JOURNAL OF INTERNATIONAL
RELATIONS 4 201 ING SPR 16 | UME VOL
WHY INVEST IN AMERICAN LEADERSHIP? Joseph R. Biden Vice President of the United States of America
BRIAN MUND|Fitting In: The Case of Ethnic Russians in Estonia
MATTHEW PRUSAK|The Need for Economic Engagement with North Korea
LUCAS LEBLANC|Burgeoning Grievances: An Explanation for the 2012-2013 Rise of Secessionist Sentiment in Catalonia
JOSLYN HEBDA|The Hashemites’ Headache: Syrian Refugees and Jordan’s National Security
JAN JARO|Salvaging Greece: How to Make the European Union for Europe
JUSTIN EPSTEIN|Coffee Price Shocks and Civil War Onset
VICTORIA PISINI|The Multinational in Brazil: Its Impact on Brazilian Democratization
LEILANI DOKTOR|Defining Democracy in Algeria: The Continuity and Change of Post-Colonial Political Representation
CHARITY JENSEN|The Effects of Urbanization on Water Scarcity in Indian Slums
CLAUDIA ACHA|The Global Land Rush and China
MARINA TOLCHINSKY|An "African Lion" Emerges: Post-Conflict Growth in Rwanda
RACHEL LEVIN|Human Bombs and Child Martyrs: The Transformation of Martyrs into Suicide Terrorists
NSaItiGonaMl HoAno rI SOocieTtyA for RInteHrnaOtional Studies “Fletcher’s extraordinary community paired with top-rate academic standards is absolutely unparalleled in international affairs graduate education.” -Sophia Dawkins, MALD ‘11 Program Officer Governance and Peacebuilding: South Sudan Conflict Dynamics International
In 2013, two years after receiving her Fletcher degree, Sophia Dawkins was named by Diplomatic Courier one of the “Top 99 Under 33 Foreign Policy Leaders” for her work supporting Sudanese and South Sudanese e! orts to envision governance options toward sustainable peace in the region.
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JoSeph R. BideN | Why iNVeSt iN ameRicaN leadeRShip?
BRiaN muNd | the caSe of ethNic RuSSiaNS iN eStoNia mattheW pRuSak|the Need foR ecoNomic eNgagemeNt With NoRth koRea lucaS leBlaNc|BuRgeoNiNg gRieVaNceS: aN explaNatioN foR the 2012-2013 RiSe of SeceSSioNiSt SeNtimeNt iN cataloNia
JoSlyN heBda|the haShemiteS’ headache: SyRiaN RefugeeS aNd JoRdaN’S NatioNal SecuRity
JaN JaRo|SalVagiNg gReece: hoW to make the euRopeaN uNioN WoRk foR euRope
JuStiN epSteiN|coffee pRice ShockS aNd ciVil WaR oNSet VictoRia piSiNi|the multiNatioNal iN BRazil: itS impact oN BRaziliaN democRatizatioN leilaNi doktoR|defiNiNg democRacy iN algeRia: the coNtiNuity aNd chaNge of poSt-coloNial political RepReSeNtatioN chaRity JeNSeN|the effectS of uRBaNizatioN oN WateR ScaRcity iN iNdiaN SlumS claudia acha|the gloBal laNd RuSh aNd chiNa gRaduate coRNeR
maRiNa tolchiNSky |aN “afRicaN lioN” emeRgeS: poSt-coNflict gRoWth iN RWaNda
Rachel leViN|humaN BomBS aNd child maRtyRS: the tRaNSfoRmatioN of maRtyRS iNto Suicide teRRoRiStS
EDITOR’S NOTE
Journal of International Relations
Spring 2014 | Volume 16
LETTER FROM THE PRESIDENT
Politics Among Nations: the Struggle for Power and Peace
Journal of International Relations
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student_ad.indd 1 3/6/14 6:20 PM Joseph R. Biden
By JoSeph R. BideN Vice pReSideNt of the uNited StateS
Spring 2014| Volume 16 Why Invest In AmerIcAn LeAdershIp?
First, America’s security and prosperity rests upon the need for peace, security, and prosperity around the world. And that requires American leadership.
Journal of International Relations Joseph R. Biden
There is a direct connection between American engagement in the world and our economic prosperity at home.
Spring 2014| Volume 16 Why Invest In AmerIcAn LeAdershIp?
For both moral and strategic reasons, the United States must continue to invest in development and humanitarian relief.
Journal of International Relations Joseph R. Biden
the world still looks to us—to our values, our example, and the hope we provide. So we need to stand up and be counted, as we always have.
Spring 2014| Volume 16 Why Invest In AmerIcAn LeAdershIp? 7
Journal of International Relations
The Case of eThniC Russians in esTonia
By BRiaN muNd uNiVeRSity of peNNSylVaNia
abstraCt
Russians in Estonia have persevered through the grueling process of learning Estonian and acquiring Estonian citizenship. While in 1991 the structural backdrop seemed primed for autonomist and independentist claims, by 2013, Russians have increasingly integrated into Estonian society with no real prospects of autonomy- driven organization on the horizon. This phenomenon leads to the central question that this essay hopes to explore: Why hasn’t there been more of a push for autonomy and independence among the Russian minority in Estonia? Stated differently, in view of Russian distinctiveness, what factors have led to this phenomenon of integration and a lack of a push for territorial self-rule? I argue that Russians in Estonia have chosen to seek granted legal and political rights by their Estonian hosts. In particular, I identify seven material and identitive instead pursue integration with Estonian society.
introduCtion
1 2
1 Identity in Formation: The Russian-Speaking Populations in the Near Abroad 2
Journal of International Relations Brian Mund
3
4
5 6
7 8 9
3 Identity in Formation 4 5 National Cultural Autonomy and its Contemporary Critics, 6 7 Identity in Formation 8 9 Identity in Formation Communist and Post-Communist Studies
Spring 2014 | Volume 16 The Case of eThniC Russians in esTonia
10 11 12 13
14
Figure 1: Decreasing numbers in stateless persons as more Russians gain Estonian citizenship15
10 Identity in Formation. 11 12 Identity in Formation 13 Identity in Formation 14 Publius: The Journal of Federalism 15
Journal of International Relations Brian Mund
16 17
LitEraturE rEviEw
Identity in Formation 18 19 20
21
16 17 Journal of Baltic Studies 18 Identity in Formation. 19 Measuring Identity: A Guide for Social Scientist, . 20 Perspectives on Politics 21 Plurinational Democracy: Stateless Nations in a Post-Sovereignty Era
Spring 2014 | Volume 16 The Case of eThniC Russians in esTonia
22 23 24 thEory
25
22 National Cultural Autonomy and its Contemporary Critics 23 European Political Science Review 24 25 Identity in Formation Nationalism, Liberalism, and Progress,
Journal of International Relations Brian Mund
26 27
MatEriaL inCEntivEs
28
29 30 31
26 27 28 29 Identity in Formation 30 31
Spring 2014 | Volume 16 The Case of eThniC Russians in esTonia
Figure 232
Top
Russian
Russian
33 34
32 Center for Strategic and International Studies 33 34
Journal of International Relations Brian Mund
Lost idEntity
35
36 37 38
39
35 Identity in Formation 36 37 Developments in Russian Politics, 38 Identity in Formation 39
Spring 2014 | Volume 16 The Case of eThniC Russians in esTonia
40 41 42 43
rEspECt for Minority CuLturE
44 45 46
40 Identity in Formation 41 Studies of Transition States and Societies 42 Ethnic and Racial Studies 43 44 45 Identity in Formation, 46
Journal of International Relations Brian Mund
47
48
49
50 51 52
47 48 , Human Rights In Estonia 2011: Annual Report of the Estonian Human Rights Centre, 49 50 Estonia.eu 51 52
Spring 2014 | Volume 16 The Case of eThniC Russians in esTonia
53 54
55 56
57 58 59
53 54 55 56 57 58 59
Journal of International Relations Brian Mund
LEgaL rights
60 61 62 63 64 65
60 US Department of State 61 62 63 64 65
Spring 2014 | Volume 16 The Case of eThniC Russians in esTonia
66 67
68 69
70
71 72
66 Identity in Formation. 67 , 68 69 70 71 Estonian World Review 72 Rianovosti
Journal of International Relations Brian Mund
positivE pErCEption of tituLar soCiEty
73 74 75 76 77
78
79 physiCaL sECurity
73 Identity in Formation, 74 The Journal of Nationalism and Ethnicity 75 76 Identity in Formation 77 78 79
Spring 2014 | Volume 16 The Case of eThniC Russians in esTonia
80
81 82 83
84
80 Survival 81 Identity in Formation 82 CUREJ: College Undergraduate Research Electronic Journal 83 84 Identity in Formation,
Journal of International Relations Brian Mund
85 no historiCaL narrativE
86 As 87 88
ConCLusion
85 86 Identity in Formation 87 Comparative Politics 88 National Cultural Autonomy and its Contemporary Critics
Spring 2014 | Volume 16 The Case of eThniC Russians in esTonia
Journal of International Relations Brian Mund works CitEd
Perspectives on Politics
National Cultural Autonomy and its Contemporary
National Cultural Autonomy and its Contemporary Critics
Measuring Identity: A Guide for Social Scientists,
US Department of State
Center for Strategic and International Studies
Spring 2014 | Volume 16 The Case of eThniC Russians in esTonia
Rianovosti
Communist and Post-Communist Studies
The Journal of Nationalism and Ethnicity
Human Rights In Estonia 2011: Annual Report of the Estonian Human Rights Centre.
