FRI BULLETIN NO. 149

FRI BULLETIN NO. 149

A Selective • Annotated ENERGY Bibliography

FRI BULLETIN N0.149

A Selective • Annotated FOREST ENERGY Bibliography

compiled by R.G. Shula

1990

~t: Forest Research lnstnuto • Private Bag 3020 • Rotorua • New Zealand 2

ISSN 0111-8129 ODC 539 (048.1) + 839.81 (048.1) 3 CONTENTS I Page 1. New Zealand Energy Perspective (75 references);...... 8 energy farming, energy requirements, transport fuels, geothermal, liquid fuel, ethanol, methanol, , forest industry, energy strategy, energy future, energy issues, energy policy

2. New Zealand Perspective (34)...... 11 forest resource, area, quantity, quality, location, supply, export, Chile, new crop, transition crop, planting programme, forestry sector, , exotic forest, export potential, radiata pine, eucalypt

3. Energy Requirements and Usage In the Forest Industry (17)...... 13 energy requirements, energy analysis, forest industry, energy use, pulp, paper, forestry,

4. Mensuration, Technique (50}...... 14 inventory, guideline, procedure, manual, multiproduct, conversion, coppice, technique, method, sampling, mensuration, eucalypt, , poplar, radiata pine, prediction

5. Biomass Mensuration, Statistical (25)...... 16 method, bias, correction, logarithmic transformation, error, sampling, allometric, statistical, regression

6. Eucalypts (93) ...... 17 yield, biomass, coppice, firewood, management, growth, biological control, essential oil, properties, species, nutrients, short rotation, biomass equations

7. Radiata Pine (57}...... 20 growth, yield, , dry matter, nutrients, economics, dry weight, energy content, close spaced, roots, bark, biomass equations

8. Other Genera (63)...... 23 short rotation forestry (SRF), growth, coppice, yield, plantations, simulation, dry matter, nutrients, energy content, species, economics, dry weight, stump sprouting, bark, equations, short rotation intensive culture (SRIC), disease, insects, frost, willow, poplar, aspen, Leucaena

9. Forest Residues (50}...... 26 characteristics, volume, inventory, technique, quantity, salvage yarding, harvesting, utilisation, transportation, handling, prediction, slash, economics, assessment, recovery

1o. Resldues (6) ...... 28 wood waste, mill residue, waste resources, supply, economics, availability, volume

11. Biomass Harvesting (127)...... 29 smallwood, transport, extraction, integrated logging, agricultural tractor, winches, whole , thinning; equipment-, economics, coppice, productivity; systems, Bell logger, simulation, recovery, technique, trucking 4

Page

12. Chip Harvesting (37)...... 34 chipping, portable, mobile, chipper, economics, ergonomics, swathe , whole tree chipping, technique, total tree chipping, system, simulation

13. Blomass Handling and Processing (71)...... 36 technique, comminution, tree length, chunkwood, sortyard, central processing, preparation, wood handling, woodyard, central log yard, wood terminal, chipping, economics, feedstock preparation, debarking, transportation, processing

14. BlomassStorage(46)...... 39 outdoor, deterioration, decay, storage, chip storage, fungi, drying, micro-organisms, forest residues, chunkwood, chips, whole tree, physical properties, chemical properties, storage effects

15. Blomass Densiflcatlon ( 15)...... 41 pellitised, firelogs, compaction, briquetting, densification, compression

16. Environmental Impacts (35)...... 42 nutrients, productivity, environmental consequences, nutrient cycling, fertiliser, whole tree harvesting, nutrient drain, sewage irrigation, willow, poplar, eucalypt, alder, radiata pine

17. Firewood (1 05)...... 44 harvesting, growing, coppice, species, economics, firelogs, selling, marketing, equipment, measurement, production, potential, survey, demand, evaluation, domestic

18. Energy Balance, Input/Output (12) ...... ;...... 48 input, output, energy analysis, energy cost, energy balance, efficiency

19. Blomass Fuel Energy Value (17)...... 49 fuel value, calorific value, determination, heat content, influences, effective heating value, estimation

20. System Analyses (67)...... 50 economics, strategy, feasibility, case studies, availability, constraints, supply, opportunities, impacts, competition

21. Conversion: Combustion (53)...... 53 combustion, burning, cogeneration, feasibility, bark, woodwaste, , self-sufficiency, hog fuel, feasibility

22. Conversion: Ethanol, Methane (78) ...... 55 acid hydrolysis, biogas, alcohol fuel, lignocellulosic, CNG, steam explosion, pretreatment, enzymatic hydrolysis, methane, sulphuric acid, wood ethanol, liquid fuel, economics, fermentation, chemicals, principles, technology, feasibility

23. Conversion: Methanol (41)...... 58 gasification, gasifier, producer gas, wood, biomass, coal, lignite, principles, technology, feasibility, mining

24. Physical and Chemical Properties of Blomass (53}...... 60 moisture content, basic density, calorific value, pH, carbohydrates, lignin, extractives, ash, determination, chemical properties, physical properties, methods, techniques, standards 5

BACKGROUND TO FOREST ENERGY IN NEW ZEALAND I

Soon after the oil shock in 1973, New Zealand began to pay The alternative energy sources investigated included wind, considerable attention to alternative energy sources. Of coal, hydro, natural gas, geothermal, and biomass (from rape primary concern was the long-term availability and cost of seed oil to forestry). imported oil, and hence the development of the ways and means to become more self-sufficient in liquid fuels. In Also in 1978, the government signed the Forestry Energy response, in 1974 the government set up the New Zealand Agreement with the International Energy Agency (lEA) for Energy Research and Development Committee (NZERDC) international exchange of information on the results of R & D with the objective: "to fund contracts for energy research, in the production, harvesting, and conversion of biomass for development, and demonstration directed towards energy from forests. The Forest Research Institute (FRI) understanding and meeting New Zealand's future energy became the New Zealand contracting party to the Agreement needs in ways which ... make wise use of the country's with active participation in co-operative projects involving energy resources".1 forest harvesting and biomass conversion.

In 1978, the government set up the Liquid Fuels Trust In 1986 after 12 years of energy research, development, Board (LFTB), a statutory body established by Act of and demonstration (R, D, & D) both the NZERDC and the Parliament (Liquid Fuels Trust Act 1978). As set out in the Act LFTB had run their course and were abolished. Together, the primary function of the Board was "to promote, finance, they had made valuable contributions to New Zealand's on­ undertake, and co-operate in any activity that has as its going energy scene, as demonstrated by the increase in purpose ... the reduction of the use of imported fuels for liquid fuels self-sufficiency from 1 0% in 1980 to above 60% transport purposes in New Zealand". in 1986.2 Significant contributions were also made to New The NZERDC and the LFTB investigated five main areas Zealand's energy future with regards to documenting the of research, development, and demonstration: mid- to long-term potential of energy from biomass.

energy use, Currently, the FRI continues its involvement with the lEA energy management and market development, Agreement (lEA/BA, formerly Forestry Agreement) resource assessment, technologies for energy production and use, and in investigating the mid-to long-term contribution that forestry environmental studies. can make to New Zealand's energy future.

INTRODUCTION I Soon after the oil shock in 1973, the amount of literature • "Which references are likely to be the most useful?", regarding alternative energy sources increased dramatically. and Today, a literature search with the keywords 'biomass "What about the New Zealand experience?" harvesting' or 'chip storage' produces astag~ering number of The objective of this Bulletin, then, is to provide a selective, references. The critical questions likely to be asked by an annotated forest energy bibliography (a ready-reference) enquiring layperson, general practitioner, or scientist with capturing the more relevant, important worldwide expertise in only a particular area are: references, while documenting the New Zealand experience.

1 NEW ZEALAND ENERGY RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT COMMITTEE 1981: The rationale for energy research, development, and demonstration. New Zealand Energy Research and Development Committee, University of Auckland. 6p.

2 UQUID FUELS MANAGEMENT GROUP LTD 1987: Forest biomass production and conversion to transport fuels. Liquid Fuels Trust Board {Report] LF 6005. 22p. 6

Over 1200 literature references are cited; the earliest entry references mentioned in a publication (thereby identifying date is 1925, and the latest is 1989. citations useful for further information retrieval). Because this bibliography is selective, and not all inclusive, Given the objective of the bulletin, and in the interest to subjective judgement was applied in compiling the references. remain selective, many useful references have necessarily Selections were made daily and/or weekly during the last been omitted. These omissions are regrettable; however, the 8 years from several primary sources. Collectively, these integrity of the bulletin (embodying the capture of the more sources comprise periodicals, daily newspapers and radio relevant references) remains intact. A particulary strong news, bibliographies, publication data bases, conference advantage of not compiling a bibliography solely from a proceedings, and publication lists. While subjective selection formal literature search (all inclusive)·is the opportunity to can be disadvantaged by oversight or deliberate omission, locate and include references which are not generally noted these disadvantages were minimised by close attention to in a literature search, i.e., material occupying a 'grey region' detail in selecting and formatting the bibliography, e.g., with regard to formally published material, e.g., some material reviewing either the publication or its abstract before making from the lEA/BA or New Zealand daily newspapers and radio a selection, and including in most citations the number of news).

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The bibliography is divided into 24 sections to accommodate In the Contents page, each section is identified and briefly the wide scope of interests within the field of forest energy described with keywords to guide the reader to the required and the New Zealand experience. These sections (including subject matter. Preceding each section is an introduction the number of citations) are: comprising:

1. New Zealand energy perspective (75 references) 2. New Zealand forestry perspective (34) 3. Energy requirements and usage in the forest industry (17) keywords; 4. Biomass mensuration, technique (50) 5. Biomass mensuration, statistical (25) a list of the more useful sources of information for the 6. Eucalypts (93) section (an aide for readers interested in up-dating 7. Radiata pine (57) portions of the bibliography); 8. Other genera (63) 9. Forest residues (50) a synopsis of the subject matter; and 10. Wood processing residues (6) • 11. Biomass harvesting (127) a short-list of the particularly notable citations in the 12. Chip harvesting (37) section. 13. Biomass handling and processing (71) 14. Biomass storage (46) 15. Biomass densification (15) Some literature references represent varied subject interests, 16. Environmental impacts (35) and, therefore, are duplicated among sections. A few sections 17. Firewood (105) 18. Energy balance, input/output (12) are outside the field of forestry but are included to give 19. Biomass fuel energy value (17) balance to a New Zealand energy perspective. Most of the 20. System analyses (67) literature references are available through the New Zealand 21. Conversion: combustion (53) inter-library loan system, but some may need to be obtained 22. Conversion: ethanol, methane (78) 23. Conversion: methanol (41) from overseas. References are included because of their 24. Physical and chemical properties of biomass (53) valuable technical content, not ease of access. 7

ABBREVIATIONS APPEARING IN THE BIBLIOGRAPHY I

The following list of abbreviations is provided to aid the reader in identifying some of the common sources of the literature citations.

CJFR = Canadian Journal of Forest Research DSIR Department of Scientific and Industrial Research (New Zealand) FERIC Forest Engineering Research Institute of Canada lEA International Energy Agency LFTB Liquid Fuels Trust Board (New Zealand) LIRA Logging Industry Research Association (New Zealand) MOE Ministry of Energy (New Zealand) NZERDC New Zealand Energy Research and Development Committee NZJF New Zealand Journal of Forestry NZF New Zealand Forestry (formerly, NZJF) NZJFS New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science SUAS Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences 8

1. New Zealand Energy Perspective (75 references)

Keywords: energy farming, energy requirements, transport industrial thermal and/or electrical energy needs is a present fuels , liquid fuel, ethanol, methanol, forests, forest industry, to near-term energy option. energy strategy, energy future, energy issues, energy policy, Notable references: The New Zealand experience in energy geothermal. farming, transport fuels, and energy requirements is described Sources: DSIR, NZERDC, MOE, Energy Journal (formerly in Cousins (1977), Department of Scientific and Industrial Research (1975, 1978), Harris et al. (1979, 1980), Liquid New Zealand Energy Journa~. NZJF, New Zealand daily newspapers and radio news. Fuels Management Group (1987), New Zealand Forest Service (1980), and Patterson (1979). The potential for Synopsis: As noted previously, after the oil shock in 1973 forests to be an energy resource is described in New Zealand New Zealand began to pay considerable attention to journals, Fraser (1977), Horgan (1979), Thomson (1977); in alternative energy sources as planning for more self­ FRI newsletters, Forest Research Institute (1979, 1980, sufficiency in liquid fuels developed. From about 1974 to 1985); at the New Zealand Forestry Conference (1981), 1986 attention focused primarily on investigating the potential Hocking and lsaacs (1981 ), Thomson (1981 ); at overseas for producing ethanol from biomass (sugar beet or wood) and energy conferences, Earl and Brown (1980), Ellis (1982), methanol from coal/lignite. The attainment of a reasonable Fraser and Madgwick (1978); and at local energy conferences, level of self-sufficiency in liquid fuels was shown to be Palmar (1983). The policies of the Ministry of Energy are technically feasible, but because of a host of economic presented in annual reports, Ministry of Energy (1979), Wyatt hurdles atthetime, commercial production never eventuated. (1988); in papers supporting MOE annual reports, Ministry of Around 1984, under a threat of escalating electricity prices Energy (1981 a), Anonymous (1982c), Walker (1986); and in (hydro), attention turned to the use of wood to meet domestic MOE policy statements, (MOE 1981 b, 1981 d, 1981 e). Cross heating needs and industrial thermal and/or electrical energy references to this section regarding liquid fuels from biomass needs. Currently, the production of liquid fuels from wood and are located in Sections 22 and 23. Cross references regarding coal/lignite is considered to be a mid- to long-term energy wood as domestic and industrial thermal energy fuels are option, while the use of wood to help meet domestic and located in Sections 17 and 21.

ANONYMOUS 1981a: February 1981 is the month it all started ANONYMOUS 1983f: Gisborne's forests seen as future source of happening. New Zealand Economist 42(11 ): 4. No ref. fuel. Gisborne Herald[New Zealand), 26 August. ANONYMOUS 1981 b: New Zealand prepares for biomass methane ANONYMOUS 1983g: Scrap wood wasted. Radio New Zealand as vehicle fuel. Biomass Digest 3(11): 5. No ref. 2YA, 6 September.

ANONYMOUS 1982a: Kiwis burn waste to achieve self-sufficiency. ANONYMOUS 1983h: Wood chips for transport fuels? The Press World Wood 23(1): 40. [Christchurch, New Zealand), 27 August.

ANONYMOUS 1982b: Prospects for alcohol fuels. Energy Journal ANONYMOUS 1984a: FlEA conference faces burning issue: will 55(6): 7. forest industry provide a major future energy resource? Forest Industries 15(8): 17, 19-21. No ref. ANONYMOUS 1982c: 1982 Energy plan. Energy Journal 55(11 ): 12-13,23. ANONYMOUS 1984b: Forestry after natural gas for Think Big investment. Daily Post [Rotorua, New Zealand). 5 July. ANONYMOUS 1983a: Alternative fuels. TV One News [New Zealand], 25 August. ANONYMOUS 1984c: Fuel from nears commercial stage. ANONYMOUS 1983b: Coal and wood termed fuels of future for NZ. Evening Standard [Palmerston North, New Zealand). 28 May: The Press [Christchurch, New Zealand), 30 July. 25. ANONYMOUS 1983c: Future fuels for New Zealand, from New ANONYMOUS 1984d: Wood-waste fuel a viable proposition. Evening Zealand. Energywatch (Aprii!May) 2: 4-7. Post [Wellington, New Zealand], 28 May. ANONYMOUS 1983d: Firewood's 'bright future' as cheap fuel. The ANONYMOUS 1984e: Woodfuel energy survey planned. Logging Press [Christchurch, New Zealand), 16 February. and Wood Processing (March): 18. No ref. ANONYMOUS 1983e: Forestry- transport fuels. Economic News ANONYMOUS 1986: Fuel pricing defended. Daily Post[Rotorua, Bulletin, 5 September. New Zealand], 12 March. 9

ANONYMOUS 1986: Paying the price for today's oil. Daily Post GILCHRIST, D. B. 1982: The future of wood as a future domestic [Rotorua, New Zealand], 26 April. energy source in the Christchurch area. B. For. Sci. Dissertation, University of Canterbury, Christchurch, New Zealand. 55 p. BAINES, J. (Ed.) 1984: Energy data and conversion factors: New Zealand handbook. New Zealand Energy Research and GUNSTAN, D.1985: Growing our way out of the energy crisis. The Development Committee, Report No. 100. 92 p. Dominion [Wellington, New Zealand], 24 April. BECA CARTER HOLLINGS AND FERNER LTD 1976: Forest HARRIS, G.S. 1979: Energy farming in New Zealand. New Zealand industries energy research: summary. New Zealand Energy Journal of Forestry 24(1): 67-75. Research and Development Committee, Report No. 12. 37 p. HARRIS, G.S. et a/. 1979: The potential of energy farming for BECA CARTER HOLLINGS AND FERNER LTD 1982: Forest transport fuels in New Zealand. New Zealand Energy Research industries energy research: 1981. NewZealand Energy Research and Development Committee, Report No. 46 (Volumes 1 and 2). and Development Committee, Report No. 71. 86 p. 132 p. BOSHIER, J.F. 1984: Energy issues and policies in New Zealand. HARRIS, G.S.1980: Planning fortransportfuels from biomass: the Annual Review of Energy (9): 51-79. 15 ref. New Zealand experience. Pp. 838-853 in Palz, W.; Chartier, P.; Hall, D.O. (Ed.) Energy From Biomass: First E.C.International BOSHIER, J.F.; ALLAN, R.R.; ELLIS, M.J.; GALLACHER, J.; Conference on Biomass, Brighton, England, 4-7 November PHILLIPS, P.H. 1986: Four futures: energy implications of 1980. 3 ref. social and economic change. New Zealand Energy Research and Development Committee, Report No. 135. 93 p. 18 ref. HARRIS, G.S. et al. 1980: The potential of energy farming for transport fuels in New Zealand. New Zealand Energy Research COUSINS, W.J.1977: Recommendationsfortherapidestablishment and Development Committee, Report No. 46 (Volume 3). 37 p. of a wood-based liquid fuel industry in New Zealand. Department of Scientific and Industrial Research (N.Z.), Physics and HARRIS,G.S.; ELUS,M.J.; SCOTT,G.C.; WOOD,J.R.; PHILLIPS, Engineering Laboratory, Report No. 575. 15 p. 3 ref. P.H.; ISAACS, N.P.1978: Energy scenarios. Supplementary studies. New Zealand Energy Research and Development DEPARTMENT OF SCIENTIFIC AND INDUSTRIAL RESEARCH Commitee, Report No. 33. 16 p. (N.Z.) 1975: The potential for energy farming in New Zealand: proceedings of a Symposium held at the Physics and Engineering HENLEY, R.W.: DAWSON, G.B. 1980: Geothermal alcohol: a Laboratory, Department of Scientific and Industrial Research. forgotten option. New Zealand Energy Journal 53( 12): 166--169. DS/R Information Series No. 117. 130 p. 69 ref. 8 ref. DEPARTMENT OF SCIENTIFIC AND INDUSTRIAL RESEARCH HENLEY, R.W.; DAWSON, G.B. 1981: Geothermal energy in (N.Z.) 1978: Transport fuels for New Zealand. DSIR Discussion biomass alcohol production. Geothermal Circular RWH5 GBD 13. Paper No. 1. 174 p. 9 p. EARL, W.B.; BROWN, W.A.N.1980: Alcohol fuels from biomass HOCKING, J.D.; ISAACS, N.P. 1981: The potential for wood as an in New Zealand: the energetics and economics of production energy resource for small-scale applications. In 1981 New and processing. Pp. 1.1.1-1.1.12 in Proceedings of the Third Zealand Forestry Conference: Exotic forests: their importance to International Symposium on Alcohol Fuels Technology, Asilomar, New Zealand's future, Wellington. March Session. 6 p. 10 ref. California, 28-31 May, 1979. 12 ref. HORGAN, G.P. 1979: The energy implications of the expanded ELLIS, E.L 1982: New Zealand forests and energy. Pp. 67-83 in planting programme. New Zealand Journal of Forestry 24(2): Smith, W.R. (Ed.) Energy from Forest Biomass: IUFRO 17th 189-197. No ref. World Congress, Kyoto, Japan, 6--17 September. 19 ref. HORGAN, G.P. 1984: The economics of liquid fuels from wood. ELLYETT, C. 1982: Energy policy and research in Australia and Paper presented at the Conference of the Forestry Industry New Zealand. Volume 11. Institute of Industrial Economics, Engineers Association of New Zealand, Rotorua, 3-6 July. 15 p. University of Newcastle, NSW. 246 p. 6 ref. FOREST RESEARCH INSTITUTE 1979: Uquid fuel from the forest. HOWARD, M.J.; BOON, B.W. 1974: Some aspects of whole tree New Zealand Forest Service, What's New in Forest Research utilisation with New Zealand pines. Appita 28(4): 246--251. No. 69. 4 p. No ref. 10 ref. FOREST RESEARCH INSTITUTE 1980: Energy farming. New LIQUID FUELS MANAGEMENT GROUP 1987: Forest biomass Zealand Forest Service, What's New in Forest Research No. 88. production and conversion to transport fuels. Liquid Fuels Trust 4 p. No ref. Board, Report No. LF 6005. 22 p. FOREST RESEARCH INSTITUTE 1985: Transport fuels from LIQUID FUELS TRUST BOARD 1980: Development of an initial wood. New Zealand Forest Service, What's New in Forest strategy for transport fuels supply and gas utilisation in New Research No. 135. 4p. Zealand. Liquid Fuels Trust Board, Report No. LF 2006. 39 p. FRASER, T. 1977: Plantation forestry- a role for energy farming? LIQUID FUELS TRUST BOARD 1982: Forward programme of New Zealand Journal of Forestry 22(2): 242-45. 5 ref. investigations. Liquid Fuels Trust Board, Report No. LF 5517. 160 p. FRASER, T.; MADGWICK, H.A.I. 1978: Prospects for the production of liquid fuels from forest biomass. Pp. 1756--1770 in Proceedings MINISTRY OF ENERGY (N.Z.) 1979: Energy strategy '79. Ministry of the Eighth World Forestry Congress, v.6B. 31 ref. of Energy,Wellington. 96 p. No ref. FRASER, T.; SUTTON, W.R.J.; HORGAN, G.P. 1979: Forests, MINISTRY OF ENERGY (N.Z.) 1981a: Energy planning report wood and energy. Pp. 238-243 in Fourth New Zealand Energy 1981: 81-4 Liquid fuels planning: a background report to the Conference, Auckland, 17-19 May. 16 ref. 1981 energy plan. Ministry of Energy, Wellington. 67 p. No ref. 10

MINISTRY OF ENERGY (N.Z.) 1981b: Government policy on WALKER, B.V. 1986: Energy issues report 1986: resources, ethanol-from-biomass [News release]. Ministry of Energy, supply, technologies and investigations: a background report Wellington. 3 p. to Energy Issues 1986. Ministry of Energy (N.Z.), Report El 8602. 87 p. MINISTRY OF ENERGY (N.Z.) 1981c: National costs of ethanol production and national value of ethanol as a motor spirit WYATT,N.S.(Ed.)1988: Energy88. MinistryofEnergy, Wellington. extender. Ministry of Energy, Wellington. 8 p. 48 p. MINISTRY OF ENERGY (N.Z.) 1981d: Our energy future: it is secure but there is still much to be done [News Release]. Ministry of Energy, Wellington. 6 p. No ref. ------• MINISTRY OF ENERGY (N.Z.) 1981e: Policy for ethanol production from biomass in New Zealand. Ministry of Energy, Wellington. 3 p. MINISTRY OF ENERGY (N.Z.) 1982a: Government policy on biogas. Ministry of Energy, Wellington. 2 p. MINISTRY OF ENERGY (N.Z.) 1982b: Energy planning report 1982: EP82-4 gas sector forecasting and planning. Ministry of Energy, Wellington. 16 p. No ref. MORRISON, A. 1983: Black gold fiwer takes hold. New Zealand Times [Wellington, New Zealand], 19 June: 3. No ref. MOY, M. 1981: The potential role for alcohol fuels. In Seminar on the Use of Alcohols in Spark Ignition Engines, Ministry of Energy, Wellington, 21-22 May. 14 p. No ref. NEW ZEALAND ENERGY RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT COMMITTEE 1984: A guide to sources of data on national energy consumption. Brown Copeland & Co. Ltd in association with the New Zealand Institute of Economic Research. New Zealand Energy Research and Development Committee, Publication P82. 125 p. NEW ZEALAND FORESTRY CONFERENCE 1981: The management of forests for energy. P. 33-37 in Working Party Report, Part5, New Zealand Forestry Conference, Wellington, 7-8 September. 6 ref. NEWZEALANDFORESTRYCOUNCIL 1979: Energy requirements and production by forest industries in New Zealand. New Zealand Forestry Council, Bulletin No. 2. 26 p. No ref. PALMER, E.R. 1983: Energy production from biomass. Energy Journal56(4): 11-13.

