnel within twigs and cause tips to pheromone trap catches or apply at petal fall, again 10 to 12 days wilt. This damage can be confused with peach twig borer, but can later, and a third time about mid-June. be distinguished by observing the features of mature larvae. There ♦♦ acetamiprid (Assail 70WP) at 2.3 to 3.4 oz/a. REI 12 hr. PHI 7 are multiple generations each growing season. In later generations, days. larvae can attack the fruit, often by boring through the stem end into ♦♦ carbaryl (Carbaryl 4L) at 2 to 3 quarts/a. REI 12 hr. PHI 3 days. the fruit. Extremely toxic to aquatic invertebrates; avoid spray drift and Biology and life history This insect overwinters as fully grown runoff to surface waters. larvae in a hibernacula (silk webbing) in ground cover or tree ♦♦ chlorantraniliprole (Altacor 35 WDG) at 3 to 4.5 oz/a. REI 4 hr. crevices. In spring, pupation occurs and adults appear near bloom. PHI 10 days. Eggs are laid on foliage and the larvae feed by boring into the ♦♦ flubendiamide/buprofezin (Tourismo) at 14 fl oz /a. REI 12 hr. PHI growing shoots. There may be 3 to 4 generations per year. Later 14 days. generations also attack fruit before seeking overwintering sites. ♦♦ methoxyfenozide (Intrepid 2F) at 10 to 16 fl oz/a. REI 4 hr. PHI 7 days. Pest monitoring Distribution of this pest appears to be spotty in the Pacific Northwest with isolated populations found primarily in ♦♦ phosmet (Imidan 70W) at 2.13 to 4.25 lb/a. Do not exceed 4.25 neglected backyard fruit trees. In fruit trees with a confirmed history lb/a. REI 7 days. PHI 14 days. Extremely toxic to fish; avoid spray drift and runoff to surface waters. of Oriental fruit moth infestations, scout fruit tree in early spring for wilted leaves at shoot and twig tips. Monitoring traps baited with ♦♦ spinetoram (Delegate WG) at 6 to 7 oz/a. REI 4 hr. PHI 1 day. Oriental fruit moth pheromone can be used to detect the absence/ ♦♦ spinosad (Entrust 80W) at 1.25 to 2.5 oz/a. REI 4 hr. PHI 1 presence of this pest in your area and help better time pesticide day. Results are best when applied at petal fall. OMRI-listed for applications. organic use. May act slowly. Management—biological control Dispensers containing synthetic insect pheromone may be used to disrupt Oriental fruit moth mating. Pheromone mating disruption works best in large orchard blocks and is not considered an option for backyard fruit trees. Expert advice and careful monitoring are necessary to use this product successfully.

PNW Insect Management Handbook J53 Peach and nectarine—Peachtree borer ♦♦ esfenvalerate (Asana XL) at 4.8 to 14.5 fl oz/a. REI 12 hr. PHI 14 days. Apply as directed trunk spray using thorough coverage. Synanthedon exitiosa Extremely toxic to fish and aquatic invertebrates; avoid spray drift Pest description and crop damage Adult is a steel-blue, clear- and runoff to surface waters. winged moth. The female is similar in appearance, but has smoky- ♦♦ permethrin (Pounce 25WP) at 6.4 to 16 oz/a. REI 12 hr. PHI 14 colored wings and an orange band around her abdomen. Adult days. Extremely toxic to fish and aquatic invertebrates; avoid flight is usually from late June through September and eggs are spray drift and runoff to surface waters. laid at or on the base of the fruit tree. Larvae burrow in the crown and roots, girdle young trees, and weaken others. A single larva is capable of girdling a newly-planted fruit tree. Larval presence Peach and nectarine—Peach twig borer can best be detected by globs of gum mixed with a granular brown Anarsia lineatella frass (excrement) that appear at the base of infested fruit trees. Pest description and crop damage Peach twig borer is a Full-grown larvae are 1 to 1.5 inch long with a whitish body and a European insect first found in California in the 1880s. It is a major brown head. pest of apricots, peaches, plums, and prunes. There are no known Biology and life history The borer overwinters as a larva under hosts outside the orchard. The adult is a gray moth with white and the tree bark, usually below soil surface. As temperatures rise above dark scales, about 0.33 to 0.5 inch long. The larva is a caterpillar, 50°F in the spring, the larva resumes feeding on the tissues under about 0.5 inch long, with a dark brown head and distinctive, the bark. Larvae reach maturity in May to June and pupate in trees. alternating light and dark bands on the body. Larvae injure fruit Adult moths emerge beginning in June and continue to emerge trees by feeding on the buds and twigs early in the season, then the through September. Mating and egg laying occurs throughout larvae bore into the shoots, causing a characteristic “flagging” or this period. The young larvae hatch after 8 to 10 days and bore wilting of the new growth. Later generations of larvae feed within immediately into the base of the tree. Larvae in the bark above the shoots or even on the fruit itself. Flagging of twigs indicates an soil surface usually do not survive the winter in cold areas. infestation. Pest monitoring Periodically scout the base of the trunk near Biology and life history The borer overwinters as an immature the soil surface for excessive gumosis mixed with granular frass. larva in tunnels constructed in the crotches of twigs and branches. Pheromone traps are available to monitor adult male moth activity. These overwintering sites can be identified by the small chimneys of frass (excrement) and wood chips produced by the feeding of the Management—cultural control larvae. Larva are active at the pink bud stage and feed on buds and Protect the base of the fruit tree from larval entry by placing a young leaves before boring into a shoot. These larvae eventually plastic or metal cone or barrier around it before egg laying begins. leave the mined shoot to pupate. Adults then emerge in mid- to late The cone should be pushed 1 to 2 inches into the soil and should fit May. Eggs are laid on fruit, shoots, or undersides of leaves. Eggs snugly around the trunk at the top to prevent the tiny larvae from are yellowish-white to orange. The eggs hatch, and these larva feed getting beneath it. Alternatively, if there are only one or a few peach and mature on shoots and immature fruit. The next adult flight is trees in a home orchard, it may be quicker and cheaper to control in mid-July. Some of the larvae from this flight overwinter, the rest this insect by “worming.” Use a pocket knife, wire or some pointed produce a partial third flight. instrument to remove dirt around the tree and dig out the larvae. Pest monitoring Early in the spring, scout fruit trees for the new Management—chemical control growth for flagging shoots that foreshadow a need to protect the fruit later in the season. Peach twig borer moths can be monitored Spray applications, and more importantly pesticide residues, on with pheromone traps placed in the orchard by early May. the trunk of the tree can prevent newly-hatched larvae from boring beneath the tree bark and entering the woody trunk where they are Management—chemical control protected from all insecticide sprays. Early sprays aimed at the newly-hatched larvae before they bore into Management—chemical control: HOME USE the shoot, or fruit, will provide the best control of peach twig borer. ♦♦ azadirachtin (neem extract)—Some formulations are OMRI-listed Management—chemical control: HOME USE for organic use. Warning: Many pesticides are hazardous to bees. Look for bee ♦♦ gamma-cyhalothrin—Highly toxic to bees. precautionary statements on product labels and do not use these ♦♦ lambda-cyhalothrin—Highly toxic to bees. products during bloom or if bees are foraging in the orchard. ♦♦ zeta-cypermethrin—Highly toxic to bees. ♦♦ acetamiprid—Toxic to bees. Management—chemical control: COMMERCIAL USE ♦♦ azadirachtin (neem extract)—Some formulations are OMRI-listed Spring applications for organic use. ♦♦ carbaryl—Highly toxic to bees. Dispensers must be in the orchard before adults begin flying, typically in late June. Place dispensers in the upper half of the tree. ♦♦ esfenvalerate—Highly toxic to bees. Some formulations are OMRI-listed for organic use. ♦♦ gamma-cyhalothrin—Highly toxic to bees. ♦♦ Isomate P Pheromone at 100 to 250 dispensers/a. ♦♦ kaolin clay—Repels some insect pests when applied as a spray to leaves, stems, and fruit. OMRI-listed for organic use. Spring and summer sprays ♦♦ lambda-cyhalothrin—Highly toxic to bees. ♦♦ chlorpyrifos (Lorsban Advanced) at 3 pints/a. REI 4 days. PHI 14 ♦♦ pyrethrins—Toxic to bees. Some formulations are OMRI-listed for days. Apply only once per year. Apply as a low-pressure spray. organic use. Thoroughly wet all bark from ground to scaffold limbs. See label for preplant dip application. Extremely toxic to fish and aquatic ♦♦ spinosad—Highly toxic to bees. Some formulations are OMRI- invertebrates; avoid spray drift and runoff to surface waters. listed for organic use. RESTRICTED USE IN OREGON. ♦♦ zeta-cypermethrin—Highly toxic to bees.

J54 PNW Insect Management Handbook Management—chemical control: COMMERCIAL USE scales, called “crawlers,” migrate to the undersides of leaves to feed. Delayed-dormant and prebloom sprays Young scales also can be dispersed by wind, rain, irrigation, or by the movement of people and machinery. After 4 to 6 weeks on the leaves, Warning: These products are toxic to bees. Do not use them the young return to the stems and twigs to feed, mate, and overwinter. during bloom or if bees are foraging in the orchard. There is one generation per year. San Jose scale overwinters in an ♦♦ chlorantraniliprole (Altacor 35 WDG) at 3 to 4.5 oz/a. REI 4 hr. immature state and is black in color. In spring, the tiny winged males ♦♦ flubendiamide /buprofezin (Tourismo) at 10 to 14 fl oz /a. REI 12 emerge and mate with wingless females. Females give birth to live hr. young about a month later (no eggs are produced). The young scales, ♦♦ phosmet (Imidan 70W) at 4.25 lb/a. REI 7 days. Extremely toxic called “crawlers,” are very small, flattened, and yellow, and move to fish; avoid spray drift and runoff to surface waters. around on bark and foliage before settling down to feed. A few days later, they secrete a waxy coating over their body that protects them ♦♦ spinetoram (Delegate WG) at 3 to 7 oz/a. REI 4 hr. from pesticides. From this point, female scales do not move. Crawlers ♦♦ spinosad (Entrust 80W) at 1.25 to 2.5 oz/a. REI 4 hr. Results are are found during June and July and again in August to September, so best when applied at petal fall. OMRI-listed for organic use. May there are two generations per year. act slowly. Spring application Pest monitoring Inspect twigs during the dormant season for scales. Pay particular attention to weak plants. Observe the young ♦♦ Isomate OFM/PTB TT at 100 to 200 dispensers/a. Dispensers bark for purplish-red halos which indicate infestation. The crawlers must be in the orchard before adults begin flying in spring. Place dispensers in the upper one-third of the tree or higher. Some are best observed during June to July with a 10X magnifying glass. formulations are OMRI-listed for organic use. Crawlers can be monitored by wrapping a piece of black sticky tape around an infested branch with the sticky side out. Spring and summer sprays ♦♦ Bacillus thuringiensis var. kurstaki—Check labels for rates. REI Management—chemical control 4 hr. PHI 0 days. These products work best when temperatures The best time to control scale insects, such as the San Jose scale, exceed 50°F over 3 consecutive days. Some formulations may be is during the delayed-dormant period. These applications target OMRI-listed as organic. and smother the non-motile overwintering adult and egg stages. ♦♦ chlorantraniliprole (Altacor 35 WDG) at 3 to 4.5 oz/a. REI 4 hr. If spring and summer scale control is required, apply during the PHI 10 days. crawler period (June and July). ♦♦ flubendiamide + buprofezin (Tourismo) at 10 to 14 fl oz /a. REI 12 Management—chemical control: HOME USE hr. PHI 14 days. ♦♦ methoxyfenozide (Intrepid 2F) at 8 to 16 fl oz/a. REI 4 hr. PHI 7 Dormant-season spray days. Apply sprays using enough water to cover the tree thoroughly, ♦♦ phosmet (Imidan 70W) at 4.25 lb/a. REI 7 days. PHI 14 days. including small limbs. Extremely toxic to fish; avoid spray drift and runoff to surface ♦♦ horticultural mineral oil—Some formulations OMRI-listed for waters. organic use. ♦♦ spinetoram (Delegate WG) at 3 to 7 oz/a. REI 4 hr. PHI 1 day. Growing-season spray ♦♦ spinosad (Entrust 80W) at 1.25 to 2.5 oz/a. REI 4 hr. PHI 1 ♦♦ acetamiprid—Toxic to bees. day. Results are best when applied at petal fall. OMRI-listed for organic use. May act slowly. ♦♦ azadirachtin (neem extract)—Some formulations are OMRI-listed for organic use. ♦♦ carbaryl—Highly toxic to bees. Peach and nectarine—Scale insect ♦♦ gamma-cyhalothrin-—Highly toxic to bees. Includes ♦♦ horticultural mineral oil—Some formulations OMRI-listed for European fruit lecanium scale (Parthenolecanium corni) organic use. San Jose scale (Quadraspidiotus perniciosus) ♦♦ imidacloprid—Peach only. Soil drenches may have residual Pest description and crop damage Lecanium scales are up to activity in woody plants lasting for 12 or more months. If short- 0.2 inch across, reddish brown, and rounded. They resemble small term management is the goal, consider other approaches. helmets or bumps on branches, stems, and the underside of leaves. ♦♦ lambda-cyhalothrin—Highly toxic to bees. The crawlers are flat, oval, and pinkish brown. San Jose scale is ♦♦ plant-derived essential oils—Some have shown efficacy against a pest of all fruit trees and many ornamental and wild trees and scale. Some formulations are OMRI-listed for organic use. shrubs throughout the U.S., particularly in hot, dry climates. San ♦♦ pyrethrins—Highly toxic to bees. Some formulations are OMRI- Jose scale can be differentiated from other scale insects by the listed for organic use. scale (shell) that covers the adult females. The scale is hard, gray ♦♦ zeta-cypermethrin—Highly toxic to bees. to black, and cone-shaped. The scale has a tiny white knob in the center with a series of grooves or rings around it. Scales are closely Management—chemical control: COMMERCIAL USE related to aphids, mealybugs, and whiteflies. Like these insects, they Dormant and delayed-dormant spray also have piercing-sucking mouthparts. Large populations of scale ♦♦ chlorpyrifos (Lorsban Advanced) at 4 pints/a. May be mixed can devitalize plants and retard growth. Severe infestations can kill with a horticultural mineral oil (rates vary; check product label). twigs. Large quantities of honeydew are produced that may cause REI 4 days. Apply at dormant and delayed-dormant stage only. russeting on fruit and growth of sooty mold fungus. RESTRICTED USE IN OREGON. Biology and life history Lecanium scale overwinters as an immature ♦♦ horticultural mineral oil—Rates vary; check product label. REI scale on twigs and branches. They resume feeding in the spring, varies; check product label. Some formulations are OMRI-listed and eggs are laid underneath the scales in May to June. The eggs for organic use. remain under the scales until hatching in early summer. The young ♦♦ pyriproxyfen (Esteem 35WP) at 4 to 5 oz/a. REI 12 hr.

PNW Insect Management Handbook J55 Spring and summer sprays Management—cultural control ♦♦ diazinon (Diazinon 50W) at 4 lb/a. REI 4 days. PHI 21 days. Do Maintain trees in vigorous condition and avoid water stress or not exceed one in-season foliar application per year. Warning: trunk sunburn. Borer attack usually indicates that trees are stressed. Diazinon is hazardous to bees. Do not use during bloom or if bees Prune out shothole borer damaged limbs and destroy or burn all are foraging in the orchard. tree prunings that show signs of borer damage. Do not plant (or ♦♦ pyriproxyfen (Esteem 35WP) at 4 to 5 oz/a. REI 12 hr. PHI 14 transplant) young fruit trees adjacent to wood piles, tree prunings, days. Pyriproxyfen is a growth regulator, with activity toward egg or other borer-infested trees. and immature stages only. Under heavy scale pressure, use the higher rate. Management—chemical control Chemical controls are of limited value towards adults and Peach and nectarine—Shothole borer ineffective towards larvae. Chemical controls can be directed towards adults as direct trunk or limb sprays when adult beetles are Includes present. Shothole borer (Scolytus rugulosus) Ambrosia beetle (Xyleborus spp.) Management—chemical control: HOME USE ♦♦ zeta-cypermethrin—Highly toxic to bees. Pest description and crop damage Shothole borers are small beetles that were introduced to North America and have been found Management—chemical control: COMMERCIAL USE in the PNW since the early 1900s. They are pests of forest trees, Spring and summer sprays ornamental shade trees, and shrubs as well as fruit trees. Apple, pear, cherry, and plum all are attacked. Borers are primarily a Check product labels for use on peaches. problem on injured or stressed plants, but healthy trees growing ♦♦ acetamiprid (Assail 30SG) at 8 oz/a. REI 12 hr. PHI 7 days. adjacent to blocks of neglected trees also may be attacked. The ♦♦ esfenvalerate (Asana XL) at 14.5 fl oz/a. REI 12 hr. PHI 14 days. adult shothole borer is a brownish black beetle about 0.08 inch long. The larvae are white, legless, and about 0.17 inch long. A similar wood-boring beetle, the ambrosia beetle, is about 0.12 inch long, Peach and nectarine—Spider mite dark brown or black, and covered with yellowish hairs. The larva is Primarily pinkish-white, legless, cylindrical, and 0.17 inch long when mature. European red spider mite (Panonychus ulmi) Larvae and adults of both these species bore into the cambial and Twospotted spider mite (Tetranychus urticae) vascular tissues of trees, weakening them and causing wilting and dieback of individual stems and branches. Trunks and branches can Also includes be completely riddled with galleries. Brown mite (Bryobia rubrioculus) McDaniel spider mite (Tetranychus mcdanieli) Biology and life history Shothole borer overwinters as a larva in Yellow spider mite (Eotetranychus carpini borealis) burrows beneath the bark of infested trees. They pupate within the For mite identification, see: tree, then adults emerge in spring or early summer, mate, and fly to Field Characteristics of Fruit-Tree-Attacking Spider Mites in the susceptible trees to feed at the base of leaves or small twigs. They Pacific Northwest then tunnel into the tree, excavating galleries parallel to the wood grain. They lay eggs along the gallery. The eggs hatch, and the Pest description and crop damage All adult spider mites are larvae feed by tunneling at right angles to the main burrow, causing small, usually only about 0.02 inch long and have eight legs. The a characteristic pattern of damage. The burrows are filled with frass various apple-infesting species vary in appearance as follows: and increase in diameter as the larvae mature. After 6 to 8 weeks, Brown mite: The adult female is dull reddish brown with dark the larvae pupate at the ends of the galleries, then emerge as adults orange markings, and somewhat flattened. The front legs are starting in August. The many small, round exit holes this creates very long, over twice the length of the other legs, and extend gives a “shothole” effect. There are two generations per year. forward from the body. Ambrosia beetle overwinters as a mature larva, pupa, or adult in European red spider mite: Adults are globular, reddish with white galleries in the tree. When spring temperatures exceed 65° F, the spines. Immature mites are similar in appearance, only smaller. females become active, fly to susceptible hosts, and bore into the Eggs are red and globular. tree. Eggs are laid in the gallery, and as they develop, the female Twospotted and McDaniel spider mite: Adults are yellowish- carefully tends them and cultivates ambrosia fungus for them to brown, about 0.02 inch long. Twospotted mites have two dark eat. The females usually remove excrement or wood dust from the spots on the body, while McDaniel mites have four. Immature tunnels, and this, along with the uniform width of the galleries, mites are similar in appearance, only smaller. Eggs are round distinguishes them from other wood-boring beetles. Young adults and translucent to opaque. can be found tightly packed in the galleries in midsummer, where Yellow spider mite: Adult females are pale yellow to white with 2 they remain until the following spring. There is only one generation or 3 dark, rectangular markings on each side of the abdomen. per year. Immature mites are similar in appearance to the twospotted spider mite, but have more of a yellowish color. Eggs are clear Pest monitoring Periodically scout tree trunks and lower branches and spherical. for presence of adult beetles, particularly between June to July and between September and October. Examine branches in late spring These spider mites damage tissues by puncturing individual plant for holes 0.08 inch in diameter that often ooze sap and sawdust. cells, then sucking the contents out of the cell. The damage appears These beetles are particularly attracted to unhealthy trees. as small yellow-white spots on the upper leaf surface. In heavy infestations, the spots coalesce and the leaf yellows or bronzes.

J56 PNW Insect Management Handbook Biology and life history Twospotted, McDaniel and yellow spider Management—chemical control: COMMERCIAL USE mites overwinter as fertilized females under bark or in soil debris. Dormant to delayed-dormant spray European red mite and brown mites overwinter as eggs in crevices ♦♦ horticultural mineral oil—Rates vary; check product label. REI of twig bark and young limbs. They move to young foliage when varies; check product label. buds break in spring and produce many generations during spring to autumn. Females can lay up to 10 eggs per day and more than 200 Spring and summer sprays during their lifetime. Egg-to-adult development can occur in 7 to 10 ♦♦ bifenazate (Acramite 50WS) at 0.75 to 1 lb/a. REI 12 hr. PHI 3 days during summer. Spider mites thrive under hot, dry conditions. days. Do not exceed one application per season. Primarily active Large colonies of mites produce webbing along leaf midrib. Mite towards the motile stages of mites, but has some ovicidal activity. dispersal occurs mainly through wind transport. ♦♦ clofentezine (Apollo SC) at 4 to 8 oz/a. REI 12 hr. PHI 21 days. Apply only once per season and at first sign of egg deposition. Pest monitoring Periodically, scout fruit trees for the presence Clofentezine and hexythiazox are primarily mite ovicides and will of stippled or yellowing leaves as mite damage can be easier to not control adult mites. detect than the mites themselves. Observe the underside of leaves, ♦♦ fenbutatin-oxide (Vendex 50WP) at 1 to 2 lb/a. REI 48 hr. PHI 14 particularly along the leaf midrib, for mites, mite eggs and webbing days. Do not exceed two applications or 3 lb/a per season. Apply and check for the number of pest and predator mites. Sufficient when mites first appear. control usually is achieved by midsummer by natural enemies if broad-spectrum insecticide application are avoided. ♦♦ hexythiazox (Savey 50DF) at 3 to 6 oz/a. REI 12 hr. PHI 28 days. Apply only once per season and at first sign of egg deposition. Management—biological control Hexythiazox and clofentezine are primarily mite ovicides and will not control adult mites. Spider mite populations are reduced by cool, wet conditions early in the season. Considerable natural control is provided by lady beetles ♦♦ spirodiclofen (Envidor 2SC) at 16 to 18 fl oz/a. REI 12 hr. PHI 7 (Stethorus spp.) and minute pirate bugs (Orius spp.). Predator mites days. Only one application per crop season. Apply when mites first such as Typhlodromus spp. or Neoseiulus fallacis are also effective appear. at managing populations of spider mites and can be purchased to Resistance management Spider mites can rapidly develop augment populations. Avoid pyrethroid sprays during the growing resistance to chemical controls. Clofentezine and hexythiozox have season. a similar mode of action and should not be applied to the same crop Management—cultural control In any one year. Spider mite infestations are favored by dry, dusty conditions, so avoid creating these problems and stressing the plants. The use Peach and nectarine—Spotted-wing of cover crops also reduces dust and mite problems. However, broadleaf weeds like mallow, bindweed, white clover, and knotweed drosophila enhance mite numbers. Suppression of these weeds with cultivation Drosophila suzukii or grasses may reduce mite numbers. Mites may be washed from For pest description, crop damage, biology, life history, the tree with a strong stream of water. Water trees properly, as sampling and cultural management drought-stressed trees are more susceptible. Avoid excessive nitrogen applications, as this encourages mites. See: EMERGING PEST: Spotted-Wing Drosophila—A Berry and Management—chemical control: HOME USE Stone Fruit Pest

Note: Spider mites can rapidly develop resistance to chemical Management—chemical control: HOME USE controls. Spring and summer sprays Dormant-season spray ♦♦ acetamiprid—This product has shown inconsistent control of ♦♦ horticultural mineral oil (European red mite only)—Some SWD in field trials. formulations are OMRI-listed for organic use. ♦♦ azadirachtin (neem extract)—Some formulations are OMRI-listed Growing-season spray for organic use. This product has been shown to provide some ♦♦ azadirachtin (neem extract)—Some formulations are OMRI-listed control of SWD. for organic use. ♦♦ insecticidal soap—Avoid spraying when blossoms are present. ♦♦ gamma-cyhalothrin Complete coverage, especially undersides of leaves, is essential. Not recommended for use on yellow-skin nectarine varieties. ♦♦ horticultural mineral oil—Some formulations OMRI-listed for Some formulations are OMRI-listed for organic use. organic use. ♦♦ kaolin clay (Surround at Home)—Repels some insect pests when ♦♦ insecticidal soap—Avoid spraying when blossoms are present. applied as a spray to leaves, stems, and fruit. OMRI-listed for Complete coverage, especially undersides of leaves, is essential. organic use. Not recommended for use on yellow-skin nectarine varieties. Some formulations are OMRI-listed for organic use. ♦♦ pyrethrins—Some formulations are OMRI-listed for organic use. These products have been shown to provide good control of SWD ♦♦ lambda-cyhalothrin but have no residual activity. ♦♦ plant-derived essential oils—Some have shown efficacy against ♦♦ spinosad—Some formulations are OMRI-listed for organic use. spider mites. Some formulations are OMRI-listed for organic use. This product generally provides good to excellent control and 5-7 ♦♦ pyrethrins—Some formulations are OMRI-listed for organic use. days of residual activity. ♦♦ spinosad—Some formulations are OMRI-listed for organic use ♦♦ zeta-cypermethrin—This product has been shown to provide ♦♦ sulfur—Some formulations are OMRI-listed for organic use. excellent control of SWD.