Freedom in the World 2013 – Estonia
Nationalism, Liberalism, and Progress,
Nationalism, Liberalism, and Progress,
Communist and Post-Communist Studies
Comparative Politics
Institute for Cultural Diplomacy.
Immigration and Refugee Board of Canada
Journal of International Relations Brian Mund
European University Institute,
Plurinational Democracy: Stateless Nations in a Post-Sovereignty Era
Ethnic and Racial Studies
National Cultural Autonomy and its Contemporary Critics,
Identity in Formation: The Russian-Speaking Populations in the Near Abroad
Estonian World Review,
National Cultural Autonomy and its Contemporary Critics,
Developments in Russian Politics 7,
Publius: The Journal of Federalism
European Political Science Review
Constitutional Design for Divided Societies: Integration or Accommodation?,
Spring 2014 | Volume 16 The Case of eThniC Russians in esTonia
National Cultural Autonomy and its Contemporary Critics,
CUREJ: College Undergraduate Research Electronic Journal
New York Times,
Studies of Transition States and Societies
National Cultural Autonomy and its Contemporary Critics
National Cultural Autonomy and its Contemporary Critics
National Cultural Autonomy and its Contemporary Critics,
National Cultural Autonomy and its Contemporary Critics,
Europe-Asia Studies
Survival
National Cultural Autonomy and its Contemporary Critics
Estonia.eu
Journal of International Relations Brian Mund
Situation of human rights in Estonia and Latvia : resolution / adopted by the General Assembly.
Journal of Baltic Studies about thE author
Spring 2014 | Volume 16 The Need for ecoNomic eNgagemeNT wiTh NorTh Korea
By mattheW pRuSak uNiVeRSity of SoutheRN califoRNia abstraCt
North Korea is a country that never strays too far from the news cycle. Though its constant aggression and opaque nature have often left the West at a diplomatic impasse, there remains a solution to resolving the North Korean conundrum: economic engagement. While at times the regime relies on xenophobic rhetoric to further its hold on the country, this belies the underlying desire of the North Korean government to improve its economic situation. As one of the poorest states in the world, the Democratic People’s Republic of Korea’s greatest vulnerability is its economic sector. By engaging with North Korea economically, the international community can not only improve the plight of the North Korean people but also gain leverage on crucial issues like nuclear weapons and human rights abuses. For these reasons, this article argues that now is the time for international sanctions to be reconsidered in favor of a policy of economic engagement. By pursuing a policy predicated on briefcases instead of bombs, the United States and its allies can begin to resolve the issues the Hermit Kingdom presents.
Journal of International Relations Matthew Prusak
1 The Star 2
Spring 2014 | Volume 16 The Need for ecoNomic eNgagemeNT wiTh NorTh Korea
7
3 The Heritage Foundation 4 Reuters 5 6 Canberra Times 7 Reuters 8 Quartz
Journal of International Relations Matthew Prusak
9 Quartz 10 Daily NK 11 12 Bloomberg Businessweek 13 14
Spring 2014 | Volume 16 The Need for ecoNomic eNgagemeNT wiTh NorTh Korea
15 The Wall Street Journal 16 The Wall Street Journal 17 The Economist
Journal of International Relations Matthew Prusak
18 The New York Times 19 The New York Times 20 21
Spring 2014 | Volume 16 The Need for ecoNomic eNgagemeNT wiTh NorTh Korea
New York Times
22 23 24 The New York Times
Journal of International Relations Matthew Prusak
25 Reuters 26 The New York Time 27 Stratfor 28 Korea Herald
Spring 2014 | Volume 16 The Need for ecoNomic eNgagemeNT wiTh NorTh Korea
works CitEd
Stratfor
Canberra Times
The Wall Street Journal
Reuters
The Heritage Foundation
Quartz
The Wall Street Journal
The New
Journal of International Relations Matthew Prusak
York Times
Business Insider
The Economist
The New York Times
Reuters
Bloomberg Businessweek
Reuters
The New York Times
The New York Times
Korea Herald
The Star
Spring 2014 | Volume 16 The Need for ecoNomic eNgagemeNT wiTh NorTh Korea
Daily NK about thE author
Journal of International Relations Lucas LebLanc
By lucaS leBlaNc college of William aNd maRy
abstraCt
The purpose of this paper is to explain the grievances responsible for the 2012-2013 increase in popularity by forced assimilation, civil unrest, and even war. Today, the relationship between Madrid and Barcelona is still marked by continued ideological clashes between unionists and separatists. Based on a reading of current increased the visibility of regional redistribution policies. However, by conducting a set of in-depth interviews with Catalan elites, the investigation found political grievances as the leading principle behind the recent rise in separatist sentiment in Catalonia. Economic concerns, although important, were framed by elites as a trigger for the recent secessionist sentiment. The Catalan study suggests that given a certain context, sudden external political resolutions concerning a region’s sovereignty can forecast a swift reaction in secessionist sentiment. introduCtion
1 Generalitat Convergència i Unió Esquerra Republicana
1
Spring 2014 | Volume 16 Burgeoning grievances: an explanation for the 2012-2013 rise of secessionist sentiment in catalonia
Reconquista
Journal of International Relations Lucas LebLanc
2 3 Estatutos de Autonomia
4 This
2 Representative Government in Modern Europe 3 4
Spring 2014 | Volume 16 Burgeoning grievances: an explanation for the 2012-2013 rise of secessionist sentiment in catalonia
Centre d’Estudis d’Opinió 5 6 La Vanguardia El Periodico
Reuters The Guardian 7 8 9 10
MEthods
5 Centre d’Estudis d’Opinió 6 Centre d’Estudis d’Opinió 7 Reuters 8 The Guardian 9 Comparative Studies in Society and History 10
Journal of International Relations Lucas LebLanc
Esquerra Republicana Universita Autònoma anaLysis
11
11 What’s up with Catalonia?
Spring 2014 | Volume 16 Burgeoning grievances: an explanation for the 2012-2013 rise of secessionist sentiment in catalonia
12 13 14
15 16
12 13 14 15 16
Journal of International Relations Lucas LebLanc
17 18 19 20 21
22 23 24
17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24
Spring 2014 | Volume 16 Burgeoning grievances: an explanation for the 2012-2013 rise of secessionist sentiment in catalonia
25
26
27
25 26 27
Journal of International Relations Lucas LebLanc
28 29 Esquerra Republicana Convergència i Unió 30 31 32 33
34 35 36 37
28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37
Spring 2014 | Volume 16 Burgeoning grievances: an explanation for the 2012-2013 rise of secessionist sentiment in catalonia
ConCLusion
Journal of International Relations Lucas LebLanc
appEndix iNteRVieW QueStioNS Note: Spanish interpretation, available during all interviews, was never requested. Participants also signed an informed consent form provided by The College of William and Mary Student IRB Board.
