Assessment and Conservation Practices of Pollinators Through Community Participation in the Indian Trans Himalayan Region: Climate Change Perspective

Technical Research Report Assessment and Conservation Practices of Pollinators through Community Participation in the Indian Trans Himalayan Region: Climate Change Perspective

Funding Support

National Mission on Himalayan Studies (NMHS)G.B. Pant National Institute of Himalayan Environment and Sustainable Development (GBPNIHESD), Kosi- Katarmal, Almora 263643, Uttarakhand.

Project Duration

03 Years (2018-2020)

Cover Photographs

Amar Paul Singh

Citation

V.P. Uniyal, M. Chauhan, A. Chandra, V. Meharwar, P. Thakur, A.P. Singh, M. Gandhi, M. Bisht, P. Chand, A. Kimothi, 2019. Assessment and Conservation Practices of Pollinators through Community Participation in the Indian Trans Himalayan Region: Climate Change Perspective.

This work was done under the National Mission on Himalayan Studies (NMHS) project, G.B. Pant National Institute of Himalayan Environment and Sustainable Development (GBPNIHESD), Kosi- Katarmal, Almora 263643, Uttarakhand

The Team

Principal Investigator Dr. V.P. Uniyal (Scientist-G)

Researchers Mona Chauhan (Project Biologist) Agni Chandra (Project Biologist) Vandna Meharwar (Project Assistant) Pooja Thakur (Project Assistant) Amar Paul Singh (Project Assistant) Monika Gandhi (Project Intern) Minisha Bisht (Project Intern) Pooja Chand (Project Intern) Ayushi Kimothi (Project Intern)

Project Partner

Navdanya Trust, Dehardun Dr. Vandana Shiva Dr. Vinod Bhatt Dr. (Mrs.) Bhagwati Uniyal

Content

1. Introduction 1 1.1 Background 1 1.2 Objectives 5 1.3 Causes of insect pollinator decline 6 1.3.1 Loss of Habitat 1.3.2 Monoculture farming 1.3.3 Increased grazing and fodder collection of pasture lands 1.3.4 Environment pollution 1.3.5 Introduction of Invasive species 1.3.6 Honey hunting 1.3.7 Introduction of Apis mellifera 1.3.8 Increased instances of Pests, predators, diseases, and parasites 1.3.9 Mobile radiations 1.3.10 Chemical pesticides 1.3.11 Climate change 1.3.12 Impact of insect pollinators decline on crops

2. Study area 15 2.1 Description of the Study Area: Lahaul and Spiti 15 2.2 Description of the Study Area: Joshimath 17 2.3 Description of the Study Area: Ukhimath 18 2.4 Description of the Study Area: Pithoragarh 21

3. Study design 23 3.1 Sampling framework 23

4. Observations 27

5. Capacity building programmes and field activities 39 5.1 Group discussion 41 5.2 Field workshop 43 5.3 Scientific knowledge sharing through Pamphlets 44 5.4 Lectures and essay drawing competition organized for school children 47

References 61

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Bombus rufofasciatus © Amar Paul Singh

Acknowledgement

We would like to put down our sincere thanks to Ministry of Environment, Forest & Climate Change (MoEF&CC), Govt. of India and G.B. Pant National Institute of Himalayan Environment & Sustainable Development (GBPNIHESD), Almora for financial support. This piece of work could be possible because of the support of Himachal Pradesh Forest Department, (DFO Lahaul and Spiti), we are thankful for advice, assistance and necessary permission for conducting the study. We sincerely acknowledge ever-available support and encouragement for this assignment to the Director and Dean, Wildlife Institute of India. We would also like to mention the support of Project Staff, Field staff of Wildlife Institute of India whose back support was always a great strength for us.   

Chapter 1

INTRODUCTION

1.1 Background Biodiversity is a dynamic part of an ecosystem, all the vital services and flexibility of an ecosystem directly or indirectly depends on the biodiversity. Global economy and even survival of human beings also linked to it hence it is really important to understand how it affects the ecological functions in the nature (Elmqvist et al., 2003; Bengtsson et al., 2000). A variety of methods and procedures have been proposed to conserve and understand biodiversity and receiving attention day by day (Enrich and Wilson 1991). Insects are most successful and dominant animals, these adapt themselves in every habitat such as low land to high altitudes regions and thrive in extreme environmental conditions due to this reason insects are used to indicate certain changes in the environment. (Harrington and Stork, 1995; Landres et al. 1988). Pollinators are animals that transfer pollen from the anthers to the stigma of a flower, enabling the flower to set seed and fruit (fertilization) and, through cross-fertilization; they play an important role in maintaining plant diversity. Pollinators are crucial in the functioning of almost all terrestrial ecosystems including those dominated by agriculture because they are in the front line of sustainable productivity through plant reproduction (Kevan, 1999). Environmentally, 66 per cent of angiosperms require animal pollination for sexual reproduction (Greenleaf and Kremen, 2006). The important ecosystem service of pollination is provided by a variety of animals, chiefly insects. Bees, flies, butterflies, moths, wasps, beetles, thrips and some other insect orders encompass the

Assessment and Conservation Practices of Pollinators through Community Participation in the Indian Trans Himalayan Region: Climate Change Perspective 1

Kunzum Pass © Amar Paul Singh

majority of pollinating species. Vertebrate pollinators include bats, non-flying mammals (several species of monkey, lemur, rodents, tree squirrel, coati, olingo and kinkajou) and birds (hummingbirds, sunbirds, honeycreepers and some parrot species). Microbes are easily dispersed from one place to another, and immigrant microbes might contain information about the environments from which they came. Previous studies have hypothesized that part of the microbial community on a flower's surface is transferred there from insect body surfaces and that this community can provide information to identify potential pollinator insects of that plant. A laboratory experiment showed that the microbial community composition on a flower surface changed after contact with an insect, suggesting that microbes are transferred from the insect to the flower. Comparison of the microbial fingerprint approach and direct visual observation under field condition suggested that the microbial community on a flower surface could to some extent indicate the structure of plant–pollinator interactions. In conclusion, species-specific insect microbial communities’ specific to insect species can be transferred from an insect body to a flower surface, and these microbes can serve as a “fingerprint” of the insect species, especially for large-bodied insects. Dispersal of microbes is a ubiquitous phenomenon that has unexpected and novel applications in many fields and disciplines.

Among the insects, hymenopterans (largest and diversified assemblages of beneficial insects with nearly 2,50,000 described species) are highly evolved and constitute the most important group of pollinating insect. Worldwide an estimated 35 per cent of crop production is dependent on insect pollination (Klein et al., 2007). Moreover, their populations and diversity also serve as bioindicators of the state of many environments (Keven, 1999; Tylianakis et al., 2004;

Assessment and Conservation Practices of Pollinators through Community Participation in the Indian Trans Himalayan Region: 2 Climate Change Perspective Munsiyari © Minisha Bisht

Roubik et al., 2005). Honeybees are highly social and cosmopolitan insects of great economic importance to mankind. They not only render economic benefits in the form of a number of hive products like honey, beeswax, royal jelly, bee venom and propolis, but also provide ecosystem services by cross pollination of several cultivated and wild plant species. The pollination activity of honeybees is an important integration function, as they contribute to the sustainability and diversity of agricultural and botanical resources and thereby contribute to increased productivity, environmental health and maintenance of biological diversity. Apis cerana and Apis mellifera are two well-known pollinators in India Asian hive bee, A. cerana is the closest relative of A. mellifera and is native to Southern and Eastern Asia (Michener, 1974). A. cerana is similar to A. mellifera with regard to the nesting and dancing behavior, in building of parallel combs and in sequence of mellitin amino acids (Verma, 1990). Generally speaking, it is a bee with gentle temperament, industriousness quality and can be handled easily. However, this species could not become popular with the beekeepers because of its frequent swarming, absconding and robbing habits: production of a large number of laying workers and the helplessness against the attack of some predators (Verma, 1984; Mishra and Garg, 1997). European bee, Apis mellifera is found in Europe, Western Asia and throughout Africa except the desert areas (Wilson, 1980; Otis, 1990; Crane, 1990). This species of honeybee is superior to others due to its maintenance of a prolific queen, less swarming tendency, gentle temperament, good honey gathering quality and guard against enemies except wasps (Singh, 1962; Mishra,1995). A number of races of A. mellifera have been developed through selection and breeding programs that are very useful for beekeeping industry. These races have spread to different parts of the world by the efforts of the beekeepers (Ruttner, 1988). There is a general apprehension that importation of A. mellifera may lead to extinction of native A. cerana. Management of bees (honeybees, some species of bumble bees, solitary and stingless bees) is the basis for the provision of pollination services for large parts of the global crop production, particularly for fruits and vegetables. Some of the declines in managed species are due to socio-economic factors leading to reductions in the number of colonies managed and/or poor management practices.

Assessment and Conservation Practices of Pollinators through Community Participation in the Indian Trans Himalayan Region: Climate Change Perspective 3 Bombus rufofasciatus © Amar Paul Singh

Species loss due to habitat loss and fragmentation is a major crisis for biodiversity at present and will aggravate with the intensification of land use by the end of this century (Sala et al. 2000). Land use intensification is a prime reason for the decline in the vertebrates as well as the invertebrate biological diversity. However vertebrate conservation has received considerable attention in comparison to the invertebrates (Thomas et al. 1994; McKinney 1999; Dunn 2005) mainly insects. They are cryptic and mostly lack the charismatics that the larger vertebrates display. They are, however, equally vital to the ecosystem for their services, in the upkeep of the natural word. One of the most insect- mediated ecosystem services is the process of pollination from insects, “entomophily” (Moskowitz et al. 2010). Pollination contributes an enormous economic value to the reproduction of the flowering plants, in the wild and the managed ecosystems of the world. Sexual reproduction in 87.5% flowering plants is globally estimated facilitated by animals through pollination services (Ollerton et al. 2011), supporting the nutrition of several species including humans (Potts et al. 2010). Production of 75% of the food crops (alone) amounts to €153 billion from this zero cost ecosystem service of pollinators. Biotic pollination, particularly from insects is vital to sexual reproduction and genetic diversity of cultivated and wild plants (Kevan 1999; Ashman et al. 2004; Aguilar et al. 2006; Simon G. Potts et al. 2010; Power 2010; Kreman et al. 2007). Insects especially honey bees make tremendous contribution to wild and cultivated plants through Pollination (Potts et al. 2010). The decline of managed hives and increasing managements costs due to pests, Pesticides, disease and colony collapse disorders, have increased the reliance on native bees for pollination (Natural Research Council 2006; Simon G. Potts et al. 2010). Native bees can provide adequate pollination services, subject to provision of suitable habitats. However native bees are too declining worldwide owing to mismanagements and habitat destruction (Ricketts et al. 2008; Nieto et al. 2015; Goulson et al. 2008; Williams & Osborne 2009; Kreman et al. 2002). Disorder in the pollination system (Ashman et al. 2004) and the decline of pollinators (Potts et al. 2010) are identified as potential consequences of anthropogenic land use change (Kearns & Inouye 1997; Kevin & Philips 2001; Allen-Wardell et al. 1998). Land clearance, Habitat fragmentation, Changing agricultural practices, herbicides, pesticides and the introduction of non-native exotic plant and pollinator