PATTERSON, M.G.1979: A quantification of energy derived from wood in New Zealand. Department of Trade and Industry (N.Z), Resource Conservation Series 3. 31 p. 22 ref. PEARSON, R.G. 19n: Energy analysis. New Zealand Energy Research and Development Committee, Report No. 30. 14 p. RAWUNS, W.H.N.; KERRUISH, C.M.; HORGAN, G.P. 1982: The potential costs of growing and harvesting wood for energy in Australia and New Zealand. Pp. 39-49 in Smith, W.R. (Ed.) Energy From Forest Biomass: IUFRO 17th World Congress, Kyoto, Japan, 6-17 September. 20 ref. THOMSON, A.P. 19n: Forests, forest products and energy. New Zealand Journal of Forestry 22(2): 193-220. 23 ref. THOMSON, A.P.1981: Forests and energy. In 1981 New Zealand Forestry Conference, Wellington. March Session. 36 p. 19 ref. TUSTIN, J.R. 1980: Energy implications for smallwood harvesting. Pp. 149-153 in Proceedings, Smallwood Harvesting Seminar, Logging Industry Research Association, Rotorua, New Zealand. No ref. 11

2. New Zealand Forestry Perspective (34 references)

Keywords: forest resource, area, quantity, quality, location, Notable references: A recent review of the forestry sector in supply, export, Chile, new crop, transition crop, planting New Zealand is present~d in Ministry of Forestry (1988a). programme, forestry sector, plantation resource, exotic The large radiatapine planting programme and its implications forests, export potential, radiata pine, eucalypt. for the forest industry are reviewed in Cavana and O'Dea (1979) and Levack (1979). Documentation of the exotic Sources: NZJF, World Wood, NZJFS, New Zealand Forestry plantation resource is presented in Elliot and Levack (1981 ), Conference, New Zealand daily newspapers. Familton (1981, 1983), Kibblewhite and Levack (1984), and Synopsis: For an appreciation of forest energy in New Novis et al. (1989). Further statistics on New Zealand forests Zealand, an understanding of New Zealand exotic plantation and the forest industry (to 1987) are provided in Ministry of forestry (i.e., other than indigenous forests) is important. Forestry (1988b). An early viewpoint on the potential role of Exotic forestry is overwhelmingly characterised by the exotic plantation forests in the New Zealand energy future is growing, tending, harvesting, and processing of Pinus radiata. presented in Fraser (1977), and more recently in Anonymous As at April1988, radiata pine represented 88% (1.1 million (1984d). A review of the supply availability (and cost) of wood hectares) of the New Zealand total net stocked exotic for liquid fuels production is presented in LFTB (1983). Cross plantation area (Novis et al. 1989). Wood for energy, then, references to this section regarding eucalypts, radiata pine, inevitably involves radiatapine. However, spp., and other genera are located in Sections 6, 7, and 8, representing no more than 2% (about 25 000 hectares) of the respectively. total net stocked exotic plantation area, also have the potential to make an important contribution to providing wood for energy.

ALLEN, C. 1985: Timber growing method [coppice]. Radio New CAV ANA, R. V.; O'DEA, D.J. 1979: New Zealand's increased exotic Zealand 2YA, Rural Report, 22 August, 12.50 p.m. Audio forest planting programme - its consequences for capital Monitor Ltd, Wellington. 2 p. requirements and processing. New Zealand Journal of Forestry 24(2): 172-188. 7 ref. ANONYMOUS 1982a: Good potential in USA forclearradiata pine. Asian Timber 1(4): 5. DEVELOPMENT FINANCE CORPORATION 1980: Forest industry study. 181 p. ANONYMOUS 1982b: Tight timber supplies seen in New Zealand till1995. World Wood 23(6): 5. DEVELOPMENT FINANCE CORPORATION 1981: The response to the forest industry study. In 1981 New Zealand Forestry ANONYMOUS 1982c: Tree breeders enhance future forestry. Daily Conference, Wellington. March Session. 8 p. Post [Rotorua, New Zealand]. ELUOT, D.A. 1982: Future production from the softwood plantation ANONYMOUS 19838: Chile, New Zealand sign forestry pact. World resources of Australia, Chile, and the Pacific Islands- a New Wood 24(6): 3. No ref. Zealand view. Australian Forest Industries Journal and Logger 48(7): 16, 20-21, 23. ANONYMOUS 1983b: Travelling report from New Zealand. Thinning is almost banned in Government forestry. Skogen(3): 64--65. ELUOT, D.A.; LEVACK, H.H. 1981: New Zealand's plantation resource: areas,locations,andquantities. ln1981 New Zealand ANONYMOUS 19848: Forest industry views 1985 with confidence Forestry Conference, Wellington. March Session. Part I, 31 p. but seeing through to new crop '90s is difficult. Forest Industries Part 11, Regional Summaries, 89 p. No ref. 15(12): 7-24. ELUS, E.L 1982: New Zealand forests and energy. Pp. 67--83 in ANONYMOUS 1984b: Looking beyond the pine clones. The Press Smith, W.R. (Ed.) Energy from Forest Biomass, IUFRO 17th [Christchurch, New Zealand], 26 May. World Congress, Kyoto, September 1981. 19 ref.

ANONYMOUS 1984c: · Forestry after natural gas for Think Big FAMILTON, A.K. 1981: New Zealand's plantation resource: current investment. Daily Post(Rotorua, New Zealand], 5 July. usage and projected surpluses. In 1981 New Zealand Forestry Conference, Wellington. March Session. 17 p. No ref. ANONYMOUS 1984d: Wood residues as a fuel. Forest Industries 15(4): 4. No ref. FAMILTON, A.K. 1983: A summary and up-date of "New Zealand's plantation resource: areas, locations, and quantities" by D.A. Elliot BOURKE, J.J. (Comp.) 1988: Export prospects for radiata pine. and H.H. Levack. New Zealand Forest Service, Wellington. Ministry of Forestry (N.Z), FRI Bulletin No. 136. 18 p. 12

FLEMING, C.A. 1977: The history of life in New Zealand forests. New Zealand Journal of Forestry 22(2): 249-269. 26 ref. FRASER, T. 1977: Plantation forestry-a role for energy farming? New Zealand Journal of Forestry 22(2): 242-245. 5 ref. HUTCHINSON, F.E. 1977: Some thoughts on "plantation forestry• in New Zealand-mainly reminiscent. New Zealand Journal of Forestry 22(1): 111-125. 3 ref. KIBBLEWHITE, R.P.; LEVACK, H.H. 1984: The radiata pine resource - its qualities and quantities. New Zealand Forest Service, FRI Bulletin No. 86: 3-10 11 ref. LEVACK, H.H. 1979: Future national wood supply. New Zealand Journal of Forestry 24(2): 159-177. 3 ref. UQUID FUELS TRUST BOARD 1983: Supply availability and cost of wood for liquid fuels production. Liquid Fuels Trust Board, Report No. LF2029. 145 p. 41 ref. MINISTRY OF FORESTRY (N.Z.) 1988a: The forestry sector in New Zealand. Ministry of Forestry, Policy Division, Wellington. 62 p. MINISTRY OF FORESTRY (N.Z.) 1988b: Statistics of the forests and forest industries of New Zealand to 1987. Ministry of Forestry, Wellington. 100 p. NEW ZEALAND FORESTRY CONFERENCE 1981: Comments on Development Finance Corporation report: forest industry study. In 1981 New Zealand Forestry Conference, Wellington. March Session. 25 p. NOVIS, J.; TURLAND, J.; COLUNS, J. 1989: A national exotic forest description as at 1 April 1988. Ministry of Forestry, Wellington. 107 p. RAWUNS, W.H.M.; KERRUISH,C.M.; HORGAN,G.P.1982: The potential costs of growing and harvesting wood for energy in Australia and New Zealand. Pp. 39-49 in Smith, W.R. (Ed.) Energy from Forest Biomass, IUFRO 17th World Congress, Kyoto, Japan, 6-17 September. 20 ref. SUTTON, W.J.R. 1975: An evaluation of New Zealand's forestry export potential. D. Phil Thesis, Oxford University. 356 p. SUTTON, W.J.R. 1978: Some export marketing implications of New Zealand's current planting programme. New Zealand Journal of Forestry 23(1): 85-94. 7 ref. UPRICHARD,J.M.1983: PulpandpaperinNewZealand: processes and prospects for development. Logging and Wood Processing, (April): 17, 19, 22-23. No ref. WIJE-WARDANA, D. 1983: New Zealand. World Wood Review ------24(5): 61. No ref. 13

3. Energy Requirements and Usage in the Forest Industry (17 references)

Keywords: energy requirements, energy analysis, forest burning of solids from speAt liquors at pulp mills represents industry, energy use, pulp, paper, forestry, sawmill. a somewhat less obvious, though equally important source of energy from wood. Sources: Canadian Forestry Service, NZERDC, LIRA.

Synopsis: The contribution that biomass can make towards Notable references: The New Zealand experience is reported meeting the energy needs of the forest industry is important in New Zealand Forestry Council (1979), Beca Carter Hollings practically and also demonstratively to other industries. Energy and Ferner Ltd (1976a, 1976b, 1982), Gordon and Foran requirements and usage are higher in the pulp and paper (1980), and Uprichard and Corson (1976). Cross references industry than in sawmilling, reconstituted products, or forest to this section regarding the use of wood to meet energy operations. In addition to the obvious advantage of being requirements in forest processing mills are in Sections 20 able to burn wood, bark, and foliage to produce energy, the and 21.

ASH, M.J.; KNOBLOCK, P.C.; PETERS, N.1980: Energy analysis GORDON, R.D.; FORAN, W. 1980: Fuel for loggers in New of energy from the forest options. Canadian Forestry Service, Zealand. N.Z. Logging Industry Research Association, Report Petawawa National Forestry Institute, ENFOR Project P-59. 5(2). 4p. No ref. 110 p. 29 ref. KOMMONEN, F.; HAKUUN, L 1989: How [energy] costs vary BECA CARTER HOLLINGS AND FERN ER L TO 1976a: Forest country-by-country. Pulp andPaperlntemationai(March): 45-4 7. industries energy research summary. New Zealand Energy Research and Development Committee, Report No. 12. 38 p. McCORMACK, R.J.; WELLS, K.F. 1982: Direct consumption of No ref. petroleum products in Pinus radiata thinning in Australia. New BECA CARTER HOLUNGS AND FERNER LTD 1976b: Forest Zealand Journal of Forestry Science 12(2): 354--63. 7 ref. industries energy research. New Zealand Energy Research and Development Committee, Report No. 13. 230 p. 28 ref. NEW ZEALAND FORESTRY COUNCIL 1979: Energy requirements and production by forest industries in New Zealand. New BECA CARTER HOLUNGS AND FERNER LTD 1982: Forest Zealand Forestry Council, Bulletin No. 2. 25 p. No. ref. industries energy research 1981. New ZealandEnergy Research and Development Committee, Report No. 71. 86 p. 55 ref. SIERILA, P. 1988: Energy and the Finnish . BJORKMAN, A.; WARNQVIST, B. 1988: Basic processes in Pulp and Paper Canada 89(8): 91-93. 3 ref. gasification/burning of kraft liquors. Pulp and Paper Canada 89(11): 56-02. 22 ref. TAYLOR, R.W. 1982: Energy at . CSIR (Pretoria, South Africa) Special Report HOUT 264. 33 p. 2 ref. CO LE MAN, M. (Ed.) 1981 : Energy management and conservation in pulp and paper mills. Miller Freeman, San Francisco. UPRICHARD, J.M.; CORSON, S.R. 1976: Energy usage and 216 p. effluents from chemical and mechanical pulping systems. New EFFORD, I.E.; PNEUMATICOS, S.M. 1982: Energy in the forest Zealand Journal of Forestry 21 (1 ): 21-{35. 27 refs. industries. Energy, Mines and Resources, Canada, Conservation URBAS, J.C. 1988: Water- the unnecessary energy user. Pulp and Renewable Energy Branch. 35 p. 20 ref. and Paper Canada 89(8): 44-49. GOElZYL, A.; TATUM, S.1983: Wood energy use in the and wood products industry. Forest Products Journal 33(3): YOUNG D.A. 1988: A guide to energy-efficient mill air systems. Pulp 44-48. 7 ref. and Paper Canada 89(11): 78-80. ------• 14

4. Biomass Mensuration, Technique (50 references)

Keywords: inventory, guideline, procedure, manual, pine and eucalypt spp., but only prototype biomass growth multiproduct, conversion, coppice, technique, method, and yield models and inventory methods for radiata pine sampling, mensuration, eucalypt, willow, poplar, radiata pine, have been developed. prediction. Notable references: The New Zealand experience with Sources: SUAS, American Pulpwood Association, CJFR, biomass assessment techniques is described in Grace and Biomass, NZJFS, Canadian Forestry Service, Energy from Madgwick (1987), Madgwick (1976, 1981, 1983a, 1983b), Biomass (EC Conference), Australian Forestry Research. and Madgwick and Satoo (1975). Biomass assessment techniques for radiata pine in Australia are described in Synopsis: Biomass for energy must be measured and Snowdon (1985, 1986). Instructional guidelines for the quantified to enable the estimation, ol pres.ent and .future development of biomassinventoriesarepresented in Aid red yields which could be available for use as fuel. At the local and Alemdag (1988) and Cl ark et al. (1985). A case study of and national level, energy planners need to have up-to-date the development of a biomass inventory in Canada is biomass inventory information to assist in formulating energy presented in Alemdag and Bonnor (1985). Cross references scenarios. Currently in New Zealand, individual tree and to this section regarding biomass estimates in New Zealand stand biomass equations have been developed for radiata are located in Sections 6, 7, and 8.

ALDRED, A.H.; ALEMDAG, I.S. 1988: Guidelines for forest Conference on Biomass, Brighton, England, 4-7 November biomass inventory. Canadian Forestry Service, Petawawa 1980. 9 ref. National Forestry Institute, Information Report PI-X-77. 134 p. AUCLAIR, D.; CABANETTES,A.1983: Method for the estimation 73 ref. of biomass in coppice and coppice with standards, by conversion ALDRED, A.H.; SAYN-WITTGENSTEIN, L. 1981: Procedures for from "large timber" volume to total biomass. Pp. 222-224 in producing forest biomass statistics in Newfoundland forest Strub, A.; Chartier, P.; Schleser, G. (Ed.) Energy from Biomass: inventory program. Dendron Resource Surveys Ltd. Pp. 70-75 Second E.C. Conference, 20-23 September 1982, Berlin, in Proceedings of the Third Bioenergy Research and Federal Republic of Germany. Development Seminar, Ottawa. 7 ref. BONES, J.T. 1985: National tree biomass compilation program­ ALEMDAG, I.S. 1980: Manual of data collection and processing for a final report. P. 72 in Proceedings Seventh Southern Forest the development of forest biomass relationships. Canadian Biomass Workshop, Gainesville, Florida. No ref. Forestry Service, Petawawa National Forestry Institute, CLARK, A. 1979: Suggested procedures for measuring tree biomass Information Report PI-X-4; ENFOR Project P-144. 38 p. No ref. and reporting tree prediction equations. Pp. 61 ~28 in Proceedings of the Forest Resource Inventories Workshop, ALEMDAG, I.S. 1982: Method of estimating forest biomass from Colorado State University. 28 refs. stand volumes: a case study with Ontario jack pine. Pulp and Paper Canada 83(2): 41-43. 5 ref. CLARK, A.; FIELD, R.C. 1981: TBCP- a computer program that estimates total tree chips, sawlogs, pulpwood, and firewood ALEMDAG, I.S.; BONNOR, G.M. 1985: Biomass inventory of from cruise summary data. Georgia Forest Research Paper 21. federal lands at Petawawa: a case study. Forestry Chronicle 14 p. 11 ref. 61(2): 81-86. 6 ref. CLARK, A.; BURGAN, T.M.; FIELD, R.C.; DRESS, P.E.1985: ATTIWILL, P.M. 1966: A method of estimating crown weight in User's manual for total-tree multiproduct cruise program. USDA Eucalyptus, and some implications of relationships between Forest Service, Southeastern Forest Experiment Station, General crown weight and stem diameter. Ecology 47(5): 795-804. Technical ReportSE-31. 65 p. 6 ref. 25 ref. CLARK,A.; FIELD, R.C.; BURGAN, T.M.; DRESS, P.1985: Total­ AUCLAIR, D. (Ed.) 1983: Mesures des et des tree multiproduct cruise program. American Pulpwood accroissements forestiers: comptes-rendus de la reunion qui Association, Technical Release 85-R-11. 2 p. s'esttenue du 3 au 7 octobre 1983 aOrleans, France= Problems COST, N.D.; MCCLURE, J.P. 1982: Multi-resource inventories: in forest biomass mensuration and growth and yield studies. techniques for estimating biomass on a statewide basis. USDA lnstitut national de la recherche agronomique, Paris. Les Forest Service, Southeastern Forest Experiment Station, Col/oques de 1'/.N.R.A., No. 19. 356 p. Research PaperSE-228. 31 p. 12 ref. AUCLAIR, D.; CABANETTES, A. 1981: Method for the estimation CUNIA, T.1979: On sampling trees forbiomass tables construction: of above-ground biomass and biomass production in classical some statistical comments. Pp. 643-064 in Proceedings of the coppice and first results. Pp. 216-221 in Palz, W.; Chartier, P .; Forest Resource Inventories Workshop, Colorado State Hall, D.O. (Ed.) Energy From Biomass, First E.C. International University. 5 ref. 15