2) Follow up: 3) 4) 5) 6) 7)
works CitEd
What’s up with Catalonia?
Centre d’Estudis d’Opinió
Centre d’Estudis d’Opinió
The
Spring 2014 | Volume 16 Burgeoning grievances: an explanation for the 2012-2013 rise of secessionist sentiment in catalonia
Guardian
Representative Government in ModernEurope
Comparative Studies in Society and History
Reuters
about thE author
Journal of International Relations Joslyn Hebda
By JoSylN heBda RhodeS college
abstraCt
Migrants currently make up nearly 46 percent of Jordan’s population, which is due in large part to the mass refugees is growing by about 1-2,000 people per day, which is causing extreme pressure on the host state, forcing it to divert sparse and essential resources to non-nationals. However, it is becoming increasingly clear that the government cannot feasibly cover the massive costs of the refugees, even with the contributions from international funds, leading many Jordanians to resent both the Syrian refugees, for utilizing their limited resources, and also the government for failing to remedy the strain on their system.
This paper utilizes Neo-Malthusian theory to explain how demographic challenges threaten Jordan’s stability. Jordan, with few natural resources, cannot sustainably support the refugee population. The Syrian refugees are mostly women and children in urban areas, meaning they are particularly reliant upon aid. Jordanian citizens resent the Syrians for consuming the little welfare available, creating societal rifts and mounting tension. These complications combine to compromise Jordan’s regime stability, making the country susceptible to dissent and violence. introduCtion
Spring 2014 | Volume 16 The hashemiTes’ headache: syrian refugees and Jordan’s naTional securiTy
1
2 3 4 of 5
1 NBC News, 2 3 4 5
Journal of International Relations Joslyn Hebda
dEMographiC data
6
7 8 9 10 11 12 As
6 Reuters, 7 8 Al-Monitor 9 10 11 Situation Report 12
Spring 2014 | Volume 16 The hashemiTes’ headache: syrian refugees and Jordan’s naTional securiTy
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15 16
17 18
19 20
13 14 15 16 17 18 . 19 IRINnews.org 20
Journal of International Relations Joslyn Hebda
21 22
23 24 25 26
27 28
21 22 23 24 25 26 27 The Jordan Times, 28 Humanitarian Affairs
Spring 2014 | Volume 16 The hashemiTes’ headache: syrian refugees and Jordan’s naTional securiTy
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32 33 34
35 36 37
29 30 The New York Times 31 32 33 34 IRIN 35 36 37
Journal of International Relations Joslyn Hebda
38 39
Source: UNHCR-Registration
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38 39 40 United Nations High Commission on Refugees Data
Spring 2014 | Volume 16 The hashemiTes’ headache: syrian refugees and Jordan’s naTional securiTy
41 42
43 44 thrEats to nationaL sECurity
45
41 Rapid Participatory Community Assessment 42 43 44 45 Sociological Forum
Journal of International Relations Joslyn Hebda
46 47 s 48 The 49
50 51 52 53
54
46 Journal of Social Policy 47 Interdisciplinary Journal of Contemporary Research in Business 48 Studies in Ethnicity and Nationalism 49 Journal of Democracy 50 51 Carnegie Endowment for International Peace 52 53 The Canadian Press, 54
Spring 2014 | Volume 16 The hashemiTes’ headache: syrian refugees and Jordan’s naTional securiTy
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58 59 60 61 62
63
55 56 57 58 The security demographic: population and civil 59 60 61 The Jordan Times 62 63 Center for Contemporary Arab Studies
Journal of International Relations Joslyn Hebda
64
65 66
67 68 69
64 65 66 Al-Arabiya, 67 The Middle East Journal 68 The Future Faces of War: Population and National Security 69 Associated Press,
Spring 2014 | Volume 16 The hashemiTes’ headache: syrian refugees and Jordan’s naTional securiTy
70
71 72
ConCLusion
73 74
While there are problems with securitizing refugees—where the migrants become less the product of
70 71 The Jordan Times, 72 73 New York Times, 74 Agence France-Presse,
Journal of International Relations Joslyn Hebda to the electoral process. How the Kingdom handles this crisis could determine the future of the King. works CitEd
Al-Monitor
IRIN,
Rapid Participatory Community Assessment
Situation Report
The security demographic:
Center for Contemporary Arab Studies
Spring 2014 | Volume 16 The hashemiTes’ headache: syrian refugees and Jordan’s naTional securiTy
The Middle East Journal
Associated Press.,
The Canadian Press,
IRIN
The Jordan Times
United Nations High Commission on Refugees Data
Al-Arabiya,
The World Bank Operations Evaluation Department
Interdisciplinary Journal of Contemporary Research in Business 5.3
Carnegie Endowment for International Peace,
Journal of International Relations Joslyn Hebda
The Jordan Times,
Reuters
The Jordan Times,
OECD Publishing
New York Times,
Journal of Social Policy
The New York Times
Studies in Ethnicity and Nationalism
Sociological Forum
The Future Faces of War: Population and National Security
The Jordan Times,
Spring 2014 | Volume 16 The hashemiTes’ headache: syrian refugees and Jordan’s naTional securiTy
USAID
The New York Times,
Agence France-Presse,
UNICEF
NBC News
Middle East Policy Council
Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs
Journal of Democracy
Journal of International Relations Joslyn Hebda
about thE author
Joslyn Hebda
Spring 2014 | Volume 16 Salvaging greece: How to Make tHe european union work for europe
By JaN JaRo NoRthWeSteRN uNiVeRSity abstraCt
The economic collapse of 2008 left severe scars on the world economy, extending beyond the United States and debt crisis, which affected every level of the European economy.1 austerity, governance, and the continent’s degree of integration.
This paper analyzes some of the choices that European leaders made and why alternative policies were not struggled to solve the PIIGS crisis. Focusing on Greece in particular, this paper will illustrate that international Europe can take a collective step forward. introduCtion
1 2
Journal of International Relations Jan Jaro
3
Spring 2014 | Volume 16 Salvaging greece: How to Make tHe european union work for europe