Assessment and Conservation Practices of Pollinators through Community Participation in the Indian Trans Himalayan Region: 4 Climate Change Perspective Phalanta sp. © Amar Paul Singh species have resulted in “Pollination crises” (Buchmann & Nabhan 1996). The present rate of land use intensification is predicted as a potential driver of native bee declines. Recent investigations demonstrate that semi-natural and natural habitats, organic agriculture etc. benefits diverse bee communities. On the contrary farming intensification (Ginsberg, 1985; Goulson et al. 2008; Goulson et al. 2010; Gilburn et al. 2015) and ascending urbanization are clear drivers of their population declines (Geslin et al. 2013). Land use change through intensification aggravates the declination in these important species (Bommarco et al. 2013). Alteration of pollinators’ existing and future environment, risks this essential qualification (Daily 1997; Potts et al. 2010; Vanbergen 2013). The status of the native pollinators in the tropical regions is of particular concern, particularly bees remain poorly documented in these areas (Potts et al. 2010; Ghazoul 2005). Pollination, chiefly from bees and other insects demonstrated to enhance plant reproduction (80%) and yield (Non timber Forest Products-40%, crops-62%) in tropical forests of southern India (Rehel et al. 2009). However, investigations with such valuable finding are relatively rare in tropical India (and many regions globally). Moreover, with more research focusing on the domesticated and wild honey bees, the status and the future of native bees (Including wild solitary and social) remain uncertain (Potts et al. 2010). However global efforts are taking elfin steps to address the research gaps through numerous regional initiatives. In India the Global Pollination Project assesses pollinators in the main crops in the Indian Himalayas region (apple, mustard and cardamom). Wild pollinators such as solitary bees that pollinate a diverse group of crops and wild plants in Asia and Africa remained unexplored and ignored (De Palma et al. 2016).

So that keeping all these things in the mind the project aims for following objectives on the basis of conservation of the insect pollinators.

1.2 Objectives Assessment – Diversity and status of pollinators in Agro-ecosystem and alpine pastures, risks associated with the loss of pollinators its biology and ecosystem services.

Assessment and Conservation Practices of Pollinators through Community Participation in the Indian Trans Himalayan Region: Climate Change Perspective 5 Golden emperor © V.P. Uniyal

Adaptive management – Identifying the best management practices and technologies to overcome declines in pollinators. Capacity building of different stakeholder groups to assess the health of pollinators, plan conservation measures and its implementation through hands on training workshops. Mainstreaming – Supporting national plans for the conservation and sustainable use pollinators, and increasing the awareness of governments, industry and the public.

1.3 Causes of insect Pollinator Decline Decline in pollinator populations emphasizes on understanding their interaction with plants (Tylianakis et al. 2010; Elle et al. 2012). Species interact with one another in a complex antagonistic (e.g. Predator-prey) or mutualistic (e.g. plant-pollinator) networks. The plant- pollinator interaction networks consists of a central hub (highly connected) species connected to peripheral species, many other species connected to it are lost, which can cause a network collapse (Memmott et al. 2005). On the loss of central hub species, for example, a generalist plant species, the specialists depending on it will be lost due to loss of food resources, which Golden emperor © V.P. Uniyal could lead to cascading impacts in the community. At the community level, traditional conservation methods tend to focus on evaluating species diversity, abundances and comparisons between habitats (e.g. Debano 2006; Vulliamy et al. 2006; Watts et al. 2008) or over a gradient of disturbances (Bolger et al. 2000; Lilley & Vellend 2009). These traditional approaches, however, fail to deduce whether vital functions of communities remain conserved along with its species diversity. Conventional conservation fails to investigate the functional aspect of communities and instead focuses on species statuses, resuling in undesired management practices (Tylianakis et al. 2010). Investigations have demonstrated that plant pollinator network’s structures are better predictors of pollination services than the species diversity alone. Ecological interaction networks are crucial to understanding community robustness, biodiversity maintenance, resource partitioning, and natural selection (Basocompte et al. 2006; Monotya et al. 2006; Santamaria & Rodriguez-Girones 2007). Understanding the plant

Assessment and Conservation Practices of Pollinators through Community Participation in the Indian Trans Himalayan Region: 6 Climate Change Perspective pollinator interactions (Specialization and generalization) is important, and assured community- scale approach in network analysis, which allow assessment of actual interactions.

Significant, progress is observed in landscape-based research pollinators and counteract the ongoing declines of insect pollinators and their resource plant species more comprehensively (Biesmeijer et al. 2006). Future studies should address the effects of landscape components and their arrangement at different spatial scales on pollinator diversity (Steffan-Dewenter & Westphal 2008). Elle et al. (2012) emphasized the need to examine the effects of anthropogenic pressures to habitat loss, and fragmentation is the most significant current threat to species worldwide, including pollinators (Winfree et al. 2009; Potts et al. 2010; Williams et al. 2010). Fragmented habitats tend to have lower plant and pollinator abundance and reduced diversity than more intact sites (Krauss et al. 2009; Cardinale et al. 2012). Alteration of habitat (rather than loss) can also modify network structure and has been studied in more detail than fragmentation effects (Tylianakis et al. 2010; Yoshihara et al. 2008)

1.3.1 Loss of Habitat Farmers in the high mountain regions of Trans- Himalaya are planting apples in their pasture lands. Himachal Pradesh has observed an increase of 135% in apple orchards. The ongoing increase in agricultural and horticultural area, at the cost of forests and grasslands, is apparently leading to the loss of nesting sites and food sources of pollinators. The negative impact of agricultural intensification on the abundance of natural insect pollinators has been shown by studies conducted by many scientists (Partap, 2001). Klein et al. (2007) reported that agricultural intensification jeopardizes wild bee communities and their stabilizing effect on pollination services. The loss of critical resources has devastating consequences for insect populations and communities. The removal of dead and decaying wood from boreal forests during traditional timber harvesting practices is considered to be the primary mechanism responsible for the decline in saproxylic beetle diversity and the large number of Red Listed species in boreal forests globally (McGeoch et al. 2007). About the impacts of human disturbances on bees, Winfree et al. (2009) identified habitat loss and fragmentation as the most significant factor in declines of abundance and species richness of bees. Factors causing habitat loss and fragmentation include increasing urbanization, expansion of intensive agriculture, invasive plants, and climate change. These reduce, degrade, and/or eliminate pollinator habitat. In some cases, however, the impact of urban and agricultural expansion can be reduced by providing alternative food resources and nesting sites for bees and other pollinators (Kremen et al. 2002b; Winfree et al. 2008).

Habitat loss, degradation, and fragmentation are linked to declines in pollinator diversity and abundance (Frankie et al. 1990) that is followed by a reduction in pollination services (Kremen et al. 2002a). They also can cause decreased population size and/or low population densities of pollinator species (Kearns et al. 1998; Spira, 2001) or changes in pollinator community composition (Brosi et al. 2008). Diversity and reproduction of native flowering plants may also be affected by decreases in pollinator species diversity and population size (Jennersten, 1988; Spira, 2001). The causes of pollinator declines are often difficult to identify, but are likely due to a combination of factors that include isolation time, isolation distance, size of the fragment, and the surrounding environment (Rathke& Jules, 1993). If habitat becomes fragmented and the distance between patches is greater than the foraging range of pollinators, patches too small to support their own pollinators will suffer from lack of pollination services (Kearns et al. 1998).

Assessment and Conservation Practices of Pollinators through Community Participation in the Indian Trans Himalayan Region: Climate Change Perspective 7 Williams & Kremen (2007) found that in an agricultural landscape, increasing distance to natural habitat in conventional farms was correlated with decreased reproductive success in wild bees.

1.3.2 Monoculture farming The cultivation of large and adjoining areas under a single crop is known as monocropping or monoculture. Although, it provides ample forage for pollinators over a limited flowering period, yet practically available forage before and after the main flowering period, may not commensurate with the requirements of pollinating agents. The replacement of natural plant communities by monoculture, is also a declining factor since most monocultures are not capable of sustaining pollinator populations (Raj and Mattu, 2016). In the past, mountain farmers grew a variety of crops, which bloomed at different times of the year and provided food for a number of natural insect pollinators. The transformation of agriculture from traditional mixed crop farming to high value cash crop farming in recent years has led to an increase in monocrop agriculture, reducing the food sources for natural insect pollinators. Reports from several mountain areas indicate that mountain farmers are switching on a large scale to the cultivation of cash fruit crops and off-seasonal vegetables (Partap, 1998, 2001; Partap and Partap, 2002).

1.3.3 Increased grazing and fodder collection of pasture lands The grazing and mowing can have damaging impacts on pollinators but when carefully managed, they can be beneficial. Historically, there were sufficient areas in various stages of succession to support populations of habitat specific pollinators. However, now that many of these areas exist only as patches in larger agricultural or other intensively managed landscapes, and consideration of pollinators is needed to ensure healthy populations. Livestock grazing can greatly alter the structure, growth, and diversity of the vegetation community, which in turn can affect the associated insect community (Kruess&Tscharntke, 2002). Grazing during periods when floral resources are already scarce (mid-summer) may result in insufficient forage available for pollinators such as bumble bees which, in some areas, forage into late September (Carvell, 2002). Likewise, grazing during spring when butterfly larvae are active on host plants can result in larval mortality or remove important vegetation and nectar resources. Ways that grazing can harm pollinator habitat include: destruction of potential nest sites, destruction of existing nests and contents, direct trampling of adult bees, and removal of food resources (Sugden 1985). Studies of livestock grazing on bees also suggest that increased intensity of livestock grazing negatively affects the species richness of bees (Vazquez &Simberloff, 2003).Grazing in natural areas, if not managed appropriately, the ecological impact of it can be severe (Bilotta et al. 2007). Like grazing, mowing can alter grassland succession and species composition by suppressing growth of woody vegetation (Forrester et al. 2005). Mowing can have a significant impact on insects through direct mortality, particularly for egg and larval stages that cannot avoid the mower (Di Giulio et al. 2001). Mowing also creates a sward of uniform height and may destroy topographical features such as grass tussocks (Morris, 2000) when care is not taken to avoid these features or the mower height is too low. Such features provide structural diversity to the habitat and offer potential nesting sites for pollinator insects such as bumble bees. In addition to direct mortality and structural changes, mowing can result in a sudden removal of almost all floral resources for foraging pollinators. Therefore, it should not be conducted when flowers are in bloom.