CURTIN, D.T.; BROOKS, R.T.; RENNIE, J.C. 1980: Testing MADGWICK, H.A.I. 1983a: Above-ground weight of forest plots­ biomass prediction equations with conventional cruise and whole comparison of seven methods of estimation. New Zealand tree harvesting techniques. Tennesee Valley Authority, Division Journal of Forestry Science 13(1): 100-107. 15 ref. ofLandandForestResources, Technica1Note841. 27p. 14 ref. MADGWICK, H.A.I. 1983b: Estimation of the oven-dry weight of FOWLER, D. 1983: Trial conversion of conventional data to biomass stems, needles, and branches of individual Pinus radiata trees. data in New Brunswick. Canadian Forestry Service, ENFOR NewZealandJournalofForestryScience 13(1): 108-109. 4ref. Project P-238. 59 p. 6 ref. MADGWICK, H.A.I.; SATOO, T.1975: On estimating the above­ FRANK, P.S.; HICKS, R.R.; HARNER, E.J. 1984: Biomass ground weights of tree stands. Ecology 56(6): 1446-1450. predicted by soil site factors: a case study in north central West 21 ref. Virginia USA. Canadian Journal of Forest Research 14(1): MROZ, G.D.; FREDERICK, D.J.; JURGENSEN, M.F. 1985: Site 137-140. and fertiliser effects on northern hardwood stump sprouting. GRACE, J.C.; MADGWICK, H.A.I.1987: Sampling procedures for Canadian Journal of Forest Research 15(3): 535--543. 51 ref. estimating forestbioniass in the Puruki watershed New Zealand. NILSSON, L..Q 1981: Metoder for bestamning av torrsubstans och New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science 17(213): 272-282. tillviixt vid energiskogsodling = Methods for determining dry HATHAWAY, R.L; van KRAAYENOORD, C.W.S. 1981: Short matter content and growth in energy forest plantations. Sveriges rotation biomass production of willow in New Zealand. Pp. lantbruksuniversitet, projekt energiskogsodling, Teknisk Rapport 244-250 in Palz, W.; Chartier, P.; Hall, D.O. (Ed.) Energy from No. 19. 47 p. 9 ref. Biomass: First E.C. International Conference on Biomass, OPIE, J.E. 1976: Volume functions for trees of all sizes. Forestry Brighton, England, 4-7 November 1980. Commission (Victoria) Technical Paper No. 25: 27-30. 2 ref. HEINONEN, J.; FERUN, A. 1983: Above-ground woody biomass PAR DE, J. 1980: Forestbiomass. Commonwealth Forestry Bureau, sampling and estimation in dense coppice stands. Pp. review article. Forestry Abstracts 41(8): 343-362. 167 ref. 209-216 in Auclair, D. (Ed.) Mesures des biomasses et des accroissements forestiers: comptes-rendus de la reunion qui ROLLINSON, T.J.D.; EVANS, J. 1987: The yield of sweet chestnut s'esttenue du 3au 7 octobre 1983 a Orleans, France= Problems coppice. Forestry Commission (UK), Bulletin No. 64. 20 p. in forest biomass mensuration and growth and yield studies. 10 ref. lnstitut national de la recherche agronomique, Paris. Les SATOO, T.; MADGWICK, H.A.I.1982: Forest Biomass. Martinies Co/loques de 1'/.N.R.A., No. 19. 356 p. 6 ref. Nijhoff, The Hague. 152 p. 279 ref. HITCHCOCK, H.C. 1979a: Biomass of southern hardwood SIEVANEN, R. 1983: Growth model for mini-rotation plantations. regeneration estimated by vertical line sampling. Journal of Communicationes lnstitut Forestalis Fenniae No. 117. 41 p. Forestry 77(8): 474-477. 62 ref. HITCHCOCK, H.C. 1979b: Converting traditional CFI data into SINGH, T. 1983: Fortran subroutines for biomass computations. biomass values: a case study. Pp. 596~14 in Proceedings of Canadian Forestry Service, Northern Forest Research Centre, the Forest Resource Inventories Workshop, 23--26 July, Colorado Forest Management Note No. 22. 7 p. 2 ref. State University. 20 ref. SNOWDON, P. 1985: Alternative sampling strategies and regression HITCHCOCK, H.C.; McDONNELL, J.P. 1979: Biomass models for estimating forest biomass. Australian Forest Research measurement: a synthesis of the literature. Pp. 544-594 in 15(3): 353--366. 17 ref. Proceedings of the Forest Resource Inventories Workshop, 23--26 July, Colorado State University. 280 ref. SNOWDEN, P. 1986: Sampling strategies and methods of estimating the biomass of crown components in individual trees of Pinus HYTONEN, J.; LUMME, 1.; TORMALA, T.1987: Comparison of radiata D. Don. Australian Forest Research 16(1): 63--72. methods for estimating willow biomass. Biomass 14(1 ): 39-49. 17 ref. 12 ref. STANDJSH,J.T.; MANNJNG,G.H.; DEMAERSCHOLK,J.P.1985: lSE BRANDS, J.G.; EK, A.R.; MELDAHL, R.S. 1982: Comparison Development of blomass equations for British Columbia tree of growth model and harvest yields of short rotation intensively species. Canadian Forestry Service, Pacific Forest Research cultured : a case study. Canadian Journal of Forest Centre, Information Report BC-X-264. 48 p. 24 ref. Research 12(1): 58~3. 15 ref. VALENTINE, H.T.; TRITTON, LM.; FURNIVAL, G.M. 1984: KITTREDGE, J. 1944: Estimation of the amount of foliage of trees Subsampling trees for biomass, volume, or mineral content. and stands. Journal of Forestry 42(12): 905--912. 20 ref. Forest Science 30(3): 673--681. 6 ref. KUUSELA, K.; NYYSSONEN, A.1981: Quantifying forest energy WADDELL, D.R.; WEYERMANN, D.L.; YAMBERT, M.B.1987: -inventory methods to determine biomass. Unasylva 33(13): Estimating the weight of Douglas-fir tree boles and logs with an 31-34. 8 refs. iterative computer model. USDA Forest Service, Pacific MacQUARRIE, G.D. 1983: Trial conversion of conventional inventory Northwest Research Station, Research Paper PNW-RP-374. data to biomass data in Nova Scotia. Canadian Forestry 20 p. 10 ref. Service, ENFOR Project P-247. 35 p. WELLWOOD, R.W. 1979: Complete tree utilisation: an analysis of MADGWICK, H.A.I. 1976: Mensuration of forest biomass. Pp. the literature (1970-1978). Part I: Biomass of tree components. 35--47 in Proceedings, 16th IUFRO World Congress, Division 4. Canadian Forestry Service, ENFOR Project P-15. 89 p. 78 refs. 104 ref. WIANT, H.V.1979: Estimating woody biomass using 3P and point MADGWICK, H;A.I. 1981: Estimating the above-ground weight of sampling. Pp. 757-762 in Proceedings of the Forest Resource forest plots using the basal area ratio'method. New Zealand · Inventories Workshop, 23-26 July, Colorado State University. Journal of Forestry Science 11 (3): "278-286. 9 ref. 9 refs. ------16

5. Biomass Mensuration, Statistical (25 references)

Keywords: method, bias, correction, logarithmic for systematic logar~hmic bias to the predicted variable. transformation, error, sampling, allometric, statistical, regression. Notable references: Statistical aspects relating to biomass sampling are presented in Cunia (1979a, 1979b) and Ware Sources: Forestry Chronicle, CJFR. (1979). The selection oft he appropriate regression model for biomass prediction is discussed in Payandeh (1981 ), and Synopsis: An important aspect in the estimation of biomass Chiyenda and Kozak (1982). Correction for systematic bias yield is the statistical appropriateness of the sampling and when using logarithmic transformation is discussed in regression methods that are employed. For example, if Baskerville (1972), Finney (1941 ), Flewelling and Pienaar logarithmic transformation of variables is used during (1981 ), Lee (1982), Madgwick and Satoo (1975), and Meyer regression analysis, then~ is necessary to apply a correction (1938, 1941).

BASKERVILLE, G.L 1970: Testing the uniformity of variance in CUNIA, T.; BRIGGS, R.D. 1985b: Harmonising biomass tables by arithmetic and logic units of aY-variable for classes of an X­ generalised least squares. Canadian Journal ofForest Research variable. Oak Ridge National Laboratory, ORNL-1BP-70-1. 15(2): 331-340. 38p. CUNIA, T.; MICHELAKECKIS, J. 1983: On the error of tree BASKERVILLE, G.L. 1972: Use of logarithmic regression in the biomass tables constructed by a 2-phase sampling design. estimation of plantbiomass. CanadianJoumalofForest Research Canadian Journal of Forest Research 13(2): 303-313. 10 ref. 2(49): 49-53. 10 ref. FINNEY, D.J. 1941: On the distribution of a variate whose logarithm BEAUCHAMP, J.J.; OLSEN, J.S. 1973: Correction for bias in is normally distributed. Journal of the Royal Statistical Society, regression estimates after logarithmic transformation. Ecology Series 87: 155-161. 54(6): 4103-4107. 15 ref. FLEWELUNG,J.W.; PIENAAR, LV.1981: Multiplicative regression BRIGGS, E.F.; CUNIA, T. 1982: Effect of cluster sampling in with log normal errors. Forestry Science 27(2): 281-289. 18 ref. biomass tables construction: linear regression models. Canadian Journal of Forest Science 12(2): 255--263. LEE, C.Y.1982: Comparison of two correction methods for the bias due to the logarithmic transformation in the estimation ofbiomass. CHIYENDA,S.S.; KOZAK,A.1982: Somecommentson"Choosing Canadian Journalof Forest Research 12(2): 326-331. 12 ref. regression models for biomass prediction equations". Forestry Chronicle 58(5): 203-204. 3 ref. MADGWICK, H.A.I.; SATOO, T.1975: On estimating the above­ ground weights of tree stands. Ecology 56(6): 1446-1450. CHIYENDA, S.S.; KOZAK, A. 1984: Additivity of component 21 ref. biomass regressions when the underlying model is linear. Canadian Journal of Forest Research 14(3): 441-446. M EVER, H.A. 1938: The standard error of estimate of tree volume from the logarithmic volume equation. Journal of Forestry 36: CUNIA, T. 1979a: On sampling trees for biomass tables construction: 340-342. No ref. some statistical comments. Pp. 643-664 in Proceedings of the Forest Resource Inventories Workshop, 23-26 July, Colorado M EVER, H.A. 1941: A correction for a systematic error occurring in State University. 5 ref. the application of the logarithmic volume equation. Pennsylvania CUNIA, T. 1979b: On tree biomass tables and regression: some State Forestry School, Research Paper 7. 3 p. No ref. statistical comments. Pp. 6~42 in Proceedings of the Forest MOUNTFORD, M.D.; BUNCE, R.G.H. 1973: Regression sampling Resource Inventories Workshop, 23-26 July, Colorado State with allometrically related variables, with particular reference to University. 8 ref. production studies. Forestry 46(2): 203-212. 8 ref. CUNIA, T. 1986a: On the error of biomass estimates in forest MUNRO, D. D. 1974: Use of logarithmic regression in the estimation inventories: Part 1: its major components. SUNY (Syracuse), of plant biomass: discussion. Canadian Journal of Forest Faculty of Forestry, Miscellaneous Publication Number 8 (ESF Research 4(1): 149. 85-004). 69 p. 7 ref. PAYANDEH, B. 1981: Choosing regression models for biomass CUNIA, T. 1986b: On the error of biomass estimates in forest prediction equations. Forestry Chronicle 57(5): 229-232. 14 rei. inventories: Part 11: the error component from sample plots .. SUNY(Syracuse ), Faculty ofForestry, Miscellaneous Publication WARE, K.D. 1979: Statistical aspects in sampling for biomass inventory. Pp. 745--756 in Proceedings of the Forest Resource Number 9 (ESF 86-001). 125 p. 10 ref. Inventories Workshop, 23-26 July, Colorado State University. CUNIA, T.; BRIGGS, R.D. 1984: Forcing additivity of biomass 11 ref. tables; some empirical results. Canadian Journal of Forest Research 14(3): 376-384. YANDEL, 0.0.; WIANT, H.V.1981: Estimation of plant biomass based on the allometric system. Canadian Journal of Forest CUNIA, T.; BRIGGS, R.D. 1985a: Forcing additivity of biomass Research 11(4): 833-837. tables; use of the generalised least-squares method. Canadian Journal of Forest Research 15(1): 23-28. ------• 17

6. Eucalypts I ~------(9_3_T~_e_~_T~_e_n_c_es_~------~~

Keywords: yield, biomass, coppice, firewood, management, conventional forestry operations. Around 1982, however, growth, biological control, essential oil, wood properties, business entrepreneurs began to establish purpose-grown species, nutrients, short rotation, biomass equations. eucalypt firewood plantations. Eucalypts were selected because of their good juvenile growth rate, ability, Sources: Australian Forest Research, NZJFS, Australian and relatively high wood basic density. Forestry, USDA Forest Service, Australian Forest Grower, New Zealand daily newspapers and radio news. Notable references: An introduction to eucalypts in New Synopsis: As noted previously, Eucalyptus spp. represent Zealand is presented in Edmonds (1985), while the New no more than 2% of the New Zealand total net stocked exotic Zealand experience with eucalypts is described in Anonymous plantation area. Nonetheless, eucalypts occupy special (1981 a), Fry (1983), Lembke (1977), and Navis et al. (1989). domestic and export market niches (e.g., hardwood pulp, Forest mangagement aspects are presented in Davenhill quality furniture, and fuelwood) which have already shown (1989) Forest Research Institute (1984a, 1989), Miller (1989), good potential for expansion in the near to mid-term. Eucalypts Revell (1981 ). Growth and yield of eucalypts is described in exhibit good growth rates provided that species selection Frederick et al. (1986; 1985a, 1985b; 1984; 1983), Hay and (siting), and establishment and early stand management Calderon (1989), and Madgwick et al. (1981 ). Management practices are performed properly. Generally, all eucalypts and yield aspects specifically relating to coppiced eucalypts require site preparation (soil disturbance and fertiliser), while and/or fuelwood are described in Blake (1983), Jones et al. some eucalypts (e.g., E. nitens) are prone to insect attack (1983), Kaumi (1983), Norona (1983), and Sachs et al. (defoliation). Eucalypt is a favoured domesticfirewood, usually (1981 ). Cross references to this section regarding firewood originating from farm shelterbelts, or as wastewood from are presented in Section 17.

ANONYMOUS 1981a: New Zealand uses Eucalyptus. Australian BAKER, T. 1983: Dry matter nitrogen and phosphorus content of Forest Grower 4(2): 14, 42. No ref. litter-fall and branchfall in Pinus radiata and Eucalyptus forests. New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science 13(2): 205-221. ANONYMOUS 1981b: Hikurangi farming fuelwood. Australian Forest Grower4(3): 16. BEIJER, J. de 1982: plan aims to make steel from ANONYMOUS 1982a: Bug bashing [Eucalyptus tortoise beetle]. trees. WorldWood23(1): 11-12. Noref. Logging and Wood Processing (August): 22-23. No ref. BLAKE, T.J. 1983: Coppice systems for short-rotation intensive ANONYMOUS 1982b: Pruning eucalypts. New Zealand Farmer forestry: the influence of cultural, seasonal, and plant factors. 103(20): 97. No ref. Australian Forestry Review 13: 279-291. 64 ref.

ANONYMOUS 1984: New Zealand eucalypts - viable future. BROOK ER, M.I.H.; KLEINIG, D.A. 1983: Field guide to Eucalyptus. Logging and Wood Processing (September): 17. No ref. Volume 1: South-eastern Australia. lnkata Press, Melbourne. ANONYMOUS 1985a: Brazil's new forest soars to success. World 288 p. 27 ref. Wood 26(3): 4~ 1. No ref. CAMPBELL, R.G.; FERGUSON, I.S.; OPIE, J.E. 1979: Simulating ANONYMOUS 1985b: Eucalyptus [grown for firewood]. Radio New growth and yield of mountain ash stands (E. regnans): a Zealand, 2YA News, Rural Report, 12.35 p.m., 23 December. deterministic model. Australian Forest Research 9: 189-202. 6 Audio Monitor Ltd, Wellington. ref.

ANONYMOUS 1986a: Magic tree [eucalypt coppice for firewood, Mr CARTER, W.G.1974: Growing and harvesting Eucalyptus on short David Hunter]. TV One News [New Zealand]. 6.30 p.m., rotation for pulping. Australian Forestry 36(3): 214-225. 23 ref. February 21. CHATURVEDI, A. N. 1983: Management of Eucalyptus plantations. ATTIWILL, P.M. 1966: A method of estimating crown weight in Indian 109(12): 861--863. Eucalyptus, and some implications of relationships between crown weight and stem diameter. Ecology 47(5): 795--804. CHU..CHOU, M.; GRACE, LJ. 1981: Hymenogaster a/bus: a 25 ref. mycorrhizal fungus of Eucalyptus in New Zealand. Soil Biology AY LING, R.D.; MARTINS, P.J. 1981: The growing of Eucalyptus on & Biochemistry(14): 133-137. short rotation in Brazil. Forestry Chronicle 57(1 ): 9-16. 32 Ref. CHU-CHOU,M.; GRACE, LJ. 1982: Mycorrhizal fungi of Eucalyptus BAIN, J. 1977: Conipterus scutel/atusgyllenhal. Gum tree weevil. in the North Island of New Zealand. New Zealand Journal of Forest and Timber Insects In New Zealand, No. B. 4 p. 1 ref. Forestry Science 11(2): 186-190. 18

COMER, C.W.; ROCKWOOD, D.L 1984: Screening of Eucalyptus FREDERICK, D.; MADGWICK, H.A.I.; OUVER, G.R. 1982: Wood species for coppice productivity. Pp. 95-97 in Proceedings, 6th basic density and moisture content of young Eucalyptus regnans Southern Forest Biomass Working Group Workshop, 5-7 June, grown in New Zealand. New Zealand Journal of Forestry Athens, Georgia. No ref. Science 12(3): 494-500. 7 ref. CONNOR, D.J.; LEGGE, N.J.; TURNER, N.C. 19n: Water FREDERICK,D.; MADGWICK,H.A.I.; OUVER,G.1983: Biomass relations of mountain ash (E. regnans). Australian Journal of and energy production of eucalypts in New Zealand. Pp. Plant Physiology 4: 753-762. 150-153 in Strub, A.; Chartier, P.; Schleser, G. (Ed.) Energy COSSLETT, B.J. 1985: Eucalypts for Canterbury. New Zealand from Biomass: Second E.C. Conference, September 1982, Forest Service, Forest Research Institute, Rangiora. 4 p. Berlin, Federal Republic of Germany. CREM ER, K. W. 1973: Ability of Eucalyptus regnans and associated FREDERICK, D.J.; MADGWICK, M.A.I.; JURGENSEN, M.F.; ever-green hardwoods to recover from cutting or complete OUVER, G.R. 1984: Dry matter production and nutrient content defoliation in different seasons. Australian Forest Research of 5-year-old Eucalyptus nitens growing on soil mounds in New 6(2): 9-22. 12 ref. Zealand. Pp. 589-596 in Volume 2,1UFRO Symposium on Site andProductivityofFastGrowing Plantations, Aprii-May, Pretoria CROMER, R.N.; RAUPACH, M.; CLARKE, A.R.P.; CAMERON, and Pietermaritzburg, South Africa. NewZealand Forest Service, J.N. 1975: Eucalypt plantations in Australia- the potential for Reprint 1711. 11 ref. intensive production and utilisation. Appita 29(3): 165-173. 13 ref. FREDERICK, D.J.; MADGWICK, H.A.I.; JURGENSEN, M.F.; OUVER, G.R. 1985a: Dry matter, energy, and nutrient contents CROWTHER, R.E.; PATCH, D. 1980: Coppice. Forestry of 8-year-old stands of Eucalyptus regnans, Acacia dealbata, Commission Research andDevelopment Division (UK) Research and Pinus radiata in New Zealand. New Zealand Journal of Information Note No. 54. 3 p. ForestryScience 15(2): 142-157. 40ref. DADSWELL, H. E. 1972: The anatomy of eucalypt . CSIRO FREDERICK, D.J.; MADGWICK, H.A.I.; JURGENSEN, M.F.; (Australia), Division of Applied Chemistry Technology, Forest OUVER, G.R. 1985b: Dry matter content and nutrient distribution Products Laboratory Technical Paper No. 66. 28 p. in an age series of Eucalyptus regnans plantations in New DALE, R. W. 1982: Guidelines for the management of exotic special Zealand. New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science 15(2): purpose species - Auckland Conservancy. New Zealand 158-179. 69 ref. Forest Service, Auckland. 31 p. 8 ref. FREDERICK, D.J.; MADGWICK, H.A.I.; OLIVER, G.R.; DAVENHILL, N.A. 1989: Herbicide treatments for eucalypt and JURGENSEN, M.F. 1985c: Dry matter and nutrient content of acacia firewood plantations. Pp. 51-54 in Shula, R.G.; Hay, 8-year-old Eucalyptus saligna growing at Taheke Forest. New A.E.; Tarlton, G.L. (Ed.) The firewood venture - planning, Zealand Journal of Forestry Science 15(2): 251-254. 13 ref. execution, evaluation. Ministry of Forestry (N.Z), FRI Bulletin FREDERICK, D.J.; MADGWICK, H.A.I.; JURGENSEN, M.F.; No. 137. OUVER, G.R. 1986: Seasonal development of a young plantation EDMONDS, J.W.1985: Eucalypts-an introduction. New Zealand of Eucalyptus nitens. New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science Forest Service, Trees and Timber, Forest Management Practices, 16(1): 78-86. 16 ref. No. 4. 4 p. FRY, G.1983: Eucalypts in New Zealand: a position report. New FARRINGTON,A.; HANSEN,N.W.; NELSON,P.F.1976: Utilisation Zealand Journal of Forestry 28(3): 394-411. 13 ref. of young plantations of E. globulus. Appita 30(4): 313-319. GADGIL, P.D. 1981: Infection of wounds in Eucalyptus delegatensis. 2 ref. NewZealandJournalofForestryScience 11(3): 262-270. 6ref. FLORENCE, R.G. 1983: A perspective ofthe eucalypt forests: their GEARY, T.F.; MESKIMEN,G.F.; FRANKLIN, E.C.1983: Growing characteristics and role in wood production. New Zealand eucalypts in Florida for industrial wood production. USDA Forest Journal of Forestry 28(3): 372-393. 14 ref. Service, Southeastern Forest Experiment Station, General FOREST RESEARCH INSTITUTE 1979a: Biological control for Technical Report SE-23. 49 p. eucalypt defoliator? New Zealand Forest Service, What's New GLASS, B.P. 1985: Roundwood yield from Eucalyptus regnans in Forest Research 75. 4 p. No ref. stands. New Zealand Forest Service, FRI Bulletin No. 82. 10 p. FOREST RESEARCH INSTITUTE 1979b: Growing eucalypts in GRIFFIN, A.R.; WILLIAMS, E.R.; JOHNSON, K.W.1982: Early containers. New Zealand Forest Service, What's New in Forest height growth and frost hardiness of Eucalyptus regnans Research 80. 4 p. No. ref. provenances in twelve field trials in Southeast Australia. Australian FOREST RESEARCH INSTITUTE 1984a: Eucalypts: species choice Forestry Research 12(4): 263-279. 21 ref. and site requirements. New Zealand Forest Service, What's HAY, E.; KUTSCHER, K. 1985: Which eucalypt is that? New New in Forest Research 124. 4 p. No ref. Zealand Forest Service, Trees and Timber, Forest Management FOREST RESEARCH INSTITUTE 1984b: Utilisation of New Practices, No. 5. 3 p. Zealand-grown eucalypts. New Zealand Forest Service, What's HAY, A.E.; CALDERON, S.S. 1989: The effect of stand density on New in Forest Research 122. 4 p. No ref. growth characteristics of some eucalypts grown in New Zealand. FOREST RESEARCH INSTITUTE 1989: Paropsis- going, going, Pp. 55-67 in Shula, R.G.; Hay, A.E.; Tarlton, G.L. (Ed.) The gone? Ministry of Forestry (N.Z), FRI News No. 12. firewood venture- planning, execution, evaluation. Ministry of FRANICH, R.A. 1985: Essential oil composition of juvenile leaves Forestry (N.Z), FRI Bulletin No. 137. from coppiced Eucalyptus nitens. Phytochemistry 25(1): HILUS, W.E.; BROWN, A.G. (Ed.) 1978: Eucalypts for wood 245-246. production. CSIRO, Australia. 434 p. FREDERICK, D.J. 1982: Biomass research in New Zealand. P. 49 JONES, R.; TODD, J.J.; ELUFFE, M.D.1983: Species, yield, and in Proceedings of the 1982 Southern Forest Biomass Working cultural requirements reported in the literature on short rotation Group Workshop, Southern Forest Experimental Station, New forestry: a review for fuel wood production. University of Orleans, Louisiana. No ref. Tasmania, Environmental Studies Working paper 16. 123 p. 19