PNW Insect Management Handbook J57 Management—chemical control: COMMERCIAL USE ♦♦ gamma-cyhalothrin-—Highly toxic to bees. Spring and summer sprays ♦♦ horticultural mineral oil—Some formulations OMRI-listed for ♦♦ diazinon (Diazinon 50W) at 4 lb/a. REI 4 days. PHI 21 days. organic use. Maximum of one in-season foliar application regardless of target ♦♦ insecticidal soap—May require several applications. Complete pest. coverage is essential. Not recommended for use on yellow-skin ♦♦ esfenvalerate (Asana XL) at 4.8 to 14.5 fl oz/a. REI 12 hr. PHI 14 nectarine varieties. Some formulations are OMRI-listed for days. May disrupt beneficial mite populations. Extremely toxic organic use. to fish and aquatic invertebrates; avoid spray drift and runoff to ♦♦ kaolin clay (Surround at Home)—Repels some insect pests when surface waters. applied as a spray to leaves, stems, and fruit. OMRI-listed for ♦♦ lambda-cyhalothrin (Warrior II) at 1.3 to 2.5 fl oz/a. REI 24 hr. organic use. PHI 14 days. May disrupt beneficial mite populations. Extremely ♦♦ lambda-cyhalothrin-—Highly toxic to bees. toxic to fish; avoid spray drift and surface runoff. ♦♦ plant-derived essential oils—Some have shown efficacy against ♦♦ malathion (Malathion 57EC) at 2 pints/a. REI 24 hr PHI 7 days. thrips. Some formulations are OMRI-listed for organic use. ♦♦ spinetoram (Delegate WG) at 4.5 to 7 oz/a. REI 4 hr. PHI 1 day. ♦♦ pyrethrins—Highly toxic to bees. Some formulations are OMRI- ♦♦ spinosad (Entrust 80W) at 1.25 to 2.5 oz/a. REI 4 hr. PHI 1 listed for organic use. day. Results are best when applied at petal fall. OMRI-listed for ♦♦ spinosad—Toxic to bees. Some formulations are OMRI-listed for organic use. May act slowly. organic use. ♦♦ zeta-cypermethrin-—Highly toxic to bees. Peach and nectarine—Western flower Management—chemical control: COMMERCIAL USE thrips Petal fall spray Frankliniella occidentalis ♦♦ spinetoram (Delegate WG) at 4.5 to 7 oz/a. REI 4 hr. PHI 1 day. ♦♦ spinosad (Entrust 80W) at 1.25 to 2.5 oz/a. REI 4 hr. PHI 1 Pest description and crop damage Adult thrips are yellowish day. Results are best when applied at petal fall. OMRI-listed for brown to straw colored and about 0.04 to 0.08 inch long. Nymphs organic use. May act slowly. resemble adults but are smaller and lack wings. Thrips feed on the fruit surface and often cause only cosmetic damage to developing fruit which appears as a surface stippling (microscopic little white dots) or as a surface russet at harvest. Sometimes, the stippling may manifest itself on the fruit surface where multiple fruits or leaves contact each other. Nectarine is more susceptible than peach to thrips damage. Often thrips develop and overwinter on hosts outside the orchard; thus their damage is heaviest in the perimeter rows. Biology and life history Western flower thrips overwinter as adults in ground duff. Thrips usually emerge early, about popcorn stage. In the spring they seek out flowers where they feed on pollen and nectar and lay eggs into floral parts. The larvae feed on surface tissues of flowers, buds and leaves. When mature, the larvae drop to the ground and pupate. The adults that emerge may lay eggs on developing fruit. Under favorable conditions, a complete life cycle may be completed in two weeks. There are several overlapping generations per year. Seasonal migration occurs at various times of the year due to destruction or drying up of host plants, and adjacent crops may be invaded by these insects. Thrips eat pollen and nectar on a wide range of plants (at least 244 species from 62 families). Pest monitoring In fruit trees with a history of thrips damage to fruit in previous seasons, thrips abundance during flower bloom can be monitored by destructively sampling flowers and searching for the adult and immature thrips. Yellow sticky traps can also be utilized to sample thrips. Scouting can be focused on perimeter fruit trees or in areas within the orchard with a history of thrips damage to fruit. Management—chemical control The best means of controlling thrips is by intercepting them as they move into the orchard or by applying products after petal fall to try to kill the thrips under the peach or nectarine shuck. Management—chemical control: HOME USE Petal fall spray ♦♦ acetamiprid—Toxic to bees. ♦♦ azadirachtin (neem oil)—Some formulations are OMRI-listed for organic use.

J58 PNW Insect Management Handbook Management—cultural control Aphid populations tend to be higher in plants that are fertilized liberally with nitrogen. Avoid excessive watering which, together Pear Pests with nitrogen applications, produces flushes of succulent growth. Home orchardists: Wash aphids from plants with a strong stream of Ashley Thompson, Heather Stoven and Rick Hilton water or by hand-wiping. Latest revision—March 2021 Management—chemical control: HOME USE .Dormant-season spray INCLUDES MANAGEMENT OPTIONS FOR ♦♦ superior-type oil—Do not apply after delayed-dormant. Apply COMMERCIAL AND HOME USE with enough water to cover the entire tree thoroughly. Some formulations are OMRI-listed for organic use. Growing-season spray In all cases, follow the instructions on the pesticide label. The PNW ♦♦ acetamiprid Insect Management Handbook has no legal status, whereas the pesticide label is a legal document. Read the product label before ♦♦ azadirachtin (neem extract)—Products containing neem extract making any pesticide applications. may be phytotoxic to some pear cultivars. Some formulations are OMRI-listed for organic use ♦♦ Beauveria bassiana—Some formulations are OMRI-listed for All rates listed are for formulated products, unless specifically organic use. stated otherwise. Products which are pre-packaged mixtures of ♦♦ bifenthrin—Highly toxic to bees. insecticides are not recommended for use. ♦♦ carbaryl—Highly toxic to bees. ♦♦ esfenvalerate—Highly toxic to bees. Protect pollinators: Many pesticides are hazardous to bees. Look for bee precautionary statements on product labels and do not use ♦♦ gamma-cyhalothrin—Highly toxic to bees. these products during bloom or if bees are foraging in the orchard. ♦♦ horticultural mineral oil—Some formulations are OMRI-listed for For further information, see How to Reduce Bee Poisoning from organic use. Pesticides. ♦♦ imidacloprid—Soil drenches may have residual activity in woody plants lasting for 12 or more months. If short-term management is Mite identification: See Field Characteristics of Fruit-Tree- the goal, consider other approaches. Highly toxic to bees. Attacking Spider Mites in the Pacific Northwest. ♦♦ insecticidal soap—Some formulations OMRI-listed for organic Note: Products are listed in alphabetical order and not in order of use. preference or superiority of pest control. ♦♦ kaolin—Applied as a spray to leaves, stems, and fruit, it acts as a repellant to some insect pests. Some formulations are OMRI-listed for organic use. Pear—Aphid ♦♦ lambda-cyhalothrin—Highly toxic to bees. Includes ♦♦ malathion—Highly toxic to bees. Apple aphid (Aphis pomi) ♦♦ permethrin—Highly toxic to bees. Apple grain aphid (Rhopalosiphum fitchii) ♦♦ plant-derived essential oils—Some have shown efficacy against Spirea aphid (Aphis spiraecola) aphids. Some formulations are OMRI-listed for organic use. Pest description and crop damage All these aphids are light ♦♦ pyrethrins (often as a mix with other ingredients)—Highly toxic to green, and spirea aphid is very difficult to separate from apple aphid bees. Some formulations are OMRI-listed for organic use. without high magnification; apple grain aphid can be distinguished ♦♦ spinosad—Some formulations are OMRI-listed for organic use. by a yellowish green stripe down the middle of the back. Apple ♦♦ zeta-cypermethrin—Highly toxic to bees. grain aphids infest pear only in the early part of the season, while apple aphid is present all summer. Aphids suck plant sap and Management—chemical control: COMMERCIAL USE live in colonies on new shoots. Populations are damaging only Delayed- or late-dormant sprays of an organophosphate insecticide sporadically. Damage appears as rolled leaves, stunted terminal and oil often provide control. growth, and spotting from excreted honeydew. Growing-season sprays Biology and life history Aphids overwinter as eggs in crevices and twigs. The eggs hatch near budbreak, and the nymphs feed on ♦♦ acetamiprid (Assail 70WP) at 1.1 to 1.7 oz/a. REI 12 hr. PHI 7 the underside of the leaves. After two to three generations, winged days. Repeated use may induce spider mite buildup. forms are produced that migrate to summer hosts, which include ♦♦ clothianidin (Belay) at 4 to 6 fl oz/a. REI 12 hr. PHI 7 days. Only weeds, ornamental plants, and vegetables. After several more apply post-bloom. Do not exceed 12 fl oz/a per year. Repeated use generations, the winged forms migrate back in the fall to the fruit may induce spider mite buildup. tree to mate and lay the overwintering eggs. ♦♦ diazinon (Diazinon 50W) at 4 lb/a. REI 4 days. PHI 21 days. Diazinon is no longer effective in some parts of Washington. Pest monitoring Begin observing shoots before budbreak, as Applicators must use an enclosed cab, see label for details. One management is best undertaken early while the aphids are small. dormant and one in-season foliar application allowed. Management—biological control ♦♦ flonicamid (Beleaf 50SG) at 2 to 2.8 oz/a. REI 12 hr. PHI 21 days. Aphids have many natural enemies which include parasitic wasps, Do not exceed three applications per season. lady beetles, syrphid fly larvae, and green lacewings. Avoid broad- ♦♦ imidacloprid (Prey 1.6) at 8 fl oz/a. REI 12 hr. PHI 7 days. Apply spectrum insecticide applications which disrupt these biological post-bloom. Repeated use may induce spider mite buildup. controls.

PNW Insect Management Handbook J59 ♦♦ sulfoxaflor (Transform 50WG) at 0.75 to 1.5 oz/a. REI 24 hr. PHI ♦♦ zeta-cypermethrin—Highly toxic to bees. 7 days. Registered SLN F277-4. Management—chemical control: COMMERCIAL USE ♦♦ thiamethoxam (Actara) at 4.5 to 5.5 oz/a. REI 12 hr. PHI 35 days. ♦♦ Chemical control for armyworms and cutworms is generally not Repeated use may induce spider mite buildup. required in commercial pear orchards.

Pear—Armyworm and cutworm Pear—California pear sawfly Includes Pristophora abbreviata Bertha armyworm (Mamestra configurata) Spotted cutworm (Xestes c-nigrum) Pest description and crop damage The California pear sawfly should not be confused with the pear sawfly or pear slug(Caliroa Pest description and crop damage Several species of armyworms cerasi), which is also a sawfly, but whose larvae are slug-like. The and cutworms attack tree fruits. The most serious pests of tree fruit larvae of the California pear sawfly look like caterpillars. They are in the PNW are the spotted cutworm and the Bertha armyworm. bright green and about 0.5 inch long. The larvae eat round holes The adults are large moths ranging in color from gray to brown with in leaves and with extensive feeding only the midribs will remain. spots on the wings. These moths are attracted to lights. Larvae are Although they do not directly attack fruit, they can defoliate a tree, dirty white, reddish, gray, or black caterpillars up to 2 inches long. or an orchard, in a matter of weeks. They are considered to be a The larvae of these moths feed on buds and leaves, chewing holes in minor pest of pear. buds and ragged holes out of leaves. They also feed on the growing tips, particularly on small trees or in high density plantings. On Biology and life history The insect overwinters as a pupa in larger trees, most of the feeding will be on the lower branches and the soil. In early spring the sawflies emerge and after mating the may be concentrated to a few stems or limbs, while other stems are females lay eggs around the edges of leaves. Larvae emerge around undamaged. Best time for control is early in the season. petal fall and commence feeding. Their feeding leaves characteristic circular holes in the leaves, and also in the edges of the leaves in a Biology and life history Weeds are the preferred source of food for pattern that resembles leafcutter bees. They continue feeding into these larvae, and eggs typically are laid on weeds around the trees. May, at which time they fall to the soil to pupate and overwinter. Depending on species, they may overwinter as pupae or larvae in There is only one generation per year. the soil. The larvae spend the day in the soil, then climb up the tree during the night to feed, often following the same path. Pest monitoring Observe trees for characteristic feeding damage early in the year. Management—cultural control Management—chemical control: HOME USE Control weeds, grasses, and debris in the orchard that provide cover. ♦♦ acetamiprid Encourage natural enemies of cutworms like birds and spiders. ♦♦ azadirachtin (neem extract)—Products containing neem extract Home orchardists: Hand-pick cutworm larvae, using a flashlight to may be phytotoxic to some pear cultivars. Some formulations are find them, if practical. Caterpillars can be trapped by tying plastic OMRI-listed for organic use. wrap tightly around branches and trunk, then applying Tanglefoot ♦♦ bifenthrin—Highly toxic to bees. or a similar sticky material to the plastic wrap. Remove these in the ♦♦ carbaryl—Highly toxic to bees. fall. ♦♦ gamma-cyhalothrin—Highly toxic to bees. Management—chemical control: HOME USE ♦♦ imidacloprid—Highly toxic to bees. Soil drenches may have ♦♦ acetamiprid—Armyworm only. residual activity in woody plants lasting for 12 or more months. If ♦♦ azadirachtin (neem extract)—Products containing neem extract short-term management is the goal, consider other approaches. may be phytotoxic to some pear cultivars. Some formulations are ♦♦ insecticidal soap—Some formulations are OMRI-listed for organic OMRI-listed for organic use. use. ♦♦ Bacillus thuringiensis var. kurstaki (Btk)—Cutworm only. Some ♦♦ lambda-cyhalothrin—Highly toxic to bees. formulations are OMRI-listed for organic use. ♦♦ pyrethrins—Highly toxic to bees. Some formulations are OMRI- ♦♦ Beauveria bassiana—Some formulations are OMRI-listed for listed for organic use. organic use. ♦♦ spinosad—Some formulations are OMRI-listed for organic use. ♦♦ bifenthrin—Highly toxic to bees. ♦♦ zeta-cypermethrin—Highly toxic to bees. ♦♦ carbaryl—Highly toxic to bees. Management—chemical control: COMMERCIAL USE ♦♦ esfenvalerate—Highly toxic to bees. Usually controlled by regular spray programs but if high ♦♦ gamma-cyhalothrin—Highly toxic to bees. populations occur in organic pear orchards, application of spinosad ♦♦ imidacloprid—Cutworm only. Soil drenches may have residual (Entrust) has been found to provide control. activity in woody plants lasting for 12 or more months. If short- term management is the goal, consider other approaches. ♦♦ insecticidal soap—Some formulations are OMRI-listed for organic Pear—Campylomma bug use. Campylomma verbasci ♦♦ kaolin—Applied as a spray to foliage, stems and fruit, it acts as a Pest description and crop damage Campylomma, or mullein bug, repellent to some insect pests. Some formulations are OMRI-listed for organic use is Asian or European in origin. Adults are brownish-yellow and about 0.1 inch long, very mobile and active. Nymphs are smaller, ♦♦ lambda-cyhalothrin—Highly toxic to bees. green, and also fast moving. The mature nymphs resemble aphids ♦♦ permethrin—Highly toxic to bees. in some ways but are far more active. Feeding by nymphs causes ♦♦ pyrethrins—Some formulations are OMRI-listed for organic use. dimpling and distortion of fruit although damage to pear is rare. ♦♦ spinosad—Some formulations are OMRI-listed for organic use.

J60 PNW Insect Management Handbook Biology and life history Campylomma females lay their overwinter in the cocoon, or they may emerge in 2 to 3 weeks as overwintering eggs into crevices in the bark of the tree where the a new flight of adults. These adults are active in July and August. eggs lie dormant until spring. The eggs begin to hatch prior to In warm areas, there may even be a third brood. Larvae of this bloom and developing nymphs can scar fruit with early feeding brood often penetrate fruit but do not complete development before activity on the tiny maturing fruitlets. Campylomma remain on harvest or winter. the tree host through the bloom period until late spring when they move to herbaceous host plants. Campylomma is also known as Pest monitoring Codling moth populations can be monitored using mullein plant bug, after one of its preferred herbaceous hosts, the pheromone traps, often in combination with phenology models. weed common muellein. Weeds and crop plants such as potato, During the pink stage, place 1-mg lures in the lower canopy at eye sugar beet, corn and small grains are also accepted herbaceous level in orchards where you do not intend to use mating disruption hosts. Campylomma feeds on the plant as well as preying on aphids and instead plan to rely on insecticides for codling moth control. and thrips while on the herbaceous host. Later in the season, adults Catches in the traps determine the biofix date, which is the first move into the orchard to mate and lay eggs. Other than the brief capture of multiple male moths in a trap or consistent capture of window around bloom when fruit damage can occur, campylomma multiple males over more than one trap. The biofix date is used is overwhelmingly a beneficial insect that helps manage aphids, as the point to start accumulating degree-days for the Stanley and mites, and psylla in the orchard. Monitoring populations early in Hoyt (1987) degree-day model, which is the best model for PNW the season is important for determining whether to apply treatments locations south of 46°N. North of this latitude, the no-biofix model which are typically timed at prebloom or bloom (take precautions to can be used (Jones et al. 2008). protect pollinators). After this period, campylomma cannot damage Control with insecticides is indicated if trap catches exceed one to fruit and acts as a beneficial insect. Operators may find that it is two per trap for 2 consecutive weeks. If mating disruption is used, cost-effective to hand thin the fruit that is damaged in the early monitor the orchard with traps baited with 10-mg pheromone lures season. or combination pheromone/pear ester lures set in the upper third of Pest monitoring Nymphs and adults may be monitored by limb the canopy. If more than five moths are captured in a trap over the tapping from the pink stage through petal fall. first generation, check the orchard for fruit damage and, if needed apply a conventional insecticide. If fruit damage exceeds 0.1% Management—cultural control at the end of the first generation, use conventional insecticides Damaged fruit can be thinned. to control the second generation. The use of phenology models can help predict specific life stages and subsequent generations Management—chemical control: HOME USE of the codling moth so that insecticides can be timed for the most There are no products registered for control of this pest in home susceptible life stage, which is after egg hatch and prior to larvae garden pears. entering the fruit. Management—chemical control: COMMERCIAL USE Management—cultural control ♦♦ Chemical control for campylomma bug is generally not required Black-light traps have shown some efficacy in small orchards for in commercial pear orchards. trapping the adult moths. Remove any infested fruit well before harvest, and destroy them to eliminate larvae. Remove brush and Pear—Codling moth debris from the orchard, and remove bark scales from the tree to eliminate overwintering sites. Wrap the trunk with corrugated Cydia pomonella cardboard or burlap to trap migrating larvae. Periodic removal of Pest description and crop damage This insect can be the worst these tree wraps to destroy cocooning larvae can help to reduce pest of pears, especially in warmer, dryer areas of the PNW. Adult the population and limit subsequent fruit damage. Thinning fruit moths have a 0.5 to 0.75 inch wingspan, with alternating gray clusters to singles will aid in limiting codling moth entries. and white bands on the wings and a copper band on the wing tips. Management—biorational control Larvae are whitish with a black head when immature, and pinkish with brown heads when mature. Larvae are 0.1 inch long at hatch Mating disruption dispensers (Isomate, No Mate, CheckMate, and 0.8 inch long at maturity. Pupae are brown and about 0.75 Disrupt; check label for application rates) or aerosol container inch long. The eggs are small and usually laid singly. Larvae feed (CheckMate Puffer, Isomate CM Mist) at 1 unit/a. Detailed directly on the fruit by boring into it and feeding within. Stings can knowledge is needed of insect biology and the limitations of this also occur, which are shallow depressions where feeding occurred technique in order to use it successfully. Substantial fruit damage and stopped. Larvae that bore into the fruit leave characteristic could result from improper use. Most formulations are OMRI- bore holes on the exterior, filled with frass which extrudes from the listed for organic use. Mating disruption is not effective when used hole. Bartlett pears are the most susceptible to codling moth injury, in home orchards or on small plantings. A sprayable formulation especially early in the season. Most of the early season injury for dispensing pheromone is available (CheckMate CM-F), but on pears will be through the calyx of the fruit. All pear cultivars experience remains limited with this product. become more susceptible to codling moth injury later in the season. Pheromone dispensers must be placed in the tree before first moth Biology and life history Codling moths overwinter as mature flight; this usually is around full bloom on Delicious apples. Place larvae in silken cocoons spun under loose bark, in the soil, or in within 2 ft of the top of the canopy. trash at the base of the tree. Pupation takes place in the spring If the orchard has a history of codling moth problems, use around the time the first blossoms are showing pink, and adults conventional insecticide sprays against the first generation. If a emerge around bloom. Adults are active only at dusk and dawn codling moth source exists nearby, use border sprays (five to six and lay eggs on leaves or occasionally on fruit. The larvae emerge, rows) of conventional insecticides. begin feeding on fruit, and may bore to the center of developing fruit to feed on the flesh and seeds. As they mature, they push frass out of the entry hole. After 3 to 4 weeks, the larvae leave the fruit to seek a sheltered spot on the tree to spin cocoons. The larvae may