Assessment and Conservation Practices of Pollinators through Community Participation in the Indian Trans Himalayan Region: 8 Climate Change Perspective Codonopsis clematidea © V.P. Uniyal

1.3.4 Environment pollution Lower development rates may increase herbivore mortality from natural enemies and result in asynchronous plant–insect life cycles (Bale et al. 2002). Pollutants in the air, water and land always affect the physiology and behavior of the insects. Changes in the carbon-nutrient balance in plant tissues as a result of increases in carbon dioxide will reduce the nutritional quality of plant tissues and alter production of secondary compounds. Predicted effects for insect herbivores with chewing mouth parts, include increased first-instar mortality, increased development time and consumption, and decreased digestive efficiency and performance. Fuentes (2008) observed that air pollution from automobiles and power plants has been inhibiting the ability of pollinators such as bees and butterflies to find the fragrances of flowers. Forests provide food sources, and habitats for nesting and hibernation for a variety of pollinator species. Studies have revealed that there are more insect pollinators in apple orchards situated near forests than those that are far from forests (Sharma and Gupta, 2010). Therefore, a decline in forest area either by its conversion to farmland or destruction in other ways (such as forest fires) has a negative impact on pollinator abundance. Pollutants such as ozone, hydroxyl and nitrate radicals bond quickly with volatile scent molecules of flowers, which consequently travel shorter distances intact. There results a vicious cycle in which pollinators travel increasingly longer distances to find flowers providing them nectar, and flowers receive inadequate pollination to reproduce and diversify.

The removal of weeds reduces the diversity of food sources available to pollinating insects. Afraid of being stung, farmers also burn and poison Apis dorsata colonies and other pollinators in India (Partap et al. 2012). Fire has played an important role in many native ecosystems, and controlled burns are an increasingly common management tool. Effects of fire management on arthropod communities are highly variable. If used appropriately, fire benefits many insect communities through the restoration and maintenance of suitable habitat (Huntzinger, 2003; Hartley et al. 2007). Other studies have found a negative or mixed response of invertebrates to

Assessment and Conservation Practices of Pollinators through Community Participation in the Indian Trans Himalayan Region: Climate Change Perspective 9 Apis mellifera, an invasive sp. © Amar Paul Singh fire (Harper et al. 2000; Moretti et al. 2006). Furthermore, Moretti et al. (2006) found that it can take 17-24 years for insect communities in burned areas to recover to pre-burn composition. Fire can have serious impacts on population levels and unless there are adequate refuges from the fire or adjacent habitat, recolonization of a burned site may not be feasible. Timing of burns is also critical and should not be carried out when target pollinators are in a larval or critical foraging stage. Habitat patches should not be burned completely, but rather a mosaic of burned and unburned areas is ideal.

1.3.5 Introduction of Invasive species Biological invasion is recognized as one of the major threats to biodiversity worldwide, along with habitat loss and climate change. The accidental (and sometimes deliberate, such as for agriculture or biological control) introduction of alien species, including plants, microbes, vertebrates, and other invertebrates, is also of major concern to insect conservation. Alien invasive plants may impact negatively on insect biodiversity by changing habitat quality, outcompeting native host plants, and interrupting vital ecological interactions. Social insects, in particular ants and wasps, have established themselves worldwide as successful alien invasive species

1.3.6 Honey hunting An increase in honey hunting and the ruthless hunting of the nests of wild honeybees is contributing to the decline in the population of indigenous honeybees (Partap, 2010b). While in the past, honey hunting formed a part of the culture and tradition of honey-hunting communities and provided them with a source of income. It is now being commercialized and exploited by big contractors and companies.

1.3.7 Introduction of Apis mellifera The introduction of exotic honeybee species can adversely affect populations of native bee species. This may be because of competition for food, the transfer of pests and diseases from one species to another or economic preference for exotic species. The introduction of Apis

Assessment and Conservation Practices of Pollinators through Community Participation in the Indian Trans Himalayan Region: 10 Climate Change Perspective melliferato increase honey production has led to a decline in beekeeping with indigenous Apis cerana in mountain region (Partap and Partap, 1997).

1.3.8 Increased instances of Pests, predators, diseases, and parasites The common predators of insects are amphibians (frogs, toads), birds, mammals (Bear), wasps, and greater wax moth & lesser wax moth. The best evidence of specific pollinator decline is seen in the western honey bee, Apis mellifera L., the primary commercial pollinator of agricultural crops and the most widely used, actively managed pollinator in the world (Delaplane and Mayer, 2000; Kearns et al., 1998). The population losses among honey bees are due to pests, parasites, and pathogens, mostly by parasitic mites Varroa destructor (Morse and Flottum, 1997) and Acarapis woodi Rennie (tracheal mite), and the pathogen Paenibacillus larvae (American foul-brood, AFB). Paenibacillus larvae or formerly Bacillus larvae (White, 1920) is the most serious honey bee pathogen. It causes AFB, a disease of larval honey bees. AFB is highly virulent and easily spread among colonies as a result of beekeeper activity and bee behavior, and it is generally fatal if untreated (Shimanuki, 1997). During the first half of the 20th century, AFB was the most serious threat to beekeeping, and it caused tremendous loss of colonies, amounting to hundreds of thousands in the 1940s (Barrett, 1955). The incidence of AFB was reduced dramatically by the introduction of antibiotics and the burning of infected hives. Honey bees are also attacked by diseases like Nosema dysentery caused by a protozoan Nosema apis and Thai sac brood disease (from Thailand) caused by Morator species of virus.

1.3.9 Mobile radiations Radiation from the cell phone influences the behavior and physiology of adult workers of Apis mellifera L (Kumar, 2011). Sharma and Kumar (2010) have compared the performance of exposed and unexposed honey bee colonies in cell phone radiation. A significant decline in colony strength and in the egg laying rate of the queen was observed. The behaviour of exposed foragers was negatively influenced by the exposure. There was neither honey nor pollen in the colony at the end of the experiment there was reduced motor activity of the worker bees on the comb initially, followed by mass migration and movement toward “talk mode” cell phone. At later stages of exposure, there was a slight decline in the concentration of biomolecules probably because the body had adapted to the stimulus. The author has also observed number of bees dyeing either losing the location of their colonies or behavioral disorder due to electro-magnetic radiations.

1.3.10 Chemical pesticides The use of pesticides, including insecticides and herbicides, is detrimental to a healthy community of pollinators. Insecticides not only kill pollinators (Johansen, 1977), but sub-lethal doses can affect their foraging and nesting behaviours (Thompson, 2003; Desneux et al. 2007), often preventing pollination. Herbicides may kill plants that pollinators depend on when crops are not in bloom, thus reducing the amount of foraging and egg-laying resources available (Kremen et al. 2002b; Tscharntke et al. 2005).These include a decrease in forage efficiency, decline of reproductive success and fitness, increase in immunological disorders, and a decrease in learning ability (Decourtye et al. 2004, 2005; Thomson, 2003). Despite the longterm repercussions that these symptoms may have on an ecosystem few pesticides are tested for sub-lethal effects prior to regulatory approval. The usage of broadband insecticides in wild areas

Assessment and Conservation Practices of Pollinators through Community Participation in the Indian Trans Himalayan Region: Climate Change Perspective 11 Kungri © Mona Chauhan

may potentially result in a number of ecosystem shifts due to pollinator limitation. These include “changes in future vegetation patterns via plant competition, reduction in seed banks, and influences on the animals‟ dependent upon plants for food” (Alston & Tepedino, 2000). Generally, while pesticide labels may list hazards to honey bees, potential dangers to native bees and other pollinators are often not listed. Many native bees are much smaller in size than honey bees and are affected even by lower doses. Pollinator larvae are also harmed by consuming food contaminated with pesticides (Johansen & Mayer 1990; Abbott et al. 2008). In the eve of cash crop farming, farmers use insecticides and pesticides indiscriminately, contributing to the decline in natural insect pollinators. Research (Partap, 2001, 2010b; Partap and Partap, 2001, 2002) revealed a serious lack of pollinators in apple farming areas because of the excessive and indiscriminate use of pesticides on apples and other cash crops. Apple farmers spray different pesticides (including insecticides) as many as 10 times in a season, and in Himachal Pradesh almost 31% of farmers spray during the flowering period. A pollinator community requires consistent sources of nectar, pollen, and nesting material during those times adults are active. The broadcast application of a non-selective herbicide can indiscriminately reduce floral resources, hostplants, or nesting habitat. Such a reduction in resources can cause a decline in pollinator reproductive success and/or survival rates.

Commonly used pesticides: Metacid, metasystox, diethane M-45, thiodan, monocrotophos, fenitrothion, malathion Kearns et al. (1998) stated that herbicide use affects pollinators by reducing the availability of nectar plants. In some circumstances, herbicides appear to have a greater effect than insecticides on wild bee populations. Some of these bee populations show massive declines due to the lack of suitable nesting sites and alternative food plants. There is also the potential for sublethal effects such as a decreased ability to fly and an increase in flower handling time. Hormonal herbicides alter the chemistry of plant secretions such as nectar which in turn may cause harmful effects to pollinators foraging on that contaminated nectar. Ingestion of herbicides by other insects, such as species of Coleoptera and Lepidoptera, has varying effects depending on the species, life stage of the species, and the chemical (Brown, 1987; Russell and Schultz, 2009). There are two general categories of effects that native pollinators may experience as a result of coming into contact with insecticides or insecticide residues; lethal

Assessment and Conservation Practices of Pollinators through Community Participation in the Indian Trans Himalayan Region: 12 Climate Change Perspective and sub-lethal. Lethal effects are most easily recognized i.e. the dosage is sufficient to result in near immediate mortality of the insects. While there are reports of native pollinator die-offs in non-laboratory conditions, many such poisonings are assumed to go unreported because the bees are unmanaged and do not gather in large aggregations. Low fecundity rates mean it can take many years for a native pollinator population to recover from a large reduction. Native bees in laboratory conditions were found to produce 15 – 20 offspring per year (Tepedino, 1997). In a natural setting this number is expected to be less due to competition, predation and parasites (Kearns & Inouye, 1997). Lethal effects on honey bees are often the primary focus of regulatory procedures for assessing the safety of a new insecticide for pollinators despite the enormous diversity of bees, butterflies, and other pollinating insects that may have a wide variation in their response to the same insecticide (Abramson et al. 2004; Abbott et al. 2008). As a result, a pesticide that has been deemed safe for honey bees when used according to the bee label may not be safe for native bees or other pollinators. Sub-lethal effects refer to a suite of impacts that may inhibit or degrade pollinator function and/or life history, possibly across multiple generations (Desneux et al. 2007).