KAUMI, S.Y.S. 1983: Four rotations of a Eucalyptus fuel yield trial. Conversion: Proceedings of Workshop, May, Canberra. 3 ref. Commonwealth Forestry Review 62(1 ): 19-24 New Zealand Forest Service Reprint No. 1616. KING, J.P. 1980: Variation in specific gravity of three-year-old ROCKWOOD, D.L.; REDDY, K.V.; WAR RAG, E.l.; COMER, C.W. coppice clones of Eucalyptus saligna growing in Hawaii. 1987: Development of Eucalyptus amplifolia for wood biomass Australian Forest Research 10(4): 295-300. production [coppice]. Australian Forest Research 17(2): KING, P.T.B. 1986: Physical characteristics of Eucalyptus species 173-178. 14 ref. · as a short rotation firewood crop. B.Sc. Dissertation, University SACHS, R.M.; GILPIN, D.W.; MQCK, T. 1981: Short rotation of Canterbury, Christchurch, New Zealand. 42 p. 10 ref. Eucalyptus as a biomass fuel. New Zealand Farmer 102(1): LEM BKE, C.A. 1977: N.Z. Forest Products Limited turns to eucalypt. 22-23. No ref. Australian Forest Industries Journal and L;ogger 43(7): 26-31. SARMA, P.K.; THAKUR, M.L.1983: Insect pests of Eucalyptus and No ref. their control. Indian Forester 109(12): 864-881. McGRATH, R.1987: U.S. companies look for ways to jump on the SAXTON, E.H. 1983: Replacing oil- energy forests in Hawaii. Eucalyptus bandwagon. Pulp and Paper 61 (7): 92-93. No ref. American Forests 89(1): 34, 57. McMINN, J.W.; STUBBS, J. 1985: In-woods drying of eucalypts in SCHUBERT, T.H.; WHITESELL, C.D. 1985: Species trials for southern Florida. Forest Products Journal 35(11112): 65-67. biomass plantations in Hawaii: a first appraisal. USDA Forest 13 ref. Service, Pacific Southwest Forest andRange Experiment Station, MADGWICK, H.A.I.; BEETS, P.; GALLAGHER, S. 1981: Dry Research Paper PSW-176. 21 p. matter accumulation, nutrient and energy content of the above­ SHARMA, J.K.; NAIR, C.T.S.; KEDHARNATH, S.; KONDAS, S. ground portion of 4-year-old stands of Eucalyptus nitens and (Ed.) 1984: Eucalypts in India - past, present and future: E. fastigata. New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science 11 (1 ): proceedings of the National Seminar on Eucalypts in Indian 53-59. 21 ref. Forestry heldatKerala Forest Research Institute, Peechi, Kerala, MARCUS WALLENBURG FOUNDATION 1984: The new eucalypt 30-31 January. 521 p. forest: lectures given by the 1984 Marcus Wallenburg prize SCHoNAU, A.P.G.; BODEN, D.l. 1982: Preliminary biomass winners at the symposium in Falun, Sweden on Sept. 14. studies in young eucalypts. South African Forestry Journal 120 Marcus Wal/enburg Foundation Symposia Proceedings, 1. 64 p. (March): 24-28. 15 ref. No ref. STANDIFORD, R.B.; LEDIG, F.T. 1983: Economic evaluation of MENZIES, M.l.; HOLDEN, D.G.; ROOK, D.A. 1981: Seasonal frost eucalypt energy plantations. USDA Forest Service, Pacific tolerance of Eucalyptus saligna, E. regnans and E. fastigata. Southwest Forest and Range Experimental Station, General New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science 11(3): 254-261. Technical Report PSW-69: 42.,.-48. 13 ref. 10 ref. TOMBLESON, J. 1986: Eucalyptus nitensfirewood belt-'Goudies'. MILLER, J.T. 1989: Choice of species for firewood production. Pp. New Zealand Tree Grower 7(3): 64-66. No ref. , 29-35inShula, R.G.; Hay,A.E.;Tarlton,G.L. (Ed.)Thefirewood WEBBY, O.J.; GEARY, T.F.; ROCKWOOD, D.L; COMER, C.W.; venture- planning, execution, evaluation. Ministry of Forestry MESKIMEN, G.F.1984?: Seasonal coppicing variation in three (N.Z.), FRI Bulletin No. 137. eucalypts in southern Florida. University of Florida, Department NICHOLLS, J.P.; PHILLIPS, F.H. 1970: Preliminary study of of Forestry, Gainesville. 27 p. coppice-grown Eucalyptus viminalis as a source of chip material. WHITESELL, C.D. 1975: Growth of young Eucalyptus saligna in CSIRO (Australia), Division of Forest Products Technology Hawaii. USDA Forest Service, Pacific Southwest Forest and Paper No. 58. 28 p. 26 ref. Range Experiment Station, Research Note PSW-299. 3 p. NORONA, R.C. 1983: Large-scale Eucalyptus energy farms and WILCOX, M. D. 1979a: The ash group of eucalypts. New Zealand power cogeneration. USDA Forest Service, Pacific Southwest Journal of Forestry Science 9(2): 133-144. 50 ref. Forest and Range Experimental Station, General Technical WILCOX, M.D.1979b: The peppermint group of eucalypts in New Report PSW-69: 35-41. No ref. Zealand. New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science 9(3): NOVIS, J.; TURLAND, J.; COLUNS, J. 1989: A national exotic 262-266. forest description- as at 1 April1988. Ed. 5. New Zealand WILCOX, M.D. 1980: Genetic improvement of eucalypts in New Ministry of Forestry, Wellington. 107 p. Zealand. New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science 10(2): OPIE, J.E. 1976: Volume functions for trees of all sizes. Forests 343-359. 15 ref. Commission (Victoria) Forestry Technical Paper No. 25: 27-30. 2 ref. WILCOX, M.D.1982: Preliminary selection of suitable provenances of Eucalyptus regnans for New Zealand. New Zealand Journal PEARCE, R.B.1983: Eucalypts: energytreeofthefuture. American of Forestry Science 12(3): 468.,.-479. 6 ref. Forests 89(1): 30-34, 54-56. No ref. WILCOX, M.D.; THULIN, 1.1979: Growth of Eucalyptus regnansin PEDERICK, L.A. 1979: Natural variation in shining gum (Eucalyptus a plot at Rotorua, New Zealand. New Zealand Journal of nitens). Australian Forest Research 9: 41--63. 9 ref. Forestry Science 9(2): 166-169. 3 ref. POYNTON, R.J. 1981: The silvicultural treatment of eucalypt WISE, P.K.; PITMAN, M.G. 1981: Nutrient removal and replacement plantations in Southern Africa. South African Forestry Journal associated with short-rotation eucalypt plantations. Australian No. 116(March): 11-16. 18'ref. Forestry44(3): 142-153. 31 ref. RAISON, R.J.; KHANNA, P.K.; CRANE, W.J.B. 1982: Effects of YATAGAI,M.; TAKAHASHI, T.1984: Essential oils and successive intensified harvesting on rates of nitrogen and phosphorus extractives of Eucalyptus leaves. Biomass 4(4): 305-31 0. 4 ref. removal from Pinus radiata and Eucalyptus forests in Australia YOST,R.S.; DeBELL,D.S.; WHITESELL,C.D.; MIYASAKA,S.C. and New Zealand. New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science 12(2): 394-403. 43 ref. 1987: Early growth and nutrient status of Eucalyptus. saligna as affected by nitrogen and phosphorus fertilisation. Australian REVELL, D.H. 1981: of eucalypts: New Zealand Forest Research 17(3): 203-214. 15 ref. • experience. Pp. 116-222 in Wood: Future Growth and 20

L___--~------7._._R_a_d_m_t_a_p_i_n_e------~~_ (57 references) .

Keywords: growth, yield, plantations, dry matter, nutrients, and in the forest industry. In the year 2000, the potential economics, dry weight, energy content, close-spaced, roots, exists to produce liquid transport fuels from radiata pine, bark, biomass equations. utilising an estimated 100 000 m3/yr (Horgan 1988).

Sources: NZJFS, New Zealand Forestry (formerly, New Notable references: A background to the history and Zealand Journal of Forestry), South African Forestry Journal, management of radiata pine and the forest industry in New Australian Forest Research, Australian Forestry. Zealand is presented in New Zealand Forest Service (1986) Synopsis: As noted previously, radiata pine represented and Clifton (1985). Growth and yield aspects are described 88% of the New Zealand total net stocked exotic plantation in Baker et al. (1984), Forrest and Ovington (1970), Frederick area as at April1988. Radiata pine is used for nearly all wood et al. (1985), Madgwick (1983a, 1985), Madgwick and Oliver utilisation purposes, e.g., pulp, reconstituted wood products, (1985) Madgwick et al. (1977, 1988), Mead (1987), Shirley dimension lumber, veneer, poles and posts, high quality (1984), Shula (1989), Snowdon (1987), Van Laar and Van Lill furniture, and fuelwood. Radiata pine exhibits good stem­ (1978), Webber and Madgwick (1983), Will (1966), and wood production rates, averaging 20 m3/ha/yr (Shirley 1984), Williams (1976). The potential for radiata pine exports is but with upper-limits around 40 m3/ha/yr (Shula 1989). presented in Bourke (1988), while the current and future use Thinning, pruning, and aerial spraying with copper oxychloride of radiata pine as domestic firewood and as feedstock for (to control Dothistroma pim) are common plantation producing liquid transport fuels is discussed in Horgan (1988). management practices. Because of the abundance of Cross references to this section regarding the radiata pine wastewood from conventional forestry and processing mill resource and the forest industry in New Zealand are in operations, radiata pine is a common fuelwood, domestically Sections 1, 2, and 9.

BAKER, T.G. 1983: Dry matter, nitrogen, and phosphorus content CUFTON, N.C. 1985: New Zealand radiata pine. New Zealand of litterfall and branchfall in Pinus radiataand Eucalyptus forests. Forest Service, Wellington. New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science 13(2): 205-221. CROMER, R.N.; WILUAMS, E.R. 1983: Biomass and nutrient BAKER, T.G.; ATTIWILL,P.M.; STEWART,H.T.L.1984: Biomass partitioning in Pinus radiata with and without fertiliser. Pp. equations for Pinus radiata in Gippsland, Victoria. New Zealand 265-274 in Auclair, D. (Ed.) Mesures des biomasses et des Journal of Forestry Science 14(1): 89-96. 16 ref. accroissements forestiers: comptes-rendus de la reunion qui s'esttenue du 3 au 7 octobre 1983 Orleans, France= Problems BEETS, P.N. 1982: Modelling dry matter content of a managed a in forest biomass mensuration and growth and yield studies. stand of Pinusradiatain New Zealand: a dissertation. University lnstitut national de la recherche agronomique, Paris. Les of Georgia, Athens. Colloques de 1'/.N.R.A., No. 19. 356 p.18 ref. BEETS, P.N. 1985: DRYMAT, a semi-empirical growth model for radiata pine. Pp. 64-08 in Proceedings, Workshop on Nutritional DARGAVEL, J.B. 1970: Provisional weight tables for radiata pine. Australian Forestry 24(2): 131-140. 12 ref. Consequences of Intensive Forest Harvesting on Site Productivity, Rotorua, New Zealand, 6-14 June. International Energy Agency/ FIELDING, J.M. 1953: Variations in Monterey pine. Forestry and Forest Energy Agreement, Project CPC-10, Report No. 2. Timber Bureau (Australia), Bulletin 31. 43 p.

BEETS, P.N.; POLLOCK, D.S.1987: Accumulation and partitioning FOR REST, W.G. 1969: Variations in the accumulation, distribution of dry matter in Pinus radiata as related to stand age and and movements of mineral nutrients in radiata pine plantations. thinning. New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science 17(213): Ph.D. Thesis, Australian National UniversitY, Canberra. 246-271. FOR REST, W.G.; OVINGTON, J.D.1970: Organic matter changes BOURKE, I.J. (Comp.) 1988: Export prospects for radiata pine. in an age series of Pinus radiata plantations. Journal of Applied Ministry of Forestry (N.Z), FRI Bulletin No. 136. Ecology 7(1): 177-186. 16 ref. BOWEN, G.D. 1964: Root distribution of Pinus radiata. CSIRO FREDERICK, D.J. 1982: Biomass research in New Zealand. In (Australia), Division of Soils, Divisional Report 1164. 14 p. 12 ref. Proceedings of the 1982 Southern Forest Biomass Working CANNELL, M.G.R. 1982: World forest biomass and primary Group Workshop, Southern Forest Experimental Station, New production data. Academic Press, London. 391 p. Orleans, Louisiana. 49 p. No ref. 21

FREDERICK, D.J.; MADGWICK, H.A.I.; JURGENSEN, M.F.; NEW ZEALAND FOREST SERVICE 1986: Radiata pine OUVER, G.R.1985: Dry matter, energy, and nutrient contents management. New Zealand Forest Service, Trees and Timber, of 8-year-old stands of Eucalyptus regnans, Acacia dea/bata, Forest Management Practices Number 12. 4 p. and Pinus radiata in New Zealand. New Zealand Journal of N.Z. LOGGING INDUSTRY RESEARCH ASSOCIATION 1978: Forestry Science 15 (2): 142-157. 40 ref. Tree weight studies. N.Z Logging Industry Research Association, HETH, D.; DONALD, D.G.M. 1978: Root biomass of Pinus radiata. Report 3(6). 4 p. South African Forestry Journal107: 60-70. 17 ref. ORMAN, H.R.; WILL, G.M. 1960: The nutrient content of Pinus HORGAN, G.P. 1988: Minor uses of wood: market prospects. Pp. radiata trees. New Zealand Journal of Forestry 3(3): 510-522. 121-128 in Bourke, I.J. (Comp.) Export prospects for radiata 13 ref. pine. Ministry of Forestry (N.Z.), FRI Bulletin No. 136. RAISON, R.J.; KHANNA, P.K.; CRANE, W.J.B. 1982: Effects of JACKSON, D.S.; CHITTENDEN, J. 1981: Estimation of dry matter intensified harvesting on rates of nitrogen and phosphorus in Pinus radiata root systems. New Zealand Journal of Forestry removal from Pinus radiata and Eucalyptus forests in Australia Science 11(2): 164-82. 19 ref. and New Zealand. New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science 12(2): 394-403. 43 ref. MADGWICK, H.A.I.1979: Estimating component weights of Pinus radiata. Pp. 717-724 in Vol.ll. Proceedings of SHIRLEY, J.W. 1984: Average yield of radiata pine in New Zealand Workshop, 23-26 July, Colorado State University, Fort Collins. State forests. New Zealand Journal of Forestry 29(1): 143-144. 12 ref. · No ref. MADGWICK, H.AJ. 1981: Above-ground dry-matter content of a SHULA, R.G. 1989: Upper-limits of radiata pine stem-volume young close-spaced Pinus radiata stand. New Zealand Journal production in New Zealand. New Zealand Forestry 34(2): of Forestry Science 11 (3): 203-209. 5 ref. 19-22. MADGWICK, H.A.I. 1983a: Differences in growth and weight of SIEMON, G.R. 1973: Effect of thinning on crown structure, stem genotypes of pine with special reference to clones of Pinus form and wood density of radiata pine. Ph.D. Thesis, Australian radiata. New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science 13(2): National University, Canberra. 115-124. SIEMON, G.R.; MULLER, W.J.; WOOD, G.B.; FORREST, W.G. MADGWICK, H.A.I. 1983b: Estimation of the oven-dry weight of 1980: Effectofthinning on the distribution and biomass of foliage stems, needles, and branches of individual Pinus radiata trees. in the crown of radiata pine. New Zealand Journal of Forestry NewZealandJournalofForestryScience 13(1): 108-109. 4ref. Science 10(3): 461-475. 34 ref. MADGWICK, H.A.I. 1983c: Seasonal changes in the biomass of a SNOWDON, P. 1986: Effects of fertiliser and family on the young Pinus radiata stand. New Zealand Journal of Forestry homogeneity of biomass regressions for young Pinus radiata. Science 13(1): 25--36. 22 ref. Australian Forest Research 15(2): 135-140. MADGWICK, H.A.I. 1985: Dry matter and nutrient relationships in SNOWDON, P. 1986: Sampling strategies and methods of estimating stands of Pinus radiata. New Zealand Journal of Forestry the biomass of crown components in individual trees of Pinus Science 15(3): 324-326. 35 ref. radiata D. Don. Australian Forest Research 16(1): 63--72. 17 ref. MADGWICK, H.A.I.; JACKSON, D.S. 1974: Estimating crown weights of Pinus radiata from branch variables. New Zealand SNOWDEN, P.1987: Predicting foliarbiomassof Pinusradiatafrom Journal of Forestry Science 4(3): 520-528. basal area increment. Australian Forest Research 17(3): 277-281. 9 ref. MADGWICK, H.A.I.; OUVER, G.R. 1985: Dry matter content and production of close-spaced Pinus radiata. New Zealand Journal STEWART, H.T.L.; FLINN, D.W.; JAMES, J.M. 1981: Biomass of Forestry Science 15(2): 135-141. 6 ref. and nutrient distribution in radiata pine. Pp. 173-185 in Productivity in perpetuity: proceedings Australian Forest Nutrition MADGWICK, H.A.I.; JACKSON, D.S.; KNIGHT, P.J. 1977: Above­ Workshop, Canberra, 10:...14 August. 24 ref. ground dry matter, energy, and nutrient contents of trees in an age series of Pinus radiata plantations. New Zealand Journal of SUTTON, W.R.J. 1984: Economic and strategic implications of fast­ Forestry Science 7(3): 445-468. 85 ref. growing plantations. Pp. 417-431 in IUFRO Symposium on Site and Productivity of Fast Growing Plantations, Aprii-May, MADGWICK, H.A.I.; SIMS, A.; OUVER, G.R. 1988: Nutrient Pretoria and Pietermaritzburg, South Africa. 30 ref. New content and uptake of close-spaced Pinus radiata. New Zealand Zealand Forest Service, Reprint 1712. Journal of Forestry Science 18(1): 65-76. 19 ref. TWADDLE, A.1987: Piece size characteristics of managed stands MEAD, D.J. 1987: Impact of the full tree harvesting of thinnings on after felling. N.Z. Logging Industry Research Association, Canterbury Plains. New Zealand Forestry 32(3): 12-14. 5 ref. Technical Release 9(1 ). 4 p. No ref. MEAD, D.J."; DRAPER, D.; MADGWICK, H.A.I. 1984: Dry matter VAN LAAR, A. 1976: Needle biomass, growth and growth distribution production of a young stand of Pinus radiata: some effects of of Pinus radiata in South Africa in relation to pruning and nitrogen fertiliser and thinnfng. New Zealand Journal of Forestry thinning. Forstwissenschaftliches Centralblatt 95(516): 264-285. Science 14(1): 97-108. 15 ref. 39 ref. MOIR, W.H.; BACHELARD, E.P. 1969: Distribution of fine roots in VAN LAAR, A. 1982: Sampling for above-ground biomass for Pinus three Pinus radiata plantations near Canberra, Australia. Ecology radiata in the Bosboukloof Catchment at Jonkershoek. South 50(4): 658-e62. 13 ref. African Forestry Journal123: 8-15. 5 ref. MURPHY, G. 1984: Felling breakage and stump heights of a VAN LAAR, A.; ULL, W.S. VAN 1978: A biomass study in Pinus P. radiatastand in Tairua Forest. New Zealand Forest Service, radiata D. Don. South African Forestry Journal 107: 71-76. FRI Bulletin No. {i7. 9 p. 7 ref. 18 ref. 22

WEBBER, B.; MADGWICK, H.A.I. 1983: Biomass and nutrient content of a 29-year-old Pinus radiata stand. New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science 13(2): 222-228. 11 ref. WILL, G.M. 1964:) Dry matter production and nutrient uptake by Pinus radiata in New Zealand. Commonwealth Forestry Review 43(115): 57-70. 39 ref. WILL, G.M. 1966: Root growth and dry matter production in a high- producing stand of Pinus radiata. New Zealand Forestry Research Notes No. 44. 15 p. 6 ref. WILL, G.M. 1968: The uptake, cycling and removal of mineral nutrients by crops of Pinus radiata. Proceedings of the New Zealand Ecological Society 15: 20-24. WILUAMS, D.F. 1975: Predicting equations for crown weight and volume of Pinus radiata. Forests Commission (Victoria), Report No. 75:32. WILUAMS, D.F. 1976: Forest fuels in unthinned radiata pine stands. Australian Forestry 39(4): 238-244. WOOLONS, R.C.; POWELL, J.H.1984: Variation in availability of bark from Pinus radiata logs in the central North island of New Zealand. New Zealand Journal of Forestry 29(1): 136-139. 2~ • 23 B. Other Genera I ~------{1_63__ re_ll_en_e_n_ce_s_~ ______~

Keywords: short rotation forestry (SRF), short rotation hybridisation 'and propagation, and relatively high wood intensive culture (SRIC), growth, coppice, yield, plantations, basic density (hybrid material). In New Zealand, willow and simulation, dry matter, nutrients, energy content, species, poplar have received attention, primarily for their use in economics, dry weight, stump sprouting, bark, equations, pasture land and stream bank stabilisation. Acacia spp. have disease, insects, frost, willow, poplar, alder,Acacia, Leucaena. received some attention as a source of firewood.