PNW Insect Management Handbook J61 Management—biological control Apply in spray volume of 200 gal/a or less. Use against low to moderate pest pressure in conjunction with alternate control Codling moth granulosis virus (Cyd-X, Cyd-X HP, Virosoft CP4)— measures such as mating disruption. Check labels for rates. REI 4 hr. PHI 0 days. Most formulations are OMRI-listed for organic use. Granulosis virus, a selective biological ♦♦ methoxyfenozide (Intrepid 2F) at 16 fl oz/a. REI 4 hr. PHI 14 insecticide, must be ingested to be effective. Thorough coverage is days. Use against low to moderate pest pressure in conjunction important. The virus degrades when exposed to UV light. Frequent with alternative control measures such as mating disruption. See applications (7 to 14 days) may be necessary, especially when label for application timing. Do not exceed 64 fl oz/a per season. codling moth pressure is high. Sprays of Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) ♦♦ novaluron (Rimon 0.83EC) at 32 fl oz/a. REI 12 hr. PHI 14 days. have not proven effective. Do not apply after pear turn-down. For use on pears only in Colorado, Michigan, New York, Pennsylvania, Washington and Management—chemical control: HOME USE Oregon. After petal fall spray and spring and summer sprays ♦♦ phosmet (Imidan 70W) at 3.5 to 5.75 lb/a. REI 7 days. PHI 7 days. Do not exceed 16 lb/a per season. Apply first cover spray at 250 degree-days after biofix, or about 10 days after full petal fall (all petals are off) or 17 to 21 days after full ♦♦ pyriproxyfen (Esteem 35WP) at 4 to 5 oz/a. REI 12 hr. PHI 45 bloom. Insecticides must be timed to target newly hatched larvae days. Use against low to moderate pest pressure in conjunction with alternate control measures such as mating disruption. Adding before they bore into the fruit. Multiple sprays are often necessary 1% oil increases Esteem’s efficacy on codling moth. See label for with applications up to every 10 to 14 days, however sprays can be application timing. Do not exceed two applications per season. reduced by monitoring for adult moths with pheromone traps or the use of degree-day models to properly time insecticide applications ♦♦ spinetoram (Delegate WG) at 1.5 to 1.75 oz/100 gal water (6 to 7 to the hatching larvae during the growing season. In fruit growing oz/a). REI 4 hr. PHI 7 days. Do not exceed four applications or 28 regions, Extension offices may also have data on biofix dates. oz/a per season. Do not make over three consecutive applications. ♦♦ spinosad (Entrust SC) at 6 to 10 oz/a. REI 4 hr. PHI 7 days. Do not ♦♦ acetamiprid exceed 29 oz/a per year. OMRI-listed for organic use. ♦♦ azadirachtin (neem extract)—Products containing neem extract may be phytotoxic to some pear cultivars. Some formulations are Resistance management Avoid treating consecutive generations OMRI-listed for organic use. of codling moth with the same material or materials with the same ♦♦ bifenthrin—Highly toxic to bees. mode of action. Alternate pesticides with different chemistries and ♦♦ carbaryl—Highly toxic to bees. modes of action. ♦♦ esfenvalerate—Highly toxic to bees. ♦♦ gamma-cyhalothrin—Highly toxic to bees. Pear—Cutworm ♦♦ insecticidal soap—Some formulations are OMRI-listed for organic See: use. Pear—Armyworm and cutworm ♦♦ kaolin—Applied as a spray to leaves, stems, and fruit, it acts as a repellant to some insect pests. Some formulations are OMRI-listed for organic use. Pear—Eriophyid mite ♦♦ lambda-cyhalothrin—Highly toxic to bees. Pear rust mite (Epitrimerus pyri) ♦♦ malathion—Highly toxic to bees. Pearleaf blister mite (Eriophyes pyri) ♦♦ permethrin—Highly toxic to bees. Pest description and crop damage Adults of eriophyid mites ♦♦ pyrethrins—Highly toxic to bees. Some formulations are OMRI- cannot be seen without magnification. Pearleaf blister mites are listed for organic use. light in color, cylindrical, tapered at the posterior end, with two ♦♦ spinosad—Some formulations are OMRI-listed for organic use. pairs of short legs at the front of the body. The overall appearance ♦♦ zeta-cypermethrin—Highly toxic to bees. is that of a small worm. Nymphs have the overall appearance of the adult, but are even smaller. Adult rust mites are wedge-shaped and Management—chemical control: COMMERCIAL USE yellowish brown with two pairs of legs near the front of the body. In major fruit-growing areas, spray notices are sent from local Extension offices. Pearleaf blister mite feeding on leaves causes reddish to yellowish green blisters; blisters turn brown or black as the tissue dies later in ♦♦ acetamiprid (Assail 70WP) at 1.7 to 3.4 oz/a. REI 12 hr. PHI 7 the season. Leaves may drop prematurely. Loss of foliage weakens days. Repeated use may induce spider mite buildup. trees, reduces shoot growth, and interferes with fruit maturation ♦♦ chlorantraniliprole (Altacor) at 3 to 4.5 oz/a. REI 4 hr. PHI 5 days. and fruit bud formation. Feeding on fruit causes irregular, russeted Do not exceed 9 oz/a per season. Use 4 to 4.5 oz/a when codling spots. Feeding by pear rust mites on foliage causes bronzing of the moth pressure is high. leaves, while feeding on the fruit causes russeting, especially around ♦♦ cyantraniliprole (Exirel) at 10 to 17 fl oz/a. REI 12 hr. PHI 3 days. the calyx end but can extend over most of the fruit. Non-russeted Do not exceed three applications per season. cultivars like ‘Anjou’ and ‘Bartlett’ are particularly susceptible. ♦♦ diazinon (Diazinon 50W) at 4 lb/a. REI 4 days. PHI 21 days. Do not exceed one in-season foliar application per year. Applicators Biology and life history Eriophyid mites overwinter as mature must use an enclosed cab, see label for details. females under outer bud scales. As buds swell in the spring, the ♦♦ diflubenzuron (Dimilin 2L) at 12 to 16 fl oz product in at least 80 mites begin to disperse and will infest developing leaves and gal water/a. REI 12 hr. PHI 14 days. Use against low to moderate fruitlets. Several generations per year may develop, eventually the pest pressure in conjunction with codling moth mating disruption. mites will move to growing terminals. Fruit damage by blister mites Adding 1% horticultural mineral oil to early season applications is caused by feeding injury to buds before bloom—mites do not increases efficacy on codling moth. See label for application reside in the blisters on fruit. Eriophyid mites move from tree to timing. Complete coverage is necessary for optimal control. tree, perhaps by wind or carried on birds or insects. ♦♦ indoxacarb (Avaunt 30WDG) at 6 oz/a. REI 12 hr. PHI 28 days.

J62 PNW Insect Management Handbook Pest monitoring Scouting for pearleaf blister mite is not effective Pear—Grape mealybug during the current season, as by the time blisters are noticed the Pseudococcus maritimus damage is done. Plan on taking action the following fall or spring if damage is noted. If pear rust mites are observed at any time then Pest description and crop damage The adult female is wingless control may be warranted to limit any further fruit russeting. and can be up to 0.2 inch long. It has a well-developed ring of waxy filaments around the sides of its body. The nymphs (or young Management—chemical control: HOME USE crawlers) are purplish and covered with a powdery wax coating. Dormant-season spray As they get older, the coating gets thicker, and a fringe of wax ♦♦ lime sulfur—Applications in the fall can significantly reduce filaments develops. Mealybug damage primarily results from the populations of both these mites the following year. Application honeydew which is secreted. Honeydew is cast off in small drops in the spring before bud swell can also be effective. Some and falls down through the canopy. When it lands on fruit it serves formulations are OMRI-listed for organic use. as a substrate for sooty mold which causes a coarse, black russet ♦♦ superior oil—Apply as buds begin to swell. Some formulations are to form. This is similar to pear psylla russeting, though mealybug OMRI-listed for organic use. russeting is scattered over the fruit surface, while honeydew from psylla is in patches or streaks. In addition to russeting due to Growing-season spray honeydew, populations of mealybug can result in infestation of the ♦♦ carbaryl—Highly toxic to bees. calyx and associated rot in storage. ♦♦ pyrethrins—Some formulations are OMRI-listed for organic use. Biology and life history Grape mealybugs overwinter as eggs or Highly toxic to bees. first instar crawlers in egg sacs beneath bark scales and in cracks. Management—chemical control: COMMERCIAL USE Crawlers start emerging from egg sacs at the beginning of bud swell and begin feeding on the bases of buds. When buds open they go Delayed-dormant spray directly to new shoots and leaves. Once settled, the crawlers start ♦♦ lime sulfur (Calcium polysulfide)—Formulations vary; see label feeding and become progressively harder to kill. First generation for rates. May be mixed with horticultural mineral oil; see label for nymphs mature during late June and July in the Northwest. Adult rates. REI 48 hr. Some formulations are OMRI-listed for organic males appear first, mate and die. Receptive females release a use. pheromone to attract males. Mated females migrate to sheltered areas, ♦♦ micronized sulfur (Microthiol Disperss) at 10 to 20 lb/a. Apply lay eggs and die in the egg sac. In warmer areas a second generation with oil at labeled rates. REI 24 hr. If used after delayed dormant matures in late August and September. Nymphs of this generation micronized sulfur may injure some varieties. Some formulations sometimes settle around the stem end of the fruit or in the fruit calyx. are OMRI-listed for organic use. Management—biological control Growing-season spray for control of pear rust mite Little research has been done to date on the effectiveness of natural ♦♦ abamectin (Agri-Mek SC) at 2.25 to 4.25 fl oz/a. REI 12 hr. PHI enemies in keeping mealybug populations at levels below economic 28 days. Use with an adjuvant; see label. damage. Parasitic wasps, predatory bugs, predatory beetles, lacewings, ♦♦ carbaryl (Sevin SL) at 1.5 to 3 quarts/a. REI 12 hr. PHI 3 days. and spiders can take a considerable toll on mealybugs in orchards that Application to pears <20mm in size may result in fruit thinning use fewer broad-spectrum chemicals. A ladybeetle, the “mealybug and deformed fruit. destroyer” (Cryptolaemus montrouzieri), is considered an effective ♦♦ fenbutatin-oxide (Vendex 50WP) at 1.5 to 2 lb/a. REI 48 hr. PHI predator of mealybugs worldwide. It is available from some insectaries. 14 days. Do not exceed two applications between petal fall and Management—chemical control: HOME USE harvest. ♦♦ acetamiprid ♦♦ fenpyroximate (FujiMite SC) at 32 oz/a. REI 12 hr. PHI 14 days. Do not exceed one application per season. ♦♦ azadirachtin (neem oil)—Products containing neem extract may be phytotoxic to some pear cultivars. Some formulations are ♦♦ pyridaben (Nexter SC) at 11 to 17 oz/a. REI 12 hr. PHI 7 days. OMRI-listed for organic use. Apply as populations begin to build. PHI 28 days. Do not exceed one application per season. ♦♦ pyrethrins—Some formulations are OMRI-listed for organic use. Highly toxic to bees. ♦♦ spirodiclofen (Envidor 2SC) at 18 oz/a. REI 12 hr. PHI 7 days. Do not exceed one application per season. Management—chemical control: COMMERCIAL USE ♦♦ spirotetramat (Ultor) at 8 to 14 oz/a. REI 24 hr. PHI 7 days. Usually, it takes two sprays to cover emergence (pink and petal Minimum 14 days between applications. Must be used with an fall). High volumes of water and thorough coverage are essential for adjuvant; see label. Do not apply prior to petal fall. control. Sprays applied when second-generation crawlers emerge in ♦♦ tolfenpyrad (Bexar) at 21 to 27 fl oz/a. REI 12 hr. PHI 14 days. early July may help prevent fruit infestation in the calyx end. Post-harvest spray ♦♦ acetamiprid (Assail) at 1.1 to 3.4 oz/a. REI 12 hr. PHI 7 days. Do ♦♦ lime sulfur (Calcium polysulfide)—Formulations vary; see label not exceed four applications or 13.5 oz per season. for rates. REI 48 hr. Some formulations are OMRI-listed for ♦♦ buprofezin (Centaur WDG) at 34.5 to 46.0 oz/a. REI 12 hr. PHI 14 organic use. days. Do not exceed two applications or 69 oz per season. ♦♦ micronized sulfur (Microthiol Disperss) at 10 to 20 lb/a + ♦♦ diazinon (Diazinon 50W) at 4 lb/a. REI 4 days. PHI 21 days. horticultural mineral oil at labeled rates. REI 24 hr. Some Applicators must use an enclosed cab, see label for details. One formulations are OMRI-listed for organic use. dormant and one in-season foliar application allowed with a minimum of 70 days between applications. ♦♦ imidacloprid (Prey 1.6) at 20 fl oz/a. REI 12 hr. PHI 7 days. Only apply post-bloom. Repeated use may induce spider mite buildup. ♦♦ phosmet (Imidan 70W) at 3.5 to 5.75 lb/a. REI 7 days. PHI 7 days. ♦♦ spirotetramat (Ultor) at 10 to 14 oz/a. PHI 7 days. REI 24 hr. PHI 7 days. Minimum 14 days between applications. Must be used with an adjuvant; see label. Do not apply prior to petal fall.

PNW Insect Management Handbook J63 Pear—Green fruitworm Pear—Leafhopper Lithophane antennata and other fruitworm species Rose leafhopper (Edwardsiana rosae) White apple leafhopper (Typhlocyba pomaria) Pest description and crop damage Several species of green fruitworms can attack fruit trees. Adult fruitworm moths vary Pest description and crop damage The most observed leafhopper depending on the species but are generally large, with gray to in pears is the rose leafhopper while the white apple leafhopper, a reddish-brown wings, and are attracted to lights in the fall and spring. frequent pest of apples, is not commonly seen in pears. Leafhopper Immature larvae are similar to cutworms, with green bodies and adults are pale in color, 0.12 inch long with the wings held tentlike heads. Mature larvae are green with white or cream longitudinal over the body. Nymphs are light green and may move rapidly if stripes. Green fruitworms can also be found feeding on a wide range disturbed. Rose leafhopper nymphs have rows of black spots on the of hosts such as willow, birch, alder, maple, and strawberry. back. Adults and nymphs suck juices from leaves, causing stippling and mottling on leaves. Leafhoppers rarely cause enough damage in Green fruitworm larvae feed on flowers and leaves, occasionally pears to warrant treatment. tying them together with silk. When the larvae increase in size, they begin feeding on the fruit, starting inside the cluster and taking bites Biology and life history The rose leafhopper overwinters on roses out of most fruit within the cluster. Badly damaged fruits drop, and as eggs just beneath the bark. Adults will fly into pear orchards damaged fruits that remain have large, russeted cavities. beginning in May and subsequent eggs are laid into leaf tissue. There are two or three generations per year. Biology and life history Depending on species, the insect may overwinter as a pupa in the ground or as a fertilized female on the Pest monitoring As a minor pest, monitoring is not necessary, soil surface. In the spring, eggs are laid on the twigs, often before although presence of the adults can be confirmed by early morning buds open. The eggs hatch at the pink stage, and young larvae feed limb taps. on the flowers and leaves, and later on the leaves and fruit. When Management—biological control the larvae mature, they drop to the soil to pupate. Depending on species, they remain as pupae through the winter or emerge as Parasitic wasps exert some control over leafhopper populations. adults in fall, mate, and the females overwinter. Management—chemical control: HOME USE Pest monitoring Examine fruit clusters shortly after fruit set for Chemical control for leafhoppers is generally not required in home the small green larvae. They tend to occur in clumps, so thorough pear orchards. monitoring is required. Dormant-season spray Management—biological control ♦♦ superior-type oil—Some formulations OMRI-listed for organic use. Birds often are seen eating green fruitworm larvae. Ground Growing-season spray predators probably reduce pupal or adult overwintering populations. ♦♦ acetamiprid Some parasitic wasps are also important. ♦♦ azadirachtin (neem oil)—Products containing neem extract may Management—cultural control be phytotoxic to some pear cultivars. Some formulations are Adults can be collected in black-light traps. Hand-pick larvae when OMRI-listed for organic use. thinning fruit. ♦♦ bifenthrin—Highly toxic to bees. ♦♦ carbaryl—Highly toxic to bees. Management—chemical control: HOME USE ♦♦ esfenvalerate—Highly toxic to bees. ♦♦ azadirachtin (neem oil)—Products containing neem extract may be phytotoxic to some pear cultivars. Some formulations are ♦♦ gamma-cyhalothrin—Highly toxic to bees. OMRI-listed for organic use. ♦♦ horticultural mineral oil—Some formulations are OMRI-listed for ♦♦ bifenthrin—Highly toxic to bees. organic use. ♦♦ carbaryl—Highly toxic to bees. ♦♦ imidacloprid—Highly toxic to bees. Soil drenches may have residual activity in woody plants lasting for 12 or more months. If ♦♦ esfenvalerate—Highly toxic to bees. short-term management is the goal, consider other approaches. ♦♦ gamma-cyhalothrin—Highly toxic to bees. ♦♦ insecticidal soap—Some formulations OMRI-listed for organic ♦♦ kaolin—Applied as a spray to leaves, stems, and fruit, it acts as a use. repellant to some insect pests. Some formulations are OMRI-listed ♦♦ kaolin—Applied as a spray to leaves, stems, and fruit, it acts as a for organic use. repellant to some insect pests. Some formulations are OMRI-listed ♦♦ lambda-cyhalothrin—Highly toxic to bees. for organic use. ♦♦ permethrin—Highly toxic to bees. ♦♦ lambda-cyhalothrin—Highly toxic to bees. ♦♦ pyrethrins—Highly toxic to bees. Some formulations are OMRI- ♦♦ malathion—Highly toxic to bees. listed for organic use. ♦♦ permethrin—Highly toxic to bees. ♦♦ zeta-cypermethrin—Highly toxic to bees. ♦♦ pyrethrins (often as a mix with other ingredients) —Highly toxic Management—chemical control: COMMERCIAL USE to bees. Some formulations are OMRI-listed for organic use. ♦♦ chlorantraniliprole (Altacor) at 2.5 to 4 oz/a. REI 4 hr. PHI 5 days. ♦♦ spinosad—Some formulations are OMRI-listed for organic use. Do not exceed 9 oz/a per season. ♦♦ zeta-cypermethrin—Highly toxic to bees. ♦♦ cyantraniliprole (Exirel) at 10 to 17 fl oz/a. REI 12 hr. PHI 3 days. Management—chemical control: COMMERCIAL USE Do not exceed three applications per season. ♦♦ thinning and tying. PHI 14 days. Do not exceed 14.4 oz/a per Chemical control for leafhoppers is generally not required in season. Labeled for use in WA only. commercial pear orchards.

J64 PNW Insect Management Handbook Pear—Leafroller Management—cultural control European or filbert leafroller (Archips rosanus) Fruit thinning can reduce problems significantly with some Fruittree leafroller (Archips argyrospilus) leafrollers. Thin fruit clusters to a single fruit. Hand-pick rolled Obliquebanded leafroller (Choristoneura rosaceana) leaves containing larvae or pupae. Pandemis leafroller (Pandemis pyrusana) Management—chemical control: HOME USE Pest description and crop damage There are several species of Dormant-season sprays leafroller pests of tree fruits within the family Tortricidae. They all cause similar damage to the trees but differ in their appearance Single-generation leafrollers that overwinter as eggs can be and, more importantly, in their life cycle. The principal leafroller controlled with dormant oil sprays. pests of fruit trees can be divided into single-generation moths, ♦♦ superior-type oil—Some formulations OMRI-listed for organic use. such as the fruittree leafroller and the European leafroller, and Growing-season sprays two-generation moths, such as the obliquebanded leafroller and pandemis leafroller. Adults of these species vary from fawn-color to ♦♦ azadirachtin (neem oil)—Products containing neem extract may dark brown. There are distinctive bands or mottling on the wings. be phytotoxic to some pear cultivars. Some formulations are Wingspans range from 0.5 to 1 inch. The larvae of these species are OMRI-listed for organic use. all green caterpillars with a light brown to black head, depending on ♦♦ Bacillus thuringiensis kurstaki—Some formulations are OMRI- the species. Pandemis larvae are green with a green or brown head. listed for organic use. Obliquebanded leafroller larvae are similar to pandemis larvae, ♦♦ Beauveria bassiana—Some formulations are OMRI-listed for except the head is dark brown to black. organic use. ♦♦ bifenthrin—Highly toxic to bees. As the name leafroller implies, the larvae roll and tie leaves ♦♦ carbaryl—Highly toxic to bees. together for shelter and feeding. They thrash about when disturbed and may drop from the leaf suspended by a silken thread. Feeding ♦♦ esfenvalerate—Highly toxic to bees. on growing points on young plants can promote undesirable ♦♦ gamma-cyhalothrin—Highly toxic to bees. branching. Prebloom leafroller feeding within the cluster results in ♦♦ insecticidal soap—Some formulations OMRI-listed for organic fruit abortion or deeply scarred fruit. Larvae also roll new leaves. use. Young larvae are tiny and notoriously difficult to sample but they ♦♦ kaolin—Applied as a spray to leaves, stems, and fruit, it acts as a are typically most damaging because of feeding on developing repellant to some insect pests. Some formulations are OMRI-listed fruitlets. The later life stages are evident as the caterpillars reach for organic use. maximum size and the number of damaged leaves increases. Mature ♦♦ lambda-cyhalothrin—Highly toxic to bees. leafroller larvae often move to a new leaf just prior to pupation. ♦♦ malathion—Highly toxic to bees. By this point, any damage to fruit is done and it is better to allow ♦♦ permethrin—Highly toxic to bees. natural enemies to reproduce on the mature larvae than to attempt treating the population. A large complex of predators, parasitoid ♦♦ plant-derived essential oils—Some have shown efficacy against wasps, and parasitoid flies (Tachinidae) attack leafroller larvae. leafrollers. Some formulations are OMRI-listed for organic use. ♦♦ pyrethrins (often as a mix with other ingredients) —Highly toxic Biology and life history The single-generation leafrollers to bees. Some formulations are OMRI-listed for organic use. overwinter as egg masses on twigs and branches. Eggs hatch in ♦♦ spinosad—Some formulations are OMRI-listed for organic use. spring as buds are opening until petal fall. The larvae feed for 4 to ♦♦ zeta-cypermethrin—Highly toxic to bees. 6 weeks, then pupate in the rolled leaves and emerge as moths in early summer. The overwintering eggs are laid in July. Management—chemical control: COMMERCIAL USE ♦♦ Bacillus thuringiensis var. kurstaki (Dipel, Javelin)—Check label Two-generation leafrollers overwinter as immature larvae under the for rates. REI 4 hr. PHI 0 day. This biologically derived material bark on scaffold branches of a variety of host plants. Larvae may acts slowly and requires good coverage and multiple applications feed during warm periods in winter but become active in spring in order to be effective. Apply when forecast calls for warm daily with onset of new growth. They feed for several weeks, then pupate temperatures. Bt is less effective in cool weather when larvae in rolled leaves. Adult moths generally emerge around May and lay are not actively feeding. Some formulations are OMRI-listed for eggs for the next generation. The next generation hatches in early organic use. summer and can cause considerable fruit injury as the larvae will ♦♦ chlorantraniliprole (Altacor) at 3 to 4.5 oz/a. REI 4 hr. PHI 5 days. settle and feed in fruit clusters, especially where fruit are touching. Do not exceed 9 oz/a per season. Pandemis and obliquebanded leafrollers overwinter as larvae and have two generations per year. Fruittree and European leafrollers ♦♦ cyantraniliprole (Exirel) at 10 to 17 fl oz/a. REI 12 hr. PHI 3 days. Do not exceed three applications per season. overwinter as eggs and have one generation per year. Eggs hatch in the prebloom period, and larvae mature by late May. ♦♦ methoxyfenozide (Intrepid 2F) at 16 fl oz/a. REI 4 hr. PHI 14 days. Do not exceed 64 fl oz/a per season. Pest monitoring Observe early spring growth for rolled leaves ♦♦ spinetoram (Delegate WG) at 4.5 to 7 oz/a. REI 4 hr. PHI 7 days. and feeding damage in fruit clusters and on new growth. Adults Do not exceed four applications or 28 oz/a per season. of these leafrollers may be monitored with pheromone traps to ♦♦ spinosad (Entrust SC) at 6 to 10 fl oz/a. REI 4 hr. PHI 7 days. Do establish biofix for phenology models which have been developed not exceed 29 fl oz/a per year. OMRI-listed for organic use. for obliquebanded and pandemis leafrollers. Resistance management Leafrollers can develop resistance rapidly Management—biological control to chemical controls. Alternate chemistries and modes of action. Very low temperatures in winter significantly reduce overwintering populations of larvae. Spiders and parasitic wasps, as well as predators like the brown lacewing, greatly reduce leafroller populations throughout the year.