1.3.11 Climate change Climate change is one of the major forms of environmental change impacting biodiversity of insects. The effects of climate change on insects will differ between species depending on their biology, current environment, and geographical distribution. As a result, some species are likely to be more susceptible to climate change than others. One of the important characteristics of the response of biodiversity to climate change is that species tend to respond individualistically. In other words, entire assemblages do not respond in a similar way, rather, each species in the assemblage tends to respond in a more or less unique fashion (McGeoch et al. 2006), as they have done in the prehistoric past (Ponel et al. 2003). Increase in mean temperature, and higher

Assessment and Conservation Practices of Pollinators through Community Participation in the Indian Trans Himalayan Region: Climate Change Perspective 13 winter and evening temperatures, can have profound effects on invertebrates. Although, increased temperatures in general result in increased development rates and a forward shift in phenologies, survival, distribution, migration, dispersal activity, range size and position, activity periods, and food consumption rates will also be affected (Hughes 2000; Walther et al. 2002). Interactions between species are predicted to be significantly altered by climate change, particularly when interacting species respond differently to the change

1.3.12 Impact of insect pollinators decline on crops Most of the crops and varieties cultivated in Trans- Himalaya are mainly cross pollinated and either depends on, or are greatly benefited by, insect pollination. The decline in pollinator diversity, distribution, and abundance presents a serious threat to crop production and the maintenance of biodiversity. Among the different crop categories, fruit crops are highly vulnerable to pollinator loss. It is estimated that a loss in local insect pollinators would result in a two-thirds reduction in fruit crop production. Oilseed crops are the next most vulnerable, followed to a much lesser degree by pulses, spices, and vegetables. Apple farming plays a major role in the economy of Himachal Pradesh. The decline in natural insect pollinators causes low crop yield, and deformed, discolored and poor fruit quality, despite of adequate agronomic inputs and intensive efforts. Pistil senescence and low seed production are also results of poor pollination. Disappointed with the very low yields and the quality of apples as a result of poor pollination, several farmers have destroyed their apple trees. Orchardists in Himachal Pradesh are hiring honeybee colonies for the pollination of their apple orchards to equalize the decline in pollinators.  

Assessment and Conservation Practices of Pollinators through Community Participation in the IndianMunsiyari Trans Himalayan © Region: Mona Chauhan 14 Climate Change Perspective

Chapter 2

STUDY AREA

The present study was conducted in the Indian trans-region of Lahaul and Spiti (Himachal Pradesh) and Joshimath, Mandakini valley and Munsiyari of Uttarakhand.

2.1 Description of the Study Area: Lahaul and Spiti Himalaya is one of the most ecologically fragile bio-geographic zones in India (Rodgers and Panwar, 1988). Demographic, economic and social changes, therefore, have important consequences on conservation of Trans Himalayan natural resources (Fox et al 1994). It is one of the most diverse region and more appropriate for the study of insects due to unique ecosystems, high altitude insects are highly specialized and bio-indicators of health of Himalaya. (Khan and Sahni, 1978; Kulshrestha, 1978). The arid Trans-Himalayan region is covering the Tibetan plateau and the Tibetan marginal mountains in the rain shadow of the Greater Himalayan range. Most of the region has a pastoral history dating back several millennia (Handa 1994; Schaller 1998). The region also supports a unique wildlife assemblage, including a diverse and endemic large wild herbivore assemblage.

The district of Lahaul-Spiti is one of the most beautiful valleys in Northern India. These breath- taking valleys are located in the Indian state of Himachal Pradesh and are the largest district in the state. It consists of the two formerly separate districts of Lahaul and Spiti. Lahaul is much greener and more fertile, whereas Spiti is a sheer desert with large barren lands.

Assessment and Conservation Practices of Pollinators through Community Participation in the Indian Trans Himalayan Region: Climate Change Perspective 15

Trilokinath © Amar Paul Singh

The Lahaul-Spiti district was formed in 1960 and its current administrative headquarters is Keylong, which lies in Lahaul. Before the formation of the district, the capital of Lahaul was Kardang and Dhankar was the capital of Spiti.

The district is very strategically located with some of the most popular tourist destinations around it. To its south lies the beautiful Kullu Valley across the Rohtang Pass, to its west are Pangi and Churah areas of district Chamba. To its north are the valleys of Zanskar and Ladakh and its southeastern boundaries coincide with Western Tibet across the Kunzum Pass. The valley acts a common point from where all of these destinations can be easily reached. The valley is most inviting between the months of May and October when the weather is very pleasant and comfortable. Lahaul and Spiti district is a high altitude desert region (average elevation 4270 m) and is quite dry with little amount of rainfall. The whole are is enclosed between high mountain ranges which remain covered with snow and glaciers for most part of the year. Average annual rainfall is just 170 mm. and highest mountain pass in Lahaul Spiti is Kunzum La at 4551 m near Chandrataal Lake and Batal. Highest mountain peak is Gya at 6,794 m. Lahaul Spiti is the habitat for numerous extremely rare animals and plants, many of which are not found elsewhere. Snowline starts at 5000 m and almost all plants grow only below this altitude. Even then, due to dry weather and high average altitude, trees are found only in lower altitude areas and rest of the flora consists of some hardy shrubs, herbs and wild flowers like Crepis flexuosa, Krascheninikovia ceratoides, Caragana brevifolia, Seseli trilobum, Ausinia thomsonii and among others. Many of these are used in herbal medicine, fodder and fuel by locals. People farm wheat, cabbage, potatoes, onion and a few other crops in lower reaches.

Assessment and Conservation Practices of Pollinators through Community Participation in the Indian Trans Himalayan Region: 16 Climate Change Perspective Chandra tal © V.P. Uniyal

Some of the important animal species found in Lahaul and Spiti are snow leopards, argali, Tibetan antelope, musk deer, brown bear, ibex, Himalayan wolf and kiangs. The direct sighted animals by the research team were Blue Sheep, Himalayan ibex, Himalayan stoat and little pika.

2.2 Description of the Study Area: Joshimath Joshimath block is one of the hilly terrains of Chamoli district of Uttarakhand state. The area lies in between 30°26′52.37″ to 30°33′02.52″ N latitude and 79°33′57.56″ to 89°41′34.79″ E longitude. Joshimath block is bounded by Dasholi block in the west, Ghat block in the south, Pokhari block in the east. Himalayan Tahr, Bharal, Musk deer, Snow leopard, Asian Elephant, Himalayan black Bear, Langurs, Rhesus Macaque, Shrew. Koklass (Khalij) Pheasant, Himalayan Bulbul, Snow Partridge, Himalayan Snow cock, White capped Red star, Blue whistling thrush, Grandala, Babblers, Red wattle lapwing, Lammergeier (bearded vulture), Himalayan Griffon vulture, Ravens. Queen of Spain Fritillary, Dark and Pale Clouded Yellow, The painted lady, Indian cabbage white, common leopard, Common Sailor, Common Copper, Common Wall, and Hedge Blue. Pinus wallichiana, Sinarundinaria falcata (Ringal), Populus ciliate Quercus semecarpifolia, Salix alba, Aesculus indica, Alnus nepalensis, Cedrus deodara, Lyonia ovalifolia, Celtis australis, Berberis sp, Cotoneaster microphyllus, Desmodium elegans, Elaeagnus conferta, Rhamnus persica, Rubus foliolosus, Rubus niveus, Artemisia capillaries, Urtica doica, Chenopodium album, Circium verutum, Fragaria nubicola, Galium sp., Geranium sp., Impatiens sp., Oxalis acetocella, Plantago sp., Polygonum sp., Salvia moocroftiana, Stellarea sp., Thalictrum sp., Viola sp.

Assessment and Conservation Practices of Pollinators through Community Participation in the Indian Trans Himalayan Region: Climate Change Perspective 17 Devariya tal © V.P. Uniyal

2.3 Description of the Study Area: Ukhimath Mandakini river valley - Mandakini signifies "she who flows calmly" is one of the major tributary of upper Ganges system that lays in one the most active terrain of the Himalaya. The active tectonic born fragility in the terrain cause huge landslides every year during the rain. Mandakini river valley (Rudraprayag district, Uttarakhand, India) is located between latitude 300 19' and 300 49' North and longitude 780 49' and 790 21' 13" East and covering an area of about 1982.92 sq. km. The altitude of Mandakini River catchment extends from 670 to 6000 m msl. It takes its emergence as Dudhganga from the Chorabari glacier near Kedarnath in Uttarakhand. Besides this, there are numerous small tributaries joining the river. It is fed by Vasukiganga at Sonprayag and further joins River Alaknanda at Rudraprayag. Alaknanda then proceeds towards Devprayag where it joins with Bhagirathi River to form the River Ganges. Mandakini is the major tributary of upper Ganges basin.

86% of the state is mountainous and 65% is covered by forest. Geographically, Uttarakhand is divided into two divisions; namely KUMAON and GARHWAL that consists of 13 districts. Garhwal division comprises of seven districts in total and Rudraprayag is one of them. It is bounded by Uttarkashi on the north, Chamoli on the east, Pauri Garhwal on the south, and Tehri Garhwal on the south. It lies between the 29° 55’ 37" to 31° 27’ 3" N latitude and 78° 54’ 3" to 80° 2’ 3" E longitude. The head quarter of the district is at Rudraprayag town comprises of three tehsil/blocks viz. Ukhimath, Rudraprayag and Jakholi. Mandakini is the main river flowing through this district.

The farming system in the Uttaranchal Himalaya comprises of agricultural crops, horticulture, herb culture, tea garden practices and nurseries fruit plantation or reforestation. Uttarakhand Himalaya is composed of undulating terrain, terraced fields and erosion prone areas, low-lying

Assessment and Conservation Practices of Pollinators through Community Participation in the Indian Trans Himalayan Region: 18 Climate Change Perspective Auli © V.P. Uniyal river valleys and foothill plains. Because of lacking fertilizer application and modern innovation for agriculture technologies, the yield of the crops is comparatively very low. The region is the home for more than 1800 valuable herb plants that are endemic to the Himalayas.