Sources: Forestry Chronicle, Biomass, CJFR, Forest Notable references: The New Zealand experience with Science, World Wood, Australian Forest Research. genera other than Pinus and Eucalyptus is described in Synopsis: In addition to Pin us and Eucalyptus, other genera, Anonymous (1985b), DSIR (1975), Frederick et al. (1985), notably Salix(willow), Poplar(poplar), and Alnus (alder) have Hathaway and van Kraayenoord (1981 ), Miller (1989), and received considerable attention (primarily overseas) as Van Kraayenoord (1984). Overseas experience is described favoured candidates for forest energy farming. In particular, in Golob (1986), Jones et al. (1983), McEiroy and Dawson willow and poplar are being investigated because of their (1986), Perlack et al. (1986), Pryor and Willing (1983), good juvenile growth rate, coppicing ability, ease of Ranney et al. (1987), and Torreano and Frederick (1988).

ALL EN, C. 1985: Timber growing method [coppice, Uncoln College). of Agricultural Sciences, Forestry Energy Project, Technical Radio New Zealand, 2YA Rural Report, 22 August, 12.50 p.m. Report No. 32. 45 p. 37 ref. Audio Monitor Limited, Wellington, New Zealand. 2.p. FEGE, A.S. 1981: Silvicultural principals and practices in short ANONYMOUS 1985b: Lincoln College to establish coppice. rotation in temperate zones. International Energy Ashburton Guardian [Ashburton, New Zealand], 26 April. Agency/Forestry Energy Agreement, Planning Group B. 101 p. 323 ref. ANONYMOUS 1986: Catalpa specioisa coppice. New Zealand Tree Grower 7(1 ): 1. No ref. FERM, A.; KAUPPI, A.; RINNE, P.; TELA, H-L; MARKKOLA, A.; KIVINITY, M. 1986: Developing the coppicing potential of ANONYMOUS 1988: Tree crops may offer safe fuel alternative. selected hardwood in biomass energy production. Pp. 100-106 Daily Post [Rotorua, New Zealand), 17 December. in Mitchell, C.P.; Nilsson, P.O.; Zsuffa, L. (Ed.) Proceedings of the Joint I EA/Forestry Energy Programme and FAO/Cooperative AUCLAIR, D. 1985: forest biomass production Network on Rural Energy Forest Energy Conference and -theworkofthe IUFROS1.05-10working party. Pp. 274-277 Workshops on Research in Forestry for Energy, Rungstedgaard, in Palz, W.; Coombs, J.; Hall, D.O. (Ed.) Energy from Biomass: Denmark, 28-30 October. Sveriges lantbruksuniversitet, Third E.C. Conference, Venice, Italy, 25-29 March. lnstitutionen for skogsteknik, Uppsatser och Resultat Nr 49. No ref. BLAKE, T.J. 1983: Coppice systems for short-rotation intensive forestry: the influence of cultural, seasonal, and plant factors. FRASER, H.R. 1981: Biomass conversion debate bows to the lowly Australian Forest Research 13(3/4): 279-291. 64 ref. willow. World Wood 22(13): 20-21. No ref.

BOWERSOX, T.W. et al. 1983: Growth and yield advantages of FREDERICK, D.J.; MADGWICK, H.A.I.; JURGENSEN, M.F.; fertilisers and/or irrigation in dense Populus plantations. OUVER, G.R. 1985: Dry matter, energy, and nutrient contents Pp. 393-399 in Thielges, B.A. (Ed.) Physiology and Genetics of of 8-year-old stands of Eucalyptus regnans, Acacia dealbata, Intensive Culture: Proceedings of Seventh North American and Pinus radiata in New Zealand. New Zealand Journal of Forest Biology Workshop, University of Kentucky. Forestry Science 15(2): 142-157. 40 ref.

BRAIEWA, M.A.; BROWN, J.H.; GOULD, W.P. 1985: Biomass GEYER, W.A.; MELICHAR, M.W. 1986: Short-rotation forestry and cordwood production of red maple stands [seed and coppice] research in the United States. Biomass 9(2): 125-133. 10 ref. in Rhode Island. Journal of Forestry 83(11): 683-685. 11 ref. GEYER, W.A.; NAUGHTON, G.G.; MEUCHAR, M.W. 1985: Biomass gains in coppicing trees for energy crops. Pp. 269-273 CROWTHER,R.E.; EVANS,J.1984: Coppice. ForestryCommission inPalz, W.; Coombs, J.; Hall, D.O. (Ed.). Energy from Biomass, (U.K.) Leaflet No. 83. 23 p. Third E.C. Conference, Venice, Italy, 25-29 March. DEPARTMENT OF SCIENTIFIC AND INDUSTRIAL RESEARCH GOLOB, T.B. 1986: Analysis of short rotation forest operations. (N.Z.). 1975: Proceedings of a symposium on the potential for National Research Council of Canada, Division of Energy, energy farming in New Zealand. DSIR Information Series.No. NRCC No. 26014. 127 p. 49 ref. 117: 130 p. 69 ref. ·· GOUDIE, J.W.; MOORE, J.A. 1987: Growth and yield of Leucaena ECKERSTEN, P.; KOWALIK, P.; NILSSON, L-0.; PERTTU, K. in the Philippines. Management 21(314): 1983: Simulation of total willow production. Swedish University 285-298. 24

HANSEN, E.A.; MADGWICK, H.A.I. 1986: Short-rotation plantation coppiceregeneratedoakstems. ForestScience33(3):740-749. management technology for coniferous species. Pp. 212-229 in 19 ref. Mitchell, C.P.; Nilsson, P.O.; Zsuffa, L. (Ed.) Proceedings of the Joint lEA/Forestry Energy Programme and FAO/Cooperative MACDONALD, J.E.; POWELL, G.R. 1983: Relationships between Network on Rural Energy Forest Energy Conference and stump sprouting and parent-tree diameter in sugar maple in the Workshops on Research in Forestry for Energy, Rungstedgaard, first year following . Canadian Journal of Forest Denmark, 28-30 October. Sveriges lantbruksuniversitet, Research 13(3): 390-394. 15 ref. lnstitutionen for skogsteknik, Uppsatser och Resultat Nr 49. MATTSON, J.A.; MIYATA, E.S.1982: A time study of planting a 68 ref. short-rotation intensively cultured plantation. USDA Forest HATHAWAY, R.L.; VAN KRAAYENOORD, C.W.S.1981: Short Service, North Central Forest Experiment Station, Research rotation biomass production of in New Zealand. Pp. Note NC-278. 6 p. 224-250 inPalz, W.; Chartier, P.; Hall, D.O. (Ed.) Energy From MILLER, J.T. 1989: Choice of species for firewood production. Biomass, First E.C.Conference, 4-7 November 1980, Brighton, Pp. 29-35 in Shula, R.G.; Hay, A.E.; Tarlton, G.L. (Ed.) The England. No ref. firewood venture: planning, execution, evaluation. Ministry of Forestry (N.Z), FRI Bulletin No. 137. HEEBNER,C.F.; BERGENER,M.J.1983: Red alder: a bibliography with abstracts. USDA Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Forest McELROY, G.H.; DAWSON W.M. 1986: Biomass from short­ and Range Experiment Station, General Technical Report PNW- rotation coppice willow on marginal land. Biomass 10(3): 161. 186 p. 661 ref. 225-240. 11 ref.

HER RICK, A. M.; BROWN, C.L. 1967: A new concept in cellulose MEDEMA, E.L.; LYON, G.W. 1985: Determination of financial production- silage sycamore. Agricultural Science Review rotation ages for coppicing tree species. Forest Science 31 (2): 5(4): 8-13. 398-404. 8 ref.

HO, R.H. 1983: Wood energy plantations -the state of art and the MORLEY, P.M. 1981: Canadian hybrid poplars grown for energy, potential of biotechnology in forest tree improvement. fiber. World Wood 22(12): 31. No ref. International Energy Agency, Forestry Energy Agreement, Programme Group B, Report No. 2 30p. 200 ref. MORRIS, R.C. 1983: A survey of potential insect pests, their possible impact and natural controls in Alnus, Salix, and Populus HODGES, J.W. 1986: The short rotation woody crops program energy plantations. International Energy Agency, Forest Energy computerised technical data base system. Oak Ridge National Agreement, Programme Group B, Report No. 4. 44 p. No ref. Laboratory, ORNUTM-9959. 163 p. 3 ref. MROZ, G.D.; FREDERICK, D.J.; JURGENSEN, M.F. 1985: Site HUBBES, M. 1983: A review of the potential diseases of Alnus and and fertiliser effects on northern hardwood stump sprouting. Salixin energy plantations. International Energy Agency, Forestry Canadian Journal of Forest Research 15(3): 535-543. Energy Agreement, Programme Group B, Report No. 5. 35 p. 63 ref. NEW YORK STATE ENERGY RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT AUTHORITY 1985: Guide for the establishment of hybrid poplar HUNT, L.O. 1985: Short-rotation species can help tree farmers. plantations in New York State. New York State Energy Research Forest Industries 16(1): 44. No ref. and Development Authority, Biomass Research Bulletin. 4 p. 16 ref. INSTITUTE FOR INDUSTRIAL RESEARCH AND STANDARDS 1977: Short rotation forestry: retrospective search. Institute for NILSSON, L-0. 1982: Determination of current energy forest growth Industrial Research and Standards (Ireland), Technical and biomass production. Sveriges lantbruksuniversitet, Information Division. 110 p. lnstitutionen for ekologi och miljovard, Teknisk Rapport, Nr 27. 36 p. 16 ref. ISEBRANDS, J.G.; EK, A.R.; MELDAHL, R.S. 1982: Comparison of growth model and harvest yields of short rotation intensively PEARCE,M.L 1985: Coppicedtreesasenergycrops. Pp. 292-295 cultured Populus: a case study. Canadian Journal of Forest inPalz, W.; Coombs,J.; Hall, D.O. (Ed.). Energy from Biomass: Research 12(1): 58-63. 15 ref. Third E.C. Conference, Venice, Italy, 25-29 March.

JONES, A.R.C.; GRANT, J. 1983: Hybrid poplars or hardwood PER LACK, R.D.; RANNEY, J.W.; WRIGHT, LL.1985: Economic coppice? An option to economically increasing evaluation of the competitive position of short-rotation intensive wood production in Eastern Canada. Forestry Chronicle 59(3): culture for energy. In Annual Symposium on Energy from 143-145. 15 ref. Biomass and Wastes, Lake Buena Vista, Florida, 28 January. 21 p. 27 ref. JONES, R.; TODD,J.J.; ELLIFFE, M.D.1983: Species, yield, and cultural requirements reported in the literature on short rotation PERLACK, R.D.; RANNEY, J.W.; BARRON, W.F.; CUSHMAN, forestry: a review for fuel wood production. University of J.H.; TRIMBLE,J.L 1986: Short-rotation intensive culture for Tasmania, Environmental Studies Working paper 16. 123 p. the production of energy feedstocks in the US: a review of experimental results and remaining obstacles to KHALIL, M.A.K.; ROBERTSON, A.W. 1984: Conifers for biomass commercialisation. Biomass 9(2): 45-159. 19 ref. production. International Energy Agency, Forestry Energy Agreement, Programme Group B. Report No. 1. Volume I. PRY OR, LD.; WILLING, R.R. 1982: Growing and breeding poplar 315 p; Volume 11. 303 p. in Australia. Canberra Publishers. 56 p. 10 ref.

LOUD EN, L. 1976: Short rotation trees. Institute ofPaper Technology, RANNEY,J.W.; WRIGHT, LL.; LAYTON, P.A.1987: Hardwood (Appleton, Wisconsin) Bibliographic Series No. 273. 174 p. energy crops- the technology of intensive culture. Journal of Forestry 85(9): 17-28. 3 ref. LOWELL, K.E.; MITCHELL, R.J.; JOHNSON, P.S.; GARRETT, H.E.; COX, G.S. 1987: Predicting growth and 'success' of RICHARDSON, D. 1986: Some thoughts on coppice with standards. New Zealand Tree Grower 7(1): 8-9. No ref. 25

ROBERTSON, A. 1984a: An introduction to European willows. Canadian Forestry Service, Newfoundland Forest Research Centre, Information Report N-X-226. 41 p. 53 ref. ROBERTSON, A.1984b: Willow plantations in agroforestry. Span 27(1): 32-34. 8 ref. ROCKWOOD, D.L; DE VALERIO, J.T. 1986: Promising species for woody biomass production in warm-humid environments. Biomass 11(1): 1-17. 14 ref. ROEDER,K.R.; HANSEN,G.D.1985: Seasonofharvestinfluences on sycamore coppice productivity-5 year trends. Pp. 41-46 in Proceedings Seventh Southern Forest Biomass Workshop, Gainesville, Florida, 11-14 June. 15 ref. ROLLINSON, T.J.D.; EV ANS, J. 1987: The yield of sweet chestnut coppice. Forestry Commission (U.K.), Bulletin No. 64. 20 p. 10 ref. SCHONAU, A.P.G. 1984: Stand development models in a short rotation crop. Pp. 217-226 in Auclair, D. (Ed.) Mesures des biomasses et des accroissements forestiers: comptes-rendus de la reunion qui s'est tenue du 3 au 7 octobre 1983 a Orleans, France = Problems in forest biomass mensuration and growth and yield studies. lnstitut national de la recherche agronomique, Paris. Les Colloques de 1'/.N.R.A., No. 19. 356 p. 18 ref. SENNERBY-FORSSE, L; SIREN, G.; LESTANDER, T. 1983: Results from the first preliminary test with short rotation willow clones. Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Forestry Energy Project, Technical Report No. 30. 23 p. 11 ref. STIELL, W.M.; BERRY, A.B. 1986: Productivity of short-rotation aspen stands. Forestry Chronicle 62(1 ): 10-15. 13 ref. STOTT, K.G.; PARFITT, R.l.; McELROY, G.; ABERNETHY, W. 1983: Productivity of coppice willow in biomass trials in the UK. Pp. 230-235 in Strub, A.; Chartier, P.; Schlesen, G. (Ed.) Energy From Biomass, 2nd E.C. Conference, Berlin, Federal Republic of Germany, 20-23 September. TORREANO, S.J.; FREDERICK, D.J. 1988: Influence of site condition, fertilisation and spacing on short rotation hardwood coppice and seedling yields. Biomass 16(3): 183-198. 12 ref. VAN KRAAYENOORD, C. W.S. 1984: National report on activities related to poplar and willow cultivation; Period 1980-1983. New Zealand National Poplar Commission. XVII Session of the International Poplar Commission, Ottawa, Canada. 61 p. 22 ref. WRIGHT, LL 1987: Are increased yields in coppice systems a myth. Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Short Rotation Woody Crops Program, CONF-870364-1; DEBl-006608. 16 p. 20 '» 26

9. Forest Residues (50 references) ~------~I Keywords: characteristics, volume, inventory, technique, Notable references: The potential of forest residues to be an quantity, salvage yarding, harvesting, utilisation, fuel, energy resource in New Zealand is described in Kerr (1977) transportation, handling, predicting, logging slash, economics, and Kibblewhite (1984). Assessment of the quantity and/or assessment, recovery. harvest method afforest residues in New Zealand is presented in Gleason (1982), N.Z. Logging Industry Research Sources: FERIC, USDA Forest Service, Canadian Forestry Association (1982), Warren and Olsen (1964), Wagner(1982), Service, Forest Products Journal, LIRA. and Washbourne. (1978). Assessment techniques are described in Bailey (1969), Bones (1982), Brown (197 4 ), Synopsis: In New Zealand by the year 2000, the annual Dendron Resource Surveys Ltd (1981 ), Howard (1978), Little harvested volume of radiata pine is expected to double, i.e., (1982), and McNab (1980). Recovery methods and/or the about 25 million m3/ha/yr (Kibblewhite 1984). Residues from economics of forest residues are described in Hassler et al. conventional forestry operations have the potential to be a (1983), Nag le et al. (1987), Novak (1986), Pottie and Guimier biomass energy resource. The development of bioenergy (1986), Puttock (1987), Stuart et al. (1981 ), and Todd and scenarios requires that the location, quality, quantity, and Elliffe (1983). Cross references to this section regarding the cost of available residues be known. Forest residues are handling of forest residues and the concept of central usually a scattered resource and require special assessment processing yards (a method to improve cost-efficiency) are techniques. The recovery and transport of forest residues located in Section 13. Cross references to this section often impinge on their cost-effective use as fuelwood. regarding the fuel potential of wood residues are located in Sections 14 and 19.

ANONYMOUS 1984: Wood residues as a fuel. Forest Industries BROWN, J.K. 1974: Handbook for inventorying downed woody 15(4): 4. No ref. material. USDA Forest Service, lntermountain Forest and Range Experiment Station, General Technical Report INT-16. ANONYMOUS 1985: New timber product bursts on to scene. Daily 24 p. 16 ref. Telegraph [Napier, New Zealand], 4 September. No ref. BROWN, J.K. 1982: Handbook for inventorying surface fuels and APPLEBY, P.W. 1988: Hog fuel availability in the south coastal biomass in the Interior West. USDA Forest Service, lntermountain region of British Columbia- 1985. Canadian Forestry Service, Forest andRange Experiment Station, General Technical Report Pacific Forestry Centre, Information Report BC-X-297. 42 p. INT-129. 52 p. 2 ref. BROWN, S.L.; BERGVALL, J.A. 1986: Small tree harvest system BAILEY, G.R. 1969: An evaluation of the line-intersect method of recovering residue for energy. US Department of Energy, DOE! assessing logging residue. Department ofFisheries and Forestry BPI35474-T1; DE87-013426. 39 p. 16 ref. of Canada, Forest Products Laboratory, Information Report VP­ CLARKE, M.R.; SASTRY, C.B.S. 1982: Energy options for the X-23. 42 p. 6 ref. forest products industry- what of the wastes. Canadian Research 14(8): 52-56. BARE, B.B.; JAYNE, B.A.; ANHOLT, B.F.1976: A simulation­ basedapproach for evaluating logging residue handling systems. DENDRON RESOURCE SURVEYS L TD 1981: Logging residue USDA Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Forest and Range survey and the line-intersect method - a confirmation of field Experiment Station, General Technical Report PNW-45. 30 p. and photo methods. Forest Engineering Research Institute of 20 ref. Canada, Special Report No. SR-16. 19 p. 16 ref. DuSAULT, A. 1985: The development and trial of two prototype BLAKENEY, K.J. 1982: Further development of logging residue machines (RECUFOR and LRP) for forest biomass recovery. processing system. Pp. 169-173 in Fourth Bioenergy R & D Forest Engineering Research Institute of Canada, Special Seminar, 29-31 March, Winnipeg, Manitoba. 10 ref. Report No. SR-36. 37 p. 7 ref. BLUNDELL, W.M. 1984: Forest Service salvage logging in Kaingaroa EZA, D.A.; McMINN, J.; DRESS, P.E. 1984: Wood residue Forest. New Zealand Forest Service, FR/Bulletin No. 77. 21 p. distribution simulator (WORDS). USDA Forest Service, 4 ref. Southeastern Forest Experiment Station, General Technical Report SE-28. 6 p. BONES, J.T. 1982: Quantifying logging residue- before the fact. Forest Products Joumal32(6): 51-52. 3 ref. GARDNER, R.B.; SCHAFFER, E.L.; ERICKSON, J.R. 1978: Converting forest residue to structural flakeboard-the fingerling BONICELU, B. 1985: Study and designing of a forestry waste pilot concept. USDA Forest Service, lntermountain Forest and harvester. Commission of the European Communities, Energy Range Experiment Station, Research Paper INT-200. 31 p. Report No. EUR 9946 EN. 34 p. 18 ref. 36ref. 27

GLEASON, A.P. 1982: Cutover salvage trials. N.Z. Logging Southeastern Forest Experiment Station, Research Paper SE- Industry Research Asociation, Report 7(6): 1-4. 3 refs. 215. 8 p. 2 ref. HAKKILA, P.1981: Recovery of residual wood. Pp. 119-126 in NAG LE, G.S. 1980: Analysis of salvage yarding systems and costs Forest-to-mill: challenges of the future: proceedings of a in Pacific Coast forest. Canadian Forestry Service, Pacific symposium held at Tacoma, Washington, 15-17 September Forest Research Centre, Report BC-X-214. 36 p. 21 ref. 1980. Weyerhaeuser Science Symposium, 3. 10 ref. NAGLE, G.S.; MASSIE, M.R.C.; ROBINSON, G.; OAKLEV, P.; HARSTELA, P.; TAKALO, S.1974: Experiments on loading and MANNING, G. H. 1987: The economics of residual fuel and fibre transportation of branch raw material. Folia Forestalia 215. 2 p. production on the B.C. Coast. Canadian Forestry Service, Pacific Forestry Centre, Information Report BC-X-289. 58 p. HASSLER, C.C; SINCLAIR, S.A.; BUNN, C.R. 1983: A low cost 17 ref. way to recover logging re si dues. Forest Products Journal33(3): 10-25. 12 ref. NOVAK, W. 1986: The composition of full-tree logging residues and testing of the prototype logging residue processor (LAP). Forest HOWARD, J.O. 1978: A technique for predicting logging residue Engineering Research Institute of Canada, Special Report volumes in the Douglas-fir region. USDA Forest Service, Pacific No. SR-38. 24 p. 3 ref. Northwest Forest and Range Experiment Station, Research Paper PNW-235. 14 p. No ref. N.Z. LOGGING INDUSTRY RESEARCH ASSOCIATION 1982: Cutover salvage trials. N.Z Logging Industry Research HOWARD, J.O. 1981a: Logging residue in the Pacific Northwest­ Association, Newsletter 7(2). 1 p. No ref. characteristics affecting utilisation. USDA Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Forest and Range Experiment Station, Research PORTER, C.D.; STUART, W.B. 1982: Net energy efficiency in Paper PNW-289. 41 p. 6 ref. conventional harvesting systems recovering residues. Pp. 119-123 in Proceedings of the Sixth International FPRS HOWARD, J.O. 1981 b: Ratios for estimating logging residues in the Industrial Wood Energy Forum. 5 ref. Pacific Northwest. USDA Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Forest and Range Experiment Station, Research Paper PNW- POTIIE, M.A.; GUIMIER, D. V. 1986: Harvesting and transport of 288. 26 p. No ref. logging residuals and residues. Forest Engineering Research Institute of Canada, Special Report No. SR-33. 100 p. 67 ref. INSTITUTE FOR INDUSTRIAL RESEARCH AND STANDARDS 1979: Retrospective search on the harvesting of forest residues. PUTTOCK, G.D. 1987: The economics of collecting and processing Institute for Industrial Research and Standards (Ireland), · whole-tree chips and logging residues for energy. Forest Products Information Technology Group. 249 p: ·· Journal3(6): 15-20. 26 ref.