PNW Insect Management Handbook J65 Pear—Lecanium scale Pear—Lygus bug and plant bug Parthenolecanium corni Family Miridae, including Lygus bug (Lygus spp.) Pest description and crop damage This is a minor pest in Western tarnished plant bug (Lygus hesperus) commercial pear orchards. Adult scales are up to 0.2 inch across, reddish brown, and rounded. The adults resemble small helmets Pest description and crop damage This group of insects have or bumps on branches, stems, and the underside of leaves. The piercing-sucking mouthparts and a triangle between the head and crawlers are flat, oval, and pinkish brown. Scales are closely related the wings. Feeding on fruit causes depressions and hard corky to aphids, mealybugs, and whiteflies. Like these insects, they also areas. Lygus bug adults are 0.25 inch long, green to brown. have piercing-sucking mouthparts. Large populations of scale can Biology and life history These insects overwinter as adults and devitalize plants and retard growth. Severe infestations can kill may migrate into orchards around bloom. Lygus bugs are especially twigs. Large quantities of honeydew are produced, which causes problematic near alfalfa fields. Lygus bugs have a wide host range russeting on fruit and growth of sooty mold fungus. and will feed on many broadleaf weeds. As broadleaf weeds around Biology and life history Lecanium scale overwinters in an orchards dry up during the summer, lygus bugs may migrate into immature state on twigs and branches. They resume feeding in the the orchard and feed on the fruit. spring, and eggs are laid underneath the female (from May to June) Pest monitoring Monitoring by limb tapping can aid in detection. where they remain until they hatch in early summer. The young A sweepnet can be used to sample the groundcover to determine if scales, called “crawlers,” migrate to the undersides of leaves to lygus bugs are present. Damage to fruit is often the first indication feed. Young scales also can be dispersed by wind, rain, irrigation, of their presence in the orchard. or by the movement of people and machinery. After 4 to 6 weeks on the leaves, the immatures return to the stems and twigs to feed, Management—cultural control mate, and overwinter. There is one generation per year. Establishment and maintenance of a weed-free orchard groundcover Pest monitoring Inspect twigs during the dormant season for will deter lygus bugs. A sod groundcover that is mowed regularly scales. Pay particular attention to weak plants. The crawlers are best will minimize lygus bug activity within the orchard. Eliminate observed with a 10X magnifying glass, during May to July. border habitat or target management on border rows. Hand-thin damaged fruit. Management—biological control Management—chemical control: HOME USE Larvae of green lacewings and other insects, such as ladybeetles, ♦♦ azadirachtin (neem extract)—Products containing neem extract are aggressive predators of lecanium scale. may be phytotoxic to some pear cultivars. Some formulations are Management—cultural control OMRI-listed for organic use. Home orchardists: Scale can be rubbed off plants by hand with ♦♦ bifenthrin—Highly toxic to bees. a glove or toothbrush. Major infestations can be pruned off. ♦♦ carbaryl—Highly toxic to bees. Tanglefoot, “stickem,” or a similar adhesive can be applied around ♦♦ esfenvalerate—Highly toxic to bees. infestations of adult scales to catch the crawler stage. As with ♦♦ gamma-cyhalothrin—Highly toxic to bees. aphids, avoid excessive nitrogen fertilizer or water applications, as ♦♦ kaolin clay—Applied as a spray to leaves, stems, and fruit, it acts this favors population increase. as a repellant to some insect pests. Some formulations are OMRI- Management—chemical control: HOME USE listed for organic use. ♦♦ malathion—Highly toxic to bees. Time chemical controls for either the overwintering scales or the crawlers. ♦♦ permethrin—Highly toxic to bees. ♦♦ pyrethrins—Highly toxic to bees. Some formulations are OMRI- Dormant-season spray listed for organic use. Apply sprays during dormant or delayed-dormant period (March to ♦♦ zeta-cypermethrin—Highly toxic to bees. April). Do not use after pink appears in buds. Use enough water to Management—chemical control: COMMERCIAL USE cover all of the tree thoroughly, including small limbs and shoots. ♦♦ bifenthrin (Brigade 2EC) at 2.6 to 12.8 fl oz/a. REI 12 hr. PHI ♦♦ superior-type oil—Some formulations OMRI-listed for organic use. 14 days. Do not exceed 32 fl oz/a per season. Use of pyrethroid Growing-season spray insecticides during the growing season can disrupt naturally occurring biological control and may result in increased Insecticide applications are aimed at the vulnerable crawlers, during populations of some pests. mid-summer. Apply insecticides about 10 days after full petal fall ♦♦ clothianidin (Belay) at 4 to 6 fl oz/a. REI 12 hr. PHI 7 days. Do (all petals off) or 17 to 21 days after full bloom. Avoid applying not exceed 12 fl oz/a per season. Repeated use may induce spider insecticides to blooming plants in order to avoid bee injury. Follow mite buildup. all label directions. ♦♦ diazinon (Diazinon 50WP) at 4 lb/a. REI 4 days. PHI 21 days. ♦♦ carbaryl Closed cab required. Management—chemical control: COMMERCIAL USE ♦♦ fenpropathrin (Danitol 2.4EC) at 16 to 21 fl oz/a. REI 1 day. PHI 14 days. Chemical control for lecanium scale is generally not required in commercial pear orchards. ♦♦ flonicamid (Beleaf 50SG) at 2 to 2.8 oz/a. REI 12 hr. PHI 21 days. Do not exceed three applications per season.

J66 PNW Insect Management Handbook Pear—Pearleaf blister mite first three stages, the nymphs are encased in a drop of honeydew. Nymphs and adults suck plant juices, producing honeydew that See: drips onto leaves and fruit. This encourages growth of sooty mold, Pear—Eriophyid mite which causes russeting of the fruit. Blackening and burning of leaf tissue also is typical of psylla infestations. Large numbers of psylla can stunt and defoliate trees and cause fruit drop. Pear—Pear leafcurling midge Biology and life history Pear psylla overwinter in a semi-dormant Dasineura pyri state as winterform adults on a variety of fruit trees. They return to Pest description and crop damage This adult is a very small pears and begin laying eggs at bud swell. The eggs are shaped like fly less than 0.1 inch long. The larvae are very small, legless and grains of rice and are yellow-orange at maturity. These are laid at the orange in color when young, aging to white in color. The feeding of base of buds and in other rough places on small twigs. Egg laying the larvae on leaves causes them to curl up along the midrib. Curled continues for some time. Later eggs are laid along leaf midveins and leaves have reddish-gall-like swellings and later on in the season petioles, and on stems and sepals of blossoms. The nymphs hatch and turn black and fall off. Extensive feeding activity can stunt young feed on the opening blossoms and young leaves, forming droplets trees, however in mature trees this is less of a pest. Pear leaf midge of honeydew on both leaf surfaces. There may be two to three is seldom a problem in commercial pear orchards that receive a generations before the winter form generation appears in the fall. regular spray program. However, it can be a problem occasionally in the Willamette Valley and Hood River districts of Oregon. Pest monitoring Monitor adults with a beating tray, the standard size is 18 inch x 18 inch. Place the beating tray under a limb and Biology and life history The midge overwinters as a pupa in the then jar the limb to knock the psylla adults onto the tray surface, soil. Around bloom the adults emerge and lay eggs in the leaves usually made with white cloth. Check with a hand lens for eggs and just as they are unfolding. The hatched larvae feed within the curled nymphs on young shoots and leaves. leaves, often numbering up to 30 larvae per leaf. When mature, the larvae chew an exit hole and drop to the ground to pupate. There may Management—biological control be several generations per year, the number depending entirely on the A number of natural enemies attack psylla, including parasitic availability of new growth, as the adults lay eggs only on new foliage. wasps, adults and larvae of lady beetles, lacewings, and earwigs, as well as predacious plant bugs and minute pirate bugs. If natural Pest monitoring Adults can be monitored with yellow sticky traps. enemies are conserved within the orchard, biological control of this Presence of the midge is also easily confirmed by the presence of pest often can be significant. the characteristic damage. Management—cultural control Management—chemical control: HOME USE ♦♦ acetamiprid Avoid promoting unnecessary vigor with excess nitrogen fertilizer. ♦♦ azadirachtin (neem oil)—Products containing neem extract may Remove suckers from the interior of the trees, which removes psylla be phytotoxic to some pear cultivars. Some formulations are eggs and nymphs and increases spray coverage. OMRI-listed for organic use. Management—chemical control: HOME USE ♦♦ bifenthrin—Highly toxic to bees. Dormant-season spray ♦♦ gamma-cyhalothrin—Highly toxic to bees. ♦♦ lambda-cyhalothrin—Highly toxic to bees. Use enough water to cover all of the tree thoroughly including small limbs and shoots. Spray timing can vary from early February ♦♦ permethrin—Highly toxic to bees. to late March depending on location. Apply only during dormant or ♦♦ pyrethrins—Highly toxic to bees. Some formulations are OMRI- delayed-dormant period. listed for organic use. ♦♦ lime sulfur mixed with superior-type oil—Some formulations are ♦♦ zeta-cypermethrin—Highly toxic to bees. OMRI-listed for organic use. Management—chemical control: COMMERCIAL USE ♦♦ superior-type oil—Some formulations OMRI-listed for organic Petal fall is the optimal treatment timing if chemical control is use. required. Growing-season spray ♦♦ spirotetramat (Ultor) at 10 to 14 oz/a. REI 24 hr. PHI 7 days. ♦♦ azadirachtin (neem extract)—If control is not satisfactory, add Minimum 14 days between applications. Must be used with an minimal rates of superior oil. Products containing neem extract adjuvant; see label. The product label lists pear leaf midge under may be phytotoxic to some pear cultivars. Some formulations are pests suppressed. Do not apply prior to petal fall. OMRI-listed for organic use. ♦♦ bifenthrin—Highly toxic to bees. Pear—Pear psylla ♦♦ carbaryl—Highly toxic to bees. ♦♦ esfenvalerate—Highly toxic to bees. Cacopsylla pyricola ♦♦ gamma-cyhalothrin—Highly toxic to bees. Pest description and crop damage Pear psylla is one of the major ♦♦ insecticidal soap—Some formulations OMRI-listed for organic pear pests in commercial orchards. The adult resembles a miniature use. cicada. Adults have two distinct forms, a summer and winter form, ♦♦ kaolin—Applied as a spray to leaves, stems, and fruit, it acts as a which differ in appearance. Winterform adults are 0.1 inch long, repellant to some insect pests. Some formulations are OMRI-listed dark in appearance, with transparent wings held roof-like over the for organic use. body. Summerform adults are 0.08 inch long, greenish to brown, with a similar wing appearance to the winterform. The nymphs pass ♦♦ lambda-cyhalothrin—Highly toxic to bees. through five growth stages, each stage being larger, flatter, and more ♦♦ malathion—Highly toxic to bees. oval than the last. The first stage is creamy yellow, the last is dark ♦♦ permethrin—Highly toxic to bees. green or brown. All stages have conspicuous red eyes. During the

PNW Insect Management Handbook J67 ♦♦ pyrethrins—Highly toxic to bees. Some formulations are OMRI- ♦♦ esfenvalerate (Asana XL) at 9.6 to 19.2 fl oz/a. REI 12 hr. Do not listed for organic use. exceed 38.4 fl oz/a during dormant to prebloom stage. ♦♦ zeta-cypermethrin—Highly toxic to bees. ♦♦ novaluron (Rimon 0.83EC) at 32 fl oz/a. REI 12 hr. Do not apply after pear turn-down. For use on pears only in Colorado, Management—chemical control: COMMERCIAL USE Michigan, New York, Pennsylvania, Washington and Oregon. Dormant spray ♦♦ permethrin (Pounce 25WP) at 12.8 to 16 oz/a. REI 12 hr. Do not ♦♦ esfenvalerate (Asana XL) at 9.6 to 19.2 fl oz/a + horticultural exceed 41.6 oz/a per season. mineral oil. REI 12 hr. Do not exceed 38.4 fl oz/a during dormant ♦♦ pyriproxyfen (Esteem 35WP) at 4 to 5 oz/a. REI 12 hr. Do not to prebloom stage. exceed two applications per season. ♦♦ horticultural mineral oil at 1 to 2 gal/100 gal water or 4 to 8 gal/a. ♦♦ spinetoram (Delegate WG) at 6 to 7 oz/a. REI 4 hr. Do not make REI 12 hr. Used to delay egg laying. Some formulations are more than two applications for pear psylla in a season. OMRI-listed for organic use. ♦♦ kaolin (Surround WP) at 50 lb/a. REI 4 hr. Used to delay egg Pink spray laying. Apply enough spray to ensure thorough coverage. OMRI- When 5% or more of the bud clusters are moderately infested (i.e., listed for organic use. more than two pear psylla eggs or nymphs per cluster), treatment ♦♦ permethrin (Pounce 25WP) at 12.8 to 25.6 oz/a + horticultural may be justified: mineral oil. REI 12 hr. Do not exceed 41.6 oz/a per season. ♦♦ acetamiprid (Assail 70WP) at 1.7 to 3.4 oz/a. REI 12 hr. Repeated Delayed-dormant spray use may induce spider mite buildup. ♦♦ buprofezin (Centaur WDG) at 34.5 to 46 oz/a. REI 12 hr. Do not The prebloom program is very important in preventing unmanageably exceed two applications or 69 oz/a per season. high populations of psylla later in the summer. Areawide control has been very effective in commercial orchard regions. ♦♦ cyantraniliprole (Exirel) at 13.5 to 20.5 fl oz/a. REI 12 hr. Do not exceed three applications per season. ♦♦ buprofezin (Centaur WDG) at 34.5 to 46 oz/a. REI 12 hr. Do not ♦♦ fenpyroximate (FujiMite SC) at 32 oz/a. REI 12 hr. Do not exceed exceed two applications or 69 oz/a per season. one application per season. ♦♦ lime sulfur (Calcium polysulfide)—Formulations vary; see label ♦♦ novaluron (Rimon 0.83EC) at 32 fl oz/a. REI 12 hr. Do not for rates. May be mixed with horticultural mineral oil; see label for apply after pear turn-down. For use on pears only in Colorado, rates. REI 48 hr. Some formulations are OMRI-listed for organic Michigan, New York, Pennsylvania, Washington and Oregon. use. ♦♦ pyridaben (Nexter SC) at 17 to 25 oz/a. REI 12 hr. Higher rates ♦♦ diflubenzuron (Dimilin 2L) at 40 to 48 fl oz/a product + are needed to control pear psylla. Registered SLN label for use in horticultural mineral oil at 1 to 1.5 gal/100 gal water. REI 12 hr. Washington (24c SLN WA-170002b) and Oregon (24c SLN OR- ♦♦ esfenvalerate (Asana XL) at 7.3 to 12.8 fl oz/100 gal water (9.6 to 170008). At these higher rates, PHI is 28 days. Do not exceed one 19.2 oz/a) + horticultural mineral oil at 1 to 2 gal/100 gal water. application per season. REI 12 hr. Do not exceed 38.4 fl oz/a during dormant to prebloom ♦♦ spinetoram (Delegate WG) at 6 to 7 oz/a. REI 4 hr. Do not make stage. more than two applications for pear psylla in a season. ♦♦ fenpropathrin (Danitol 2.4EC) at 16 to 21 fl oz/a. REI 1 day. ♦♦ thiamethoxam (Actara) at 5.5 oz/a. REI 12 hr. Repeated use may ♦♦ kaolin (Surround WP) at 50 lb/a. REI 4 hr. Multiple applications induce spider mite buildup. are required for pear psylla control. Thorough coverage is important. OMRI-listed for organic use. Petal fall spray ♦♦ lambda-cyhalothrin (Warrior II EC) at 1.3 to 2.5 fl oz/a. REI 1 day. ♦♦ abamectin (Agri-Mek SC) at 2.25 to 4.25 fl oz/a. REI 12 hr. PHI ♦♦ lime sulfur at 11 gal/a or at 5 to 7 gal/a + horticultural mineral oil 28 days. Use with an adjuvant; see label. at labeled rates. REI 48 hr. Do not apply after delayed dormant. ♦♦ azadirachtin (Aza-Direct) at 1 to 3.5 pints/a. REI 4 hr. PHI 0 days. Some formulations are OMRI-listed for organic use. Do not use on comice or related pear varieties. OMRI-listed for ♦♦ micronized sulfur (Microthiol Disperss) at 10 to 20 lb/a + organic use. horticultural mineral oil at labeled rates. REI 24 hr. Some ♦♦ buprofezin (Centaur WDG) at 34.5 to 46 oz/a. REI 12 hr. PHI 14 formulations OMRI-listed for organic use. days. Do not exceed two applications or 69 oz/a per season. ♦♦ novaluron (Rimon 0.83EC) at 32 fl oz/a + horticultural mineral oil ♦♦ cyantraniliprole (Exirel) at 13.5 to 20.5 fl oz/a. REI 12 hr. PHI 3 at 1 to 2 gal/100 gal water. REI 12 hr. Do not apply after pear turn- days. Do not exceed three applications per season. down. For use on pears only in Colorado, Michigan, New York, ♦♦ fenpyroximate (FujiMite SC) at 32 oz/a. REI 12 hr. PHI 14 days. Pennsylvania, Washington and Oregon. Do not exceed one application per season. ♦♦ permethrin (Pounce 25WP) at 12.8 to 25.6 oz/a + horticultural ♦♦ flupyradifurone (Sivanto 200 SL) at 10.5 to 14 fl oz/a. REI 4 hr. mineral oil. REI 12 hr. Do not exceed 41.6 oz/a per season. PHI 14 days. Combine with a horticultural oil for early season ♦♦ pyriproxyfen (Esteem 35WP) at 4 to 5 oz/a. REI 12 hr. Do not applications. exceed two applications per season. ♦♦ novaluron (Rimon 0.83EC) at 32 fl oz/a. REI 12 hr. PHI 14 days. ♦♦ spinetoram (Delegate WG) at 6 to 7 oz/a. REI 4 hr. Do not make Do not apply after pear turn-down. For use on pears only in more than two applications for pear psylla in a season. Colorado, Michigan, New York, Pennsylvania, Washington and Oregon. Prepink spray ♦♦ pyridaben (Nexter SC) at 17 to 25 oz/a. REI 12 hr. Higher rates Apply only if adult pear psylla density exceeds 0.2 per tray. These are needed to control pear psylla. Registered SLN label for use in sprays do not replace the dormant or delayed-dormant sprays but Washington (24c SLN WA-170002b) and Oregon (24c SLN OR- should be used in addition to those sprays if needed. 170008). At these higher rates, PHI is 28 days. Do not exceed one ♦♦ buprofezin (Centaur 70WDG) at 34.5 to 46 oz/a. REI 12 hr. Do application per season. not exceed two applications or 69 oz/a per season. ♦♦ spinetoram (Delegate WG) at 6 to 7 oz/a. REI 4 hr. PHI 7 days. Do ♦♦ cyantraniliprole (Exirel) at 13.5 to 20.5 fl oz/a. REI 12 hr. Do not not make more than two applications for pear psylla in a season. exceed three applications per season. ♦♦ spirotetramat (Ultor) at 10 to 14 oz/a. REI 24 hr. PHI 7 days.