Agricultural practices are the main stay of the people of Uttarakhand. Out of the total population, more than 75% people are engaged either with the main occupation of agriculture or its allied practices, dominated by traditional subsistence cereal farming. Among them, the main crops are rice, wheat, millet, barley, all types of pulses, all types of oilseeds and almost all types of fruits. Rudraprayag had a pleasant and clear climate. The maximum temperature rises to 25°-26° C and the minimum temperature falls to about 2°-5° C during September to February. Winters are cold and often lead to snowfall in the month of December-January. The soil in the region is dark brown to brown at surface and brown to yellowish brown in the sub soil and endo- dynomorphic (Singh and Singh, 1992). The region has abundant of soft as well as hardwood trees such as catechu, bahera, harar, amaltas, bel, kachnar and dhak. A large variety of creepers some of which have broad green leaves also thrive in the vicinity of the trees. Spruce, silver-fir, kail and kharasu, oak and some trees of small economical value are the principal trees found in the forests of the upper Himalayas. Plant species that are cosmopolitan in the study sites includes Cinnamomum tamala (Tejpata), Myrica esculenta (Kafal), Pinus roxburghii, Prunus cerasoides (Paiyan), Prunus persica (Peach), Lindera pulcherima (Tilphara), Quercus leucotrichophora, Quercus semicarpifolia, Quercus leucotrichophora, Quercus floribunda, Rhododendron arboretum, Berberis asiatica, Asparagus adscendens, Cotoneaster microphyllus, Caesalpinea decapetala, Clematis montana, Fragaria indica (Bhui Kafal), Potentilla atrosanguinea, Rubus paniculatus, Rubus niveus, Rubus macilentus, Bistorta vivipara, Rumex nepalensis, Lagotis cashmeriana, Gaultheria trichophylla, Taraxacum officinale (Kan Phulya), Ranunculus diffuses, Ficus nerifolia (Thelka),Ficus auriculata (Timla), Ficus clavata (Chanchari), Debregeasia

Assessment and Conservation Practices of Pollinators through Community Participation in the Indian Trans Himalayan Region: Climate Change Perspective 19 Blue sheep at Tabo © Amar Paul Singh salicifolia, Trifolia repens, Urtica doica, Amaranthus viridis, Scutellaria scandens, Anaphalis nepalensis, Gnaphalium affine, Woodfordia fruticosa, Reinwardtia indica, Geranium wallichianum, Thalictrum foliolosum, Alnus nepalensis, Juglans regia, Aesculus indica (Pangar), Acer caesium, Betula alnoides, Sinarundinaria falcata (Ringal). Rudraprayag district is rich in fauna and has large varieties of mammals, diverse species of birds, reptiles, insects and fish. A large number of insect are found in the districts, some of them are butterflies, snow flies, honey bees, spider, bumble bees, leech etc. Himalayan Tahr, Bharal, Indian muntjac/ barking deer, Wild Boar, Porcupine, Himalayan black Bear, Langurs, Rhesus Macaque, Himalayan Serow contribute to the major part of the faunal diversity. Besides, the vast avifaunal diversity shows the occurrence of birds like Himalayan Bulbul, Red Vented Bulbul, Himalayan Parakeet, Grey Treepie, Rufous Treepie, Black headed Jay, Green backed Tit, Rubous Sibia, Kaleej Pheasant, Spotted Forktail, Yellow billed blue Magpie, White capped Bunting, Himalayan Griffon, Common Sparrow, White browed Wagtail, Jungle Myna, Common Hill Myna, Grey Bushchats, Himalayan pied Woodpecker, Rufous bellied Woodpecker, Brown fronted pied Woodpecker, Blue whistling Thrush, Streaked whistling Thrush, White throated whistling Thrush, Long tailed Minivet, Himalayan Rosefinch, Niltava, Red billed Chough, Verditer Flycatcher in the region that forms the major part of pollinators apart from insects. Order Lepidoptera emerged as a big contributor of pollinators apart from Hymenooptera consisting of numerous butterflies such as Queen of Spain Fritillary, Common Tiger, Plain Tiger, Blue Admiral, The Blue Pansy, The Chocolate Pansy, The Common Emigrant, The Gem, The Pioneer, The painted lady, Tortoise shell, Red Admiral, Red Helen, Chestnut Tiger, Common Mormon, Common Jezebel, Dark and Pale Clouded Yellow, Indian cabbage white, Common leopard, Common Sailor, Common Copper, Common Wall, Pale grass Blue, Hummingbird Hawk moth.

Assessment and Conservation Practices of Pollinators through Community Participation in the Indian Trans Himalayan Region: 20 Climate Change Perspective Snow leopard at Pin valley © Kalzang

2.4 Description of the Study Area: Pithoragarh Uttarakhand state of India is naturally landscaped with high Himalayan Mountains, snow- capped peaks, passes, valleys, alpine meadows, forests, waterfalls, perennial rivers, glaciers and springs. Pithoragarh district is the easternmost Himalayan district in this state. This area is ecologically very rich with diversified flora and fauna. Pithoragarh town, which is located in Soar valley is also it’s headquarter. The district is the part of Kumaon region of Uttarakhand state and which is also one of its administrative division.

The geographical area of the district is 7,100 km2 (2,700 sq mi). Pithoragarh is located at a height of 1645 meters above sea level. Pithoragarh District is located along the eastern and southern part of the central Himalayas with Indo-Tibetan watershed divide in the north and Kali River forming a continuous border with Nepal in the east. The district is administratively divided into five tehsils, namely Munsiyari, Dharchula, Didihat, Gangolihat, and Pithoragarh. Many Pollinators species have been collected from the locality. The enumeration is based on the recent collection trips to the region of the western Himalayas. The significant survey and collection of pollinators were made with the purpose to provide the complete pollinators of Munsiyari and enumerated here for the first time. Flora includes many unique sub-tropical, temperate and alpine plants. The flora of the district includes many Bryophytes, Pteridophytes, Gymnosperms and Angiosperms. Rare varieties of Orchids are also present in the high altitude (Champion and Seth, 1968). The prominent forest plants and trees with common names are: Myrica esculenta- Kaphal, Saussurea obvallata- Brahma kamal, Zanthoxylum armatum- Tejhova, Berberis aristata- Chitra, Saussurea simpsonia- kuth, Rhododendron campanulatum- Buransh, Rubus rotundifolius- Dove orchid, Rhododendron barbatum- Buransh, Cypripedium cordigerum- Sleeper Orchid, Dendrobium normale- Orchid, Vanda cristata- Harchur, Prunus puddum- Padam, Prunus

Assessment and Conservation Practices of Pollinators through Community Participation in the Indian Trans Himalayan Region: Climate Change Perspective 21 Munsiyari, Khaliyal landscape with 4 different species of Rhododendron © Pooja Thakur

cornuta- Himalayan bird cherry, Pedicularis punctata- Kashmir Lousewort, Quercus spp.- Oak, Cedrus deodara- Deodar, Taxus wallichiana-Thuneer, Abies pindrow- Rai, Aconitum heterophyllum- Atees, Betula utilis- Bhojpatra, Nardostachys grandiflora- Jatamashi, Picrorhiza kurroa- Karoi, Rhododendron rawatii- Buransh, Rhododendron arboretum- Buransh. Faunal Diversity a total of 4907 faunal species have been reported which include 3948 invertebrate fauna and 959 vertebrate fauna. The fauna exhibits an admixture of Oriental, Palaearctic and Indo-Malayan elements. It is home to many endemic and threatened species of both vertebrates and invertebrates. Black Drongo - Dicrurus macrocercus, Emerald Dove - Chalcophaps indica, Golden Eagle -Aquila chrysaetos, Great Hornbil -Buceros bicornis , Grey Francolin -Francolinus pondicerianus, Himalayan Monal- Lophophorus impejanu, Indian Cuckoo -Cuculus micropterus, Indian Grey-Hornbill Ocyceros birostris, Indian Roller- Coracias benghalensis, Little Green Bee-eater- Merops orientalis, Red Junglefowl -Gallus gallus, Spotted Dove - Streptopelia chinensi, Parakeet- Psittacula krameri manillensis, Robin- Saxicoloides fulicatus, Blue-capped Rock Thrush -Monticola cinclorhynchus. Barking deer- Muntiacus, Bharal -Pseudois nayaur, Black bear- Ursusthibetanus, Ghoral -Nemorhaedus goral, Musk deer- Moschus leucogaster, Serow -Capricornis sumatraensis, Leopard -Panthera pardus, Sambar -Rusa unicolor, Snow leopard -Panthera uncia, Spotted deer -Axis axis, Swamp Deer- Rucervus duvaucelii, Tiger- Panthera tigris.

 

Assessment and Conservation Practices of Pollinators through Community Participation in the Indian Trans Himalayan Region: 22 Climate Change Perspective

Chapter 3

STUDY DESIGN

3.1 Sampling framework The trans-Himalayan region was targeted for the intensive study of pollinators and about the conservation practices of these little creatures with the help of organizing workshops and programs like capacity building. Sampling was done at day time (between 9:00 hrs until 18:00 hrs) for direct sighting of the pollinating insect species foraging on the flowering plants. We had choose only those stretch which were connected to the villages, treks were made for the significant sampling of the pollinating species. At each sampling villages data set were prepared and proper photographs were taken.

In Lahaul, Himachal Pradesh, a total of four valleys (1. Pattan valley, 2. Miyar Valley, 3. Toth valley and 4. Teenath valley) were tried to sample by taking 36 sampling point in the stretch of each 4 Km. In each stretch, opportunistic sampling of pollinating species of insects which were foraging on the flowers was conducted. Spiti Valley is barren and has a difficult terrain with an average elevation of 4,270 mts, generally considered a cold desert. It is enclosed between high mountain ranges, with the Spiti River flowing in the southeast to meet the River Sutlej. So that the samplings was opportunistically done in the villages of Spiti valley. Another holistic study was conducted in four Gram Panchayats consisting of eight villages of Ukhimath block of Uttarakhand with different sampling sites in each village namely Taala, Ushada, Hudu, Karnadhar, Daira, Bangrali, Kanda and Semaar along Mandakini valley.

Assessment and Conservation Practices of Pollinators through Community Participation in the Indian Trans Himalayan Region: Climate Change Perspective 23

Apis mellifera © Amar Paul Singh

In this study, a door-to-door survey was conducted in randomly selected households of all the villages to enumerate total landholding, area under cultivation of each crop, crop composition, cropping pattern, crop rotation and commonly cultivated crops. The information was collected through informal discussion with knowledgeable members of the families, particularly with women folk, as they are actively involved in all agricultural activities. Few sessions of community- based questionnaire were also held that mostly spoke of recent farming trend, use of insecticide/pesticides, fundamental knowledge of Insect pest pollinators, per household land holding size, livestock possession, manure application and other sources of livelihood.