sovErEign dEbt CrisEs in EuropE
General characteristics of sovereign debt crises
7
4 Western Civilizations, Their History & Their Culture 5 6 7 bcg.perspectives 8 .
Journal of International Relations Jan Jaro
This Time is Different
Formation of the debt crisis
9 This Time is Different: Eight Centuries of Financial Folly 10 11 12 13 14 OECD Economics Department Policy Notes
Spring 2014 | Volume 16 Salvaging greece: How to Make tHe european union work for europe
The PIIGS economies
15 Journal of Economic Perspectives 16 17 18 19 20
Journal of International Relations Jan Jaro
Corruption in Greece
21 Theoretical and Applied Economics 22 23 ECB Working Paper Series 24 25 26 27 28
Spring 2014 | Volume 16 Salvaging greece: How to Make tHe european union work for europe 77
intErnationaL attEMpts to fix piigs dEbt probLEMs
Pre-emptive solutions to the problem
29 Environmental and Development Economics 30 31 32
Journal of International Relations Jan Jaro
33 34 35 Boston Federal Reserve Journal 36 37 Kansas City Federal Reserve Economic Review 38 39 40 Spiegel International
Spring 2014 | Volume 16 Salvaging greece: How to Make tHe european union work for europe
Comparison of Eurozone and American policy tools
NLRB v. Jones & Laughlin Steel Corp
41 42
Journal of International Relations Jan Jaro
43 44 45 46 Wall Street Journal 47 48 49 50
Spring 2014 | Volume 16 Salvaging greece: How to Make tHe european union work for europe
Troika Bailout of Greece
51 McKinsey Global Institute 52 53 54 55 56 57
Journal of International Relations Jan Jaro
58 59 This Time is Different: Eight Centuries of Financial Folly. 60 61 62 BBC 63 64 International Monetary Fund 65
Spring 2014 | Volume 16 Salvaging greece: How to Make tHe european union work for europe
thE poLitiCs of fixing EuropE and thE EurozonE
History and intent of the European Union
66 Wall Street Journal 67
Journal of International Relations Jan Jaro
German resistance to reform
The Economist
68 69 70 71 The Economist 72 The Economist 73 Deutsche Bank Research
Spring 2014 | Volume 16 Salvaging greece: How to Make tHe european union work for europe
77
The merits of establishing alternative policy regimes
74 The Economist 75 Southeastern Europe Journal of Economics 76 77 78 79
Journal of International Relations Jan Jaro
LEssons and ConCLusions
80 81 82 Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis Review
Spring 2014 | Volume 16 Salvaging greece: How to Make tHe european union work for europe
83 The Economist
Journal of International Relations Jan Jaro works CitEd
Kansas City Federal Reserve Economic Review
International Monetary Fund
Western Civilizations, Their History & Their Culture
Environmental and Development Economics
McKinsey Global Institute
Wall Street Journal
Bloomberg
Spring 2014 | Volume 16 Salvaging greece: How to Make tHe european union work for europe
The Economist
The Economis
BBC
Southeastern Europe Journal of Economics
Journal of International Relations Jan Jaro
Journal of Economic Perspectives
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis Review
OECD Economics Department Policy Notes
This Time Is Different: Eight Centuries Of Financial Folly
ECB Working Paper Series
Wall Street Journal
Spring 2014 | Volume 16 Salvaging greece: How to Make tHe european union work for europe
Theoretical and Applied Economics
The Economist
Boston Federal Reserve Journal
Spiegel International
Politicisation, Technocracy, and European Integration: The Political Economy of Eurobonds. Publication.
Journal of International Relations Jan Jaro
The Economist about thE author
Spring 2014 | Volume 16 Coffee PriCe ShoCkS and Civil War onSet
By JuStiN t. epSteiN NeW yoRk uNiVeRSity abstraCt
How do commodity prices affect civil war onset? Previous research has shown that the presence of commodities, literature has failed to demonstrate the effect of changes in commodity prices on civil war onset. Using changes likelihood of civil war onset. This large-N study supports the theory that civil war participation is driven by an opportunity cost model. When the price of coffee increases faster than wages do, rebel groups receive larger amounts of funds to offer security, jobs, and selective incentives, all of which drive down the opportunity cost of participating in a civil war. introduCtion
1
1 Journal Of Political Economy
Journal of International Relations Justin EpstEin
LitEraturE rEviEw
Participation and Funding in Rebel Groups
2
2 Oxford Economic Papers
Spring 2014| Volume 16 Coffee PriCe ShoCkS and Civil War onSet
3
4
5
Natural Resources: Presence and Price
3 Journal Of Political Economy 4 Inside Rebellion, 5 Oxford Economic Papers
Journal of International Relations Justin EpstEin
6
7
8 9
10
11
6 Journal Of Peace Research 7 8 9 10 Political Geography 11
Spring 2014| Volume 16 Coffee PriCe ShoCkS and Civil War onSet
12
MEthodoLogy
13
12 , 13 The Logic Of Violence In Civil War
Journal of International Relations Justin EpstEin
14
Hypotheses
H1:
H2:
14
Spring 2014| Volume 16 Coffee PriCe ShoCkS and Civil War onSet
H3:
15
16
17 18
15 16 17 18
Journal of International Relations Justin EpstEin
19 arguMEnt and data
19
Spring 2014| Volume 16 Coffee PriCe ShoCkS and Civil War onSet
Descriptive Statistics
Variable Obs Mean Std. Dev. Min Max Onset Arabica Price Robusta Price
Coffee Price Income Income Equality
GDP Per Capita Growth Rate Coffee Price Growth Rate Income Growth Rate
OLS Regression of Changes in Coffee Price on Changes in Farmer’s Income
1 2 3 All Beans Arabicas Robustas Change in Coffee Price
Constant
N Units are reported in percentages. Regression of changes in the annual price of coffee, controlled for bean type in panels 2 and 3.
Journal of International Relations Justin EpstEin
Spring 2014| Volume 16 Coffee PriCe ShoCkS and Civil War onSet
Changes in the Price of Arabica Beans on Farmer Income by Civil War
Coffee Price and Farmer Income are both measured in $/kg
Logit Regression of Changes in Coffee Price and Income on Onset
1 2 3 All Beans Arabica Robusta Coffee Price
Farmer Income
constant
N
Logit regression in the change of Coffee Price and Farmer’s Income by $1/Kg, controlled for bean type in panels 2 and 3.
Journal of International Relations Justin EpstEin
Logit Regression of Income Disparity Onset
1 2 3 All Beans Arabica Robusta Income Equality
constant
N
T statistics reported in parentheses. Logit regression in the change of Income Equality on onset, controlled for bean type in panels 2 and 3.
Spring 2014| Volume 16 Coffee PriCe ShoCkS and Civil War onSet
Income Equality and Probability of Onset for Arabica Beans
Journal of International Relations Justin EpstEin
Logit Regression of Coffee Price, Income, and Exports on Onset
1 2 3 4 5 All Beans Arabicas Robustas Arabicas Robustas Africa Africa Logit Onset Coffee Price Farmer Income Exports _cons
N T statistics in parenthesis
Coffee Price and Income is reported in $/Kg. Exports reported in thousands of bags (60Kg per bag). Panels 2 and 3 control for bean type, while 4 and 5 look only at countries in Africa.
Spring 2014| Volume 16 Coffee PriCe ShoCkS and Civil War onSet
Table VI: Logit Regression of Coffee Disparity and GDPPC Growth on Onset
1 2 3 All Beans Arabicas Robustas Income Equality
GDP Per Capita Growth
Constant
N * p<.1 ** p<.05 *** p<.01
Coffee Disparity is reported in $/Kg. GDPPC Growth is reported in percentage. Panels 2 and 3 control for bean type.
ConCLusion and disCussion
Journal of International Relations Justin EpstEin
Spring 2014| Volume 16 Coffee PriCe ShoCkS and Civil War onSet
20
Works Cited
Journal of Political Economy
Oxford Economic Papers
Oxford Economic Papers
Are all resources cursed? Coffee, Oil, and Armed
American Journal of Political Science
The Logic of Violence in Civil War
20
Journal of International Relations Justin EpstEin
Political Geography
Journal of Political Economy
Journal of Peace Research
The Financial Times
Inside Rebellion
about thE author
Incumbent Vote Share
Spring 2014| Volume 16 The MulTinaTional in Brazil: iMpacTs on Brazilian DeMocraTizaTion
By VictoRia piSiNi uNiVeRSity of peNNSylVaNia
abstraCt
This piece intends to establish the historical background of multinational corporations in Brazil since they 1970s and ‘80s in an effort to demonstrate how the economy, buckling under exogenous pressures, shifted towards primary product exports and technology imports. This period left the economy more vulnerable to multinational demands during the 1990s and early 2000s as it was forced to rely on foreign direct investment to fund much of its research and development. The process of democratization reopened the country to much- regulate their actions, leaving the promise of becoming a ‘developed nation’ just out of reach. Privatization following periods of economic uncertainty in the late 1980s resulted in capital gains and growth, while costing the Brazilian government political control. This piece begins with a brief introduction, which is followed by historical background of the key eras: 1970s, 80s, and early democratization, and ends with a discussion that seeks to set the stage for contemplation of the current role of the multinational in Brazilian politics and economics as a study for other emerging powers.