J68 PNW Insect Management Handbook Do not exceed 40 oz/a per season. Minimum 14 days between Pear—Pear sawfly (pear slug) applications. Must be used with an adjuvant; see label. Do not apply prior to petal fall. Caliroa cerasi ♦♦ tolfenpyrad (Bexar) at 21 to 27 fl oz/a. REI 12 hr. PHI 14 days. Pest description and crop damage Pear sawfly is a European insect now found in most areas of the U.S. It attacks both pear Growing-season spray and cherry, and also is found on mountain ash, hawthorn, and ♦♦ abamectin (Agri-Mek SC) at 2.25 to 4.25 fl oz/a. REI 12 hr. PHI ornamental Prunus spp. The adult is a glossy black about 0.2 28 days. Use with an adjuvant; see label. Effectiveness may be inch long. The larva initially resembles a small slug, due to the limited with late season applications. olive green slime that covers the body and the fact that the head is ♦♦ acetamiprid (Assail 70WP) at 1.7 to 3.4 oz/a. REI 12 hr. PHI 7 wider than the rest of the body. Mature larvae are 0.37 inch long days. Repeated use may induce spider mite buildup. and orange-yellow. Larvae feed on the upper surface of leaves, ♦♦ azadirachtin (Aza-Direct) at 1 to 3.5 pints/a. REI 4 hr. PHI 0 days. skeletonizing them, the fruit surface may also be scarred when DO NOT USE ON COMICE OR RELATED PEAR VARIETIES. populations are very high. Heavy feeding causes leaf drop with OMRI-listed for organic use. reduction in vigor, yield and return bloom, particularly on young ♦♦ buprofezin (Centaur) at 34.5 to 46 oz/a. REI 12 hr. PHI 14 days. trees. Do not exceed two applications or 69 oz/a per season. Biology and life history Pear sawfly overwinters as a pupa in a ♦♦ clothianidin (Belay) at 6 fl oz/a. REI 12 hr. PHI 7 days. Do not cocoon 2 to 3 inches deep in the soil. Adults emerge over an extended exceed 12 fl oz/a per season. Repeated use may induce spider mite period in late April to May. The adult female inserts eggs into leaf buildup. tissue, and eggs hatch in 10 to 15 days. Larvae immediately begin to ♦♦ fenpyroximate (FujiMite SC) at 32 oz/a. REI 12 hr. PHI 14 days. feed on the upper surface of the leaf. After 3 to 4 weeks, they drop Do not exceed one application per season. to the soil to pupate. Second generation adults emerge in July, and ♦♦ flupyradifurone (Sivanto 200 SL) at 10.5 to 14 fl oz/a. REI 4 hr. larvae from this generation feed in August and September. Most PHI 14 days. Combine with a horticultural oil for early season larvae from this generation drop to the ground to overwinter. applications. ♦♦ imidacloprid (Prey 1.6) at 20 fl oz/a. REI 12 hr. PHI 7 days. Pest monitoring Watch trees for the slug-like larvae especially in Repeated use may induce spider mite buildup. August and September when large populations can build up. ♦♦ kaolin (Surround WP) at 50 lb/a. REI 4 hr. PHI 0 days. Multiple Management—cultural control applications are required for pear psylla control. Thorough coverage is important. OMRI-listed for organic use. Home orchardists: Individual larvae can be picked off, or they can be washed off with a strong stream of water. ♦♦ pyridaben (Nexter SC) at 17 to 25 oz/a. REI 12 hr. Higher rates are needed to control pear psylla. Registered SLN label for use in Management—chemical control: HOME USE Washington (24c SLN WA-170002b) and Oregon (24c SLN OR- ♦♦ esfenvalerate—Highly toxic to bees. 170008). At these higher rates, PHI is 28 days. Do not exceed one ♦♦ insecticidal soap—Some formulations OMRI-listed for organic application per season. use. ♦♦ spinetoram (Delegate WG) at 6 to 7 oz/a. REI 4 hr. PHI 7 days. Do ♦♦ kaolin—Applied as a spray to leaves, stems, and fruit, it acts as a not make more than two applications for pear psylla in a season. repellant to some insect pests. Some formulations are OMRI-listed ♦♦ spirotetramat (Ultor) at 10 to 14 oz/a. REI 24 hr. PHI 7 days. for organic use. Do not exceed 40 oz/a per season. Minimum 14 days between ♦♦ pyrethrins—Highly toxic to bees. Some formulations are OMRI- applications. Must be used with an adjuvant; see label. Do not listed for organic use. apply prior to petal fall. ♦♦ spinosad—Some formulations are OMRI-listed for organic use. ♦♦ thiamethoxam (Actara) at 5.5 oz/a. REI 12 hr. PHI 35 days. Do not exceed 16.5 oz/a per season. Management—chemical control: COMMERCIAL USE ♦♦ tolfenpyrad (Bexar) at 21 to 27 fl oz/a. REI 12 hr. PHI 14 days. Usually controlled by regular spray programs but high populations Post-harvest spray can occur, particularly in organic pear orchards. Application of ♦♦ lime sulfur (Calcium polysulfide)—Formulations vary; see label spinosad (some formulations are OMRI-listed for organic use) has for rates. May be mixed with horticultural mineral oil; see label for been found to provide control. rates. REI 48 hr. Some formulations are OMRI-listed for organic ♦♦ kaolin (Surround WP) at 50 lb/a. REI 4 hr. PHI 0 days. Thorough use. coverage is important. OMRI-listed for organic use. ♦♦ micronized sulfur (Microthiol Disperss) at 10 to 20 lb/a + horticultural mineral oil at labeled rates. REI 24 hr. Some formulations are OMRI-listed for organic use. Pear—Scale Oystershell scale (Lepidosaphes ulmi) Resistance management Pear psylla can develop resistance San Jose scale (Quadraspidiotus perniciosus) rapidly to chemical controls. Resistance to insecticides has been Pest description and crop damage San Jose scale was introduced documented in Oregon and Washington. Alternate chemistries and to the U.S. on flowering peach in the 1870s. It is now a pest of all modes of action. fruit trees and many ornamental and wild trees and shrubs throughout the U.S., particularly in hot, dry climates. Oystershell scale is Pear—Pear rust mite European in origin and has been in the US since around 1850. San Jose scale can be differentiated from other scale insects by the scale See: (shell) that covers the adult females. The scale is hard, gray to black, Pear—Eriophyid mite and cone-shaped. The scale has a tiny white knob in the center with a series of grooves or rings around it. Oystershell scale looks like a miniature oyster. Oystershell scale is principally a pest of woody parts of the plant (although it occasionally attacks fruit), while San

PNW Insect Management Handbook J69 Jose scale attacks both woody parts and fruit. Scales are closely ♦♦ azadirachtin (neem extract)—Products containing neem extract related to aphids, mealybugs, and whiteflies. Like these insects, they may be phytotoxic to some pear cultivars. Some formulations are also have piercing-sucking mouthparts. Large populations of scale OMRI-listed for organic use. can devitalize plants and retard growth. Severe infestations by San ♦♦ bifenthrin—Highly toxic to bees. Jose scale can kill twigs and even the whole tree. Large quantities ♦♦ carbaryl—Highly toxic to bees. of honeydew are produced, which makes leaves and fruit shiny and ♦♦ gamma-cyhalothrin—Highly toxic to bees. sticky. Sooty mold fungus may grow on this, giving the plants a dirty, ♦♦ imidacloprid—Highly toxic to bees. Soil drenches may have sooty appearance. Fruit infestations by San Jose scale initially cause residual activity in woody plants lasting for 12 or more months. If development of red spots around the feeding site. short-term management is the goal, consider other approaches. Biology and life history San Jose scale overwinters in an immature ♦♦ insecticidal soap—Some formulations are OMRI-listed for organic state and is black in color. In spring, the tiny winged males emerge use. and mate with wingless females. Females give birth to live young ♦♦ lambda-cyhalothrin—Highly toxic to bees. about a month later (no eggs are seen). The young scales, called ♦♦ malathion—Highly toxic to bees. “crawlers,” are very small, flattened, and yellow, and move around on ♦♦ permethrin—Highly toxic to bees. bark and foliage before settling down to feed. Young scales also can be dispersed by wind, rain, irrigation, or by the movement of people ♦♦ plant-derived essential oils—Some have shown efficacy against and machinery. After settling down to feed, the insects become sessile scale. Some formulations are OMRI-listed for organic use. and they secrete a waxy coating over their body that can protect them ♦♦ pyrethrins (often as a mix with other ingredients) —Highly toxic from pesticides. There are two generations per year, crawlers are to bees. Some formulations are OMRI-listed for organic use. usually found during June and July and again in August to September. ♦♦ zeta-cypermethrin—Highly toxic to bees. Oystershell scale overwinters as eggs under the female scale, crawlers Management—chemical control: COMMERCIAL USE emerge in May and June and move to feeding sites on the bark. They secret a waxy coating and the females remain sedentary. Males Prebloom spray emerge from their coating and mate with the females, which lay eggs ♦♦ buprofezin (Centaur WDG) at 34.5 to 46 oz/a. REI 12 hr. Do not beneath their bodies, gradually shrinking in size and dying after the exceed two applications or 69 oz/a per season. last eggs are laid. There is one generation per year. ♦♦ lime sulfur (Calcium polysulfide)—Formulations vary; see label for rates. May be mixed with horticultural mineral oil; see label for Pest monitoring Inspect twigs and spurs during the dormant rates. REI 48 hr. Some formulations are OMRI-listed for organic season for scales. Examine wood from the tops of trees and pay use. particular attention to weak plants. Observe the young bark for ♦♦ horticultural mineral oil at 4 to 6 gal/a plus an organophosphate purplish-red halos which indicate infestation. The crawlers are material such as diazinon or Lorsban. Check label for REI. best observed during June to July with a 10X magnifying glass. Use only those chemicals and formulations that are registered Crawlers can be monitored by wrapping a piece of double sided and suggested for Pacific Northwest conditions. One dormant tape around an infested branch. Male San Jose scale can be application is allowed. Applications of diazinon require an monitored with pheromone traps. Adult males emerge in the spring enclosed cab, see label for details. Note: Continual agitation is around the same time as codling moth. Time in-season sprays to necessary when filling the spray tank and during spraying. Apply match crawler emergence. before new growth, at temperatures above 40°F, prior to hot or Management—biological control rainy weather or drying winds. ♦♦ pyriproxyfen (Esteem 35WP) at 4 to 5 oz/a + horticultural mineral Larvae of green lacewings and other insects are aggressive oil at 4 to 8 gal/a. REI 12 hr. Do not exceed two applications per predators of scale. A number of parasitic wasps will attack scale season. insects. However, biological control does not necessarily prevent significant scale infestations. Growing-season spray ♦♦ acetamiprid (Assail 70WP) at 3.4 oz/a. REI 12 hr. PHI 7 days. Management—cultural control Will provide suppression. Repeated use may induce spider mite Scale can be rubbed off plants by hand with a glove or toothbrush. buildup. Major infestations can be pruned off. Tanglefoot, “stickem,” or ♦♦ buprofezin (Centaur 70WDG) at 34.5 to 46 oz/a. REI 12 hr. PHI a similar adhesive can be applied around infestations of adult 14 days. Do not exceed two applications or 69 oz/a per season. scales to catch the crawler stage. As with aphids and psyllids, ♦♦ diazinon (Diazinon 50W) at 4 lb/a. REI 4 days. PHI 21 days. avoid excessive nitrogen fertilizer, as this favors increases in the Applicators must use an enclosed cab, see label for details. One populations. dormant and one in-season foliar application allowed with a minimum of 70 days between applications. Management—chemical control: HOME USE ♦♦ flupyradifurone (Sivanto 200 SL) at 10.5 to 14 fl oz/a. REI 4 hr. Dormant-season spray PHI 14 days. Combine with a horticultural oil for early season Apply sprays during dormant or delayed-dormant period (March to applications. April). Do not use after pink appears in buds. Use enough water to ♦♦ imidacloprid (Prey 1.6) at 8 fl oz/a. REI 12 hr. PHI 7 days. cover all of the tree thoroughly, including small limbs and shoots. Repeated use may induce spider mite buildup. ♦♦ superior-type oil—Some formulations are OMRI-listed for organic ♦♦ pyriproxyfen (Esteem 35WP) at 4 to 5 oz/a. REI 12 hr. PHI 45 use. days. Apply when scale crawlers first emerge. Do not exceed two ♦♦ superior-type oil, plus either lime-sulfur or a lime-sulfur material applications per season. such as polysulfide—Some formulations are OMRI-listed for ♦♦ spirotetramat (Ultor) at 10 to 14 oz/a. REI 24 hr. PHI 7 days. organic use. Follow with a second application 14 to 21 days later. Do not exceed 40 oz/a per season. Minimum 14 days between Growing-season spray applications. Must be used with an adjuvant; see label. Do not ♦♦ acetamiprid apply prior to petal fall.

J70 PNW Insect Management Handbook Pear—Spider mite avoid creating these problems and stressing the plants. The use of cover crops also reduces dust and mite problems. Broadleaf weeds Brown mite (Bryobia rubrioculus) like mallow, bindweed, white clover, and knotweed enhance mite European red mite (Panonychus ulmi) numbers. Suppression of these weeds with cultivation or a grass McDaniel mite (Tetranychus mcdanieli) groundcover may reduce mite numbers. Mites may be washed Twospotted spider mite (Tetranychus urticae) from the tree with a strong stream of water. Water trees properly, Yellow spider mite (Eotetranychus carpini borealis) as drought-stressed trees are more susceptible. Avoid excessive For mite identification, see: nitrogen applications, as this encourages mites. Field Characteristics of Fruit-Tree-Attacking Spider Mites in the Pacific Northwest Management—chemical control: HOME USE Dormant-season spray Pest description and crop damage All adult mites are small, ♦♦ lime sulfur—Some formulations are OMRI-listed for organic use. usually only about 0.02 inch long and have eight legs. The various ♦♦ superior-type oil—Effective only against red mite. Apply at green pear-infesting species vary in appearance as follows: to tight cluster stage. Some formulations are OMRI-listed for Brown mite: The adult female is a dull reddish brown with dark organic use. orange markings, and somewhat flattened. The front legs are very long, over twice the length of the other legs, and extend Growing-season spray forward from the body. ♦♦ azadirachtin (neem oil)—Products containing neem extract may European red mite: Adults are globular, reddish with white spines. be phytotoxic to some pear cultivars. Some formulations are Immatures are similar in appearance, only smaller. Eggs are OMRI-listed for organic use. red, globular and have a stripe. ♦♦ bifenthrin—Highly toxic to bees. Twospotted and McDaniel mite: Adults are yellowish-brown, ♦♦ gamma-cyhalothrin—Highly toxic to bees. about 0.02 inch long. Twospotted mites have two dark spots ♦♦ insecticidal soap—Some formulations OMRI-listed for organic on the body, while McDaniel mites have four. Immatures use. are similar in appearance, only smaller. Eggs are round and ♦♦ lambda-cyhalothrin—Highly toxic to bees. translucent to opaque ♦♦ malathion—Highly toxic to bees. Yellow spider mite: Adult females are pale yellow to white with 2 or 3 dark, rectangular markings on each side of the abdomen. ♦♦ permethrin—Highly toxic to bees. Immatures are similar in appearance to the twospotted spider ♦♦ plant-derived essential oils—Some have shown efficacy against mite, but have more of a yellowish color. Eggs are clear and spider mites. Some formulations are OMRI-listed for organic use. spherical. ♦♦ pyrethrins—Highly toxic to bees. Some formulations are OMRI- listed for organic use. Spider mites damage leaves by puncturing cells and sucking out the contents resulting in foliar injury varying from leaf yellowing and ♦♦ spinosad—Some formulations are OMRI-listed for organic use. stippling to bronzing and blackening. High populations of spider ♦♦ sulfur—Some formulations are OMRI-listed for organic use. mites can cause significant defoliation. ♦♦ zeta-cypermethrin—Highly toxic to bees. Biology and life history Twospotted, McDaniel and yellow spider Management—chemical control: COMMERCIAL USE mites overwinter as fertilized females under bark or in soil debris. Prebloom European red mite and brown mites overwinter as eggs in crevices ♦♦ horticultural mineral oil at 1 to 2 gal/100 gal water or 4 to 8 gal/a. of twig bark and young limbs. They move to young foliage when REI 12 hr. Some formulations are OMRI-listed for organic use. buds break in spring and produce many generations during spring to autumn. Females can lay up to 10 eggs per day and more than Growing-season sprays: 200 during their lifetime. Egg-to-adult development can occur in 7 ♦♦ abamectin (Agri-Mek SC) at 2.25 to 4.25 fl oz/a. REI 12 hr. PHI to 10 days during summer. They thrive under hot, dry conditions. 28 days. Use an adjuvant; see label. Ground application only. Do Large colonies of mites produce webbing. Dispersal occurs mainly not exceed two applications per season. Effectiveness may be through wind transport via ballooning on their webbing. limited with late season applications. ♦♦ acequinocyl (Kanemite 15SC) at 31 oz/a. REI 12 hr. PHI 14 days. Pest monitoring Economic damage can occur at levels below 1 Do not exceed two applications per season. mite per leaf in sensitive varieties such as Anjou and Bosc. When ♦♦ bifenazate (Acramite 50WS) at 0.75 to 1 lb/a. REI 12 hr. PHI 7 spider populations are moderate (< 3 mites per leaf) the presence days. Do not exceed one application per season. of predatory mites may allow for treatment to be delayed, but the ♦♦ clofentezine (Apollo SC) at 4 to 8 oz/a. REI 12 hr. PHI 21 days. spider mite population must then be reevaluated frequently to Do not exceed one application of Apollo or Savey/Onager per ensure that damaging levels of spider mites do not persist. season. Will not control adults. Combine with adulticide if adults Management—biological control are present. This product is not currently registered for use in Idaho. Spider mite populations are held down by cool, wet conditions early in the season. Natural enemies, particularly lady beetles (Stethorus ♦♦ cyflumetofen (Nealta) at 13.7 fl oz/a. REI 12 hr. PHI 7 days. Do not exceed two applications per season. spp.), minute pirate bugs (Orius spp.), and predator mites such as Typhlodromus spp. or Neoseiulus fallacis (syn. Amblyseius fallacis) ♦♦ etoxazole (Zeal) at 2 to 3 oz/a. REI 12 hr. PHI 14 days. Use higher can provide some natural control. However, due to the sensitivity rates to control two-spotted or McDaniel mites and lower rates of many pear varieties to spider mite feeding, the effect of natural to control European red mite. Do not exceed one application per enemies can be too slow or insufficient to prevent significant season. damage to foliage. ♦♦ fenbutatin-oxide (Vendex 50WP) at 1 to 2 lb/a. REI 48 hr. PHI 14 days. Do not exceed two applications between petal fall Management—cultural control and harvest. Not effective in some areas of Oregon because of Spider mite infestations are favored by dry, dusty conditions, so resistance development.

PNW Insect Management Handbook J71 ♦♦ fenpyroximate (FujiMite SC) at 32 oz/a. REI 12 hr. PHI 14 days. to the fruit trees. A sod groundcover that is mowed regularly will Do not exceed one application per season. minimize stink bug activity within the orchard. ♦♦ hexythiazox (Savey 50DF) at 4 to 6 oz/a. REI 12 hr. PHI 28 days. Management—chemical control: HOME USE Do not exceed one application of Apollo or Savey/Onager per ♦♦ acetamiprid season. Will not control adults. Combine with adulticide if adults are present. ♦♦ azadirachtin (neem extract)—Products containing neem extract may be phytotoxic to some pear cultivars. Some formulations are ♦♦ hexythiazox (Onager Optek) at 16 to 24 oz/a. REI 12 hr. PHI 28 OMRI-listed for organic use. days. Do not exceed one application of Apollo or Savey/Onager per season. Will not control adults. Combine with adulticide if ♦♦ bifenthrin—Highly toxic to bees. adults are present. ♦♦ carbaryl—Highly toxic to bees. ♦♦ oxamyl (Vydate L) at 3 to 4 quarts/a. REI 48 hr. PHI 14 days. ♦♦ esfenvalerate—Highly toxic to bees. Most effective against two-spotted and McDaniel spider mites. ♦♦ gamma-cyhalothrin—Highly toxic to bees. Vydate is very toxic to predatory mites. Do not exceed one ♦♦ imidicloprid—Highly toxic to bees. Soil drenches may have application per season. Do not apply within 30 days after full residual activity in woody plants lasting for 12 or more months. If bloom as fruit thinning may occur. short-term management is the goal, consider other approaches. ♦♦ pyridaben (Nexter SC) at 17 to 25 oz/a. REI 12 hr. Higher rates ♦♦ insecticidal soap—May require several applications. Some are needed to control pear psylla. Registered SLN label for use in formulations are OMRI-listed for organic use. Washington (24c SLN WA-170002b) and Oregon (24c SLN OR- ♦♦ kaolin clay—Applied as a spray to leaves, stems, and fruit, it acts 170008). At these higher rates, PHI is 28 days. Do not exceed one as a repellant to some insect pests. Some formulations are OMRI- application per season. listed for organic use. ♦♦ spirodiclofen (Envidor 2SC) at 18 oz/a. REI 12 hr. PHI 7 days. Do ♦♦ lambda-cyhalothrin—Highly toxic to bees. not exceed one application per season. ♦♦ permethrin—Highly toxic to bees. Resistance management Spider mites can develop resistance ♦♦ pyrethrins—Highly toxic to bees. Some formulations are OMRI- rapidly to chemical controls. Alternate chemistries and modes of listed for organic use. action. ♦♦ zeta-cypermethrin—Highly toxic to bees. Management—chemical control: COMMERCIAL USE Pear—Stink bug Growing-season sprays: Consperse stink bug (Euschistus conspersus) and other pentatomids ♦♦ bifenthrin (Brigade 2EC) at 2.6 to 12.8 fl oz/a. REI 12 hr. PHI Also see: 14 days. Do not exceed 32 fl oz/a per season. Use of pyrethroid EMERGING PEST: Brown Marmorated Stink Bug—A Pending insecticides during the growing season can disrupt naturally Threat to Pacific Northwest Agriculture occurring biological control and may result in increased populations of some pests. Pest description and crop damage Insects with piercing, sucking ♦♦ clothianidin (Belay) at 4 to 6 fl oz/a. REI 12 hr. PHI 7 days. Do mouthparts and a triangle between the head and the wings. Feeding not exceed 12 fl oz/a per season. Repeated use may induce spider on fruit causes depressions and corky areas. Stink bugs are up to mite buildup. 0.5 inch long and fairly broad with a shield-shaped appearance, the color can vary from green to brown. The most damaging stink bug in western orchards is the consperse stink bug. The adult is pale Pear—Tent caterpillar brown, yellow underneath with red antennae. Brown marmorated Forest caterpillar (Malacosoma distria) stink bug (BMSB) is characterized by white bands on the coal- Western tent caterpillar (Malacosoma californicum) colored antennae and legs; a distinct brown “marbled” color on the Pest description and crop damage The western tent caterpillar back that consists of flecks of different brown colors; red eyes; and and the forest caterpillar are the main tent caterpillar pests in the an underside that may be cream, pink, red, yellow or green. PNW. These insects attack a wide variety of plants, including alder, Biology and life history These insects overwinter as adults and ash, birch, cottonwood, and willow, as well as fruit trees and roses. may migrate into orchards around bloom. Stink bugs have a wide The adult moths are stout-bodied, light to darker brown, and are host range and will feed on many broadleaf weeds. As broadleaf active in early to midsummer. They are attracted to lights at night. weeds around orchards dry up during the summer, stink bugs Larvae of the forest tent caterpillar are about 2 inches long, blue, may migrate into the orchard and feed on the fruit. BMSB adults with black spattered markings as well as white, footprint-shape overwinter in human structures including homes, shops and marks. Larvae of the western tent caterpillar are hairy, dull yellow- outbuildings. Rock outcrops, leaf litter, and dead standing timber brown, with rows of blue and orange spots on the body. Eggs of may also be used as overwintering sites for BMSB. BMSB move these moths are laid on twigs or buildings in masses. These masses out from overwintering sites into orchards in the spring where they are brown to gray, about 0.7 inch long, and look like Styrofoam. may begin to reproduce. They may also migrate in from forest or riparian borders, or other crops throughout the growing season. The larvae of both species feed in large groups on foliage of host plants and can do significant damage by defoliation. Larvae of Pest monitoring Monitoring by limb tapping can aid in detection western tent caterpillars build large silken tents over leaves on but damage to fruit is often the first indication of their presence in which they feed. Larvae of forest tent caterpillars build mats of the orchard. webbing rather than tents. Larvae can totally defoliate small trees, Management—cultural control which may not kill them but reduces growth and makes the trees more susceptible to diseases or harsh weather. Healthy trees usually Establishment and maintenance of a weed free orchard groundcover will grow new leaves by midsummer. Tent caterpillars rarely cause will deter stink bugs. Do not mow cover crops or weeds when enough damage in commercial pear orchards to warrant treatment. stink bugs are present since mowing may cause bugs to disperse

J72 PNW Insect Management Handbook Biology and life history The moths overwinter as egg masses Pear—Thrips on twigs or buildings. The eggs hatch in spring as buds break in April or May. The young larvae feed in groups for 5 to 6 weeks, Includes growing larger and molting four times. As they mature, they split Pear thrips (Taeniothrips inconsequens) into smaller groups and move to new feeding sites in the tree. The Western flower thrips (Frankliniella occidentalis) larvae pupate starting in mid-June, and the adults emerge 7 to 10 Pest description and crop damage Adult western flower days later. The adults mate, and lay overwintering eggs. There is thrips are very small (about 0.04 inch long at maturity), slender one generation per year. insects with fringed wings. They are generally white when young but brown or black when mature. Larvae are very tiny and difficult Pest monitoring Look for egg masses on twigs or other to distinguish without magnification. Pear thrips are also very overwintering sites, and remove them. Masses of young larvae are small (0.06 inch at maturity). Adults of these insects are dark identified easily in early spring. and perceived as mere black specks when observed on foliage. Management—biological control Adult pear thrips have two pairs of wings, but are weak fliers. Consequently, dispersal by adults from one infested area to another Infestations of tent caterpillars occur cyclically as populations of may be attributed to wind currents. The larvae have red eyes and the caterpillars and their predators rise and fall. Tent caterpillars are pale cream to translucent green which makes them difficult to have many natural enemies. Some birds eat the caterpillars, and observe on host foliage. Larvae sometimes congregate in groups small mammals consume the pupae. The larvae of a tachinid fly on the foliage which makes them more conspicuous. Western parasitizes the caterpillars. flower thrips is usually not a problem in pear, however they will Management—cultural control enter blossoms at the full pink stage to feed on pollen, nectar, and Home orchardists: Remove egg masses from twigs or other sites. flower parts; eggs are laid in the flower parts causing oviposition Cut out infested twigs and dip in a bucket of soapy water. scars. Feeding by pear thrips causes blasting of buds and ragging of foliage. This pest has recently become a localized problem in the Management—chemical control: HOME USE Mid-Columbia fruit-growing area, especially in orchards that border Dormant-season spray habitat with native hosts such as maple and other deciduous trees. ♦♦ superior-type oil—Some formulations are OMRI-listed for organic Biology and life history Western flower thrips overwinter as adults use. in ground duff. Thrips usually emerge early, about popcorn stage. Growing-season spray In the spring they seek out flowers where they feed on pollen and ♦♦ azadirachtin (neem oil)—Products containing neem extract may nectar and lay eggs into floral parts. The larvae feed on flowers, be phytoxic to some pear cultivars. Some formulations are OMRI- buds and leaves. When mature, the larvae drop to the ground and listed for organic use. pupate. The adults that emerge may lay eggs on developing fruit. ♦♦ Bacillus thuringiensis var. kurstaki—Some formulations are Under favorable conditions, a complete life cycle may be completed OMRI-listed for organic use. in two weeks. There are several overlapping generations per year. Seasonal migration occurs at various times of the year due to ♦♦ bifenthrin—Highly toxic to bees. destruction or drying up of host plants, and adjacent crops may be ♦♦ carbaryl—Highly toxic to bees. invaded by these insects. Western flower thrips eat pollen and nectar ♦♦ esfenvalerate—Highly toxic to bees. from a wide range of plants (at least 244 species from 62 families). ♦♦ gamma-cyhalothrin—Highly toxic to bees. Pear thrips are a native of Europe and have been a pest since the ♦♦ insecticidal soap—Some formulations OMRI-listed for organic early 1900s on not only tree fruit but an array of forest trees. This use. pest spends most of the winter as an adult female in the soil. Adults ♦♦ kaolin—Applied as a spray to leaves, stems, and fruit, it acts as a emerge in early spring and disperse to a suitable host and crawl repellant to some insect pests. Some formulations are OMRI-listed beneath a swollen bud scale to feed on immature tissue, which they for organic use. can extensively damage. Eggs are laid soon after a suitable host is ♦♦ lambda-cyhalothrin—Highly toxic to bees. located. Following egg hatch, the larvae continue to feed while the ♦♦ malathion—Highly toxic to bees. adult thrips die off. The larvae drop to the soil in late spring and ♦♦ permethrin—Highly toxic to bees. prepare to overwinter. ♦♦ pyrethrins (often as a mix with other ingredients) —Highly toxic Pest monitoring Use a beating tray during pink stage to monitor to bees. Some formulations are OMRI-listed for organic use. and detect immigrating pear thrips along border rows of orchard. ♦♦ spinosad—Some formulations are OMRI-listed for organic use. ♦♦ zeta-cypermethrin—Highly toxic to bees. Management—cultural control Western flower thrips may be reduced by removing as many Management—chemical control: COMMERCIAL USE broadleaf flowering plants as possible from the vicinity of the trees, ♦♦ Chemical control for tent caterpillar is generally not required in as this provides an alternate host. Grass groundcovers around the commercial pear orchards. trees provide competition for clovers and winter annuals that are alternate hosts. Management—chemical control: HOME USE ♦♦ acetamiprid ♦♦ azadirachtin (neem oil)—Products containing neem extract may be phytotoxic to some pear cultivars. Some formulations are OMRI-listed for organic use. ♦♦ bifenthrin—Highly toxic to bees. ♦♦ carbaryl—Highly toxic to bees.