JOHNSTON, B.O. 1982: Trial of a system for debarking and SILVERSIDES,C.R.1981: Millandforestresiduesasfuel. Pulpand chipping British Columbia coastal logging residues. Forest Paper Canada 82(3): 57-59. 3 ref. Engineering Research Institute of Canada, Technical Note No. TN-65. 31 p. No ref. STUART, W.B.; PORTER,C.D.; WALBRIDGE, T.A.; ODERWALD, R.G. 1981: Economics of modifying harvesting systems to KERR, C.J. 19n: Forest residue as a raw material for energy recover energy wood. Forest Products Journal31(8): 37-42. production. Pp.9-10inCousins, W.J.(Ed.). Recommendations 3 ref. for the Rapid Establishment of a Wood-based Uquid Fuel Industry in New Zealand. Department of Scientific and Industrial TODD, J.J.; ELUFFE, M.D. 1983: Directory of equipment for Research (N.Z.), Physics and Engineering Laboratory, Report industrial use of crop and forest residue fuels. Centre for No. 575. No ref. Environmental Studies, University of Tasmania. 406 p. KIBBLEWHITE, R.P. 1984: Pinus radiata wood residue qualities TURNER, A.; STANDISH, J.T. 1986: Predicting logging residues and some utilisation options. New Zealand Journal of Forestry in British Columbia. Canadian Forestry Service, Pacific Forestry Science 14(3): 382-94. 11 ref. Centre, Information Report BC-X-284. 47 p. 25 ref.

KOCH, P.; McKENZIE, D.W. 1976: Machine to harvest slash, USDA FOREST SERVICE 1981: Harvesting and utilization brush, and thinnings for fuel and fiber- a concept. Journal of opportunities forforestresidues in the northern Rocky Mountains: Forestry 74(12): 809-812. 10 ref. symposium proceedings 28-30 November 1979, Missoula, Montana. USDA Forest Service, lntermountain Forest andRange KOCH, P.; McKENZIE, D.W. 1977: Machine for row-mulching Experiment Station, General Technical Report INT-110. 294 p. logging slash to enhance site- a concept. Transactions of the ASAE 20(1): 13-17. 12 ref. WAGNER, C.E. VAN 1982: Practical aspects of the line intersect method. Canadian Forestry Service, Petawawa National Forestry KRESCHUK, J.; MIYATA, E. 1986: Slash harvesting system. Institute, Information Report No. PI-X-12. 11 p. 17 ref. USDA Forest Service, Equipment Development Canter, Project Report8651-1204. 23 p. No ref. WARREN, W.G.; OLSEN, P.F. 1964: A line intersect technique for assessing logging waste. Forest Science 10(3): 267-276. UTILE, S.N.1982: Estimating the volume of wood in large piles of No ref. logging residue. USDA Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Experiment Station. 7 p. WASHBOURN, R.W. 1978: The assessment of wastewood at Kaingaroa Forest. Pp. 495-503 in Mensuration for Management LUCAS, J. 1981: Design and building of a forestry waste harvester. Planning of Exotic Forest Plantations. New Zealand Forest Pp. 57-{)2 in Chartier, P.;Palz, W. (Ed.). Energy From Biomass: Ser:vice, FRI Symposium No. 20. 5 ref. Proceedings ofECContractors.Meetil'lg,.Copehbagen, Denmark,. 23-24 June. YOUNG, H£ 1981: Forest residues. Pp. 511'--526 in McCiure, T.A.; Lipinsky, E.S. (Ed.) C~C Handbook of Biosolar ~esourc~ McNAB, W.H. 1980: A technique for inventorying volumes and Volume 11. Resource Materials. 29 ref. • weights of windrowed forest residues. USDA Forest Service, 28

10. Wood Processing Residues (6 references)

Keywords: wood waste, mill residue, waste resources, Furthermore, these residues also require assessment for supply, economics, availability, volume. their location, quality, quantity, and cost.

Notable references: Various aspects of wood residues from Sources: LFTB, Department of Trade & Industry, NZERDC. · wood processing operations in New Zealand are described in Department of Trade and Industry (1984) and LFTB Synopsis: Like forest residues, wood residues from wood (1983a, 1983b). Cross references to this section regarding processing operations (e.g., sawmills, joinery mills, the use of wood processing residues in the forest industry are mills) have the potential to be an energy resource. located in Secion 3.

ANONYMOUS 1984: Woodfuel energy survey planned. Logging UQUID FUELS TRUST BOARD 1983b: Survey of selected waste and Wood Processing (March): 18. No ref. resources for fuels production. Liquid Fuels Trust Board, Report No. LF 2030. 135 p. 197 ref. DEPARTMENT OF TRADE AND INDUSTRY (N.Z.) 1984: A survey of waste wood in New Zealand. Department of Trade and VAN WYK, L. 1983: A management decision support system for Industry, Resource Conservation Series 16. 21 p. No ref. process selection and log and wood residue allocation for the new crop radiata pine in New Zealand. Appita 37(3): 219-222. FYFE, F. 1985: Mills join for chipping expansion. Valley Farmer [Masterton, New Zealand], August 28. UQUID FUELS TRUST BOARD 1983a: Supply, availability and ------• cost of wood for liquid fuels production. Liquid Fuels Trust Board, Report No. LF 2029. 145 pp. 40 ref. 29

11. Biomass Harvesting (127 references)

Keywords: smallwood, transport, extraction, integrated that separate phases of a harvesting operation are harvesting, agricultural tractor, winches, whole tree, thinning, complementary. Motor-manual harvesting systems (e.g., equipment, economics, coppice, productivity, systems, Bell chainsaw and skidder) are common in New Zealand, while logger, simulation, recovery, technique, trucking. fully mechanised systems (e.g., feller-buncher and forwarder) are common overseas, e.g., Sweden, Canada, and the Sources: FERIC, USDA Forest Service, LIRA, Canadian United States. Forestry Service, World Wood, Forest Products Journal, Australian Forest Grower, American Pulpwood Association, Notable references: Harvesting systems in New Zealand Logging Research Foundation (Sweden), lEA. and/or Australia are described in Anonymous (1986), Ash by Synopsis: Biomass for energy involves harvesting material andVaughan(1988), Blundell (1987), Coates (1981 a, 1981 b), either as a by-product during conventional forest harvesting Goulding (1988), Lawrence (1986b), N.Z. Logging Industry (clearfelling or thinning) or as a purpose-grown . Research Association (1983), Spiers (1982, 1985), Terlesk Currently in New Zealand, the harvesting of pulpwood et al. (1983), Todd and Elliffe (1983), Vaughan and Shula (relatively small stems with branches removed) is the closest (1989), and Wilson (1986). Descriptions of overseas operation to biomass harvesting. In Sweden, Canada, and harvesting systems are presented in Corwin et al. (1988), the United States conventional whole tree and/or tree section Folkema (1985, 1986, 1987), Huyler et al (1984), Nilsson harvesting (stems with branches) is somewhat commonplace; (1982), Ryans (1988), Walbridge and Stuart (1983), Watson harvesters for short rotation purpose-grown energy crops are et al. (1986), and Zundel (1986). Descriptions of computer still in the prototype stage. Inevitably, the individual piece­ programs for the analyses of fuelwood harvesting and/or size and/or the yield per unit of harvest area of the material costs are presented in Harpole and Rensi (1985) and Routhier has a significant effect on harvesting productivity and cost­ et al. (1984). Descriptions of harvesting systems specifically efficiency. Selecting a harvesting system (equipment and designed for short rotation purpose-grown energy crops are method) that is suited to the material is of paramount presented in Curtin and Barnett (1986), Devenish et al. importance. Furthermore, a systems approach in planning, (1985), Golob (1986), Jones and Associates (1982), McLain selecting, and scheduling harvesting activities helps to ensure (1984), Stokes et al. (1986), and Woodfin et al. (1987).

AMERICAN PULPWOOD ASSOCIATION 1984: Holder A60F ANONYMOUS 1982c: Whole-tree processing launched in Sweden. [agricultural forestry tractor]. American Pulpwood Association, Forestry and British Timber 11 (6): 25. Harvesting Equipment Analysis Outline 84-A-5. 4 p. No ref. ANONYMOUS 1984a: Equipment designed for harvesting small AMERICAN PULPWOOD ASSOCIATION 1985a: Hyd-Mech FB7 trees in forest-thinning operations. American Pulpwood short rotation hardwood feller-bunchertest. American Pulpwood Association, Northeastern Technical Division, Production Association, Technical Release 85-R-18. p. No ref. 2 Efficiency Committee, Report 84-A-5. 46 p. AMERICAN PULPWOOD ASSOCIATION 1985b: Small landowner logging equipment manual. American Pulpwood Association, ANONYMOUS 1984b: Harvesting trees from thinnings using small Technical Release 85-R-6. 1 p. winches. Natural Resources, New Brunswick. 10 p. No ref.

ANONYMOUS 1981 a: Mor-Bell offers new approach to plantations. ANONYMOUS 19858: Silvan launches "tree muncher·. Australian Timber Harvesting 29(6): 54, 56. Forest Grower 8(3): 21. No ref. ANONYMOUS 1981b: Smallwood loggers evaluated. Australian Forest Grower 4(4): 28-29. No refs. ANONYMOUS 1985b: "Snake" [Vandraren] eases thinning chore. Forestry and British Timber 14(2): 7. No ref. ANONYMOUS 1981c: Unique logger demonstrates versatility in New Zealand. Australian Forest Industries Journal and Logger ANONYMOUS 1985c: The Silvan forest mower/tree muncher. 47(7): 13. No refs. Australian Forest Industries Journal and Logger 51(5): 23-24. ANONYMOUS 1982a: Making equipment pay: new grapple No ref. processor is fast, versatile. World Wood 23(4): 43. ANONYMOUS 1986: Brushcutters in young eucalypt project. ANONYMOUS 1982b: Russians develop forest 'robot'. World Australian Forest Industries Journal and Logger 52(7): 11-14. Wood 23(6): 67. No ref. 30

AROLA, R.A.; MIYATA, E.S. 1981: Harvesting wood for energy. FOLGER,A.G.; SWORDEN, P.G.1984: Fuelwoodprocurementfor USDA Forest Service, North Central Forest Experiment Station, an industrial power plant- a case study of Dow Coming's Research Paper NC-200. 25 p. 5 ref. program. Solar Energy Research Institute (Golden, Colorado), . SER/ITP-215-2220. 8 p. 7 ref. ASHBY, H.; VAUGHAN, L 1988: The Bell-Logger-bunching productivity behind mechanised and motor manual systems. FOLKEMA, M.P. 1985: Grapple loaders for farm tractors. Forest N.Z. Logging Industry Research Association, Report 13(25). Engineering Research Institute of Canada, Technical Note TN- 6 p. 2 ref. 88. 8 p. No ref. BARGER, R.L; BENSON, R.E. 1981: Intensive utilisation with FOLKEMA, M.P. 1986: Logging winches for farm tractors. Forest conventional harvesting systems. Pp. n-'iJ5 in Harvesting and Engineering Research Institute of Canada, Technical Note TN- utilization opportunities for forest residues in the northern Rocky 90. 12 p. Mountains. USDA lntermountain Forest and Range Experiment FOLKEMA, M.P. 1987: Logging trailers for farm tractors. Forest Station, Technical Report /NT-110. Engineering Research Institute of Canada, Technical Note TN- BENGTSSON, P .; MYHRMAN D. 1982: Grapple saws-a survey. 9Z 16 p. 4 ref. Forskningsstiftelsen .sfcogsarbeten (Sweden), Results No. 4. FRASER, H.R. 1982: Australian pulpwood project uses high-tech 4 p. harvesting. World Wood 23(3): 15-17. No refs. BERARD, J.A. 1981: Energy biomass harvesting equipment being FREDERICk, D.J.; STOKES, B.J.; CURTIN, D. T. 1985: Field trials developed in Canada. American Society of Agricultural of a Canadian biomass feller buncher. Pp. 17-22 in Proceedings Engineers, Paper No. 81-1598. 12 p. 4 ref. Seventh Southern Forest Biomass Workshop, Gainesville, Florida, 11-14 June. 2 ref. BLUNDELL, W.M. 1987: New Zealand's harvesting machine utilisation and maintenance. Pp. 143-156 in Stuart, W.B. (Ed.) GASKIN, J.E.; GLEASON, A.P. 1982: Holder A60 cultitrac skidder. Proceedings of Harvesting Machines and Systems Evaluation N.Z. Logging Industry Research Association, Machinery Workshop, Charleston, South Carolina,18-19 November, 1986. Evaluation 7(3). 4 p. No ref. Sveriges /antbruksuniversitet, lnstitutionen for skogsteknik, GIBSON, H.G.; POPE, P.E.1984: Design parameters forabiomass Uppsatser och Resultat, Nr 1OB. 245 p. harvester for short-rotation hardwood stands. American Society BLUNDELL, W.; EVISON, D.; REUTEBUCH,S.1985: Harvesting of Agricultural Engineers, Paper No. 84-1610. 13 p. 12 ref. production andcostestimator program (HARPCE). New Zealand GLEASON, A.P. 1984: Mechanised delimbing: can it cut costs? Forest Service, FRI Bulletin No. 102. 29 p. 14 ref. N.Z. Logging Industry Research Association, Report 9(9): 4. 2 ref. BROWN, S.L.; BERGVALL, J.A. 1986: Small tree harvest system recovering residue for energy. USDepartmentofEnergy, DOE/ GLEASON, A.P. 1985a: Bell Logger operations manual. Logging BP/35474-Tt; DE87-013426. 39 p. 16 ref. Industry Research Association, Rotorua, New Zealand. 72 p. BRUNSDEN, E.R. (Ed.) 1982: Logging machinery seminar: GLEASON, A.P. 1985b: Bell logger extraction in thinnings. N.Z. proceedings. Logging Industry Research Association, Rotorua, Logging Industry Research Association, Report 10(6): 4. 2 ref. New Zealand, 8-10 June. 206 p. GLEASON, A.P. 1985c: Clambunk skidclers -do they have a place COATES, G.P. 1981a: Modification of agricultural tractors for in the New Zealand logging industry. N.Z. Logging Industry logging. N.Z. Logging Industry Research Association, Report Research Association, Project Report No. 26. 39 p. 6(7). 4 p. No ref. GLEASON, A.P.; STULEN, J.A.1984: Smallwood handling with the Bell Logger. N.Z. Logging Industry Research Association, COATES, G.P. 1981 b: Small winches for agricultural tractors. N.Z. Report 9(5). 4 p. 3 ref. Logging Industry Research Association, Report 6(8). 4 p. 1 ref. GOLOB, T.B. 1986: Analysis of short-rotation forest operations. CORWIN, M.L; STUART, W.B.; SHAFFER, R.M. 1988: Common National Research Council of Canada, Division of Energy, characteristics of six successful mechanised small-tree harvesting NRCC Report No. 26014. 127 p. 49 ref. operations in the south. Southern Journal of Applied Forestry 12(4): 222-226. 5 ref. GOULDING, C.J. (Ed.) 1988: Harvesting whole trees with processing and log allocation in the forest to conventional and energy CURTIN, D.T.; BARNETT, P.E. 1986: Development of forest products: proceedings of an A-1 technical group meeting, 6-10 harvesting technology - application in short rotation intensive June, Garpenberg, Sweden. International Energy Agency/ culture (SRIC) woody biomass. Tennessee Valley Authority, Bioenergy; Task Ill; Activity A 1; Report No. 6. 241 p. (Muscle Shoals, Alabama), Technical Note 858; TVAIONREDI LER-86n. 90 p. 63 ref. HAMILTON, D.D. 1982: The development of machinery for the recovery and preparation of biomass feedstock for conversion DANIELSSON, B.O. 1982: Tree harvesting changes in Sweden due systems at a central full tree processing complex. Canadian to whole tree utilisation. Pp. 19-24 in Smith, W.R. (Ed.) Energy Forestry Service, ENFOR Project C-253. 45 p. from forest biomass. Academic Press, New York. HARPOLE, G. B.; RENSI, G. 1985: Computer program for analysis DEVENISH, E.J.; KEVILLE, B.; MITCHELL, C.P. 1985: of fuelwood- harvesting costs. USDA Forest Service, Forest Mechanisation of short rotation forest energy plantations - Products Laboratory, General Technical Report FPL-46. 21 p. proceedings of a workshop held by the International Energy HEDIN, I.B. 1980: Comparison of two logging systems in interior Programme, 29 March-2 April 1982, Newbridge, Ireland. British Columbia: central processing yard vs. conventional. Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Department of Forest Engineering Research Institute of Canada, Technical Operational Efficiency, Uppsatser och Resultat No. 28. 46 p. Report No. TR-45. 53 p. EZA, D.A. 1984: Cost-effective trucking distances for woody biomass HEMPHILL, D.C. 1985: Clambunk skidcler applications. N.Z. fuels. USDA Forest Service, Southeastern Forest Experiment Logging Industry Research Association, Technical Release (2). Station, Research Note SE-326. 3 p. 4 p. No ref. 31