Sampling was done by direct method i.e. sweep netting in case of pollinating insects. Hand picking method was used for the other insects. Opportunistic sampling and Aerial sampling of pollinators was also done and accordingly photographed for the further Identification and higher research studies. The Joshimath sampling was done at only three villages (Fig. 3) and thirty six villages at Munsiyari to assess the entofauna diversity of Pollinators on major front and Impact of land use changes and the risks associated with the loss of pollination services in Joshimath block Chamoli district and Pithoragarh district.

Assessment and Conservation Practices of Pollinators through Community Participation in the Indian Trans Himalayan Region: 24 Climate Change Perspective

Fig. 1: Sampling sites: Himachal Pradesh

Assessment and Conservation Practices of Pollinators through Community Participation in the Indian Trans Himalayan Region: Climate Change Perspective 25

Fig. 2: Sampling sites: Uttarakhand



Assessment and Conservation Practices of Pollinators through Community Participation in the Indian Trans Himalayan Region: 26 Climate Change Perspective

Chapter 4

OBSERVATIONS

A total of 39 species of Hymenoptera was reported from the Lahaul and Spiti region. Pollinators from different orders were also reported i.e. Lepidoptera (7 species), Diptera (2 species), Coleoptera (2 species) and Hemiptera 1 species from Lahaul region and similarly Lepidoptera (9 species), Diptera (7 species), Coleoptera (4 species) and Hemiptera 4 species from Spiti region.

A total of 29 species of pollinators were recorded from Munsiyari, which consist of Lepidoptera (30 species), Diptera (20 species), Coleoptera (17 species) and Hemiptera (4 species) and Hymenoptera (26 species).

Assessment and Conservation Practices of Pollinators through Community Participation in the Indian Trans Himalayan Region: Climate Change Perspective 27

Assessment and Conservation Practices of Pollinators through Community Participation in the Indian Trans Himalayan Region: 28 Climate Change Perspective Plate 1: Hymenoptera as Pollinator

1. Apis melifera 2. Bombus sp. 3. Caupolcana sp.

4. Megachile sp. 5. Anthidium sp. 6. Megachile sp.

7. Bombus sp. 8. Halictus sp. 9. Caupolcana sp.

10. Anthidium sp. 11. Megachile sp. 12. Apis cerana

Assessment and Conservation Practices of Pollinators through Community Participation in the Indian Trans Himalayan Region: Climate Change Perspective 29

13. Apis dorsata 14. Apis cerana 15. Apis sp.

16. Apis florea 17. Vespa sp. 18. Megachile sp.

Assessment and Conservation Practices of Pollinators through Community Participation in the Indian Trans Himalayan Region: 30 Climate Change Perspective Plate 2: Lapidoptera as Pollinator

1. Phalanta sp. 2. Hyponephele sp. 3. Lycaena phlaeas

4. Unidentified yet 5. Maliattha sp. 6. Colias fieldii

7. Aglais urticae 8 . Pieris brassicae 9. Papilio polytes

Assessment and Conservation Practices of Pollinators through Community Participation in the Indian Trans Himalayan Region: Climate Change Perspective 31 Plate 3: Diptera and Coleoptera as Pollinator

1. Eristalis sp. 2. Sarcophaga sp. 3. Eristalis sp.

4. Bombylius sp. 5. Hycleus sp. 6. Protaetia sp.

7. Gametis sp. 8. Glycephana sp. 9. Hemiptera sp.

Assessment and Conservation Practices of Pollinators through Community Participation in the Indian Trans Himalayan Region: 32 Climate Change Perspective We plotted the graphs represented the number of insect pollinator species found in the Lahaul and Spiti region of Himachal Pradesh which concluded that the dominant family of pollinator is Hymenoptera followed by Lepidoptera, Coleoptera, Diptera and Hemiptera and on the other side the data of Spiti concluded that Hymenoptera is dominant family followed by Lepidoptera, Diptera, Coleoptera and Hemiptera.

In Mandakini valley region, Order Lepidoptera emerged as a big contributor of pollinators apart from Hymenoptera consisting of numerous butterflies such as Queen of Spain Fritillary, Common Tiger, Plain Tiger, Blue Admiral, The Blue Pansy, The Chocolate Pansy, The Common Emigrant, The Gem, The Pioneer, The painted lady, Tortoise shell, Red Admiral, Red Helen, Chestnut Tiger, Common Mormon, Common Jezebel, Dark and Pale Clouded Yellow, Indian cabbage white, Common leopard, Common Sailor, Common Copper, Common Wall, Pale grass Blue, Hummingbird Hawk moth.

Among Hymenopterans; bumble bees, Solitary bees, honey bees and wasps were significant in number.

Pollinator Species of Lahaul region 16

14 14 12

6 7

4 5

2 2 1 0 Hymenoptera Lepidoptera Coleoptera Diptera Hemiptera

Fig. Graph depicts the number of species of pollinators found in the Lahaul Region

Assessment and Conservation Practices of Pollinators through Community Participation in the Indian Trans Himalayan Region: Climate Change Perspective 33 Pollinator species of Spiti Region 14

0 Hymenoptera Lepidoptera Coleoptera Diptera Hemiptera

Fig. Graph depicts the number of species of pollinators found in the Spiti Region

Pollinator Species of Munsiyari

40 35 30 25 20 15 10 5 0 Hymenoptera Lepidoptera Coleoptera Diptera Hemiptera

Fig. Graph depicts the number of species of pollinators found in the Munsiyari Region

We concluded that out of 228 farmers a mean of 0.121951 Organic and 0.878049 inorganic farming has been doing by the farmers in Lahaul region, which reveals that inorganic farming is been dominant in the region which is ultimately not good for the pollinators and health of crops too.

Assessment and Conservation Practices of Pollinators through Community Participation in the Indian Trans Himalayan Region: 34 Climate Change Perspective 1

0.9

0.8

0.7

0.6

0.5

0.4

0.3

0.2

0.1

0 Organic farming Inorganic farming

Fig. Graph depicts the mean of Organic and Inorganic farming done by the farmers in Lahaul Region.

And in Munsiyari block we concluded that out of 251 farmers maximum 20% farmers used to do inorganic farming rather than organic farming, which reveals that organic farming is dominant in the region which is ultimately good for the pollinators and health of crops too.

250

200

150

100 200

0 Organic Farming Inorganic Farming

Fig. Graph depicts the Organic and Inorganic farming done by the farmers in Munsiyari

Assessment and Conservation Practices of Pollinators through Community Participation in the Indian Trans Himalayan Region: Climate Change Perspective 35 4.6 Pollinators (Hymenoptera) identified from the Lahaul and Spiti Sr.No. Family Species 1. Andrenidae Andrina flavipes 2. Apidae Anthophora sp. 1 3. Amegilla sp. 1 4. Anthophora sp. 2 5. Anthophora sp. 3 6. Anthophora sp. 4 7. Anthophora confusa 8. Apis dorsata 9. Bombus agrorum 10. Bombus asiaticus 11. Bombus haemorrhoidalis 12. Bombus rufofasciatus 13. Bombus subtypicus 14. Bombus tunicatus 15. Ceratina hieroglyphica 16. Tetralonia hungarica 17. Apis melifera 18. Eucera parvicornis 19. Eucera clypeta 20. Xylocopa fenestrata 21. Xylocopa sp. 1 22. Chrysididae Chrysis angustata 23. Chrysis sp. 1. 24. Scoliidae Elis fimbreata 25. Vespidae Eumenes bengalense 26. Halictidae Halictus kessaleri 27. Sphecodes rubicundus 28. Halictus pallens 29. Halictus sp. 1 30. Halictidae sp. 1 31. Halictidae sp. 2 32. Jetraponica trincta 33. Halictus scaliosa 34. Halictus mulachurus 35. Megachilidae Megachile maritima 36. Megachile sp. 1 37. Megachile sp. 2 38. Megachile sp. 3 39. Megachile sp. 4

Assessment and Conservation Practices of Pollinators through Community Participation in the Indian Trans Himalayan Region: 36 Climate Change Perspective Hymenoptera found during study

20 No. of Species 15

Families

Fig. Bar graph depicts the number of species of Hymenoptera found during the study

In spite of suitable climate and soil conditions for growing different fruit crops in Trans-Himalaya, and adequate agronomic inputs and intensive efforts of orchardists, the yield and quality of fruit crops is decreasing, due to insufficient pollination. In recent years, number, abundance and biodiversity of insect pollinators is decreasing due to hazardous human activities. Various threatening factors to the biodiversity of insect pollinators observed in Trans- Himalaya are: - Disturbance, degradation, fragmentation, shrinkage, and the loss of habitat; Impact of Introduced species; Increase in monoculture; Grazing and mowing; Forest fires; Honey hunting; Exotic honeybees and local honeybees; Pesticides; Diseases and parasites; Cell phone radiations; Environment pollution; and Climate change. These factors are imposing a serious threat to crop production and the maintenance of biodiversity. Several farmers getting disappointed with the very low yield and quality of apples, have destroyed their apple trees. So we need more research to find outnew methods, plans and policies for conservation and management of insect pollinators not in Trans- Himalaya only, but a global concern.

  

Assessment and Conservation Practices of Pollinators through Community Participation in the Indian Trans Himalayan Region: Climate Change Perspective 37

Phalanta sp. © Amar Paul Singh Assessment and Conservation Practices of Pollinators through Community Participation in the Indian Trans Himalayan Region: 38 Climate Change Perspective

Chapter 5

CAPACITY BUILDING PROGRAMMES AND FIELD ACTIVITIES

Improving skills and capacity building at individual and community level throughout the landscape) in managing the habitat usage through awareness program and workshops were diligently organized to give a platform to the natives and the schoolchildren for imparting better knowledge about pollinators.