PNW Insect Management Handbook J73 ♦♦ gamma-cyhalothrin—Highly toxic to bees. on the undersides of leaves around the pink stage of flower bud ♦♦ imidacloprid—Highly toxic to bees. development. Eggs are flat and translucent. The first three larval ♦♦ insecticidal soap—Some formulations are OMRI-listed for organic instar stages feed on spongy soft tissue inside the leaves, creating use. blotches visible only on the undersurface of the leaves. Later instars develop by early to mid-May. These feed on the upper surface of ♦♦ kaolin—Applied as a spray to leaves, stems, and fruit, it acts as a repellant to some insect pests. Some formulations are OMRI-listed the leaf beneath the epidermis, spinning silken webs to tie the mine for organic use. together, giving it the characteristic “tentiform” appearance. Larvae then pupate inside the leaf. There are three to four overlapping ♦♦ lambda-cyhalothrin—Highly toxic to bees. generations per year. ♦♦ malathion—Highly toxic to bees. ♦♦ permethrin—Highly toxic to bees. Pest monitoring Eggs and mines can be observed on the leaves but ♦♦ plant-derived essential oils—Some have shown efficacy against no thresholds have been established for this pest in pears. thrips. Some formulations are OMRI-listed for organic use. Management—biological control ♦♦ pyrethrins (often as a mix with other ingredients) —Highly toxic Parasitic wasps, especially Pnigalio flavipes, can provide substantial to bees. Some formulations are OMRI-listed for organic use. natural control of this pest. Leafminer problems may be induced by ♦♦ spinosad—Some formulations are OMRI-listed for organic use. loss of biological control due to broad spectrum insecticides. ♦♦ zeta-cypermethrin—Highly toxic to bees. Management—chemical control: HOME USE Management—chemical control: COMMERCIAL USE ♦♦ acetamiprid Growing-season sprays: ♦♦ bifenthrin—Highly toxic to bees. ♦♦ spinetoram (Delegate WG) at 4.5 to 7 oz/a. REI 4 hr. PHI 7 days. ♦♦ carbaryl—Highly toxic to bees. Do not make more than three applications of Group 5 insecticides ♦♦ esfenvalerate—Highly toxic to bees. (spinosad and spinetoram) for thrips in a season. ♦♦ gamma cyhalothrin—Highly toxic to bees. ♦♦ spinosad (Entrust SC) at 6 to 10 fl oz/a. REI 4 hr. PHI 7 days. Do ♦♦ lambda-cyhalothrin—Highly toxic to bees. not exceed 29 fl oz/a per year. OMRI-listed for organic use. ♦♦ zeta-cypermethrin—Highly toxic to bees. Pear—Western boxelder bug Management—chemical control: COMMERCIAL USE Boisea rubrolineata Chemical control for western tentiform leafminer is generally not required in commercial pear orchards. Pest description and crop damage Insects with piercing, sucking mouthparts. Feeding on fruit causes depressions. Boxelder bug adults are oval shaped, 0.5 inch long, black with red lines. This insect is a minor pest but damage can occur in orchards located near riparian areas or where maple and boxelder trees are present. Biology and life history These sucking bugs overwinter as adults and may migrate into orchards early in the season. Boxelder bugs are often associated with wooded riparian areas; maple and boxelder trees are favored hosts. Pest monitoring Monitoring by limb tapping can aid in detection but fruit inspection is needed to determine if damage is occurring in the orchard. Management—chemical control Insecticides used for other true bug pear pests (e.g. Lygus bugs and stink bugs) may be effective.

Pear—Western tentiform leafminer Phyllonorycter elmaella Pest description and crop damage Adult moths are about 0.12 inch long. The wings are held roof-like over the body and are golden bronze with white bands. Eggs are flat, translucent, and laid on the undersides of leaves. The larvae vary in appearance depending on their age, as they progress through five instars. Young larvae are legless and cream-colored. Older instars have legs and are cylindrical in shape, cream-colored and about 0.12 inch long. Mature larvae are yellow and about 0.18 inch long. The larvae feed within the leaf tissue creating discolored areas on the leaf. If feeding is sufficiently extensive, fruit quality and yield are reduced. This pest is primarily a problem in apples and, secondarily, in cherries and rarely causes significant damage in pears. Biology and life history This insect overwinters as pupae in leaf litter. The adults emerge early in the season and lay eggs

J74 PNW Insect Management Handbook buds, bud scales, or cracks in the bark of twigs and shoots. The life cycles of the other two aphids are roughly similar. Many secondary summer hosts of the leaf curl plum aphid and the thistle aphid are plants in the family Asteraceae, which include chrysanthemum, Plum and Prune Pests mayweed and groundsel. Heather Stoven and Michael R. Bush Pest monitoring Begin observing shoots prior to budbreak, as management is best undertaken early while aphid abundance is still Latest revision—March 2021 low and before the emerging leaves begin to curl about and protect aphid colonies. INCLUDES MANAGEMENT OPTIONS FOR Management—biological control COMMERCIAL AND HOME USE Aphids have many natural enemies, which include lady beetles, syrphid fly larvae, and green lacewings. Avoid broad-spectrum In all cases, follow the instructions on the pesticide label. The PNW insecticide applications that disrupt the life cycles of these natural Insect Management Handbook has no legal status, whereas the enemies. pesticide label is a legal document. Read the product label before Management—cultural control making any pesticide applications. Home orchardists: Wash aphids from plants with a strong stream of water or by hand-wiping. Aphid populations tend to be higher The following management information provides a suggested in plants that are fertilized liberally with nitrogen. Avoid excessive amount of each formulation per acre when applied to mature trees. watering which, together with nitrogen applications, produces The size of trees, amount of foliage, type of equipment used, and flushes of succulent growth. other factors are important in determining the amount of spray to Management—chemical control: HOME USE use per acre. Read carefully the entire label of each material before Dormant-season spray application. Apply only during dormant or delayed-dormant period. Apply with Protect pollinators: See How to Reduce Bee Poisoning from enough water to cover the entire tree thoroughly. Pesticides. ♦♦ horticultural mineral oil—Some formulations are OMRI-listed for Mite identification: See Field Characteristics of Fruit-Tree- organic use. Attacking Spider Mites in the Pacific Northwest. Growing-season spray Note: Products are listed in alphabetical order and not in order Apply when overwintering eggs hatch during prebloom or petal fall. of preference or superiority of pest control. Active ingredients Summer applications should be before leaves curl. marketed under other product names may provide equivalent ♦♦ acetamiprid—Toxic to bees. control, but read product label first to check legal status before making any application. ♦♦ azadirachtin (neem extract)—Some formulations are OMRI-listed for organic use. ♦♦ carbaryl—Highly toxic to bees. Plum and prune—Aphid ♦♦ esfenvalerate—Highly toxic to bees. Hop vine aphid (Phorodon humuli) ♦♦ gamma-cyhalothrin—Highly toxic to bees. Leaf curl plum aphid (Brachycaudus helichrysi) ♦♦ horticultural mineral oil—Some formulations OMRI-listed for Thistle aphid (Brachycaudus cardui) organic use. Pest description and crop damage Several aphid species ♦♦ imidacloprid—Highly toxic to bees. Soil drenches may have attack plums and prunes, including the leaf curl plum aphid, hop residual activity in woody plants lasting for 12 or more months. If vine aphid, and thistle aphid. The leaf curl plum aphid varies short-term management is the goal, consider other approaches. considerably in color from shiny green to brownish-green or ♦♦ insecticidal soap—May require several applications. Some brownish-yellow. Hop vine aphid ranges from green as wingless formulations are OMRI-listed for organic use. adults to near black as winged adults. The thistle aphid is relatively ♦♦ kaolin—Applied as a spray to leaves, stems, and fruit, it acts as a large, shiny green with dark patches on its back. Aphids feed repellant to some insect pests. Some formulations are OMRI-listed initially on the shoot tips, which on young trees can cause stunting for organic use. and malformation of the shoot tips. On older trees, fruit set may ♦♦ lambda-cyhalothrin—Highly toxic to bees. be reduced in subsequent years if populations are high; honeydew ♦♦ plant-derived essential oils—Some have shown efficacy against production can cause sooty mold problems on fruit. aphids. Some formulations are OMRI-listed for organic use. Biology and life history Aphids have a complicated lifecycle ♦♦ pyrethrins (often as a mix with other ingredients)—Highly toxic to that includes multiple host plants, insect life stages and adult bees. Some formulations are OMRI-listed for organic use. forms. The hop aphid overwinters as eggs in crevices and twigs on ♦♦ zeta-cypermethrin—Highly toxic to bees. Prunus trees, the primary hosts. Plum/prune trees are the preferred overwintering hosts, but peaches and cherries are also used. The Management—chemical control: COMMERCIAL USE eggs hatch in late March, and several generations of wingless Apply when aphid eggs hatch during pre-bloom or petal fall. In females feed and reproduce on the plum/prune trees before the summer, apply before leaves curl for best control. Fall sprays can winged females migrate to the secondary host—hops—in May. provide excellent aphid control for the next growing season. Several generations of wingless females are raised on the hops until in August and September. Then winged adults fly back to the Dormant and delayed-dormant spray Prunus hosts and, after mating, lay the overwintering eggs around ♦♦ horticultural mineral oil (rates vary; check product label)—Use

PNW Insect Management Handbook J75 oil sprays during dormant or delayed-dormant period. REI varies; Plum and prune—Cutworm (climbing) check product label. Some formulations are OMRI-listed for organic use. Includes Spotted cutworm (Xestia c-nigrum) Prebloom spray Variegated cutworm (Peridroma saucia) ♦♦ diazinon (Diazinon 50W) at 1 lb/100 gal water (4 lb/a). REI 4 days. Do not exceed one in-season foliar application per growing Pest description and crop damage Several species of cutworms season. attack tree fruits. The adults are large moths ranging in color from gray to brown with spots on the wings. These moths are attracted Spring and summer spray to lights. Larvae are dirty white, reddish, gray or black caterpillars ♦♦ acetamiprid (Assail 30SG) at 2.5 to 5.3 oz/a. REI 12 hr. PHI 7 up to 2 inches long. The larvae of these moths feed on buds and days. leaves, chewing holes in buds and ragged holes out of leaves. They ♦♦ imidacloprid (Prey 1.6F, Nuprid 1.6F) at 2 fl oz/100 gal water (4 to also feed on the growing tips, particularly on small trees or in high 8 fl oz/a). REI 12 hr. PHI 7 days.Warning: Toxic to bees. Do not density plantings. On larger trees, most of the feeding is on the use until pollination is complete and bees have left the orchard. lower branches, and may be concentrated to a few stems or limbs, ♦♦ spirotetramat (Movento, Ultor)—Product formulations vary, check while other stems are undamaged. label for rates. REI 24 hr. PHI 7 days. Biology and life history Weeds are the preferred source of food for ♦♦ thiamethoxam/chlorantraniliprole (Voliam Flexi) at 4 to 7 oz/a. Do these larvae, and eggs typically are laid on weeds around the trees. not apply exceed 14 oz/a of Voliam Flexi per season. REI 12 hr. Depending on species, they may overwinter as pupae or larvae in PHI 14 days. the soil. The larvae spend the day in the soil, and then climb up the Postharvest spray tree during the day to feed, often following the same path. ♦♦ diazinon (Diazinon 50W) at 1 lb/100 gal water (4 lb/a). REI 4 Management—cultural control days. Do not exceed one in-season foliar application per growing season. Control weeds, grasses, and debris in the orchard that provide cover. Encourage natural enemies of cutworms like birds and spiders. If practical, seek out and hand-pick cutworm larvae, at night using a Plum and prune—Apple-and-thorn flashlight to find them. Scratch the soil at the base of plants to find skeletonizer larvae in the daytime. Caterpillars are trapped by tying plastic wrap Choreutis pariana tightly around branches and trunk, then applying a sticky adhesive to the plastic wrap. Remove these wraps in the fall. Pest description and crop damage Adult moth is reddish brown with a wingspread less than 0.5 inch, and irregular light and dark Management—chemical control: HOME USE bands on the wings. Larvae are 0.5 inch long, yellowish to greenish, ♦♦ azadirachtin (neem oil)—Some formulations are OMRI-listed for with black spots and a yellow-brown head. Pupae are yellow to organic use brown with a white silken cocoon. The larvae skeletonize and roll ♦♦ carbaryl—Highly toxic to bees. leaves. They also feed on apple, crabapple, cherry, and hawthorn. ♦♦ esfenvalerate—Highly toxic to bees. Biology and life history Adult moths overwinter in crevices ♦♦ gamma-cyhalothrin—Highly toxic to bees. in the tree. They lay eggs in small bunches on the undersides of ♦♦ imidacloprid—Plum only. Highly toxic to bees. Soil drenches leaves. The larvae emerge and feed on the undersides of the leaves, may have residual activity in woody plants lasting for 12 or more then move to the top surface and feed there, often tying the sides months. If short-term management is the goal, consider other together creating a “rolled” effect. There is often more than one approaches. caterpillar in the roll, and the leaf ends up skeletonized. After 3 to ♦♦ insecticidal soap—May require several applications. Some 4 weeks, they pupate in the rolled leaf. Adults emerge after about 2 formulations are OMRI-listed for organic use. weeks to start a new generation. There are at least two generations ♦♦ kaolin—Applied as a spray to leaves, stems, and fruit, it acts as a per year. repellant to some insect pests. Some formulations are OMRI-listed for organic use. Pest monitoring Watch for signs of skeletonizing, which from a ♦♦ lambda-cyhalothrin—Highly toxic to bees. distance looks like the leaf tips have been burned. ♦♦ pyrethrins—Highly toxic to bees. Some formulations are OMRI- Management—biological control listed for organic use. There are many natural enemies of this pest. Avoid broad-spectrum ♦♦ spinosad—Toxic to bees. Some formulations are OMRI-listed for sprays that would disrupt this system. organic use. ♦♦ zeta-cypermethrin—Highly toxic to bees. Management—cultural control Management—chemical control: COMMERCIAL USE Home orchardists: Larvae and pupae are removed easily from rolled leaves. Remove heavily infested twigs. Dormant and delayed-dormant spray ♦♦ chlorpyrifos (Lorsban 4E) at 0.5 pint/100 gal water (2 to 4 pint/a). Management—chemical control: HOME USE Apply at dormant or delayed-dormant only and do not exceed There are no products registered for control of this pest in home one application per year. REI 4 days. Spray base of tree; also garden plums and prunes. mow down grass and weeds. Do not graze in treated orchards. Extremely toxic to fish and aquatic invertebrates; avoid spray drift Management—chemical control: COMMERCIAL USE and runoff to surface waters. RESTRICTED USE IN OREGON. Typically, not a pest problem in commercial orchards.

J76 PNW Insect Management Handbook Plum and prune—Earwig ♦♦ pyrethrins (often as a mix with other ingredients)—Some formulations are OMRI-listed for organic use. Forficula spp., primarily the European earwig (Forficula auricularia) ♦♦ spinosad—Some formulations are OMRI-listed for organic use. ♦♦ zeta-cypermethrin Pest description and crop damage Earwigs are elongate, flattened, reddish-brown insects about 0.75 inch long. They are Management—chemical control: COMMERCIAL USE identified by the forceps-like pincers on the end of the abdomen. Dormant and delayed-dormant spray They have chewing mouthparts and may be winged or wingless. ♦♦ carbaryl (Carbaryl 4L) at 2 to 3 quarts/a product. REI 12 hr. Young earwigs (nymphs) are similar in appearance, but are white Spray around bases of trees and trunk. Extremely toxic to aquatic to olive green and lack wings. Earwigs are harmless to humans or invertebrates; avoid spray drift and runoff to surface waters. animals, though they may give a slight pinch with their pincers. They can emit a foul-smelling liquid if alarmed. Earwigs feed primarily on decaying organic matter and are quite beneficial in that Plum and prune—Eyespotted bud moth they consume small insects. However, they also may chew small Spilonota ocellana holes in the leaves and fruit of stone and pome fruits. Pest description and crop damage Adults are grayish moths about Biology and life history Earwigs overwinter just below the soil 0.4 inch long with a wide white band on each forewing. Larvae surface as both eggs and adults. In spring, females lay 20 to 50 are chocolate-brown with black heads, and up to 1 inch long. The smooth white to cream-colored eggs in the soil. The young grow eyespotted bud moth is principally a pest in Oregon. through four to five nymphal stages until they reach adults by late Biology and life history Larvae spend the winter in a cocoon on the summer. In fall, females may lay more eggs. Earwigs are active bark in the crotches of small-diameter limbs. They become active at night. During the day, they hide in moist, shady places such as around budbreak and feed on leaves and buds, webbing together compost piles or beneath stones, boards, and debris. They rarely leaves and flower petals, then feeding within these “nests”. After fly, but can move rapidly or be moved by lumber, cars, luggage, or feeding they pupate within the nest and adult moths emerge in early other means. At night, earwigs are attracted to lights. to mid-summer. Eggs are laid on the lower surface of leaves. The Pest monitoring If you see damage to young leaves, you can larvae emerge and feed on the lower leaf surface until early August, at confirm the presence of earwigs by placing a sheet of corrugated which time they construct their overwintering cocoons (hibernacula). cardboard, hollow bamboo cane, sections of old garden hose, or Pest monitoring Look for larvae in nests of webbed-together similar material on the ground that provide shelter for earwigs. leaves in the spring. Check the materials each morning for presence of earwigs. Infestations spread slowly, as earwigs rarely fly. Management—chemical control: HOME USE ♦♦ carbaryl—Highly toxic to bees. Management—cultural control ♦♦ pyrethrins—Plum only. —Highly toxic to bees. Home Orchardists: Cultivation of the soil in early spring in areas where earwigs are present will disturb nests and expose eggs to Management—chemical control: COMMERCIAL USE predators. Do not allow debris and decaying organic matter to Growing-season spray accumulate in the garden. Earwigs are trapped with Tanglefoot, ♦♦ carbaryl (Carbaryl 4L) at 2 to 3 quarts/a. REI 12 hr. PHI 3 days. “stickem,” or a similar material applied to the trunk of the tree Extremely toxic to aquatic invertebrates; avoid spray drift and to prevent their crawling up. Before emergence of the nymphs, runoff to surface waters. wrap the trunk tightly with plastic wrap to ensure that earwigs do ♦♦ spinosad (Entrust SC) at 4 to 8 fl oz/a. REI 4 hr. PHI 1 day. Results not crawl beneath the wrap. Apply the Tanglefoot to the plastic are best when applied at petal fall. May act slowly. OMRI-listed wrap, not the tree, as it can soften bark. Remove these bands for organic use. before winter. Earwigs may be trapped following the monitoring techniques described above. Empty traps each morning into a pail of water topped with detergent. Earwigs are attracted strongly to Plum and prune—Grape mealybug fish oil and to some extent vegetable oil. Earwigs are trapped by Pseudococcus maritimus filling a shallow container with the oil and burying it in soil up to Pest description and crop damage The newly-hatched nymphs its rim. (or crawlers) are purplish and covered with a powdery wax coating. Management—biological control As the nymphs get older, the coating gets thicker, a fringe of wax filaments develops and they become more sedentary. The adult Tachinid fly larvae are parasites of earwigs. female is wingless and looks similar to a nymph. It can be up to Management—chemical control: HOME USE 3/16 inch long. It has a well-developed ring of waxy filaments ♦♦ azadirachtin (neem oil)—Some formulations are OMRI-listed for around the sides of its body. Mealybug damage results from the organic use. honeydew it secretes. Honeydew is cast off in small droplets and ♦♦ carbaryl—Apply around trunk at ground level only. falls down through the canopy. ♦♦ gamma-cyhalothrin Biology and life history Grape mealybug overwinters as crawlers ♦♦ insecticidal soap—Some formulations are OMRI-listed for organic in egg sacs beneath bark scales and in cracks. Crawlers start use. emerging from egg sacs at the beginning of bud swell and begin ♦♦ kaolin—Applied as a spray to leaves, stems, and fruit, it acts as a feeding on the bases of buds. As buds open, crawlers go directly repellant to some insect pests. Some formulations are OMRI-listed to new shoots and leaves. Once settled, the crawlers start feeding for organic use. and become progressively harder to kill. First generation nymphs ♦♦ plant-derived essential oils—Some formulations are OMRI-listed mature during late June and July in the Pacific Northwest. For each for organic use. generation, winged adult males emerge first. Later, wingless female mealybugs emerge and release a pheromone to attract males. Then