HUYLER, N.K.; KOTEN, D. E.; LEA, R.V.; QUADRO A.P. 1984: E.C. Conference, 20-23 September 1982, Berlin, Federal Productivity and cost of three small fuelwood skidders. Journal Republic ofGermany. 5 ref. of Forestry 82(11): 671-074. No ref. McLAIN, H.D. 1983: The development of a harvester (patent INSTITUTE FOR INDUSTRIAL RESEARCH AND STANDARDS pending) for 2-3 year old willow coppice. Pp. 225-229 in Strub, 1977: Retrospective search on harvesting of biomass. Institute A.; Chartier, P.;Schleser, G.(Ed.) Energy from Biomass: Second for Industrial Research and Standards (Ireland), Information E.C. Conference, 20-23 September 1982, Berlin, Federal Technology Group. 206 p. Republic ofGermany. 2 ref. JOHNSON, T. W. 1987: The evolution and status of work study in McLAIN, H.D. 1984: The Loughry coppice willow harvester. Pp. New Zealand. Pp. 9--224 in Stuart, W.B. (Ed.) Proceedings of 323-329 in Proceedings, Sixth International Conference on Harvesting Machines and Systems Evaluation Workshop, Mechanisation of Field Experiments, Dublin, 8-13 July. 7 ref. Charleston, South Carolina, 18-19 November, 1986. Sveriges MILLER, D.E.; STRAKA, T.J.; STOKES, B.J.; WATSON, W.F. /antbruksuniversitet, /nstitutionen for skogsteknik, Uppsatser 1987: Productivity and cost of conventional understory biomass och Resu/tat, Nr 108. 245 p. harvesting systems. Forest Products Journal 37(5): 39-43. JONES, K.C. AND ASSOCIATES, INCORPORATED 1982: The 7 ref. status of forest energy plantation mechanisation. International MITCHELL,C.P.1985: lntegratedharvestingsystems. Pp.277-287 Energy Agency Report NE 1983: 4. 49 p. 48 ref. in Mitchell, C.P.; Nilsson, P.O.; Zsuffa, L. (Ed.) Proceedings of JONES, R.; KEOGE, P.L; TEDESCO, R.L 1981: The energy the Joint lEA/Forestry Energy Programme and FAD/Cooperative costs of forest harvest processes: an analysis of an Australian Network on Rural Energy Forest Energy Conference and native forest system producing pulpwood from two typical forest Workshops on Research in Forestry for Energy, Rungstedgaard, types. University of Tasmania, Environmental Studies Working Denmark, 28-30 October. Sveriges /antbruksuniversitet, Paper 10. 44 p. lnstitutionen for skogsteknik, Uppsatser och Resultat Nr 49. 3 ref. KAMMENGA, J.J. 1983: Whole-tree utilisation system for thinning young Douglas-fir. Journal of Forestry 81(4): 220-224. MITCHELL, C.P.; SALL, H.0.1982: Biomass harvesting, transport, and storage - needs, specifications and mechanization. Pp. KELLOGG, L.D.1983: Handling the small tree resource with cable 27-36 in Nilsson, P.O.; Zsuffa, L. (Ed.) Short rotation forest systems. Forest Products Journa/33(4): 25-32. 44 ref. biomass- production technology and mechanisation: proceedings of a workshop held by the lEA Forestry Energy KERR, C.J. 1974: Full tree utilisation. Forestry Development Programme on 11 October 1982 at Vettre, Norway. Sveriges Conference, Wellington, New Zealand. 19 p. 25 ref. lantbruksuniversitet, lnstitutionen for skogsteknik, lnterna KIPPING AND ASSOCIATES LTD 1985: Configuration of small Rapporter, Nr 229. 14 ref. scale biomass harvesting and transport systems. Canadian MIYATA, E.S.; STEINHILB, H.M.; WINSAU ER, S.A. 1981: Using Forestry Service, Maritimes Forest Research Centre, ENFOR work sampling to analyse logging operations. USDA Forest Project P-302. 151 p. 17 ref. Service, North Central Forest Experiment Station, Research LAWRENCE, M. 1986a: Harvesting whole trees with processing Paper NC-213. 8 p 9 ref. and log allocation in the forest to conventional and energy MOORE, T. 1987: A portable winch for bunching wood. N.Z. products - optimal bucking: a review of the literature. New Logging Research Association, Report 12(3). 4 p. No ref. Zealand Forest Service, Forest Research Institute-International Energy Agency!Bioenergy Project CPC-9, Report No. 1. 19 p. MORLEY, P.M. 1983: Harvesting methods for energy plantations. 109 ref. World Wood 24(7): 22. No ref. LAWRENCE, M.(Ed.) 1986b: Harvesting whole trees with processing MURRAY,-K.-1982: Bell logger in hardwood thinning. Australian and log allocation in the forest to conventional and energy Forest Industries Logger (July & August): 9--10. No ref. products: proceedings of the CPC-9 technical group meeting, MYHRMAN, D.1988: Recent developments in Scandinavian logging 6-7 March, Rotorua, New Zealand. International Energy Agency/ equipment and techniques. Canadian Forest Industries 108(1 ): Bioenergy Project CPC-9, Report No. 2. 97 p. 30-32, 49--50. No ref. MACKINTOSH, J.; BUNN, H. E. 1976: Current research into radiata NILSSON, M. 1982: The farm tractor in the forest. National Board pine thinning operations in New Zealand. New Zealand Journal of Forestry, Sweden. 100 p. of Forestry Science 6(2): 228-240. 13 ref. NILSSON, P.O.; ZSUFFA, L (Ed.) 1983: Short rotation forest MARKETROM,D.C.; WINDSOR,J.C.1986: Feasibilityofcollecting biomass- production technology and mechanization: firewood blocks with a small skyline. USDA Forest Service, Proceedings of an International Energy Agency Workshop, Rocky Mountain Forest and Range Experiment Station, Research October, Vettre, Norway. Sveriges lantbruksuniversitet, Note RM-468. 5 p. 8 ref. lnstitutionen for skogsteknik, lnterna Rapporter, Nr 229. 69 p. MATTSON, J.A.1983: Harvesting developments for short rotation 6 papers. intensively cultured forests. Forest Products Journal 33(3): NYLINDER, M. 1987: Review of bucking algorithms, saw simulation 31-38. 5 ref. programs, etc., in Sweden. International Energy Agency/ McKENNA; R. 1984: Energy wood harvesting technology: a review Bioenergy, Task Ill, Activity A 1, Report No. 4. 12 p. of the state of the art. Contract report by Meridian Corporation, N.Z. LOGGING INDUSTRY RESEARCH ASSOCIATION 1983: Alexandria, Va. US Department of Energy, DOE/CE/30784-1. New cable system for small wood [Vandraren]. N.Z. Logging 108 p. Industry Research Association, Newsletter 8(5). 1 p. McLAIN, H.D. 1983: A study of a proposed planting, growing and OVER END, R.P. 1982: The average haul distance and transportation harvesting regime for willow biomass. Pp. 241-246 in Strub, A.; work factors for biomass delivered to a central plant. Biomass Chartier, P.; Schleser, G. (Ed.) Energy from Biomass: Second 2(1 ): 75--79. 1 ref. 32

PEASE, D.A. 1982: Mechanised logging system harvests US SMITH, N.; AlLEY, J.G.1985: Harvesting and processing of forest southern pine. World Wood23(4): 14-15. biomass and silviculture crops. American Society ofAgricultural Engineers, Paper No. 85-3064. 5 p. 9 ref. PETERS, D.C. 1982: The economics of harvesting fuelwood under four different stand conditions on Prince Edward Island. Canadian SOMERVILLE, M.C.; LANFORD, B.L; STOKES, B.J. 1984: Forestry Service, Maritimes Forest Research Centre, Information Mechanical piling during pine plantation thinning. Forest Products Report M-X-139. 8 p. 4 ref. Journa/34(4): 45-49. 3 ref. PREBBLE, R.L 1984: An international project investigating the felling and bunching of small trees on easy terrain. N.Z. Logging SPIERS,J.J.K. 1982: Equipment systems Australasia. Pp. 111-124 Industry Research Association, Project Report No. 22. 52 p. 19 in Harvesting small timber- waste not, want not: Proceedings ref. of the FPRS Conference, Syracuse, New York, 28-30 April 1981. Proceedings P-81-32. 30 ref. RHEBORG, H. 1972: Kvistkvantiteter vid heltradslunning en undersokning inom ramen for ett internordiskt (NSR-) projekt SPIERS, J.J.K. 1985: Logger's language: a New Zealand rorande utnyttjandet av hyggesavfall = A study of quantities of terminology. Logging Industry Research Association, Rotorua, branches and tops gathered at the landing when skidding full New Zealand. 46 p. trees. SkogshOgsko/an, lnstitutionen for skogsteknik, Rapporter och Uppsater, Nr 48. 3 p. STOKES, B.J.; FREDERICK, D.J.; CURTIN, D. T. 1986: Field trials of a short-rotation biomass feller buncher and selected harvesting RICHARDSON, R. 1988: An introduction to off-road processors and systems. Biomass 11 (3): 185-204. 5 ref. harvesters. Forest Engineering Research Institute of Canada, Technical Note TN-126. 12 p. 12 ref. STUART, W.; KOFMAN, P.1985: Harvesting operations in short­ rotation plantations of coniferous species. Pp. 230-235 in ROBERTS, B. (Ed.). 1982: Harvesting small timber- waste not, Mitchell, C.P.; Nilsson, P.O.; Zsuffa, L. (Ed.) Proceedings of the want not: Proceedings of the FPRS conference, Syracuse, New Joint lEA/Forestry Energy Programme and FAO/Cooperative York, 28-30 Apri, 1981. Proceedings P-81-32. 142 p. Network on Rural Energy Forest Energy Conference and ROUTHIER, J.G. 1982: Implications of full-tree harvesting for Workshops on Research in Forestry for Energy, Rungstedgaard, biomass recovery. Canadian Forestry Service, Laurentian Forest Denmark, 28-30 October. Sveriges lantbruksuniversitet, Research Centre, LAU-X-50E; ENFOR Project P-54. 132 p. lnstitutionen for skogsteknik, Uppsatser och Resultat Nr 49. 7 ref. No ref.

ROUTHIER, J-G.; DARVEAU, GRENIER, LUSSIER AND STUART, W.B. 1980: A simulation approach to the analysis of ASSOCIATES 1984: Forest biomass harvesting simulation harvesting machines and systems. Ph.D. Dissertation, Virginia model. Canadian Forestry Service, Laurentian Forest Research Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg. 202 p. Centre, Information Report LAU-X-53E; ENFOR Project P-237. 135 p. No ref. STUART, W.B. 1981: Harvesting analysis technique: a computer RYANS, M. 1988: Mechanised precommercial thinning methods: simulation system fortimber harvesting. Forest Products Journal experience to date. Forest Engineering Research lntitute of 31(11): 45-53. 14 ref. Canada, Special Report No. SR-56. 17 p. 49 ref. STUART, W.B.; PORTER,C.D.; WALBRIDGE, T.A.; ODERWALD, SALL, H-0. 1982: Harvesting technology for energy plantations. R.G. 1981: Economics of modifying harvesting systems to Skordeteknik ESO, Rapport /NOM NE-OMRADET NE/E0-821 recover energy wood. Forest Products Journa/31(8): 37-42. 10. 51 p. STULEN, J.A. 1983: Forwarders in smallwood. N.Z. Logging SEWELL, W.D. 1987: , marketing, and importation Industry Research Association, Report 8(1 ). 4 p. considerations for logging machinery in New Zealand. Pp. 215-230 in Stuart, W.B. (Ed.) Proceedings of Harvesting STUROS, J.A. 1982: Integrated harvesting for maximum utilisation Machines and Systems Evaluation Workshop, Charleston, South of the total tree biomass. American Society of Agricultural Carolina, 18-19 November, 1986. Sveriges /antbruksuniversitet, Engineers, Paper82-1592. 13 p. 11 ref. lnstitutionen for skogsteknik, Uppsatser och Resultat, Nr 108. 245 p. STUROS, J.A.; BARRON, R.M.; MIYATA, E.S.; STEINHILB, H. M. 1983: The economics of a mechanised multi product harvesting SICARD-LUSSIER, T. 1984: Harvesting of forest biomass for system for stand conversion of northern hardwoods. USDA energy- terminology study. Forest Engineering Institute of Forest Service, North Central Forest Experiment Station, Canada, Special Report No. SR-25; ENFOR Project P-280. Research Paper NC-237. 12 p. 10 ref. 151 p. 71 ref. SILVERSIDES, C.R.; MOODIE, R.L 1985: Transport of full trees SUTHERLAND, B.J.1985: Brush harvester development and field over public roads in eastern Canada- a state of the art report. test. American Society ofAgricultural Engineers, Paper No. 85- Forest Engineering Research Institute of Canada, Special Report 1628. 23p. 12ref. No. SR-35. 71 p. 46 ref. SVENSSON, S.A. 1971 : Time functions for cleaning in young stands SINCLAIR, A. W.J. 1984: Recovery and transport of forest biomass with brush saw. Forskningss tiftelsen skogsarbeten (Sweden), in mountainous terrain. Forest Engineering Research Institute Ekonomi No. 1E. 4 p. No ref. of Canada, Special Report SR 22; Canadian Forestry Service, Pacific Forest Research Centre, Information Report BC-X-254. TERLESK, C.J. 1987: Harvesting machines and systems 31 p. evaluation- environmental considerations. Pp. 177-186 in Stuart, W.B. (Ed.) Proceedings of Harvesting Machines and SINCLAIR, A.W.J. 1985: Development and testing of a container Systems Evaluation Workshop, Charleston, South Carolina, system for the recovery of roadside biomass in mountainous 18-19 November, 1986. Sveriges /antbruksuniversitet, terrain. Forest Engineering Research Institute of Canada, lnstitutionen for skogsteknik, Uppsatser och Resultat, Nr 108. Special Report No. SR-27. 23 p. No ref. 245p. 33

TERLESK, C.J.; McCONCHIE, M.; TWADDLE, A.1983: Stand reorganisation to facilitate load accumulation in production thinning. New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science 13(3): 32~9. 6ref.

TERLESK, C.J.; TWADDLE, A.; McCONCHIE, M. 1982: Some thoughts on efficient handling of smallwood. New Zealand Journal of Forestry 27(2): 207-218. 6 ref. TODD, J.J.; ELLIFFE, M.D. 1983: Directory of equipment for industrial use of crop and forest residue fuels. University of Tasmania, Centre for Environmental Studies. 406 p. TWADDLE,A.A.(Ed.)1987: Harvestingwholetreeswithprocessing and log allocation in the forest to conventional and energy products: proceedings of an A 1 technical group meeting, 11-15 May, Vancouver, British Columbia. International Energy Agency/ Bioenergy, Task Ill, Activity A 1, Report No. 3. Volume 1136 p.; Volume 11 225 p. VAUGHAN, LW. 1985: Double-drum winch skidder trial. N.Z. Logging Industry Research Association, Report 10(10). 4 p. 4 ref. VAUGHAN, L; SHULA, R.G. 1989: Options for harvesting and processing firewood. Pp. 68-79 in Shula, R.G.; Hay, A.E.; Tarlton, G. L. (Ed.) The firewood venture-planning, execution, evaluation. Ministry of Forestry (N.Z), FRI Bulletin No. 137. WALBRIDGE, JR. T.A.; STUART, W.B. 1983: Systems and procedures for integrated recovery of forest biomass. Tappi Journal 66(3): 127-129. 9 ref. WATSON, W.F.; STOKES,B.J.; SAVELLE,I.W.1986: Comparison of two methods of harvesting biomass for energy. Forest Products Journal36(4): ~8. 8 ref. WELLS, G.C. (Ed.) 1980: Smallwood Harvesting Seminar Proceedings. Logging Industry Research Association, Rotorua, New Zealand. 193 p. WELLWOOD, R. W. 1979: Complete-tree utilization: an analysis of the literature (1970-1978). Part 11. Recovery of biomass. Canadian Forestry Service, EN FOR Project P-15; Report No. 1. 150 p. 213 ref. WILSON, C.M. (Comp.) 1986: An introduction to logging farm woodlots. New Zealand Forest Service, Trees and Timber, Forest Management Practices Number 11. 5 p. WILTON, W.C. 1981: Integrated logging for production of pulpwood and hog fuel. Canadian Forestry Service, ENFOR Project P-143. 38 p. 8 ref. WINSAUER, S.A. 1982: A program and documentation for simulation of grapple skidders and a whole-tree chipper. USDA Forest Service, North Central Forest Experiment Station, Research Paper NC-221. 42 p. 3 ref. WINSAUER,S.A.; UNDERWOOD,J.A.1978: Computersimulation of forest harvesting systems. American Society of Agricultural Engineers, Paper No. 78-1582. 19 p. 6 ref. WOODFIN, S.; FREDERICK, D.; STOKES, B. 1987: Selected harvesting machines for short rotation intensive culture biomass plantations. American Society ofAgricultural Engineers, Paper No. 87-1567. 18 p. 9 ref. ZUNDEL, P. 1986: The economics of integrated full-tree harvesting and central processing in Jack pine. Final report. Forest Engineering Research Institute of Canada, Special Report No. ------•SR-37. 82 p. 16 ref. 34

,_ ------12_._c_h_i_p_H_a_~_e_s_t_m_g------~~(37 references) .

Keywords: chipping, chip harvesting, portable, mobile, the bulky nature of biomass (especially branches) prior to chipper, economics, ergonomics, swathe felling, whole tree transport. chipping, total tree chipping, technique, system, simulation. Notable references: The New Zealand experience with chip Sources: Forest Industries, Forest Products Journal, FERIC. harvesting is described in Anonymous (1987), Howard and Boon (1974), Kerr (1974, 1977), and Mead (1987). Overseas Synopsis: Chip harvesting is a specialised form of biomass chip harvesting experience is described in Folkema (1977, harvesting, whereby biomass comminution (e.g., chipping, 1983), Kipping and Associates (1985), Powell (1982), shredding) is performed in the bush or at the skids. Chip Richarson (1986), Stokes and Sirois (1985), Todd and Elliffe harvesting offers the potential advantage of dispensing with (1983), and Wingate-Hill and MacArthur (1987).

ANONYMOUS 1971: New chipping concepts mean greater utilisation. HOWARD, M.J.S.; BOON, B.W. 1974: Some aspects of whole tree Forest Industries Review 2(7): 8-10, 13. No ref. utilization with New Zealand pines. Appita 28(4): 246-251. 10 ref. ANONYMOUS 1974: Logging technique for total tree chipping. Australian Forest Industries Journal and Logger 40(1): 46-47. JOHNSTON, B.O. 1982: Trial of a system for debarking and No ref. chipping British Columbia coastal logging residues. Forest ANONYMOUS 1987: NZ-made portable chipper. New Zealand Engineering Research Institute of Canada, Technical Note No. Forest Industries 18(5): 6. No ref. TN-65. 31 p. No. ref. BRADLEY, D.P.; WINSAUER, S.A. 1978: Simulated full-tree KAMMENGA, J.J. 1983: Whole-tree utilisation system for thinning chipping: model compares favourably to the real world. Forest young Douglas-fir. Journal of Forestry 81(4): 220-224. No ref. Products Journal28(10): 85-88. · KERR, C.J. 1974: Full tree utilisation. Forestry Development CROSSLEY, F.R.E.1981: Assessmentofwoodchipping machinery Conference, 19-21 November, Wellington, New Zealand. 19 p. for harvesting non-commercial timber in New England. US 25 ref. Department of Energy, Final Project Report. 146 p. 33 ref. KERR, C.J. 19n: Forest residue as a raw material for energy DEAL, E.L 1972: Whole tree chipping: its cost, advantage and production. Pp. 9-10 in Cousins, W.J. (Ed.) Recommendations drawbacks. Pulpwood Production and Sawmill Logging 20(7): for the rapid establishment of a wood-based liquid fuel industry 14-22. in New Zealand. Department ofScientific andIndustrial Research ERICKSON,J.R.1972: Fieldchipping: problemsandsolutions. Pp. (N.Z.), Physics and Engineering Laboratory, Report No. 575. 128-138 in Report on the symposium on production, handling No ref. and transport of wood chips, held in Hurdal, Norway, 13 August­ KIPPING AND ASSOCIATES LTD 1985: Configuration of small a September. Norwegian Funds-in-Trust TF-INT 55 (NOR); FAO/NORITF 83. Food and Organization, Rome. scale biomass harvesting and transport systems. Contractor's final report. Canadian Forestry Service, Maritimes Forest FOLK EM A, M.P. 19n: Whole-tree chipping with the Morbark Model Research Centre, ENFOR Project P-302. 151 p. 17 ref. 22 Chipharvester. Forest Engineering Research Institute of Canada, Technical Note No. TN-16. 14 p. KIP PS, D. 1982: Modern woodyard design trends favour increased longwood, chips use. Pulp and Paper 56(6): 90-93. No ref. FOLK EM A, M.P. 1983: Producing by-product sawlogs with a mobile chipper. Forest Engineering Research Institute of Canada, KOCH, P. 1980: Harvesting energy chips from forest residues: Technical Note No. NT-71. 14 p. No ref. some concepts for the Southern pine region. USDA Forest Service, Southern Forest Experiment Station, General Technical FRODING, A. 1987: The pulp chip method- a study of a new Report S0-33. 28 p. method for first thinning. Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Department of Operational Efficiency, Report No. 82. KOCH, P.; SAVAGE, T.E.1980: Development of the swathe-felling HARSTELA, P. 1980: Ergonomics and work organisation of chipping mobile chipper. Journal of Forestry 78(1): 17-21. 3 ref. work. Folia Forestalia No. 437. 25 p. 19 ref. KOFMAN, P.D. 1988: Improved chipping technology for adverse HOEKSTRA, P.L; VEAL, M.A.; LEE, P.F. 1983: The effects of chip terrain conditions. 'Danish Institute of Forest Technology, size on mechanical pulp properties and energy consumption. Exploitation of Mcifginaf"Forest ResourcesforFuel, Research TappiJournal66(9): 119-122. 26ref. Report No. 3. 64 p. 7 ref. 35

USS, J-E. 1984: Drivningsmetoderf6r sjalwerksamma skogsagare vidtillvaratagande avbnmsleflis =Methods used by self~mployed forest owners for harvesting fuel chips. Sveriges lantbruksuniversitet, lnstitutionen for skogsteknik, Rapport Nr 162. 139 p. MASSEY,J.G.; McCOLLUM,M.P.; ANDERSON,W.C.1981: Cost of whole-tree chips for energy- Louisiana case study. Forest Products Joumal31(2): 34-38. MciNTOSH, J.A.; JOHNSON, LW. 1975: Chipping in the bush. Good planning is the key to efficient residue chipping. Canadian Forest Industries 95(10): 38-40. No ref. MEAD, D.J. 1987: Impact of the full tree harvesting of thinnings on Canterbury Plains. New Zealand Forestry 32(3): 12-14. 5 ref. MEYER, R.L. 1988: Portable debarking/chipping. American Pulpwood Association, Technical Release 88-R-34. 2 p. POWELL, L.H. 1982: Mobile chipper study: processing logging residue for energy biomass. Forest Engineering Research Institute of Canada, Technical Note No. TN-61. 22 p. 4 ref. RICHARDSON, R.1986: Evaluation of BRUKS off-road chippers. Forest Engineering Research Institute of Canada, Technical ReportNo. TR-71. 36p. 17ref. SCHNEIDER, M.H. 1987: Fuel chip harvesting small-scale experience in New Brunswick. Forest Products Journal37(2): 39--42. 6 ref. STOKES, B.J.; SIROIS, D.L 1985: Evaluation of chipper­ forwarderbiomass harvesting concept. Pp. 23-26 in Proceedings, Seventh Southern Forest Biomass Workshop, Gainesville, Florida, 11-14 June. 7 ref. STUART, W.B.; PORTER,C.D.; WALBRIDGE, T.A.; ODERWALD, R.G. 1981: Economics of modifying harvesting systems to recover energy wood. Forest Products Journal 31(8): 37-42. TODD, J.J.; ELUFFE, M.D. 1983: Directory of equipment for industrial use of crop and forest residue fuels. Centre for Environmental Studies, University of Tasmania. 406 p. WILTON, W.C. 1981: Integrated logging for production of pulpwood and hog fuel. Canadian Forestry Service, ENFOR Project P- 143. 38 p. 8 ref. WILTON, W.C.; DUFFETT, W.P. 1980: Whole-tree chipping for hogged fuel in Newfoundland. Canadian Forestry Service, Newfoundland Forest Research Centre, Information Report N­ X-186. 55 p. 17 ref. WINGATE-HILL R.; MacARTHUR, I.J. 1987: Economics of debarking and chipping small-diameter regrowth eucalypt thinnings. Australian Forestry 50(3):.157-165. 25 ref. WINSAUER, S.A. 1982: A program and documentation for simulation of grapple skiclders and a whole-tree chipper. USDA Forest Service, North Central Forest Experiment Station, Research ------•paper NC-221. 42 p. 36

13. Biomass Handling and Processing (71 references)

Keywords: technique, comminution, tree length, chunkwood, Notable references: The New Zealand experience with sortyard, central processing, preparation, wood handling, biomass handling and processing (including central woodyard, central processing yard, wood terminal, chipping, processing yards) is described in Howard and Boon (1975), economics, feed stock preparation, debarking, transportation, McKerchar and Twaddle (1987), Murphy (1988), and Wells processing. and Breaker (1981 ). Overseas biomass handling and Sources: Forest Industries, Pulp andPaper, Biomass Digest, processing techniques are described in Arola et al. (1985), FERIC, Forest Products Journal, World Wood, Canadian Guimier (1985), Klaavu (1987), Levefton and Associates Forest Service. (1982), Mattsson (1988), Pottie and Guimier (1985), Synopsis: Biomass handling and processing comprises Silversides and Moodie (1985), Swedish Forest Products road transport and feedstock preparation activities which Research Laboratory (1985), Swedish University of occur inside and/or outside of the forest. Biomass processing Agricultural Sciences (1984), and Todd and Eliffe (1983). involves passive operations, e.g., in-forest biomass drying, Descriptions specific to overseas centralised processing and active operations, e.g., chipping, flail delimbing/debarking. yards are presented in Bjerkelund (1985), Granqvist (1977), The concept of a central processing yard (inside or outside of Hamilton (1982), Hedin (1980), Jonsson (1985), Macintosh the forest) is being investigated as a cost-effective means to and Sinclair (1988), Pease (1983), Wippermann (1985), and handle and process biomass for energy, especially when it Zundel (1986). originates as a by-product during conventional forest harvesting.