Journal of International Relations Victoria Pisini
1 introduCtion
2 3
4
5
1 Quartz 2 Transborder Data Flows and Brazil 3 Financial Times, 4 Brazil Business 5 Dependent Development
Spring 2014 | Volume 16 The MulTinaTional in Brazil: iMpacTs on Brazilian DeMocraTizaTion
6 7
8 9 10 11
6 Multinational Corporations in Brazil and Mexico: Structural Sources of Economic and Noneconomic Power 7 Transborder Data Flows and Brazil 8 Washington University Global Studies Law Review 9 História para Ensino Médio 10 Multinational Corporations in Brazil and Mexico: Structural Sources of Economic and Noneconomic Power, 11
Journal of International Relations Victoria Pisini
12 13
thE 1970s in braziL: EConoMiC hardships and Changing bEhavior towards MnCs
14
12 Brasil: Raízes do Atraso: Paternalismo Versus Productividade The Challenge of Global Capitalism The World Economy in the 21st Century 13 The Challenge of Global Capitalism: The World Economy in the 21st Century 14 ,
Spring 2014 | Volume 16 The MulTinaTional in Brazil: iMpacTs on Brazilian DeMocraTizaTion
Social and Economic Impacts of Transnational Corporations 15
16
17
15 Journal of International Business Studies 16 The Social and Economic Impacts of Transnational Corporations: Case Studies of the U.S. Paper Industry in Brazil 17 The Economist
Journal of International Relations Victoria Pisini
18 19
20
21
22
18 Multinational Corporations and the Regionalization of the Latin American Automotive Industry: A Case Study of Brazil 19 20 21 Multinational Corporations in Brazil and Mexico: Structural Sources of Economic and Noneconomic Power, 22 Multinational Corporations in Latin America: Private Rights, Public Responsibilities: Edited Proceedings of Five Symposia, Associated Colleges of the Twin Cities February 18-March 17, 1976
Spring 2014 | Volume 16 The MulTinaTional in Brazil: iMpacTs on Brazilian DeMocraTizaTion
1980s in braziL: not a Lost dECadE, rathEr a diffiCuLt transition
ad hoc 23 24
25
23 24 , 25
Journal of International Relations Victoria Pisini
26
27
28 Dependent Development 29
30
26 Transborder Data Flows and Brazil 27 28 29 Dependent Development 30 The Politics of International Economic Relations
Spring 2014 | Volume 16 The MulTinaTional in Brazil: iMpacTs on Brazilian DeMocraTizaTion
shift towards dEMoCraCy and furthEr privatization, LatE 1980s: “CLassiC ExaMpLE of faiLurE”31
32 The 33 34
31 The World Bank 32 Revista Parana de Desenvolviment 33 34
Journal of International Relations Victoria Pisini
35 36 37
The Economist 38
LEssons LEarnEd and ConnECtions to thE futurE
35 Reuters, 36 Offshore, 37 Offshore 38 The Economist
Spring 2014 | Volume 16 The MulTinaTional in Brazil: iMpacTs on Brazilian DeMocraTizaTion
39
40
39 Textos para Discussão 40 The Challenges of Global Capitalism.
Journal of International Relations Victoria Pisini
works CitEd
Multinational Corporations and Regional Development
Journal of International Business Studies
BNDES Reports
The Economist
Dependent Development: The Alliance of Multinational, State, and Local Capital in Brazil
Exporting Environmentalism: U.S. Multinational Chemical Corporations in Brazil and Mexico.
The Challenges of Global Capitalism.
Offshore
Multinational Corporations in Latin America: Private Rights, Public Responsibilities: Edited Proceedings of Five Symposia, Associated Colleges of the Twin Cities, February 18-March 17, 1976.
Quartz
Spring 2014 | Volume 16 The MulTinaTional in Brazil: iMpacTs on Brazilian DeMocraTizaTion
The Financial Times,
Revista Parana de Desenvolvimento
“Agribusiness in Mercosur: Transformations of the Past and Promises for the Future.” Bain & Co.
Multinational Corporations and the Regionalization of the Latin American Automotive Industry: A Case Study of Brazil
The Wall Street Journal
Multinational Corporations in Brazil and Mexico: Structural Sources of Economic and Noneconomic Power
The Brazil Business,
Textos para Discussão
Reuters
States and Firms: Multinational Enterprises in Institutional Competition.
Transborder Data Flows and Brazil.
Journal of International Relations Victoria Pisini
The Politics of International Economic Relations
Offshore
The World Bank author bio
Spring 2014 | Volume 16 Defining Democracy in algeria: The conTinuiTy anD change of PosT-colonial PoliTical rePresenTaTion
By leilaNi doktoR duke uNiVeRSity
abstraCt
Algeria’s democratic moment of 1988 and subsequent spiral into a brutal civil war illustrate the main dilemma for the North African authoritarian regime’s attempts to transition to democracy. The continuing inability of powers has limited the prospects for an inclusive democratic society in the region. This predicament highlights the persistent exclusionary effect of imperial social constructs detailed by Patricia Lorcin and Todd Shepard. The Algerian regime’s failure to recognize the historically subverted demos of the state preceding the election of 1991 created the ethos for the political instability that would later spiral into an exclusionary state. The Algerian State party’s exclusion of its devoutly Islamic population led to the guerilla violence that would characterize the ensuing civil war, bringing into question the processes of state formation in post-colonial North Africa. introduCtion
1
1 The Journal of North African Studies
Journal of International Relations LeiLani Doktor
2
3
Algeria’s Bloody Years Front de libération nationale Front Islamique du Salut
2 3
Spring 2014 | Volume 16 Defining Democracy in algeria: The conTinuiTy anD change of PosT-colonial PoliTical rePresenTaTion iMpEriaL idEntitiEs and post-CoLoniaL diLEMMas
4
Historical Context
5 6 divide and impera. mission civilisatrice, 7
The Kabyle Myth
8
4 Islam and Democracy: The Failure of Dialogue in Algeria 5 6 7 Imperial Identities: Stereotyping, Prejudice and Race in Colonial Algeria 8
Journal of International Relations LeiLani Doktor
9 10
les évolués a dECoLoniaL aLgEria?
11 12
pieds-noirs, 13 pied-noirs
9 10 11 The Darker Side of Modernity: Global Futures, Decolonial Options 12 Modern Algeria: The Origins and Development of a Nation 13
Spring 2014 | Volume 16 Defining Democracy in algeria: The conTinuiTy anD change of PosT-colonial PoliTical rePresenTaTion
14 15 The pieds-noirs 16 17
18
19
14 15 16 The FLN in Algeria: Party Development in a Revolutionary Society 17 The Invention of Decolonization: The Algerian War and the Remaking of France , Phenomenology of Spirit 18 19 The FLN,
Journal of International Relations LeiLani Doktor
20 mission civilisatrice, rEprEsEntations during aLgEria’s dEMoCratiC MoMEnt
21
22 23 The FLN 24
20 Modernity, 21 The Journal of North African Studies 22 Islam and Democracy, 23 Algeria’s Bloody Years 24
Spring 2014 | Volume 16 Defining Democracy in algeria: The conTinuiTy anD change of PosT-colonial PoliTical rePresenTaTion 25 26 27 28
29
30 31 laïcité 32
25 26 Islam and Democracy, 27 Bloody Years, 28 29 30 31 Islam and Democracy, 32 Pew Research Center Forum on Religion and Public Life
Journal of International Relations LeiLani Doktor
33 who is dEfining dEMoCraCy?