PNW Insect Management Handbook J77 the mated females migrate to sheltered areas, lay eggs and die in Management—chemical control: HOME USE the egg sac. A partial second generation matures in late August ♦♦ acetamiprid-—Toxic to bees. and September. Nymphs of this generation sometimes settle in or ♦♦ azadirachtin (neem extract)—Some formulations are OMRI-listed around the fruit calyx. for organic use. Management—biological control ♦♦ carbaryl—Highly toxic to bees. ♦♦ esfenvalerate—Highly toxic to bees. Few reports are available on the effectiveness of natural enemies in keeping mealybug populations at levels below economic damage ♦♦ gamma-cyhalothrin—Highly toxic to bees. in the PNW. Parasitic wasps, predatory bugs, predatory beetles, ♦♦ horticultural mineral oil—Some formulations OMRI-listed for lacewings, and spiders can take a considerable toll of mealybugs organic use. when few broad-spectrum chemicals are used. A lady beetle, ♦♦ imidacloprid—Highly toxic to bees. Soil drenches may have known as the “mealybug destroyer” (Cryptolaemus montrouzieri), residual activity in woody plants lasting for 12 or more months. If is considered an effective predator of mealybugs worldwide. It is short-term management is the goal, consider other approaches. available from some insectaries. ♦♦ insecticidal soap—May require several applications. Some formulations are OMRI-listed for organic use. Management—chemical control: HOME USE ♦♦ kaolin—Applied as a spray to leaves, stems, and fruit, it acts as a ♦♦ acetamiprid—Toxic to bees. repellant to some insect pests. Some formulations are OMRI-listed ♦♦ azadirachtin (neem oil)—Plum only. Some formulations are for organic use. OMRI-listed for organic use. ♦♦ lambda-cyhalothrin—Highly toxic to bees. ♦♦ pyrethrins—Highly toxic to bees. Some formulations are OMRI- ♦♦ plant-derived essential oils—Some have shown efficacy against listed for organic use. leafhoppers. Some formulations are OMRI-listed for organic use. Management—chemical control: COMMERCIAL USE ♦♦ pyrethrins (often as a mix with other ingredients)—Highly toxic to Prebloom spray bees. Some formulations are OMRI-listed for organic use. ♦♦ diazinon (Diazinon 50W) at 1 lb/100 gal water (4 lb/a). REI 4 ♦♦ zeta-cypermethrin—Highly toxic to bees. days. Do not exceed one in-season application per growing season. Management—chemical control: COMMERCIAL USE Spring and summer spray Spring and summer spray ♦♦ acetamiprid (Assail 30SG) at 8 oz/a. REI 12 hr. PHI 7 days. ♦♦ carbaryl (Carbaryl 4L) at 2 to 3 quarts/a. REI 12 hr. PHI 3 days. ♦♦ imidacloprid (Prey 1.6F, Nuprid 1.6F) at 4 to 8 fl oz/a. REI 12 hr. Extremely toxic to aquatic invertebrates; avoid spray drift and PHI 7 days. Warning: Toxic to bees. Do not use until pollination is runoff to surface waters. complete and bees have left the orchard. ♦♦ esfenvalerate (Asana XL) at 5 to 12 fl oz/a. REI 12 hr. PHI 14 ♦♦ spirotetramat (Movento, Ultor)—Product formulations vary, check days. Extremely toxic to fish and aquatic invertebrates; avoid label for rates. REI 24 hr. PHI 7 days. spray drift and runoff to surface waters. ♦♦ thiamethoxam/chlorantraniliprole (Voliam Flexi) at 4 to 7 oz/a. Do Plum and prune—Leafhopper not apply exceed 14 oz/a of Voliam Flexi per season. REI 12 hr. PHI 14 days. Includes Rose leafhopper (Edwardsiana rosae) White apple leafhopper (Typhlocyba pomaria) Plum and prune—Leafroller Pest description and crop damage The common leafhopper European (filbert) leafroller Archips( rosana) pest in the PNW is the white apple leafhopper, although a very Fruittree leafroller (Archips argyrospila) similar-appearing insect, the rose leafhopper, is also present. Other Obliquebanded leafroller (Choristoneura rosaceana) species are found throughout the Pacific Northwest. Adults are Pandemis leafroller (Pandemis pyrusana) about 0.2 inch long, white to yellow in color, with wings held tent- Pest description and crop damage There are several species like over the body. Nymphs are light green and may move rapidly of leafroller pests of tree fruits. The larvae of these moth species if disturbed. Adults and nymphs suck juices from leaves, causing can use native plants as hosts as well as fruit trees. They all cause stippling and mottling on leaves. Damage usually is most noticeable similar damage to the trees, but differ in their appearance and in on poorly cared-for trees. In general, this pest is a minor problem, their life cycle. The principal leafroller pests of fruit trees can be and even high populations rarely cause yield loss. May become a divided into single-generation moths, such as the fruittree leafroller nuisance pest during fruit harvest. and the European leafroller, and two-generation moths, such as the obliquebanded leafroller and pandemis leafroller. Adults of these Biology and life history The insect overwinters as eggs just species range from fawn-color to dark brown. There are distinctive beneath the bark on 1 to 5 year-old twigs in the trees. Presence of bands or mottling on the wings. Wingspans range from 0.75 to 1 the eggs is indicated by characteristic crescent-shape swellings in inch. The larvae of these species are all green caterpillars with a the bark. Eggs hatch at about the tight cluster stage (late March to light brown to black head, depending on the species. Larvae roll mid-April), and nymphs feed for several weeks. Adults are flying and tie leaves together for shelter and feeding. They thrash about by late May and can be observed from then until frost, when they violently when disturbed and may drop from the leaf suspended are killed. Overwintering eggs are laid in September. There are two by a silken thread. Feeding on growing points on young plants can generations per year. promote undesirable branching. Larvae also feed on the surface of Pest monitoring As a minor pest, monitoring is not necessary, the fruit, causing deep, russeted scars. although presence of the adults can be confirmed by early morning Biology and life history The single-generation leafrollers limb taps. overwinter as egg masses on twigs and branches. Eggs hatch in Management—biological control spring as buds are opening until petal fall. The larvae feed for 4 to 6 weeks, then pupate in the rolled leaves and emerge as moths Parasitic wasps provide some control over leafhopper populations. J78 PNW Insect Management Handbook in early summer. The overwintering eggs are laid in July. Two- Bloom spray generation leafrollers overwinter as immature larvae under the bark ♦♦ Bacillus thuringiensis var. kurstaki—Check labels for rates. REI on scaffold branches of a variety of host plants. Larvae may feed 4 hr. Bt products work best if temperatures exceed 50°F over 3 during warm periods in winter but become most active in spring consecutive days. Some formulations are OMRI-listed for organic with onset of new growth. They feed for several weeks, and then use. pupate in rolled leaves. Adult moths emerge in late April to May. Spring and summer spray These lay eggs for the next generation. The next generation hatches ♦♦ Bacillus thuringiensis var. kurstaki—Check labels for rates. REI 4 in early summer and does the most damage. hr. PHI 0 days. Bt products work best if temperatures exceed 50°F Pest monitoring Observe early spring growth for rolled leaves and over 3 consecutive days. Apply sprays 14 to 21 days apart. Some feeding damage on new growth. formulations are OMRI-listed for organic use. ♦♦ flubendiamide+buprofezin (Tourismo) at 10 to 14 fl oz/a. REI 12 Management—biological control hr. PHI 14 days. Very low temperatures in winter significantly reduce overwintering ♦♦ methoxyfenozide (Intrepid 2F) at 8 to 16 fl oz/a. REI 4 hr. PHI populations of larvae. Spiders and parasitic wasps, as well as 7 days. For each generation, apply when egg hatch begins and predators like the brown lacewing, greatly reduce leafroller before larvae enter fruit. Reapply in 10 to 14 days to ensure populations throughout the year. complete coverage of rapidly expanding fruits or foliage, or under conditions of high infestation or sustained moth flight. Management—cultural control ♦♦ spinetoram (Delegate WG) at 4.5 to 7 oz/a. REI 4 hr. PHI 1 day. Home orchardists: Hand-pick rolled leaves containing larvae or ♦♦ spinosad (Entrust SC) at 4 to 8 fl oz/a. REI 4 hr. PHI 1 day. Results pupae. Removal of overwintering sites, such as rolled leaves on the are best when applied at petal fall. May act slowly. OMRI-listed ground can reduce next year’s population. for organic use. Management—chemical control: HOME USE ♦♦ thiamethoxam+chlorantraniliprole (Voliam Flexi) at 4 to 7 oz/a. Do not apply exceed 14 oz/a of Voliam Flexi per season. REI 12 Dormant spray hr. PHI 14 days. ♦♦ horticultural mineral oil—Some formulations are OMRI-listed for organic use. Resistance management Leafrollers can develop resistance rapidly to chemical controls. Growing-season spray Warning: Many pesticides are hazardous to bees. Look for bee precautionary statements on product labels and do not use these Plum and prune—Lesser appleworm products during bloom or if bees are foraging in the orchard. Grapholita prunivora ♦♦ azadirachtin (neem oil)—Some formulations OMRI-listed for Pest description and crop damage This is a tortricid pest similar organic use. in habits to Oriental fruit moth. The larvae feed inside the fruit, ♦♦ carbaryl—Highly toxic to bees. often entering through the calyx end. ♦♦ esfenvalerate—Highly toxic to bees. Biology and life history The lesser appleworm prefers host plants in ♦♦ gamma-cyhalothrin—Highly toxic to bees. the rose family, including crabapples, hawthorn, wild rose and others. ♦♦ horticultural mineral oil—Some formulations OMRI-listed for It overwinters as a mature larva at the base of host plants or under organic use. bark scales. The adults begin to emerge in April, and females lay eggs ♦♦ kaolin—Applied as a spray to leaves, stems, and fruit, it acts as a on leaves or the fruit surface. The larvae feed on the fruit for about repellant to some insect pests. Some formulations are OMRI-listed three weeks, and then pupate at the base of the tree or under bark for organic use. scales. Second-generation adults appear in late spring. These also lay ♦♦ lambda-cyhalothrin—Highly toxic to bees. eggs on the fruit. Late in the season, mature larvae spin cocoons to ♦♦ plant-derived essential oils—Some have shown efficacy against overwinter. leafrollers. Some formulations are OMRI-listed for organic use. Management—chemical control: HOME USE ♦♦ pyrethrins (often as a mix with other ingredients)—Highly toxic to ♦♦ acetamiprid bees. Some formulations are OMRI-listed for organic use. ♦♦ carbaryl ♦♦ spinosad—Highly toxic to bees. Some formulations are OMRI- ♦♦ esfenvalerate listed for organic use. ♦♦ gamma-cyhalothrin ♦♦ zeta-cypermethrin—Highly toxic to bees. ♦♦ kaolin—Applied as a spray to leaves, stems, and fruit, it acts as a Management—chemical control: COMMERCIAL USE repellant to some insect pests. Some formulations are OMRI-listed Dormant and delayed-dormant spray for organic use. ♦♦ horticultural mineral oil (rates vary; check product label)—Use oil ♦♦ lambda-cyhalothrin at this concentration only in the dormant period. REI varies; check ♦♦ pyrethrins—Plum only. product label. Some formulations are OMRI-listed for organic use. ♦♦ zeta-cypermethrin Prepink spray Management—chemical control: COMMERCIAL USE ♦♦ spinetoram (Delegate WG) at 4.5 to 7 oz/a. REI 4 hr. Lesser appleworm is not currently a problem in commercial orchards. ♦♦ spinosad (Entrust SC) at 4 to 8 fl oz/a. REI 4 hr. Results are best when applied at petal fall. May act slowly. OMRI-listed for organic use. ♦♦ thiamethoxam/chlorantraniliprole (Voliam Flexi) at 4 to 7 oz/a. Do not apply exceed 14 oz/a of Voliam Flexi per season. REI 12 hr. PHI 14 days.

PNW Insect Management Handbook J79 Plum and prune—Lygus bug and stink bug Spring and summer spray ♦♦ esfenvalerate (Asana XL) at 5 to 14 fl oz/a. REI 12 hr. PHI 14 Brown marmorated stink bug (Halymorpha halys) days. Extremely toxic to fish and aquatic invertebrates; avoid Consperse stink bug (Euschistus conspersus) spray drift and runoff to surface waters. Western boxelder bug (Boisea rubrolineata) Western tarnished plant bug (Lygus hesperus) and other Lygus spp. ♦♦ lambda-cyhalothrin (Warrior II) at 1.28 to 2.56 fl oz/a. REI 24 hr. PHI 14 days. May disrupt beneficial mite populations. Extremely Pest description and crop damage Adult stink bugs are all toxic to fish; avoid spray drift and surface runoff. shield-shaped, with a triangle-shaped section in the middle of their ♦♦ thiamethoxam+chlorantraniliprole (Voliam Flexi) at 6 to 7 oz/a. backs. They are generally up to about 0.5-0.6 inch long. The name Do not apply exceed 14 oz/a of Voliam Flexi per season. REI 12 stink bug refers to the strong odor the insects can emit if alarmed. hr. PHI 14 days. The consperse stink bug is pale brown, yellow underneath with red antennae. Brown marmorated stink bugs (BMSB) are brown, See also, in this Handbook: resemble tree bark, with alternating white bands on the antennae. EMERGING PEST: Brown Marmorated Stink Bug—A Pending The western boxelder bug is about 0.5 inch long and one-third Threat to Pacific Northwest Agriculture as wide. Adults are mostly black and have three red lines on the For more information pronotum of the thorax (one down the center) and several fine red lines on each wing. The wings lie flat on the bug’s back when it Brown Marmorated Stink Bug (https://catalog.extension.oregonstate. is at rest. The abdomen is red. The young nymphs are bright red edu/em9054) and when about half-grown become marked with black and begin Brown Marmorated Stink Bug (http://treefruit.wsu.edu/crop- to develop black wing pads. Adult lygus bugs are oval, about 0.19 protection/opm/brown-marmorated-stink-bug) inch long with a light yellow ‘V’ on the back. The bugs feed on developing leaves, flowers and fruit, which kills the tissue around the feeding site. They pierce fruit and cause “catfacing.” Plum and prune—Pacific flatheaded borer Biology and life history Adults overwinter in groundcover. They Chrysobothris mali feed early in the season on weeds and may move later into other Pest description and crop damage The Pacific flatheaded borer host plants. Stink bug damage is worse in dry summers, when is a pest of many different trees and shrubs, including most fruit alternative hosts dry up sooner in the season. trees. Adults are reddish bronze beetles with copper-colored spots Management—cultural control on wing covers, and about 0.25 to 0.5 inch long. Larvae are whitish to pale yellow and about 0.5 inch long when fully developed. Just Eliminate weeds that serve as protection and food for the bugs early behind the head of the larvae is a broad, flat enlargement giving a in the season. “flat-headed” appearance. Larvae feed beneath the bark and may Management—chemical control: HOME USE girdle the trunks and branches of trees. Young, recently planted trees are most susceptible. Trees that are stressed because of Warning: Many pesticides are hazardous to bees. Look for bee drought or other causes are also vulnerable. precautionary statements on product labels and do not use these products during bloom or if bees are foraging in the orchard. Biology and life history The insects overwinter in host plants ♦♦ acetamiprid—Stink bug only. Toxic to bees. as mature larvae. In spring, they pupate and then bore exit holes in the tree. They emerge usually from May to June. Females lay ♦♦ azadirachtin (neem oil)—Some formulations are OMRI-listed for eggs from June through July in crevices in the bark, usually on the organic use. sunny side of tree trunks below the lowest branches. Stressed trees ♦♦ carbaryl—Highly toxic to bees. are the preferred egg-laying site. The larvae hatch, burrow into the ♦♦ esfenvalerate—Highly toxic to bees. wood, and feed on the cambial and vascular tissues until full grown. ♦♦ gamma-cyhalothrin—Highly toxic to bees. Burrows are characteristically broad and irregular. ♦♦ imidacloprid—Highly toxic to bees. Use only on plum with stink Pest monitoring Watch for depressions in the bark or cracks bug. Soil drenches may have residual activity in woody plants lasting for 12 or more months. If short-term management is the through which frass (excrement) may be seen. goal, consider other approaches. Management—biological control ♦♦ kaolin—Applied as a spray to leaves, stems, and fruit, it acts as a Birds peck the larvae from under the bark with their beaks. Some repellant to some insect pests. Some formulations are OMRI-listed wasp parasites attack the borer. Carpenter ants eat both larvae and for organic use. pupae from the wood. ♦♦ lambda-cyhalothrin—Highly toxic to bees. Prune only. ♦♦ pyrethrins (often as a mix with other ingredients)—Highly toxic to Management—cultural control bees. Some formulations are OMRI-listed for organic use. Beetles are attracted to weakened, sunburned, or injured parts of ♦♦ zeta-cypermethrin—Highly toxic to bees. the trunk and lay eggs in cracks on bark exposed to the sun. Protect young, newly planted trees from sunburn by white-washing, paper Management—chemical control: COMMERCIAL USE trunk protectors, or shading the trunks with boards. Follow good Prebloom spray pruning, watering, and fertilization practices. Keeping weeds, grass, ♦♦ esfenvalerate (Asana XL) at 5 to 14 fl oz/a. REI 12 hr. Extremely and trash from the base of the trees makes it easier to detect and toxic to fish and aquatic invertebrates; avoid spray drift and runoff remove borers. Remove infested limbs and any nearby firewood to surface waters. that may contain borers. ♦♦ lambda-cyhalothrin (Warrior II) at 1.28 to 2.56 fl oz/a. REI 24 hr. May disrupt beneficial mite populations. Extremely toxic to fish; Management—chemical control: HOME USE avoid spray drift and surface runoff. ♦♦ imidacloprid—Plum only. Soil drenches may have residual activity in woody plants lasting for 12 or more months. If short- term management is the goal, consider other approaches.

J80 PNW Insect Management Handbook ♦♦ pyrethrins—Some formulations are OMRI-listed for organic use. Plum and prune—Peach twig borer ♦♦ zeta-cypermethrin Anarsia lineatella Management—chemical control: COMMERCIAL USE Pest description and crop damage Peach twig borer is a European No effective insecticides are registered. insect first found in California in the 1880s. It is a major pest of apricots, peaches, plums, and prunes. There are no native hosts outside the orchard. The adult is a gray moth with white and dark Plum and prune—Peachtree borer scales, about 0.33 to 0.5 inch long. The larva is a caterpillar, about Synanthedon exitiosa 0.5 inch long, with a dark brown head and distinctive, alternating light and dark bands on the body. The pupa is smooth and brown. Pest description and crop damage Adult is a steel-blue, clear- The larva of the borer causes injury to fruit and trees. Feeding on winged moth. The female is similar in appearance, but has smoky- the buds and twigs occurs early in the season, after which the larva colored wings and an orange band around her abdomen. Adult flight bores into the shoots, causing a characteristic “flagging” or wilting is usually from late June through September and eggs are laid at or of new growth. Later generations of larvae feed on shoots or fruit, on the base of the fruit tree. Larvae burrow in the crown and roots, disfiguring the fruit. Flagging of twigs indicates an infestation. girdle young trees, and weaken others. A single larva can girdle a newly-planted fruit tree. Larval presence can best be detected by Biology and life history The borer overwinters as an immature globs of gum mixed with a granular brown frass (excrement) that larva in tunnels constructed in the crotches of twigs and branches. appear at the base of infested fruit trees. Full-grown larvae are 1 to These overwintering sites can be identified by the small chimneys 1.5 inch long with a whitish body and a brown head. of frass (excrement) and wood fragments produced by the feeding Management—cultural control of the larvae. Larvae become active at the pink bud stage and emerge to feed on buds and young leaves before boring into a shoot. Protect the base of the fruit tree from larval entry by placing a These larvae eventually leave the mined shoot to pupate. Adults plastic or metal cone or barrier around it before egg laying begins. then emerge in mid- to late May. Eggs are laid on fruit, shoots, or The cone should be pushed 1 to 2 inches into the soil and should fit undersides of leaves. Eggs are yellowish-white to orange. The eggs snugly around the trunk at the top to prevent the tiny larvae from hatch, and these larva feed and mature on shoots and immature getting beneath it. Alternatively, if there are only one or a few peach fruit. The next adult flight is in mid-July. Some of the larvae from trees in a home orchard, it may be quicker and cheaper to control this flight will overwinter, and the rest will produce a partial third this insect by “worming.” Use a pocket knife, wire or some pointed flight. instrument to remove dirt around the tree and dig out the larvae. Pest monitoring Check for overwintering sites on small trees. Management—chemical control Otherwise, examine shoots in late April or early May. Wilted shoots Spray applications, and more importantly pesticide residues, on are easy to spot, and you should open them to check for larvae. the trunk of the tree can prevent newly-hatched larvae from boring Management—biological control beneath the tree bark and entering the woody trunk where they are protected from all insecticide sprays. Tiny parasitic chalcid wasps are active in orchards at shuck fall that parasitize moth eggs while braconid wasps parasitize borers within Management—chemical control: HOME USE plant tissues. ♦♦ azadirachtin (neem oil)—Some formulations are OMRI-listed for organic use. Management—cultural control ♦♦ gamma-cyhalothrin Home Orchardists: Cut out mined shoots below the wilted area to ♦♦ kaolin—Applied as a spray to leaves, stems, and fruit, it acts as a eliminate larvae. Overwintering larvae may be found and destroyed repellant to some insect pests. Some formulations are OMRI-listed under thin bark in branch crotches. Look for a buildup of chewed for organic use. bark and frass (excrement) when monitoring. ♦♦ lambda-cyhalothrin Warning: Many pesticides are hazardous to bees. Look for bee ♦♦ pyrethrin—Some formulations are OMRI-listed for organic use. precautionary statements on product labels and do not use these ♦♦ zeta-cypermethrin products during bloom or if bees are foraging in the orchard. Management—chemical control: COMMERCIAL USE Management—chemical control: HOME USE Spring and summer sprays ♦♦ acetamiprid—Toxic to bees. ♦♦ esfenvalerate (Asana XL) at 4.8 to 14.5 fl oz/a. REI 12 hr. PHI ♦♦ azadirachtin (neem oil)—Some formulations OMRI-listed for 14 days. Extremely toxic to fish and aquatic invertebrates; avoid organic use. spray drift and runoff to surface waters. ♦♦ carbaryl—Highly toxic to bees. ♦♦ lambda-cyhalothrin (Warrior II) at 1.28 to 2.56 fl oz/a. REI 24 hr. ♦♦ esfenvalerate—Highly toxic to bees. PHI 14 days. May disrupt beneficial mite populations. Extremely ♦♦ gamma-cyhalothrin—Highly toxic to bees. toxic to fish; avoid spray drift and surface runoff. ♦♦ kaolin—Applied as a spray to leaves, stems, and fruit, it acts as a ♦♦ Isomate P at 100 to 250 dispensers/a. These dispensers release a repellant to some insect pests. Some formulations are OMRI-listed synthetic insect pheromone that disrupts moth mating. Dispensers for organic use. must be placed in the orchard before adult mating and egg-laying ♦♦ lambda-cyhalothrin—Highly toxic to bees. flight begins in late June or when the first moths are captured in pheromone traps. Careful scouting and monitoring are necessary ♦♦ pyrethrins—Highly toxic to bees. Some formulations are OMRI- to use this product effectively. listed for organic use. ♦♦ spinosad—Toxic to bees. Some formulations are OMRI-listed for organic use. ♦♦ zeta-cypermethrin—Highly toxic to bees.

