Unit 8 – Settlement Geography: Urban and Rural, Cities and City Life
38:180 People and Places: An Introduction to Human Geography
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Settlement Geography
• Principally ‘urban’, but a continuum: Hamlet – Village – Town – City plus ‘rural’ • World is predominantly urban (50%+ since 2007) • 2 dimensions: – A spatial means of organizing the economy – Complex social organisation • Rapid growth in 20th C.
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1 Figure 7.3 Urban population, as percent of total population, by Country, 2018
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Figure 7.1 World rural and urban populations, 1950-2050
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2 Figure 7.2 Rural and urban populations of the more developed and less developed regions of the world, 1950-2050
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Urban Geography
• Two levels of analysis: – Urban System – Internal Structure • Framing urban geography: – How to define ‘urban’ – How to delimit ‘cities’
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3 How to define ‘urban’
• Archaeological: – an agglomeration of people and activities – relatively large – based upon non-primary activities • Legal: – ‘creatures of the state’ • Functional: – a ‘daily urban system’ based on links to a ‘central city’ • Census: – defined by (national) government
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4 Extracted from Table 11.1 Norton 8th ed.
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• Czechoslovakia: defined ‘large town’ as usually 5,000 + population, more than 100 persons per hectare of built-up area, 3 or more living quarters in at least 15% of the houses, piped water and a sewage system for the major part of the town, at least 5 physicians and a pharmacy, a 9 year secondary school, a hotel with at least 20 beds, a network of trade and distributive services which serve more than one town, job opportunities for the population of the surrounding area, the terminal of a system of bus lines, and not more than 10% of the total population active in agriculture.
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Origin and Growth of Cities
2 requirements: 1) Agricultural surplus 2) Social Stratification (leadership class)
The ‘First Urban Revolution’ independent innovation in several places
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7 Origin and Growth of Cities
5 primary reasons for establishment of cities: 1) Agricultural surplus 2) Hydraulic Theory (Irrigation) 3) Marketplace (exchange, and long- distance trade) 4) Military, defensive, administrative function 5) Religious function
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Trade city sites/situations
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8 Defensive city sites
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9 Origin and Growth of Cities
5 (or 6) ‘Urban Hearths’: • Mesopotamia (ca. 3500 BCE) • Nile River Valley (ca. 3200 BCE) • Indus River Valley (ca. 2200 BCE) • Huang He and Wei River Valleys (Yellow and Yangtze Rivers) (ca. 1500 BCE) • Mesoamerica (ca. 200 BCE) • (Pacific/Andean region ca. 900 BCE)
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Urban Hearths: Compare to text, figure 7.7
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The Ziggurat of Ur
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11 Plan of Mohenjo Daro
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Mohenjo Daro
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12 Plan of Teotihuacan
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Temple of the Moon, Teotihuacan
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Plaza de los Tres Culturas, Tenochtitlan (Mexico City)
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14 Subsequent Spread and Growth of Cities • Greek Cities • Roman Cities • Dark Ages, then… • Mercantile cities – New network of cities, linked by trade, coastal orientation – Emergence of ‘downtown’ – Mercantile class rises in importance – Early (commercial) Capitalism, parallels decline of feudalism
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Greek Cities
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Roman Cities (Imperial Cities)
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Functional linkages
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Roman Forum
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21 What have the Romans ever done for us?
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Qc7HmhrgTuQ
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The “Silk Road”
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Brugge, Belgium, 1562
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24 Subsequent Spread and Growth of Cities • The ‘Second Urban Revolution’: Industrialization – Rapid rural to urban migration – Not all mercantile cities became important industrial cities – Reinforces primacy of Capitalist economic system, and power of Capitalist class
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Urban Systems
Rank-Size rule: • Population of a city is inversely proportional to its rank in the urban hierarchy (logarithmic scale – ie. 2nd rank is 1/2 size, 3rd rank is 1/3 size, etc.)
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26 Central Place Theory
• All cities act as ‘central place’ for a surrounding hinterland • CPT is a model that explains the number, size, and spacing of the system of cities based on the functions they perform (services they provide) for the regions they serve • Walter Christaller (1933): Die zentralen Orte in Süddeutschland [Central Places in Southern Germany]
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Central Place Theory
Key Concepts: • Range • Threshold • Order
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28 Central Place Theory
Key Concepts: • Range • Threshold • Order Assumptions: • Isotropic Plain • Rational Action of Consumers • Triangular Arrangement of Market Centres – > results in hexagonal trade areas
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The Triangular Lattice
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29 Hexagonal Trade Areas
Figure 7.8 Theoretical hinterlands (or market areas) for central places
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30 Central Place Theory
There are different Christaller systems: 1) k=3 (aka ‘market principle’) – customers go to the closest seller 2) k=4 (aka ‘transport principle’) – customers are served by a transportation system linking them and the centres 3) k=7 (aka ‘administrative principle’) – centres (& market areas) are bounded by administrative jurisdictions
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Compound Central Place System
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31 Central Place Theory
• Real World Examples? – China – ‘polders’ of the Netherlands (reclaimed land) – East Anglia, UK – Indiana – Saskatchewan
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Spatial Patterns of Centres in an Urban System
– linear / transport centres – cluster / specialised activities – uniform / service centres
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Rural Settlements
• Defining rural? • ‘Typical’ spatial arrangements • Relationship with ‘urban’ – Depopulation – Counter-urbanization and rural gentrification – Urban sprawl – Rural-urban fringe
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35 ‘Typical’ spatial arrangements
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Gonggar, Tibet 72
36 Northern Switzerland
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Sakha Republic, Russia
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38 Grid Survey - Iowa
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Northwestern Iceland
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39 Northern Iceland
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Settlement system in rural China
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41 Rural Landscape, China
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From Norton 8th ed.
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42 Internal Structure of Cities
Classic Models: • Burgess’ Concentric Zone Model • Hoyt’s Sector Model • Harris and Ullman’s Multiple Nuclei Model New Models: • Ford’s Latin American City Model • Decentralized City Model • African/Apartheid City Model, Colonial City Model, Southeast Asian City, etc.
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Figure 8.2 Three classic models of the internal structure of urban areas
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43 Figure 8.4 Modelling the Latin American city
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44 Urban Processes Shaping Cities
• Zoning (urban regulation and governance) • Redlining • Blockbusting • Suburbanization • Commercialization • Gentrification • Tear-downs and McMansions • Urban Sprawl, and the New Urbanism
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Explaining gentrification: • Economic Factors • Social Factors • Political Factors • Sexuality
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New Urban Spaces
• Gated Communities • Edge Cities (e.g. Tyson’s Corner, VA) • Ethnic Neighbourhoods (‘enclaves’)
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