34 35 36 37
38
33 Constitution of the People’s Democratic Republic of Algeria 34 Islam and Democracy, 35 36 Bloody Years, 37 Islam and Democracy, 38 Bloody Years,
Spring 2014 | Volume 16 Defining Democracy in algeria: The conTinuiTy anD change of PosT-colonial PoliTical rePresenTaTion 39
40 41 42 thE dark sidE of dEMoCraCy43
44 45 46
39 Le Mouvement Social: Culture et Politique 40 The Dark Side of Democracy: Explaining Ethnic Cleansing , . 41 The Wretched of the Earth 42 Bloody Years, 43 The Dark Side of Democracy 44 Bloody Years, 45 Modern Algeria, . 46 Bloody Years,
Journal of International Relations LeiLani Doktor
47 48 49
Terrorism and Guerilla Violence
50 51 52
horror 53
54
47 The Dark Side of Democracy, 48 Bloody Years, 49 The Dark Side of Democracy, 50 Bloody Years, 51 The Dark Side of Democracy, 52 Bloody Years, 53 54 The Dark Side of Democracy,
Spring 2014 | Volume 16 Defining Democracy in algeria: The conTinuiTy anD change of PosT-colonial PoliTical rePresenTaTion 55
56 57 58 59 60
ConCLusion: bEyond frEnCh-aLgEria
“They had no future, because they were already dead in the eyes of the state.”61 -Pro FIS demonstrator, 1994
62 63
55 On Suicide Bombing 56 Bloody Years, 57 58 59 60 61 62 Islam and Democracy 63
Journal of International Relations LeiLani Doktor
64
65 66
67 demos
64 The Invention of Decolonization . 65 Journal of Democracy 66 67 Modernity,
Spring 2014 | Volume 16 Defining Democracy in algeria: The conTinuiTy anD change of PosT-colonial PoliTical rePresenTaTion
68 a briEf ChronoLogy of ModErn aLgEria 1962-199469
18 March 1962 -
3 July 1962 -
1963 -
1965 -
1976 -
December 1976 -
1978 -
1986 -
October 1988
1989 -
1989
1990
1991
68 Constitution, 69
Journal of International Relations LeiLani Doktor
December 1991
4 January 1992 coup d’état
February 1992 -
29 June 1992 -
1994 -
1994 works CitEd
Constitution of the People’s Democratic Republic of Algeria
Algeria’s Bloody Years
On Suicide Bombing.
The Journal of North African Studies
The Wretched of the Earth
Le Mouvement Social: Culture et Politique
Spring 2014 | Volume 16 Defining Democracy in algeria: The conTinuiTy anD change of PosT-colonial PoliTical rePresenTaTion The FLN in Algeria: Party Development in a Revolutionary Society.
Imperial Identities: Stereotyping, Prejudice and Race in Colonial Algeria.
Alfarabi and the Foundation of Islamic Political Philosophy
The Dark Side of Democracy: Explaining Ethnic Cleansing
Pew Research Center Forum on Religion and Public Life
The Darker Side of Modernity: Global Futures, Decolonial Options.
Modern Algeria: The Origins and Development of a Nation.
The Invention of Decolonization: The Algerian War and the Remaking of France
Journal of Democracy
The Journal of North African Studies
Islam and Democracy: The Failure of Dialogue in Algeria about thE author
Journal of International Relations Charity Jensen
By chaRity JeNSeN uNiVeRSity of califoRNia - BeRkeley
abstraCt
Urbanization is a growing phenomenon in numerous developing countries. It is a trend that is putting increasing stress on the water resources of urban slums in India. Although direct causal relationships between urbanization degradation, and seasonal variation), 2. The failures of political systems, governance, and public policy, 3. how these factors are interrelated, which primary actors are involved in the sale, distribution, regulation and consumption of water, and how long-term, sustainable solutions can be implemented through collaboration between multiple players.
While understanding the environmental, governmental and economic processes and communal versus household level of measurement can lead to alleviation of urban water scarcity in developing and rapidly urbanizing especially for Indian slums. This article will explore the Indian context and discuss implications for other urban settings around the world.
Spring 2014 | Volume 16 The effecTs of UrbanizaTion on WaTer secUriTy in indian slUms introduCtion
1 2
1 World Urbanization Prospects of Population Growth: The 2001 Revision 2 Some characteristics of urban slums: Data from the 65th round of the National Sample Survey 2008-2009
Journal of International Relations Charity Jensen
3 4 5 6
7
8 9 10 11
3 Environmentalist 4 BMC Public Health 5 Water Policy 6 Environment and Urbanization 7 Computers, Environment and Urban Systems 8 9 10 11 Stanford Social Innovation Blog,
Spring 2014 | Volume 16 The effecTs of UrbanizaTion on WaTer secUriTy in indian slUms
12 13 14 15
16 17 18 19
MuLtifaCEtEd approaChEs to urban watEr vuLnErabiLity
12 13 14 Applied Geography 15 Global Environmental Change 16 17 Current Opinion in Environmental Sustainability 18 19
Journal of International Relations Charity Jensen
20
21
22 23
24
20 21 22 23 24
Spring 2014 | Volume 16 The effecTs of UrbanizaTion on WaTer secUriTy in indian slUms four MaJor approaChEs to ConCEptuaLizing and opErationaLizing urban watEr sCarCity
1. The Environment: Climate Change, Ecological Degradation, and Seasonal Variation
25 26
27
28 The
25 Water, Problems and its Management 26 27 28
Journal of International Relations Charity Jensen
29
30 31
29 30 31
Spring 2014 | Volume 16 The effecTs of UrbanizaTion on WaTer secUriTy in indian slUms
32 33
34
35
32 Current Opinion in Environmental Sustainability 33 Global Environmental Change 34 35 Global and Planetary Change
Journal of International Relations Charity Jensen
36 37
2. The Failures of Political Systems, Governance, and Public Policy
36 37
Spring 2014 | Volume 16 The effecTs of UrbanizaTion on WaTer secUriTy in indian slUms
38
39 40 41 42
43
38 39 40 Water Policy 41 Twenty-First Century India: Population, Economy, Human Development, and the Environment 42 43
Journal of International Relations Charity Jensen
44
45 46 47
48 49
50
44 Tariff Subsidies in South Asia: Do Current Water Subsidies Reach the Poor? 45 46 Geoforum 47 48 Cities 49 World Development 50
Spring 2014 | Volume 16 The effecTs of UrbanizaTion on WaTer secUriTy in indian slUms
51 52
53 54 55
51 52 53 54 55
Journal of International Relations Charity Jensen
56
57
58 59 60
61
56 57 World Development 58 59 Water Policy 60 International Journal of Water Resources Development 61
Spring 2014 | Volume 16 The effecTs of UrbanizaTion on WaTer secUriTy in indian slUms
62
4. Macro vs. Micro-Level Water Sustainability and Sanitation Practices
63
62 63
Journal of International Relations Charity Jensen
64
65
66
67
68
64 65 66 67 68 Natural Resources Forum
Spring 2014 | Volume 16 The effecTs of UrbanizaTion on WaTer secUriTy in indian slUms
gLobaL iMpLiCations
1. Multi-Disciplinary Study
2. Integrated Approaches
3. Bottom-Up Community Development
Journal of International Relations Charity Jensen
69
ConCLusions
69
Spring 2014 | Volume 16 The effecTs of UrbanizaTion on WaTer secUriTy in indian slUms
works CitEd
World Development
Applied Geography
Global Environmental Change
Geoforum
Computers, Environment and Urban Systems
Twenty-First Century India: Population, Economy, Human Development, and the Environment
Natural Resources Forum
Tariff Subsidies in South Asia: Do Current Water Subsidies Reach the Poor?