To help locals to understand the risks associated with the loss of pollinators and their pollination services; to differentiate between organic inorganic farm practices. Meanwhile, appreciating and rewarding the best management practices in the region. These workshops were conducted at the Panchayat Bhawans or School premises and sometimes in the open ground. We organized a seminar at Joshimath and a field training program at Khiro valley for the frontline

Assessment and Conservation Practices of Pollinators through Community Participation in the Indian Trans Himalayan Region: Climate Change Perspective 39 staffs of forest department to get a first-hand with the identification and abundance of common birds, insects and butterflies in the region. General Field guidelines regarding bird watching and handling of insect/butterfly was imparted. About 50 forest personnel were trained during this field trip. Lectures on pollinators and their importance were organized and how these little creatures are demolished day by day due to the human interference, like use of insecticides and

pesticides, and how these things are accumulated in the nectars and through that into the honey. Lectures were also on the climate change and their impact on the biodiversity and how the climate change affects the ecology of biodiversity. The main goal was to strengthen the bond between the organizers and the people to initiate the grass root level participation in the direction of conservation efforts of pollinators. A total of 63 species of pollinators were recorded which consists of 6 species of (Hymenoptera), 34 species of (Lepidoptera), 14 species of flies (Diptera), 5 species of beetle (Coleoptera) and 4 species of (Hemiptera). Among the pollinators lepidoptera found more diversified than any other pollinator species.We set up workshops in neighboring schools to educate the children about Conservation and importance of Pollinators and spread awareness on Climate Change. For workshop, we visited in 4 schools at different villages of Munsiyari Block. We conducted quiz competition among primary school students and

Assessment and Conservation Practices of Pollinators through Community Participation in the Indian Trans Himalayan Region: 40 Climate Change Perspective showed them animated videos on importance of bees. In case of the higher class students lectures were conducted to make them understand about the importance of pollinators, why they are declined? What are the main factors of their flourishing off? and how we can conserve them for our better future. Brochures and pamphlets were also distributed among the students too.

We have done Field Surveys and Pamphlet distribution among farmers in different villages of the study area to educate people about the pollinators and there importance and to know whether the farmers used to do organic farming or inorganic farming. A total of 228 farmers in Lahaul and 251 farmers were surveyed in Munsiyari Block.

We set out to conduct workshops in neighboring schools to educate the children about Conservation and importance of Pollinators and spread awareness on Climate Change. We prepared a data set of the people gathered in the organized workshops. For workshop, we visited in 5 schools a total number of 362 students at different villages of Lahaul region Table 1. A total of 25 farmers were participated in Sagnam panchayat Workshop, 31 in Kungri, Guling, Tangti and Mikkim, 40 in Tabo, 31 in Hikkim, Langcha and Komic, 32 in Kee, Kibber and Chichhim 29 I Kaza, Spti and 30 inPattan valley 16 in Miyar valley, 22in Teenath valley and 23 inToth valley, Lahaul.

We also organized workshops in the Inter College and School academics in Munsiyari. A total of 4 workshops were organized in this concern.

5.1 Group discussion

Assessment and Conservation Practices of Pollinators through Community Participation in the Indian Trans Himalayan Region: Climate Change Perspective 41 © Agni Chandra

Assessment and Conservation Practices of Pollinators through Community Participation in the Indian Trans Himalayan Region: 42 Climate Change Perspective 5.2 Field workshops

Assessment and Conservation Practices of Pollinators through Community Participation in the Indian Trans Himalayan Region: Climate Change Perspective 43 5.3 Scientific knowledge sharing through Pamphlets

Assessment and Conservation Practices of Pollinators through Community Participation in the Indian Trans Himalayan Region: 44 Climate Change Perspective

Assessment and Conservation Practices of Pollinators through Community Participation in the Indian Trans Himalayan Region: Climate Change Perspective 45

Assessment and Conservation Practices of Pollinators through Community Participation in the Indian Trans Himalayan Region: 46 Climate Change Perspective 5.4 Lectures and essay drawing competition organized for school children

Assessment and Conservation Practices of Pollinators through Community Participation in the Indian Trans Himalayan Region: Climate Change Perspective 47 © Amar Paul Singh  

Assessment and Conservation Practices of Pollinators through Community Participation in the Indian Trans Himalayan Region: 48 Climate Change Perspective Pollination is an example of a tangible ecosystem service with direct consequences for human food production, as well as indirect consequences through provision of many other ecosystem services. Therefore maintenance of pollinators and pollination services in agricultural areas where pollination services are required is of utmost importance. Heterogeneity of habitats within farmland can be beneficial for biodiversity and more heterogeneous landscapes provide benefits for both butterflies and bumblebees. This can be achieved by the maintenance of field margins and poly culture. Less intensively managed farming systems, especially those with less pesticide use, are generally more beneficial for pollinators and pollination.

Insecticides commonly used either as sprays or seed treatments. Organic farming which traditionally uses less agro-chemicals than conventional farming has been shown to be beneficial for pollinators insect pollinated plants and pollination services to both crops and wild species. Increasing cash crop farming based on monocultures in the mountains has contributed to the reduction in the diversity of plants that provide food for pollinators. In the past, mountain farmers grew a variety of crops, which bloomed at different times of the year and provided food for a number of natural insect pollinators. So the diversification of agriculture could be an excellent resolution. Economic incentive to framers could be an effective towards the pollinators conservation. Proposed study will provide create scientific database for the effective land use management. Present study is considered an excellent insight for future conservation and management planning which will help the managers to set priority areas for habitat improvement or restrict areas to deteriorate any further.

Project will contribute NMHS mission of government as it aims to understand the impact of shifting land use patterns of pollinator’s local agro-ecosystems. In the THR changing land use patterns are closely associated with the socio-economic and wildlife conservation in the region which is a major concern for conservation and policy makers and this study will create a scientific data base and also awareness among local communities. This study will create a scientific data base correlating impact of shifting land use and agro-pastoralism on the pollinator diversity. Improving skills and capacity building at individual and community level throughout the landscape in managing the habitat usage through awareness in the community will be achieved through training and workshop. This study will help identify the pollinator diversity of the region and also provide mitigative measures to conserve them and their habitats. Results from this proposed research can be used to compare pollinators’ populations with those monitored in managed and unmanaged natural habitats.

Assessment and Conservation Practices of Pollinators through Community Participation in the Indian Trans Himalayan Region: Climate Change Perspective 49 Table: 1. Number of schools and students participated in the workshops S. No. Name of Schools Visited Number of Students 1. Government Primary School of Jhalma 13 2. Government Higher Secondary School Jhalma 71 3. Government Higher Secondary Shansha 57 4. Government Senior Secondary School Udaypur 95 5. Government Higher Secondary School Trilokinath 74 6. Government Senior Secondary School Keylong 52

Table 2: participants of Workshops organized in Lahaul and Spiti

Sagnam panchayat: - Work shop was organized in Panchayat bhawan on dated 13 July 2018. S.No. Farmer’s Name Village Phone No. 1. Padma Sagnam (pinvalley) 2. Dorje Sagnam (pinvalley) 3. Chewang Zangma Sagnam (pinvalley) 4. Gurgmet Sagnam (pinvalley) 5. Sonam Thilley Sagnam (pinvalley) 8988626356 6. Subhash kumar Sagnam (pinvalley) 9459038853 7. Padma chewing Sagnam (pinvalley) 8988408975 8. Sherap narbu Sagnam (pinvalley) 9459260850 9. Urgain Palsang Sagnam (pinvalley) 8988872681 10. Vaurauji Sagnam (pinvalley) 11. Jimed tomden Sagnam (pinvalley) 8988365141 12. Chewang Sagnam (pinvalley) 9459117642 13. Thuktan Dolma Sagnam (pinvalley) 9459646177 14. Neema Giapa Sagnam (pinvalley) 9459038842 15. Vidya sagar Sagnam (pinvalley) 9459784658 16. Chhering chhukit Sagnam (pinvalley) 9418404437 17. Urjain Kungri 8988356414 18. Yangchen Gatuk Rangrik 9418909907 19. Lobzing Nong hyal Sagnam 9418133594 20. Chhemat Dorje Kungri 8988466472 21. Tanzin Tabo 9459346220 22. Gawa Poh 8988058855 23. Fenzin dhondup Tabo 9459392699 24. Tenzin Sherab Lari 8988408084 25. Sonam Taudup Tabo 8988510216

Assessment and Conservation Practices of Pollinators through Community Participation in the Indian Trans Himalayan Region: 50 Climate Change Perspective Kungri, Guling, Tangti and Mikkim: - Work shop was organised in Panchayat bhawan on dated 15 July 2018. S.No. Farmer’s Name Village Phone No. 1. Nawang Kungri 9418880998 2. Nagzad borje Kungri 8988042690 3. Chewang Dorje Kungri 9459665613 4. Yestie Kungri 9899036438 5. Kunzang Thinlay Mikkim 9459965285 6. Chhenwang Dorje Kungri 9418967287 7. Chherity hamdel Kungri 8988471273 8. Chheten Lamo Mikkim 9. Thandap Angmo Kungri 7975972865 10. Sonam lote Bhar 8988945560 11. Chhuing Dorje Kungri 8988306670 12. Kalzang dorje Kungri 9459707550 13. Chhewang dorje Kungri 9459056443 14. Kalzang dorje Gunling 9459080569 15. Argyan dorje Kungri 9459898506 16. Tadup shacho Kungri 9459920225 17. Angrup dolma Mikkim 8988408975 18. Sonam dolma Mikkim 9418581802 19. Dichen dolkar Selling 8988046994 20. Chetan Dorje Mikkim 9418981414 21. Mishe dolma Kungri 22. Sonam dolma Kungri 9459295094 23. Chhering Bhar 8988201544 24. Jamnya Bhar 8988001083 25. Chenmat Dorje Kungri 8988466472 26. Tanzin chhodon Kungri 8988675028 27. Urgian kalzang Kungri 9459768247 28. Khedup Kungri 9459129366 29. Tandip angial Kungri 9459312089 30. Urmila Kaza 8988230821 31. Nestuq zasmo Kungri

Assessment and Conservation Practices of Pollinators through Community Participation in the Indian Trans Himalayan Region: Climate Change Perspective 51 Tabo: - Work shop was organised in Panchayat bhawan on dated 19 July 2018. S.No. Farmer’s Name Village Phone No. 1. Shochwang Tabo 9459915173 2. Chang chhopel Tabo 9418963095 3. Chhering tandup Tabo 9418202287 4. Nawang Tabo 5. Lama Tabo 6. Angamo Tabo 7. Rakesh kumar Tabo 8988181275 8. Parvati Tabo 9418621101 9. Chimet Tabo 10. Chhering Tabo 11. Thamyol Tabo 9418616604 12. Zole Anglet Tabo 9459223180 13. Prem kumar Tabo 8988572294 14. Nawyang Tabo 15. Chhering Tabo 16. Chhunit Tabo 17. Tandup Dolma Tabo 18. Ankit Tabo 19. Subhash Tabo 9459621705 20. Chewang Tabo 21. Decham Tabo 9418966348 22. Dolma yargun Tabo 23. Tashi dolma Tabo 9459348757 24. Dorle Tabo 25. Sonam Tabo 9418719636 26. Thmley dorje Tabo 9459313705 27. Soudam tobgey Tabo 9418512051 28. Tandup chhering Tabo 9418505334 29. Padma dorje Tabo 9418504229 30. Rigzin dolma Tabo 31. Aane chishe Tabo 32. Anita bodh Tabo 33 Anju Tabo 34 Tenzin kesay Tabo 35 Kalzang lakpa Tabo 36 Sonam tandup Tabo 37 Tanzin Tabo 38 Chhering chhonden Tabo 39 Tenzin kesans Tabo 40 Rigzin angamo Tabo