PNW Insect Management Handbook J81 Management—chemical control: COMMERCIAL USE Management—chemical control: HOME USE Prebloom spray Dormant-season spray ♦♦ flubendiamide+buprofezin (Tourismo) at 10 to 14 fl oz/a. REI 12 ♦♦ horticultural mineral oil—Some formulations are OMRI-listed for hr. organic use.. ♦♦ spinetoram (Delegate WG) at 3 to 7 oz/a. REI 4 hr. Growing-season spray ♦♦ spinosad (Entrust SC) at 4 to 8 fl oz/a. REI 4 hr. Results are ♦♦ sulfur—Some formulations are OMRI-listed for organic use. best when applied at petal fall. May act slowly. OMRI-listed for organic use. Management—chemical control: COMMERCIAL USE Spring and summer spray Dormant to delayed-dormant spray ♦♦ Bacillus thuringiensis var. kurstaki—Check labels for rates. REI 4 ♦♦ horticultural mineral oil (rates vary; check product label)—Use hr. PHI 0 days. Bt products work best if temperatures exceed 50°F oil at the highest concentration only in the dormant period. REI over 3 consecutive days. varies; check product label. Some formulations are OMRI-listed for organic use. ♦♦ diazinon (Diazinon 50W) at 1 lb/100 gal water (4 lb/a). REI 4 days. PHI 21 days. Do not exceed one in-season foliar application Spring and summer sprays per growing season. ♦♦ abamectin (Abamex) at 2.5 to 5 fl oz/100 gal (10 to 20 fl oz/a). ♦♦ flubendiamide+buprofezin (Tourismo) at 10 to 14 fl oz/a. REI 12 REI 12 hr. PHI 21 days. Apply when mites first appear. Do not hr. PHI 14 days. exceed two applications of abamectin products per season. ♦♦ phosmet (Imidan 70W) at 2.13 to 4.25 lb/a. REI 7 days. PHI 14 ♦♦ elemental sulfur (rates vary; check product label)—REI 24 hr. No days. Mechanical harvest permitted 7 days after application. PHI listed. Some formulations OMRI-listed for organic use. ♦♦ spinetoram (Delegate WG) at 4.5 to 7 oz/a. REI 4 hr. PHI 1 day. ♦♦ pyridaben (Nexter) at 10.67 oz/a. REI 12 hr. PHI 7 days. Do not ♦♦ spinosad (Entrust SC) at 4 to 8 fl oz/a. REI 4 hr. PHI 1 day. Results exceed two applications per season. are best when applied at petal fall. May act slowly. OMRI-listed ♦♦ spirodiclofen (Envidor 2SC) at 18 fl oz/a. REI 12 hr. PHI 7 days. for organic use. Limited to one application per season. ♦♦ thiamethoxam+chlorantraniliprole (Voliam Flexi) at 4 to 7 oz/a. Do not apply exceed 14 oz/a of Voliam Flexi per season. REI 12 Plum and prune—Scale hr. PHI 14 days. European fruit lecanium scale (Parthenolecanium corni) San Jose scale (Quadraspidiotus perniciosus) Plum and prune—Rust mite Pest description and crop damage Lecanium scales are up to 0.2 Includes inch across, reddish brown, and rounded, resembling small helmets Big-beaked plum mite (Diptacus gigantorhynchus) or bumps on branches, stems, and the underside of leaves. The Plum rust mite (Aculus fockeui) crawlers are flat, oval, and pinkish brown. San Jose scale has a tiny white knob in the center with a series of grooves or rings around it. Pest description and crop damage The adult mites are four- Severe infestations can kill twigs. Large quantities of honeydew are legged and wedge-shaped. They are variable in color, being yellow produced, which makes leaves and fruit shiny and sticky. Sooty mold or pinkish-white or purple. The adults are minute, and can barely be fungus may grow on this, giving the plants a dirty, sooty appearance. seen with the naked eye when placed against a black background. Immature mites are similar in structure to the adults but smaller Biology and life history Lecanium scale overwinters as an and white. The mites feed on the surface of the leaf with piercing– immature scale on twigs and branches. They resume feeding in the sucking mouthparts, sucking fluids from the cells. Mature plum spring, and eggs are laid underneath the scales in May to June. The foliage may be curled upward or dwarfed. The lower surfaces of eggs remain under the scales until hatching in early summer. The the leaves become brown or bronze and scurfy. Feeding on younger young scales, called “crawlers,” migrate to the undersides of leaves leaves causes development of small yellow spots on the leaves, to feed. Young scales also can be dispersed by wind, rain, irrigation, followed by “shotholing”. The impact of this feeding on vigor and or by the movement of people and machinery. After 4 to 6 weeks yield is uncertain. Nevertheless, they are rarely a significant pest on the leaves, the young return to the stems and twigs to feed, mate, and seldom cause damage to prunes west of the Cascades. and overwinter. There is one generation per year. Biology and life history These mites overwinter as an adult female San Jose scale overwinters in an immature state and is black in under bud scales. As the buds expand, they leave the buds, scatter color. In spring, the tiny winged males emerge and mate with over the expanding foliage, and feed for several days before laying wingless females. “Crawlers” are very small, flattened, and yellow, eggs. A complete generation requires 6 to 22 days, and generations and move around on bark and foliage before settling down to feed. are produced continuously in summer. As foliage hardens or Young scales also can be dispersed by wind, rain, irrigation, or degrades, overwintering females are produced for the following year. by the movement of people and machinery. A few days later, they secrete a waxy coating over their body that protects them from Pest monitoring Observe the leaves for signs of feeding, and use a pesticides, therefore time pesticide applications when crawler hand lens of at least 20X power to check for the mites. populations are present. From this point, female scales do not Management—biological control move. Crawlers appear during June and July and again in August to Phytoseiid predator mites almost always keep mites under control September, so there are two generations per year. if broad-spectrum insecticide applications are avoided. Rust mites Pest monitoring Inspect twigs during the dormant season for are a significant food source for these predator mites, so damage scales. Pay attention to weak plants. The crawlers are best observed from this mite can be tolerated. Hot, dry weather and the probable during May to July with a 10X magnifying glass. Crawlers can hardening off of leaves that this causes also reduce mite numbers. be monitored by wrapping a piece of black sticky tape around an infested branch with the sticky side out.

J82 PNW Insect Management Handbook Management—biological control ♦♦ buprofezin (Centaur WDG) at 34.5 oz/a. REI 12 hr. PHI 14 days. Do not exceed two applications per season. Larvae of green lacewings, lady beetles, and other insects are aggressive predators of scale. ♦♦ diazinon (Diazinon 50W) at 1 lb/100 gal water (4 lb/a). REI 4 days. PHI 21 days. Do not exceed one in-season application per Management—cultural control growing season. Home Orchardists: Scale can be rubbed off plants by hand with ♦♦ phosmet (Imidan 70W) at 2.13 to 4.25 lbs/a. REI 7 days. PHI 7 a glove or toothbrush. Major infestations can be pruned off. days. Tanglefoot, “stickem,” or a similar adhesive can be applied around ♦♦ pyriproxyfen (Esteem 35WP) at 4 to 5 oz/a. REI 12 hr. PHI 14 infestations of adult scales to catch the crawler stage. As with days. aphids, avoid excessive nitrogen fertilizer or water applications, as ♦♦ spirotetramat (Movento, Ultor)—Product formulations vary, this favors increases in scale populations. check label for rates. REI 24 hr. PHI 7 days. Under heavy scale infestation pressure or where difficult control conditions exist, a Management—chemical control: HOME USE second application may be necessary. Dormant-season spray Apply only during dormant or delayed-dormant period. Use enough Plum and prune—Shothole borer water to cover all the tree thoroughly including small limbs and shoots. Includes Ambrosia beetles (Xyleborus spp.) ♦♦ horticultural mineral oil—Some formulations are OMRI-listed for Shothole borer (Scolytus rugulosus) organic use. Pest description and crop damage Shothole borers are small Growing-season spray beetles that were introduced to North America and have been found ♦♦ acetamiprid in the PNW since the early 1900s. They are pests of forest trees, ♦♦ azadirachtin (neem oil)—Some formulations are OMRI-listed for ornamental shade trees, and shrubs as well as fruit trees. Apple, organic use. pear, cherry, and plum all are attacked. Borers are primarily a ♦♦ carbaryl problem on injured or stressed plants, but healthy trees growing ♦♦ gamma-cyhalothrin adjacent to blocks of neglected trees also may be attacked. The ♦♦ horticultural mineral oil—Some formulations OMRI-listed for adult shothole borer is a brownish black beetle about 2 mm long. organic use. The larvae are white, legless, and about 4 mm long. A similar ♦♦ imidacloprid—Plum only. Soil drenches may have residual wood-boring beetle, the ambrosia beetle, is about 3 mm long, dark activity in woody plants lasting for 12 or more months. If short- brown or black, and covered with yellowish hairs. The larva is term management is the goal, consider other approaches. pinkish-white, legless, cylindrical, and 3 mm long when mature. Larvae and adults of both these species bore into the cambial and ♦♦ insecticidal soap—Some formulations OMRI-listed for organic use. vascular tissues of trees, weakening them and causing wilting and ♦♦ lambda-cyhalothrin dieback of individual stems and branches. Trunks and branches can ♦♦ plant-derived essential oils—Some have shown efficacy against be completely riddled with galleries. scale. Some formulations are OMRI-listed for organic use. ♦♦ pyrethrins (often as a mix with other ingredients)—Some Biology and life history Shothole borer overwinters as a larva in formulations are OMRI-listed for organic use. burrows beneath the bark of infested trees. They pupate within the tree, then adults emerge in spring or early summer, mate, and fly to ♦♦ zeta-cypermethrin susceptible trees to feed at the base of leaves or small twigs. They Management—chemical control: COMMERCIAL USE then tunnel into the tree, excavating galleries parallel to the wood Dormant to delayed-dormant spray grain. They lay eggs along the gallery. The eggs hatch, and the larvae feed by tunneling at right angles to the main burrow, causing If lecanium scale is the main problem, dormant oil sprays are most a characteristic pattern of damage. The burrows are filled with effective. If San Jose scale is the main problem, use oil plus diazinon. frass (excrement) and increase in diameter as the larvae mature. ♦♦ chlorpyrifos (Lorsban 4E) at 1.5 to 4 pints/a + horticultural After 6 to 8 weeks, the larvae pupate at the ends of the galleries, mineral oil (rates vary; check product label). REI 4 days. Apply at then emerge as adults starting in August. The many small, round, dormant or delayed-dormant, but do not exceed one application exit holes this creates gives a “shothole” effect. There are two per year. Extremely toxic to fish and aquatic invertebrates; avoid generations per year. spray drift and runoff to surface waters. RESTRICTED USE IN OREGON. Ambrosia beetle overwinters as a mature larva, pupa, or adult in ♦♦ diazinon (Diazinon 50W) at 3 to 4 lb/a. REI 4 days. Do not exceed galleries in the tree. When spring temperatures exceed 65°F, the one dormant application of diazinon per growing season. females become active, fly to susceptible hosts, and bore into the tree. Eggs are laid in the gallery, and as they develop, the female ♦♦ horticultural mineral oil (rates vary; check product label)—Use carefully tends them and cultivates ambrosia fungus for them to oil at the highest concentration only in the dormant period. REI eat. The females usually remove excrement or wood dust from the varies; check product label. Some formulations are OMRI-listed for organic use. tunnels, and this, along with the uniform width of the galleries, distinguishes them from other wood-boring beetles. Young adults ♦♦ pyriproxyfen (Esteem 35 WP) at 4 to 5 oz/a + horticultural mineral can be found tightly packed in the galleries in midsummer, where oil (rates vary; check product label). REI 12 hr. they remain until the following spring. There is only one generation Spring and summer spray per year. If delayed-dormant spray has not been applied, then a summer spray Pest monitoring Examine branches in late spring for holes 2 mm will effectively control scale in the crawler stage. Summer spray in diameter, oozing sap and sawdust. In stone fruits, these holes is directed at those crawlers that appear in late June, mid-July, and often are sealed with gummy ooze. Beetles particularly are attracted September. to unhealthy trees.

PNW Insect Management Handbook J83 Management—cultural control Management—chemical control: HOME USE The best management tool is to keep trees healthy with proper Dormant-season spray pruning, adequate water, and fertilizer. Healthy trees repel the Apply only during dormant or delayed-dormant period. Use enough beetles by plugging bore holes with sap and resins. Remove and water to cover all the tree thoroughly including small limbs and destroy infested wood on the tree or piles of infested green wood shoots. nearby, especially cherry wood. Once the bark on cut wood dries and sloughs off, it is no longer a host for the beetles. Whitewash ♦♦ horticultural mineral oil (for European red mite only)—Some trunks of young trees to prevent sunburn, and thus reduce potential formulations are OMRI-listed for organic use. hazard of attack by shothole borer and flathead borers. ♦♦ sulfur products—Some formulations are OMRI-listed for organic use. Management—chemical control: HOME USE Growing-season spray Pesticides must be timed to manage adults and are often not very ♦♦ azadirachtin (neem oil)—Some formulations are OMRI-listed for effective. Utilization of cultural techniques are typically the best organic use. management practices. ♦♦ gamma-cyhalothrin ♦♦ pyrethrins (often as a mix with other ingredients)—Some ♦♦ horticultural mineral oil—Some formulations OMRI-listed for formulations are OMRI-listed for organic use. organic use. Management—chemical control: COMMERCIAL USE ♦♦ insecticidal soap—Some formulations are OMRI-listed for organic use. No products are registered for control of this pest. ♦♦ lambda-cyhalothrin ♦♦ plant-derived essential oils—Some have shown efficacy against Plum and prune—Spider mite spider mites. Some formulations are OMRI-listed for organic use. Includes ♦♦ pyrethrins—Some formulations are OMRI-listed for organic use. Brown mite (Bryobia rubrioculus) ♦♦ spinosad—Some formulations are OMRI-listed for organic use. European red spider mite (Panonychus ulmi) ♦♦ sulfur—Some formulations are OMRI-listed for organic use. McDaniel spider mite (Tetranychus mcdanieli) Twospotted spider mite (Tetranychus urticae) Management—chemical control: COMMERCIAL USE Yellow spider mite (Eotetranychus carpini borealis) Dormant-season spray Pest description and crop damage Several species of mites can Apply only during dormant or delayed-dormant period. Use enough cause damage in tree fruits. The principal mite pests of plums and water to cover all the tree thoroughly including small limbs and prunes include the European red spider mite and the twospotted shoots. spider mite. Others are the yellow spider mite, brown mite, and ♦♦ horticultural mineral oil (rates vary; check product label) (on McDaniel spider mite. Appearance of these mites varies with the European red mite only)—Use oil at the highest concentration species, although all are very small, 0.5 mm or smaller. Color may only in the dormant period. REI varies; check product label. Some be light yellow-greenish, red, or brownish. Mites damage fruit formulations are OMRI-listed for organic use. indirectly by feeding on leaves, which causes stippling, bronzing, and possibly leaf drop. The reduction in photosynthesis causes loss Growing-season spray of vigor and yield. ♦♦ abamectin (Abamex) at 10 to 20 fl oz/a. May be applied with a horticultural mineral oil at 1 quart/100 gal (1 gal/a). REI 12 hr. Biology and life history Depending on species, mites overwinter PHI 21 days. Apply when mites first appear. Do not exceed two as eggs or adult females under bark, on smaller branches or fruit applications per season. spurs, or in ground cover. Mites become active in the spring. There ♦♦ bifenazate (Acramite 50WS) at 0.75 to 1 lb/a. REI 12 hr. PHI 3 may be numerous overlapping generations per year. days. Limited to one application per season. Pest monitoring Observe the leaves for mites and webbing and ♦♦ fenbutatin-oxide (Vendex 50WP) at 1 to 2 lb/a. REI 48 hr. PHI check for the number of pest and predator mites. Sufficient control 14 days. Apply when mites first appear. Do not exceed two is achieved typically by midsummer by biological agents. applications per season. ♦♦ hexythiazox (Savey 50DF) at 3 to 6 oz/a. REI 12 hr. PHI 28 days. Management—biological control Most effective when directed to egg stage; not effective on adults. Phytoseiid predator mites tend to keep mites under control if broad- Do not exceed one application per season. spectrum insecticide applications are avoided. Phytoseiid mites ♦♦ spirodiclofen (Envidor 2SC) at 16 to 18 fl oz/a. REI 12 hr. PHI 7 are similar in size to spider mites, but are shiny, have a more pear- days. Limited to one application per season. shaped body, and move faster than spider mites. Heavy rain and Resistance management Always rotate products as spider mites cold weather also suppress mite numbers. can develop resistance rapidly to any one chemical. Management—cultural control Broadleaf weeds like mallow, bindweed, white clover, and Plum and prune—Spotted-wing drosophila knotweed enhance mite numbers. Suppression of these weeds Drosophila suzukii with cultivation or grasses may reduce mite numbers. Mites can be washed from the tree with a strong stream of water. Water trees For pest description, crop damage, biology, life history, properly, as drought-stressed trees are more susceptible. Avoid sampling and cultural management excessive nitrogen applications, as this encourages mites. See: EMERGING PEST: Spotted-Wing Drosophila—A Berry and Stone Fruit Pest

J84 PNW Insect Management Handbook Management—chemical control Pest monitoring Thrips are monitored easily by shaking a pink Field research on chemical control of spotted-wing drosophila bud or flower cluster into a white cup. If you find only 25 to 50 (SWD) continues under Washington and Oregon growing thrips per 100 buds when 50% of blossom buds show green, conditions. Currently, the best spray programs start as the fruit damage will not be too serious. In some cases, sprays for other pests begins to show color and continue every 7 to 10 days through will reduce the thrips population. harvest. We recommend that applicators note the preharvest Management—biological control interval (PHI) for the chemical product selected. This spray Adults and nymphs of the minute pirate bug attack thrips, as do program can start at first fly catch using a number of commercial larvae of green lacewings and predaceous thrips. Cold, wet weather traps designed specifically for SWD. during bloom reduces thrips damage. Management—chemical control: HOME USE Management—cultural control ♦♦ acetamiprid—In field tests, this product has provided inconsistent control of SWD. If thrips have been a problem, prune and thin after bloom, as this ♦♦ azadirachtin (neem oil)—This product has been shown to provide will dilute the populations of thrips and reduce the damage. Remove about 25% control of SWD. Some formulations are OMRI-listed as many broadleaf flowering plants as possible from the vicinity for organic use. of the trees, as this provides an alternate host. Grass groundcovers ♦♦ kaolin—Applied as a spray to leaves, stems, and fruit, it acts as a around the trees provide competition for clovers and winter annuals repellant to some insect pests. Some formulations are OMRI-listed that are alternate hosts. for organic use. Management—chemical control: HOME USE ♦♦ pyrethrins—These products provide about 80% control of SWD but have no residual activity. Some formulations are OMRI-listed Warning: Many pesticides are hazardous to bees. Look for bee for organic use. precautionary statements on product labels and do not use these products during bloom or if bees are foraging in the orchard. ♦♦ spinosad—This product generally provides 100% control and 5-7 days residual activity. Some formulations are OMRI-listed for ♦♦ acetamiprid—Toxic to bees. organic use. ♦♦ azadirachtin (neem oil)—Some formulations are OMRI-listed for ♦♦ zeta-cypermethrin organic use. ♦♦ carbaryl—Highly toxic to bees. Management—chemical control: COMMERCIAL USE ♦♦ gamma-cyhalothrin—Highly toxic to bees. Growing-season spray ♦♦ horticultural mineral oil—Some formulations OMRI-listed for ♦♦ diazinon (Diazinon 50W) at 3 to 4 lb/a. REI 4 days. PHI 21 organic use. days. Do not exceed one in-season foliar application per growing ♦♦ imidacloprid—Highly toxic to bees. Soil drenches may have season. residual activity in woody plants lasting for 12 or more months. If ♦♦ imidacloprid (Prey 1.6 F, Nuprid 1.6F) at 4 to 8 fl oz/a. REI 12 hr. short-term management is the goal, consider other approaches. PHI 7 days. ♦♦ insecticidal soap—Some formulations are OMRI-listed for organic ♦♦ lambda-cyhalothrin (Warrior II) at 1.28 to 2.56 fl oz/a. REI 24 hr. use. PHI 14 days. May disrupt beneficial mite populations. Extremely ♦♦ kaolin—Applied as a spray to leaves, stems, and fruit, it acts as a toxic to fish; avoid spray drift and surface runoff. repellant to some insect pests. Some formulations are OMRI-listed ♦♦ phosmet (Imidan 70W) at 2.13 to 4.25 lb/a. REI 7 days. PHI 14 for organic use. days. Mechanical harvest permitted after 7 days post application. ♦♦ lambda-cyhalothrin—Highly toxic to bees. ♦♦ spinetoram (Delegate WG) at 4.5 to 7 oz/a. REI 4 hr. PHI 1 day. ♦♦ plant-derived essential oils—Some have shown efficacy against ♦♦ spinosad (Entrust SC) at 4 to 8 fl oz/a. REI 4 hr. PHI 1 day. Results thrips. Some formulations are OMRI-listed for organic use. are best when applied at petal fall. May act slowly. OMRI-listed ♦♦ pyrethrins (often as a mix with other ingredients)— Highly toxic for organic use. to bees. Some formulations are OMRI-listed for organic use. ♦♦ spinosad—Toxic to bees. Some formulations are OMRI-listed for Plum and prune—Thrips organic use. Includes ♦♦ zeta-cypermethrin—Highly toxic to bees. Pear thrips (Taeniothrips inconsequens) Management—chemical control: COMMERCIAL USE Western flower thrips Frankliniella( occidentalis) Spring and summer spray Pest description and crop damage Thrips are minute, slender ♦♦ lambda-cyhalothrin (Warrior II) at 1.28 to 2.56 fl oz/a. REI 24 hr. insects about 1 mm long. Adult thrips are dark brown to black in PHI 14 days. May disrupt beneficial mite populations. Extremely color with reddish brown eyes. The larvae are white. Most of the toxic to fish; avoid spray drift and surface runoff. feeding damage occurs prior to bloom, when adults feed on the ♦♦ spinetoram (Delegate WG) at 4.5 to 7 oz/a. REI 4 hr. PHI 1 fruit buds. This causes buds to dry up, die, or develop abnormally. day. Apply no less than one week apart, with a maximum 4 Foliage that has been damaged by thrips feeding appears distorted, applications per season. tattered, or stunted. Fruit damaged by thrips may show surface ♦♦ spinosad (Entrust SC) at 4 to 8 fl oz/a. REI 4 hr. PHI 1 day. Results russeting or discoloration. are best when applied at petal fall. May act slowly. OMRI-listed Biology and life history Thrips overwinter as pupae in protected for organic use. places on the ground. In spring, the adults fly to trees and enter ♦♦ thiamethoxam+chlorantraniliprole (Voliam Flexi) at 6 to 7 oz/a. developing buds to feed. Eggs are laid in the flower parts and along Do not apply exceed 14 oz/a of Voliam Flexi per season. REI 12 the mid-vein and petioles of developing leaves. The young larvae hr. PHI 14 days. emerge to feed on the flower parts and foliage. Several generations pass each summer, and adults may feed on adjacent flowering plants as well.

PNW Insect Management Handbook J85