Current Opinion in Environmental Sustainability
Current Opinion in Environmental Sustainability
Journal of International Relations Charity Jensen
Global and Planetary Change
Water Policy
World Development
Some Characteristics of Urban Slums: Data from the 65th Round of the National Sample Survey 2008-2009
Water Policy
Cities
The World Commission on Environment and Development
Environmentalist
Stanford Social Innovation, 2013
Stanford Social Innovation, 2013
Water Policy
Spring 2014 | Volume 16 The effecTs of UrbanizaTion on WaTer secUriTy in indian slUms
Water Resources Research
Current Opinion in Environmental Sustainability
Global Environmental Change
Environment and Urbanization
BMC Public Health
International Journal of Water Resources Development
World Urbanization Prospects of Population Growth: The 2001 Revision.
Water, Problems and its Management.
Journal of International Relations Charity Jensen about thE author
Spring 2014 | Volume 16 The Global land Rush and China
By claudia acha uNiVeRSity of peNNSylVaNia
abstraCt
Land grabbing refers to the large-scale acquisitions of land in developing countries. This colonial pastime takes various forms today including direct land sales, credit assurances, leases, and informal agreements by state and non-state actors. This paper focuses on the neocolonial debate initiated by China’s Going Out, zou chuqu, policy and its land grabs. Despite the media hype, China is one of the more modest “land grabbers.” South Korea, the Gulf States, South Africa, Brazil, and India all actively purchase land in the Global South. While some experts and policymakers encourage China’s initiative, many remain skeptical about the land acquisitions hurt local communities, ecosystems, and national sovereignty. This paper aims to deconstruct misconceptions of China’s land grabs through a close analysis of China’s involvement in the Brazilian and Zambian agricultural sectors, where China’s activities evoke a combination of hope and unease. Although it is too soon to tell what aggregate effects land grabbing by foreign entities will have, it is clear that the global land rush will come at the expense of local communities. As long as land is divided and operated by the market’s forces, marginalized and vulnerable communities will bear the costs of today’s land rush. introduCtion
Journal of International Relations Claudia aCha
1 2
3
zou chuqu 4
1 Canadian Journal of Development Studies 2 The Global Land Grab A Primer 3 4 The Dragon’s Gift: The Real Story of China in Africa
Spring 2014 | Volume 16 The Global land Rush and China
5 6 7
China and braziL’s agriCuLturE sECtor
8 9
10
5 Globalizations 6 The China Quarterly 7 South African Institute of International Affairs 8 Revista Brasileira de Política Internacional 9 New York Times 10 The Global Land Grab A Primer
Journal of International Relations Claudia aCha
11 12
13 14
15
11 Canadian Journal of Development Studies 12 China Daily 13 The China Post 14 The Guardian 15
Spring 2014 | Volume 16 The Global land Rush and China
16 17 18
19 20 These
16 The Washington Times 17 farmlandgrab.org 18 Financial Times, 19 20 Aljazeera
Journal of International Relations Claudia aCha
China and zaMbia’s agriCuLturE sECtor
21 22
dui deng shang ban 23
21 African and Asian Studies 22 23 The dui deng shang ban
Spring 2014 | Volume 16 The Global land Rush and China
24 25
26 ,
27 28
24 25 26 27 28
Journal of International Relations Claudia aCha
disCussion
29
30 31
32 33 34
29 The Journal of Peasant Studies 30 The Great Transformation: The Political and Economic Origins of Our Time 31 32 The Great Transformation: The Political and Economic Origins of Our Time 33 The Global Land Grab A Primer 34
Spring 2014 | Volume 16 The Global land Rush and China
35
36 37
ConCLusion
38
35 36 37 38 The Great Transformation: The Political and Economic Origins of Our Time,
Journal of International Relations Claudia aCha
39 40 41
42 The 43
44
45
39 Oxfam International 40 41 42 . 43 44 The Global Land Grab A Primer 45
Spring 2014 | Volume 16 The Global land Rush and China
works CitEd
New York Times
Canadian Journal of Development Studies
The China Quarterly
The Dragon’s Gift: The Real Story of China in Africa
China Daily,
Journal of International Relations Claudia aCha
Oxfam International
Revista Brasileira de Política Internacional
African and Asian Studies
The Washington Times
South African Institute of International Affairs
Feeding Frenzy: The New Politics of Food
The Guardian
The Great Transformation: The Political and Economic Origins of Our Time
Financial Times,
The China Post
Globalizations
Farmlandgrab.org
The Global Land Grab A Primer
Spring 2014 | Volume 16 The Global land Rush and China
Aljazeera
Canadian Journal of Development Studies
The Journal of Peasant Studies about thE author
Journal of International Relations gRaduate coRNeR
T
An “AfricAn Lion” EmErgEs: Post-confLict growth in rwAndA
By maRiNa tolchiNSky JohNS hopkiNS uNiVeRSity
abstraCt
In 1994, genocide tore apart the core of Rwanda’s fragile society and growing economy. Nearly 12% of the population was wiped out, and the country faced the seemingly insurmountable challenge of reconstruction.1 Yet, the genocide and Rwanda continues to maintain one of the highest GDP growth rates in the world. President Paul Kagame has been determined to bring the country’s economy into the ranks of the Asian Tigers, modeling Rwanda’s development after countries like Singapore. This has led many analysts to term the small, densely populated country in East Africa an “African Lion.” introduCtion
1
Journal of International Relations Marina Tolchinsky
baCkground
2 3 4
5 6
2 3 The World Today 4 5 6 World
Spring 2014 | Volume 16 An “AfricAn Lion” EmErgEs: Post-confLict growth in rwAndA
7 8 9 10 phasE i: EMErgEnCy rEsponsE
11 12
13
Bank 7 8 Budgeting for Effectiveness in Rwanda, 2003-07: From Reconstruction to Reform 9 US Agency for International Development 10 The African Capacity Building Foundation 11 12 13
Journal of International Relations Marina Tolchinsky
14 15
16 17 18
19 20 21
14 15 16 17 Rwanda, Inc.: How a Devastated Nation Became an Economic Model for the Developing World 18 19 Visionews, 20 21
Spring 2014 | Volume 16 An “AfricAn Lion” EmErgEs: Post-confLict growth in rwAndA
22
23
24 25 26 27
Source: “Rwanda Overview,” The World Bank, accessed 2013, http://www.worldbank.org/en/country/rwanda/overview
22 23 24 25 26 27
Journal of International Relations Marina Tolchinsky phasE ii: stratEgiC pLanning
28 29
30
28 29 30 Rwanda Vision 2020
Spring 2014 | Volume 16 An “AfricAn Lion” EmErgEs: Post-confLict growth in rwAndA
31 32
33
34
35 36
31 32 Sustainable Development 33 34 35 36
Journal of International Relations Marina Tolchinsky
37
38 39 40 41 The
42 43 44
37 Rwanda Inc. 38 39 40 41 42 43 Investment Climate Report 2013 44
Spring 2014 | Volume 16 An “AfricAn Lion” EmErgEs: Post-confLict growth in rwAndA
45
46 47
Figure 2. Total Aid as Percentage of Total Expenditure and a Percentage of GDP from 2000-2006
Source: World Bank, “Budgeting for Effectiveness in Rwanda,” 58.
45 46 47
Journal of International Relations Marina Tolchinsky
48
49
Table 1. Selected Economic and Social Indicators
Source: World Bank, “Budgeting for Effectiveness in Rwanda,” 8. phasE iii: dEvELopMEnt
48 49
Spring 2014 | Volume 16 An “AfricAn Lion” EmErgEs: Post-confLict growth in rwAndA
50
51 These 52 53
54 55
Source: “Rwanda Overview,” The World Bank, accessed 2013, http://www.worldbank.org/en/country/rwanda/overview
56
50 51 Fast Company 52 Rwanda Inc. 53 54 55 56
Journal of International Relations Marina Tolchinsky
57 58
Source: “Rwanda Overview,” The World Bank, accessed 2013, http://www.worldbank.org/en/country/rwanda/overview
Fast
Journal of Small Business and Entrepreneurship 57 58
Spring 2014 | Volume 16 An “AfricAn Lion” EmErgEs: Post-confLict growth in rwAndA
Company 59
60 61 62
63 64
ConCLusion
65
59 60 Rwanda Inc. 61 62 63 Rwanda Inc 64 65
Journal of International Relations Marina Tolchinsky
66
67 68 69 70
66 67 68 69 70
Spring 2014 | Volume 16 An “AfricAn Lion” EmErgEs: Post-confLict growth in rwAndA works CitEd
Fast Company
Rwanda, Inc.: How a Devastated Nation Became an Economic Model for the Developing World
Economic and Commercial Department. Investment Climate Report 2013. Kigali
World Bank
Visionews
The World Today
US Agency for International Development
In Foreign Direct Investment in
Rwanda Vision 2020
Journal of International Relations Marina Tolchinsky
The African Capacity Building Foundation
Sustainable Development
Journal of Small Business and Entrepreneurship
Budgeting for Effectiveness in Rwanda, 2003-07: From Reconstruction to Reform.