Assessment and Conservation Practices of Pollinators through Community Participation in the Indian Trans Himalayan Region: 52 Climate Change Perspective Hikkim, Langcha and Komic: - Work shop was organised in Primary school on dated 24 July 2018. S.No. Farmer’s Name Village Phone No. 1. Tenzin Dolma Hikkim 945933967 2. Padma dolma Hikkim 3. Nwang Thille Hikkim 898894680 4. Kunga gendun Hikkim 5. Nawang cheeme Hikkim 6. Nawang Chhonzon Hikkim 7. Nawang chobdun Hikkim 8. Tenzin chukkit Hikkim 9. Yang chen Hikkim 10. Nawang linduf Hikkim 11. Kunga lanzom Hikkim 12. Ankit buttiez Hikkim 13. Nawang lamo Hikkim 14. Angelie dorje Hikkim 15. Sonam bhultiz Hikkim 16. Lama bhultiz Hikkim 17. Karam singh Hikkim 18. Norbu kesang Hikkim 19. Chhering bhuttit Hikkim 20. Dolma chhering Hikkim 21. Sher singh Hikkim 8988035107 22. Dorje funganch Hikkim 23. Sonam Hikkim 24. Tenzin dolma Hikkim 25. Chhering phupit Hikkim 9459038774 26. Kunga trilleny Hikkim 9459980949 27. Sharap fonchok Hikkim 8988059571 28. Chhering Hikkim 29. Padma Hikkim 30. Chhering dorje Hikkim 31. Nawang chidunge Hikkim

Assessment and Conservation Practices of Pollinators through Community Participation in the Indian Trans Himalayan Region: Climate Change Perspective 53 Kee, Kibber and Chichhim: - Work shop was organised in old age home on dated 26 July 2018. S.No. Farmer’s Name Village Phone No. 1. Dorje angchuk Kee 2. Tenzin jinpa Kee 9418927902 3. Tsering tashi Kee 9459848283 4. Sharap tenzin Kee 9418556366 5. Angdui chhering Kee 9418448725 6. Kalzang chonjor Kee 8988405399 7. Dorje tandup Kee 9418707135 8. Tenzin lhundup Kee 9418757402 9. Angdui surukpa Kee 8988091251 10. Kalzang chundui Kee 9418757414 11. Sharat lamo Kee 9418327623 12. Namgyal chhering Kee 9459524173 13. Tering ghonpo Kee 9418950601 14. Angdui dorje Kee 8988086507 15. Tenzin dorje Kee 9459951256 16. Lobzang tashigang Kee 8988068507 17. Lobzang dolkar Kee 9459951256 18. Dorje sonam Kee 8988054803 19. Angrup zangpo Kee 9418550397 20. Konchok chhering Kee 9459980890 21. Norbu Kee 8988068507 22. Tsering tandup Kee 9459951256 23. Lobzang Kee 9459124320 24. Jiyan tenzin Kee 9418571419 25. Gekit Kee 8988231016 26. Chhomo Kee 8988035660 27. Ranjam Kee 8988510199 28. Tenzin aangmo Kee 9418549041 29. Lobzang tashi Kee 9459346628 30. Garu Kee 9459217547 31. Dawa bhutith Kee 9418101591 32. Dolma

Assessment and Conservation Practices of Pollinators through Community Participation in the Indian Trans Himalayan Region: 54 Climate Change Perspective Kaza: - Work shop was organised in Panchayat bhawan on dated 29 July 2018. S.No. Farmer’s Name Village Phone No. 1. Tenzin zumpa Kaza 9459531905 2. Kesang angmo Kaza 9418925887 3. Pasang Kaza 4. Padma yudan Kaza 5. Yeshey dolma Kaza 9459560342 6. Chhering dolma Kaza 7. Sonam aangdui Kaza 9459965366 8. Dolma puttit Kaza 9418575625 9. Norbu bodh Kaza 9418520931 10. C.T bodh Kaza 9418718694 11. Karma dolma Kaza 9459483141 12. Sonam chhering Kaza 9459038761 13. Tashi chhering Kaza 9459038761 14. Tashi aangdui Kaza 9459931357 15. Tenzin kappa Kaza 9418576143 16. Sonam aangdui Kaza 9459541266 17. Amar singh Kaza 9459038786 18. Sonam aangdui Kaza 9459981188 19. Tenzin tadup Kaza 9418841721 20. Nawang tenzin Kaza 9418521541 21. Tandup Kaza 8988572001 22. Chhering dolma Kaza 9418357571 23. Tashi aangmo Kaza 9459166721 24. Tenzin dolma Kaza 8988408020 25. Chhering padunn Kaza 8988441447 26. Lobzang dolma Kaza 9459981366 27. Ringzin dolma Kaza 28. Kalzang Kungri 9418496659 29. Sonam lot Kaza 9418703187

Assessment and Conservation Practices of Pollinators through Community Participation in the Indian Trans Himalayan Region: Climate Change Perspective 55 LAHAUL REGION

Pattan valley:- Work shop was organised in Jhalma on dated 16 Aug 2018. S.No. Farmer’s Name Village Phone No. 1. Neel chand Shakoli 9418921692 2. Ashok kumar Jhalma 9418660018 3. Jai singh Phoura 9418719650 4. Narender Phoura 8629098586 5. Sarj ram Taljon 9418682392 6. Ganga devi Taljon 9418717805 7. Ram lal Taljon 8. Padam dev Taljon 9459988993 9. Sushila Jundha 8988467417 10. Basanti Jundha 11. Jagdish chand Jundha 12. Suriender Taljon 9418282152 13. Sushil Taljon 8988290141 14. Devi bog Gohrma 9418711991 15. Premjeet Jobrang 9418271418 16. Surjit singh Chandra 9459912755 17. Sher chand Nalda 9418822401 18. Sudershan lal Jasrath 9418844982 19. Saroj kumar Jahlma 9418551966 20. Birbal chand Jahlma 9418356281 21. Sudershan Jasrath 9459631013 22. Ishar Jahlma 9418271396 23. Ganesh lal Jundha 9418350205 24. Panna lal Jundha 9459993910 25. Ranjeetsingh Jasrath 9459248620 26. Pritmsingh Lomachi 9418318788 27. Sunam Phura 9418844613 28. Sanju Jakal 9418347052 29. Vipinkumar Jhalma 8988776601 30. Suresh lal Chamba 9418550966

Assessment and Conservation Practices of Pollinators through Community Participation in the Indian Trans Himalayan Region: 56 Climate Change Perspective Miyar valley:- Work shop was organised in Tingarit on dated 17 Aug 2018. S.No. Farmer’s Name Village Phone No. 1. Sonam rincher Tingarit 9418423990 2. Tenzin Tingarit 9417226128 3. Passang dorje Tingarit 9418354181 4. Angma devi Tingarit 9418412121 5. Kunga ram Tingarit 9418333101 6. Chhering dolma Tingarit 9736507148 7. Prem devi Tingarit 8. Norbu ram Tingarit 9418414971 9. Laxmi devi Tingarit 8988973611 10. Sgnam dolma Tingarit 9418422145 11. Palli devi Tingarit 9418356416 12. Kamla devi Tingarit 13. Veer singh Tingarit 14. Tashi dava Tingarit 9418332591 15. Neeraj kumar Tingarit 9418400076 16. Ameer chand Tingarit 9418452978

Teenath valley:- Work shop was organised in sissu panchayat on dated 19 Aug 2018. S.No. Farmer’s Name Village Phone No. 1. Cherring dolma Sissu 9418153238 2. Manoj kumar Sissu 9418699275 3. Ram nath Sissu 9459035007 4. Banti devi Sissu 8988410352 5. Rina devi Sissu 9418356391 6. Prem lal Sissu 9459988908 7. Dhiwan chand Sissu 9418893726 8. Yudon devi Sissu 8988408863 9. Ravinder chand Sissu 9459489715 10. Shanti devi Sissu 11. Vishal Sissu 9418434770 12. Surender Sissu 13. Krishana devi Sissu 9418354305 14. Jivan lal Sissu 15. Shakuntala Sissu 9418270676 16. Ajit Sissu 9459108238 17. Prem lata Sissu 9418848569 18. Tara chand Sissu 9417701820 19. Kivita dogra Sissu 9418442410 20. Shamsher singh Sissu 9459014720 21. Nirmala devi Sissu 9418354073 22. Sonam Angmo Sissu

Assessment and Conservation Practices of Pollinators through Community Participation in the Indian Trans Himalayan Region: Climate Change Perspective 57 Toth valley:- Work shop was organised in Keylong mahila mandal bhawan on dated 24 Aug 2018. S.No. Farmer’s Name Village Phone No. 1. Nawang dolma Keylong 2. Anita Keylong 9459494592 3. Angmo Keylong 4. Chhukit Keylong 0190022234 5. Kunzum Keylong 6. Chhomo Keylong 7. Talzin dolma Keylong 9418718942 8. Chen Keylong 9. Nema dolma Keylong 10. Dekid chholma Keylong 9459988976 11. Palzom Keylong 12. Dechen Keylong 13. Chheme angmo Keylong 9418916303 14. Palmo Keylong 15. Chhime Keylong 9418911323 16. Padma Keylong 9418916341 17. Kusam Keylong 9418661443 18. Sarita Keylong 9418012335 19. Rigzin angmo Keylong 9459248459 20. Nawang dolma Keylong 9418691951 21. Sonam chhomo Keylong 9418352719 22. Dechen Keylong 9459994869 23. Baldev singh Keylong 9418130207

Assessment and Conservation Practices of Pollinators through Community Participation in the Indian Trans Himalayan Region: 58 Climate Change Perspective Table 3: Number of schools and students participated in the workshops at Munsiyari tehsil S. No. Name of Schools Visited Number of Students

1. Government Primary School of Tiksen (Munsiyari) 31 2. Government Girls Inter College Namjala 35 3. Government Inter College Madkote 73 4. Government Inter College Munsiyari 239

Assessment and Conservation Practices of Pollinators through Community Participation in the Indian Trans Himalayan Region: Climate Change Perspective 59

Assessment and Conservation Practices of Pollinators through Community Participation in the Indian Trans Himalayan Region: Chandra 60 Climate Change Perspective

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