Poverty Reduction. about thE author
Spring 2014 | Volume 16 Human BomBs and CHild martyrs: tHe transformation of martyrs into suiCide terrorists
By Rachel leViN uNiVeRSity of peNNSylVaNia
abstraCt Suicide attacks emerged as a popular tactic for terrorist groups in the 1980s and have been used increasingly cases, a young adult. However, the last two decades have seen a rise in the use of children as human bombs, and, in nearly every instance of suicide bombing, a terrorist organization played the crucial role of recruiting and training the bomber. This detail raises the question: how and why do terrorists transform children into suicide attackers? Terrorist groups exploit four main factors – religious, personal, psychological, and national – in developing bombers, but a deep analysis of child suicide terrorists in Palestine, compared to those in Afghanistan and Sri Lanka, demonstrates that recruitment tactics and ultimate strategic goals vary considerably within and introduCtion
1 The Mind of the Terrorist: The Psychology of Terrorism from the IRA to Al Qaeda
Journal of International Relations Rachel levin
2 Terrorism and Political Violence 3
Spring 2014 | Volume 16 Human BomBs and CHild martyrs: tHe transformation of martyrs into suiCide terrorists
dEfining “suiCidE tErrorisM”
7
4 Universal Declaration of Human Rights, 5 Optional Protocol to the Convention on the Rights of the Child on the Involvement of (A/24) 6 7 Root Causes of Suicide Terrorism: The Globalization of Martyrdom 8 9 The Business of Marytrdom: A History of Suicide Bombing 10 11 12 Psychology of Terrorism
Journal of International Relations Rachel levin dEvELopMEnt of a suiCidE boMbEr
13 From The Terrorists’ Point of View: What They Experience and Why They Come to Destroy American Psychologist 14 International NGO Journal 15 16 17 18 19
Spring 2014 | Volume 16 Human BomBs and CHild martyrs: tHe transformation of martyrs into suiCide terrorists
CuLturE of MartyrdoM
performative redemptive
20 The Business of Martyrdom: A History of Suicide Bombing, 21 BBC 22 The Business of Martyrdom: A History of Suicide Bombing, 23 24 25 26 The Atlantic, 27 The Business of Martyrdom: A History of Suicide Bombing, 28 Martyrdom is ‘Sweet,’
Journal of International Relations Rachel levin
These
typoLogiEs of tErrorists
29 30 Palestinian Media Watch 31 32 cnsnews.com 33 34 35 36 Landscapes of the Jihad: Militancy, Morality, Modernity
Spring 2014 | Volume 16 Human BomBs and CHild martyrs: tHe transformation of martyrs into suiCide terrorists
In rEsEarCh and anaLysis
37 38 39 40 41 42
Journal of International Relations Rachel levin
Table 1
Kimhi and Even’s Typologies Factors Emphasized by Preliminary Keywords of Terrorists Terrorist Recruiters
Israeli
43 44 ABC News, 45 46 The Business of Martyrdom: A History of Suicide Bombing, 47
Spring 2014 | Volume 16 Human BomBs and CHild martyrs: tHe transformation of martyrs into suiCide terrorists
Table 2
Date of Attack Name of Age of Terrorist Group Factors Was Attack or Arrest Child Child Claiming Emphasized Successful? (if known) Responsibility by Terrorist Recruiters
No Jarrar -- No
No Ali
48 BBC 49 50 BBC News 51 Jerusalem Post, 52 53 Israel Ministry of Foreign Affairs 54 55
Journal of International Relations Rachel levin
No No No -- No -- No No Quraan
Spring 2014 | Volume 16 Human BomBs and CHild martyrs: tHe transformation of martyrs into suiCide terrorists
6061
56 CBS News The New York Times 57 - Israel Ministry of Foreign Affairs 58 59 60 Haaretz 61 62 The New York Times 63 The Guardian The Christian Science Monitor 64 The Making of a Martyr Ynet ABC News, 65 Jerusalem Post The Washington Times The Guardian 66 The Associated Press Take a Pen! 67 China Daily 68 69
Journal of International Relations Rachel levin
Table 3
Factor Frequency
Table 4
Organization/Factor Religious Personal Psychological National
70 71 72
Spring 2014 | Volume 16 Human BomBs and CHild martyrs: tHe transformation of martyrs into suiCide terrorists
Table 5
Success/Factor Religious Personal Psychological National Yes No 7
77
73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 The Making of a Martyr. 83
Journal of International Relations Rachel levin
84 85 86 87 88 89 90
Spring 2014 | Volume 16 Human BomBs and CHild martyrs: tHe transformation of martyrs into suiCide terrorists
stratEgiC signifiCanCE
why
91 92 The Business of Martyrdom: A History of Suicide Bombing, 93 94 TED: Ideas Worth Spreading, 95 Daily Mailer, 96 Middle East Policy The Telegraph,
Journal of International Relations Rachel levin
97 Foreign Policy Association, 98 99 100 101 Sri Lankan Tamil Nationalism: Its Origins and Development in the Nineteenth and Twentieth Centuries 102 103 The Independent, 104 105 106
Spring 2014 | Volume 16 Human BomBs and CHild martyrs: tHe transformation of martyrs into suiCide terrorists
ConCLusion
Journal of International Relations Rachel levin works CitEd
BBC News
Take a Pen!
The Atlantic
Child Soldiers Global Report 2008 - Sri Lanka
BBC News
Foreign Policy Association
Daily Mailer
The Associated Press
Landscapes of the Jihad: Militancy, Morality, Modernity
Jerusalem Post
Spring 2014 | Volume 16 Human BomBs and CHild martyrs: tHe transformation of martyrs into suiCide terrorists
The Telegraph
The Making of a Martyr
International NGO Journal
Root Causes of Suicide Terrorism: The Globalization of Martyrdom
BBC
ABC New
The New York Times
Terrorism and Political Violence
CBS News
The Business of Martyrdom: A History of Suicide Bombing
Journal of International Relations Rachel levin
Palestinian Media Watch,
The Independent
The Guardian
The Guardian
Psychology of Terrorism
The Washington Times
Root Causes of Suicide Terrorism: The Globalization of Martyrdom
From the Terrorists’ Point of View: What They Experience and Why They Come to Destroy
American Psychologist
The New York Times
TED: Ideas Worth Spreading
Martyrdom is ‘Sweet.’
Spring 2014 | Volume 16 Human BomBs and CHild martyrs: tHe transformation of martyrs into suiCide terrorists
Israel Ministry of Foreign Affairs,
Israel Ministry of Foreign Affairs
The Mind of the Terrorist: The Psychology of Terrorism from the IRA to Al Qaeda
Palestinian Media Watch,
The Christian Science Monitor
Palestinian Media Watch,
Cnsnews.com
China Daily
.” Israel Ministry of Foreign Affairs,
Journal of International Relations Rachel levin
Haaretz
Security Council Report,
Ynet
Middle East Policy
Sri Lankan Tamil Nationalism: Its Origins and Development in the Nineteenth and Twentieth Centuries
Spring 2014 | Volume 16 about thE author
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