ANONYMOUS 1971: New chipping concepts mean greater utilisation. AROLA, R.A.; WINSAUER, S.A.; RADCLIFFE, R.C.; SMITH, Forest Industries Review 2(7): 8-10, 13. No ref. M.R. 1983: Chunkwood production: a new concept. Forest Products Journal33(718): 43-51. 3 ref. ANONYMOUS 1977: Chipping: some elementary and economic considerations. New Zealand Industries 2(2): AROLA, R.A.; RADCLIFFE, R.C.; WINSAUER, S.A. 1985: 7-9, 32-33. No ref. Chunking bundled small-diameter stems. Forest Products Journal 35(4): 40-42. No ref. ANONYMOUS 1981: Chip sampling auger. American Pulpwood Association, Technical Release 81-R.-33: 4. No ref. BJERKELUND, T.C. 1985: Central processing and associated ·ANONYMOUS 19838: Pre-drying biomass fuel to increase boiler transportation techniques- examples of state-of-the-art from efficiency. Pulp and Paper57(4): 90-91. eastern North America. Pp.397-407 inMitchell, S.C.P.; Nilsson, P.O.; Zsuffa, L. (Ed.) Proceedings of the Joint lEA/Forestry ANONYMOUS 1983b: Roll split wood. Biomass research in Energy Programme and FAO/Cooperative Network on Rural Canada. Forest Industries 14(4): 3

ANONYMOUS 1985: Scrimber- a new market for smallwood. FAO 1976: The production, handling and transport of wood chips. Australian Forest Grower 8(3): 12-14. No ref. Norwegian-Funds-in-Trust, TF-INT 55. 136 p.

AROLA, R.A.; RADCUFFE, R.C.; WINSAUER, S.A.; MATSON, FREDERICK, D.J.; STOKES, B.J.; CURTIN, D.T.1985: Field trials E.D. 1982: A new machine for producing chunkwood. USDA of a Canadian biomass feller buncher. Pp. 17-22 in Proceedings Forest Service, North Central Forest Experiment Station, Seventh Southern Forest Biomass Workshop, Gainesville, Research paper NC-211. 8 p. 5 ref. Florida,11-14 June. 2ref. 37

FROMSON, D.A.; HALL, G.A. 1982: Advanced feedstock KEAYS, J.L.1971d: Complete-tree utilisation. An analysis of the preparation for large scale hog fuel boilers. Pp. 213-217 in literature. Part IV: Crown and slash. Canadian Forestry Service, Proceedings of the Fourth Bioenergy R & D Seminar, Winnipeg, Forest Products Laboratory, Information Report VP-X-77. 79 p. Manitoba. KEAYS, J.L 1971e: Complete-tree utilisation. An analysis of the GRAM M EL, R.H. 1982: Centralised tree processing and utilisation. literature. Part V: Stump, rootsandstump-rootsystem. Canadian of traditional harvesting waste. ECEIFAO Agriculture and Timber: Forestry service, Forest Products laboratory, Information Report Division, seminar on reducing forest biomass losses in logging· VP-X-79. 62 p. operations, Moscow, U.S.S.R., 4-11 December. 6 p. No ref.· KERRUISH, C.M. 1984: Centralised processing can increase log GRANQVIST, A. 1977: Helstamsavverkning och central value. World Wood 25(2): 21-23. 1 ref. upparbetning vid sAgverk = Tree-length logging and central KIP PS, D. 1982: Modem woodyard design trends favour increased processing at sawmills. Skogshogskolan, lnstitutionen for longwood chips use. Pulp and Paper 56(6): 90-93. skogsteknik, Rapporteroch Uppsatser, Nr 117. 62 p. 14 ref. KLAAVU, A. 1987: Modern Scandinavian wood handling systems. GUIMIER , D.Y. 1985: Biomass equipment database. Forest Pulp and Paper Canada 88(9): T298-T300. No ref. Engineering Research Institute of Canada, Special Report No. SR-34. 40 p. No ref. LEIGHTON, H.A. 1981: Hog fuel handling- design and operating considerations. Pulp and Paper Canada 82(2): 89, 91-94. HAMILTON, D.D. 1982: The development of machinery for the No ref. recovery and preparation of biomass feedstocks for conversion systems at a central full-tree processing complex. Canadian LEVELTON, B. H. AND ASSOCIATES LIMITED 1982: Wood waste Forestry Service, ENFOR Project C-253. 45 p. No ref. fuels preparation and handling. ENFOR Project C-95. 189 p. 17 ref. HARRISON, R.D. 1987: Central log processing yards improve safety, transport, processing at Kelowna complex. British LONNER, G. et al. 1983: Terminals for raw products of wood. Columbia Lumberman 71(8): 513-518. No ref. Present situation and future development. National Swedish Board for Energy Source Development, NE-1983-6. 255 p. HEDIN, I.B. 1980: Comparison of two logging systems in interior British Columbia: central processing yard vs. conventional. MaciNTOSH, J.E.; SINCLAIR, A.W.J. 1988: Economic feasibility Forest Engineering Research Institute of Canada, Technical of satellite chipping yards in Alberta. Forest Engineering Research Report No. TR-45. 53 p. Institute of Canada, Special Report No. SR-53. 42 p. 16 ref. HOWARD,M.J.S.; BOON, B.W.1975: Someaspectsofwholetree McKERCHAR, A.; TWADDLE, A. 1987: Central log yards- an utilisation with New Zealand pines. Appita 28(4): 246-251. option to consider. N.Z. Logging Industry Research Association, 10 ref. Technical Release 9(2). 8 p. 14 ref. INSTITUTE FOR INDUSTRIAL RESEARCH AND STANDARDS MATTSSON, J.E.1988: Tradbranslens hanteringsegenskaper: en 1981: Retrospective search on materials handling and storage litteraturstudie over kunskapslaget och lampliga matmetoder = of biomass (1973-1981]. Institute for Industrial Research and Handling characteristics of wood fuels- a literature review of Standards (Ireland), Information Technology Group. 144 p. the state-of-the-art and suitable measurement methods. Sveriges lantbruksuniversitet, lnstitutionen for skogsteknik, Rapport Nr JOHNSTON, B.O. 1982: Trial of a system for debarking and 174. 46 p. 32 ref. chipping British Columbia coastal logging residue. Forest MURPHY, G. 1988: Centralised processing yards under Engineering Research Institute of Canada, FERIC Technical Note TN-65. 31 p. consideration. New Zealand Forest Industries 19(14): 32-33. No ref. JONES, K.C. 1981: A review of energy requirements to comminute NIIRANEN, M. 1984: How to solve the wood-handling problems of woody biomass. Forest Engineering Research Institute of the '80s. Paper Trade Journal168(17): 40-44. 4 ref. Canada, Special Report SR-14; ENFOR Project P-28. 39 p. 28 ref. NYLINDER, M. 1981: Matning av flisved och bransleflis: en studie utford i samarbete med Wermlandska lnmatningsforeningen JONSSON, T. 1985: Survey of central processing systems in och Vanerskog = Scaling of fuelwood and fuelchips. Sveriges Scandinavia. Pp. 408-429 in Mitchell, S.C.P.; Nilsson, P.O.; lantbruksuniversitet, lnstitutionen for virkeslara, Rapport Nr 123. Zsuffa, L. (Ed.) Proceedings of the Joint lEA/Forestry Energy No ref. Programme and FAO/Cooperative Network on Rural Energy Forest Energy Conference and Workshops on - Research in O'CONNOR, D. 1981: An evaluation of wood waste handling Forestry for Energy, Rungstedgaard, Denmark, 28-30 October. systems. Pp. 310-315 in Proceedings of the Third Bioenergy Sveriges lantbruksuniversitet, lnstitutionen for skogsteknik, R & D Seminar, Ottawa. NRCC 19515. No. ref. Uppsatser och Resultat Nr 49. No ref. OAKLEY, P.; MANNING, G.H. 1984: An analysis of two trials of a KEAYS, J.L 1971a: Complete-tree utilisation. An analysis of the portable shear-type residue processing system. Canadian literature. Part 1: Unmerchantable top of bole. Canadian Forestry service, Pacific Forest Research Centre, Information Forestry service, Forest Products Laboratory, Information Report Report BC-X-249. 47 p. 18 ref. VP-X-69. 98 p. . OKSTAD, T.1972: Methods of scaling wood chips. Pp. 239-242 in KEAYS, J.L. 1971 b: Complete-tree utilisation. An analysis of the Report on the symposium on production, handling and transport literature. Part 11: Foliage. Canadian Forestry Service, Forest of wood chips, held in Hurdal, Norway, 13 August-8 September. Products Laboratory, Information Report VP-X-70. 94 p. Norwegian Funds-in-Trust TF-INT 55 (NOR); FAO!NOR/TF 83. Food and Agriculture Organization, Rome. KEAYS, J.L 1971c: Complete-tree utilisation. An analysis of the literature. Part Ill: Branches. Canadian Forestry service, Forest PEASE, D. 1983: Central processing enhances biomass economics. Products Laboratory, Information Report VP-X-71. 67 p. Forest Industries 110(9): 67-69. No ref. 38

POTIIE, M. 1981: A way to make pulp chips from logging debris WHITE, D. 1988: Full tree to roadside logging in interior BC. using a small drum debarker. Forest Engineering Research Canadian Forest Industries 108(6): 36, 38. No ref. Institute of Canada, Technical Note TN-49. 18 p. No ref. WINGATE·HILL, R.; CUNNINGHAM,R.1984: Removal of moisture POTTIE, M.A.; GUIMIER, D.Y.1985: Preparationofforestbiomass from green sapwood [Pinus radiata] by compression. Journal of for optimal conversion. Forest Engineering Research Institute of the Institute of Wood Science 10(2): 66-75. 18 ref. Canada, Special Report No. 32. 112 p. 33 ref. WINGATE·HILL, R.; CUNNINGHAM, R.B. 1986: Compression RILEY, J.G.; SMITH, N. 1984: The development and drying of sapwood [Eucalyptus and Pinus radiata]. Wood and commercialisation of a system for processing, storage, and FiberScience 18(2): 315-326. 13 ref. utilisation of woodchip fuels. Pp. 465-489 in Klass, D.L., (Ed.) WIPPERMANN, H.J. 1985: Central processing and associated Energy from Biomass and Wastes VIII, Lake Buena Vista, transportation techniques in central Europe. Pp. 430-446 in Florida, 30 January. Mitchell, S.C.P.; Nilsson, P.O.; Zsuffa, L. (Ed.) Proceedings of SAWYER, W.C. 1982: In-forest-drying of forest residue (IFD). Pp. the Joint lEA/Forestry Energy Programme and FAO/Cooperative 192-196 in Proceedings of the Sixth International FPRS Industrial Network on Rural Energy Forest Energy Conference and Wood Energy Forum, Washington, D.C. Workshops on Research in Forestry for Energy, Rungstedgaard, Denmark, 28-30 October. Sveriges lantbruksuniversitet, SERGERUD, K. 1983: Wood fuel and pulp wood production at lnstitutionen for skogsteknik, Uppsatseroch Resultat Nr 49. 1986. terminals. Stiftelsen foer Vaermeteknisk Forskning, Stockholm. 20 ref. 127p. ZUNDEL, P. 1986: The economics of integrated full-tree harvesting SERGERUD, K. 1984: Whole-tree terminals. A system study. and central processing in Jack pine (final report). Forest Stiftelsen foer Vaermeteknisk Forskning, Stockholm, Sweden. Engineering Research Institute of Canada, Special Report No. 54 p. SR-37. 82 p. 16 ref. • SILVERSIDES, C.R.; MOODIE, R.L 1985: Transport of full trees over public roads in eastern Canada- a state of the art report. Forest Engineering Research Institute of Canada, Special Report No. SR-35. 71 p. 46 ref. SINCLAIR, A.W.J. 1984a: A handbook for designing, building, and operating a log sortyard. Forest Engineering Research Institute of Canada. 285 p.

SIN CLAIR, A.W.J. 1984b: Processing biomass in a central location with the separator-shear system. Canadian Forestry Service, Pacific Forest Research Centre, Information Report BC-X-255; Forest Engineering Research Institute of Canada, Special Report No. SR-23. 31 p. 3 ref. STUROS, J.A. 1981: Innovative yard handling for integrated utilisation of whole-tree and forest residual biomass. Pp. 133-157 in Forest-to-mill: challenges of the future: proceedings of a symposium held at Tacoma, Washington, 15-17 September 1980. Weyerhae.user Science Symposium, 3. 29 ref. SWEDISH FOREST PRODUCTS RESEARCH LABORATORY 1985: Whole-tree section processing - a new method for utilising thinnings and unlimbed trees. Pp. 387-413 in Swedish Pulp and Paper Mission 1985. SWedish Forest Products Research Laboratory (STFI). No ref.

SWEDISH UNIVERSITY OF AGRICULTURAL SCIENCES 1984: Landing techniques and storage. Handling of forest energy assortments from terminal to consumer. Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Department of Operational Efficiency, Report No. 281: 68-83. SWEDISH UNIVERSITY OF AGRICULTURAL SCIENCES 1985: Comminuting trees from thinnings into chunkwood - a new alternative. Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Department of Operational Efficiency, Uppsatser och Resultat Nr 42. 19 p. 8 ref.

TODD, J.J.; ELUFFE, M.D. 1983: Directory of equipment for industrial use of crop and forest residue fuels. Centre for Environmental Studies, University of Tasmania. 406 p.

WELLS, G.C.; BROOKER, R.E. 1981: Drying logs in the forest. N.Z. Logging Industry Research Association, Report 6(2). 4 p. 39

14. Biomass Storage (46 references) L_------~I Keywords: outdoor, deterioration, storage, chip storage, whole tree), moisture content, temperature, and compaction fungi, micro-organisms, forest residues, chunkwood, chips, of the material. drying, whole trees, tree sections, physical properties, Notable references: The New Zealand experience with chemical properties. biomass storage is described in Butcher (1974), Butcher and

Sources: SUAS, Tappi, Forest Products Journal. Howard (1968), Howard and Boon (1975), and Shula (1988). Biomass storage techniques and effects are described in Synopsis: Biomass for energy will often require storage to Chalk (1968), Fuller (1985), Garrett (1985), Gislerud (1985), ensure that there are sufficient quantities of feedstock Gislerud and Heding (1984), Hajny (1966), Harris (1988), throughout the year at a conversion site. The effects of Jirjis and Theander (1986), Lyons (1980), Nilsson (1987), storage can be beneficial, e.g., reduction in moisture content, Saucier and Philips (1985), Thornqvist (1985a, 1985b), butthey can also be detrimental, e.g., reduction in wood basic Thornqvist and Lundstrom (1980), Todd and Elliffe (1983), density and carbohydrate level. The extent of the effects of Unligil (1982), Visser and Vermaas (1986), and Wilcox storage on the fuel potential of biomass is dependent upon (1968). Cross references to this section regarding physical several factors which include particle size (e.g., chip versus and chemical properties of biomass are located in Section 24.

ANONYMOUS 1983: Pre-drying biomass fuel to increase boiler FULLER, W.S.1985: Chip pile storage- a review of practices to efficiency. Pulp and Paper 57(4): 90-91. No ref. avoid deterioration and economic losses. Tappi Journal68(8): 48-52. 24 ref. BAADSGAARD·JENSEN, J. 1988: Storage and energy economy of chunk and chip piles. Danish Institute of Forest Technology, GARRETT, LD. 1985: Delayed processing of felled trees to reduce Exploitation of Marginal Forest Resources for Fuel, Research moisture content. ForestProductsJournal35(3): 55-59. 11 ref. Report No. 2. 31 p. 4 ref. GISLERUD, 0. 1985: Storage and preparation of fuelwood. Pp. 307-314 in Mitchell, C.P.; Nilsson, P.O.; Zsuffa, L. (Ed.) BERGMAN, NILSSON, T. 1979: An experiment on outdoor 0.; Proceedings of the Joint lEA/Forestry Energy Programme and storage of whole-tree chips. Sveriges lantbruksuniversitet, FAO/Cooperative Network on Rural Energy Forest Energy lnstitutionen for virkeslara, Rapport Nr R109. 21 p. 20 ref. Conference and Workshops on Research in Forestry for Energy, BJORKLAND, L 1983: Lagring av heltriids-flis av olika triidslag Rungstedgaard, Denmark, 28-30 October. Sveriges samt i olika fraktioner =Storage of whole-tree chips of different lantbruksuniversitet, lnstitutionen for skogsteknik, Uppsatser species and indifferent fractions. Sverigeslantbruksuniversitet, och Resultat Nr 49. 8 ref. lnstitutionen for virkeslara, Rapport Nr 143. 50 p. 31 ref. GISLERUD, 0.; HEDING, N. (Ed.) 1984: Storing, drying and internal handling of wood fuels: proceedings of a conference BUTCHER, J. 1974: A practical guide to fungal damage of timber held by the International Energy Agency (lEA) Forestry Energy and wood products. New Zealand Forest Service, Information Programme Group C, 22 June, Copenhagen. Danish Institute of Series No. 65. 35 p. No ref. Forest Technology. 35 p. BUTCHER, J.A.; HOWARD, M. 1968: Outside storage of Pinus HAJNY, G.J. 1966: Outside storage of pulpwood chips- a review radiatawood chips in New Zealand. Tappi 51(4): 117A-122A. and bibliography. Tappi 48(10): 97A-105A. 122 ref.

CHALK, R. 1968: Wood deterioration during outside chip storage. HARRIS, R.A. 1988: An economic comparison of covered vs Pulp and Paper Canada 69(6): 75-85. outside storage of whole-tree fuelwood chips. Forest Products Journal38(1): 15-16. 6 ref. FEIST, W.C.; SPRINGER, E.L; HAJNY, G.J.1971: Viability of parenchymacellsinstoredgreenwood. Tappi54(8):1295-1297. HEDING, N.; JEILSO, K. 1988: Improved tarpaulin materials for rain protection of small chip piles. Danish Institute of Forest 7 ref. Technology, Exploitation of Marginal Forest Resources for Fuel FLINKMAN, M.; THORNQVIST, T. 1986: Lagring av buntade Research Report No. 1. 31 p. 6 ref. triiddekar och hyggesrester = Storage of bundled unlimbed HOWARD, M.J.S.; BOON, B.W. 1975: Some aspects of whole tree pulpwood and logging residues. Sverigeslantbruksuniversitet, utilisation with New Zealand pines. Appita 28(4): 246-251. lnsitutionen for virkeslara, Rapport Nr 180. 52 p. 32 ref. 10 ref. FREDRIKSON, H. 1985: Lagring av skogsbriinsle vid mindre INSTITUTE FOR INDUSTRIAL RESEARCH AND STANDARDS forbranningsanlaggningar = Storing of fuel chips at smaller 1981: Retrospective search on materials handling and storage heating plants. Sveriges lantbruksuniversitet, lnstitutionen for of biomass [1973-1981]. Institute for Industrial Research and virkeslara, Rapport Nr 159. 67 p. 33 ref. Standards (Ireland), Information Technology Group. 144 p. 40

JIRJIS, R.; THEANDER, 0. 1986: Preliminary results on chemical lantbruksuniversitet, lnstitutionen f6r skogsteknik, Uppsatser composition changes in stored forest fuel. Swedish University of och Resultat Nr49. 15 ref. Agricultural Sciences, Department of Forest products, Report No. 161. 23 p. 7 ref. THORNQVIST, T. 1986: Projekt storskalig sasongslagring av tradbransle: en sammanfattning av etapp 1 = Large-scale JOHNSON, J.E.; SMITH, D.W.; STUART, W.B. 1985: Nutrient seasonal storage of tree fuel project - summary of phase 1. returns form field-drying of logging residue. Journal of Sverigeslantbruksuniversitet, lnstitutionen f6rvirkeslara, Rapport Environmental Quality 14(3): 360-363. Nr 188. 50 p. 13 ref. UESE, W. 1984: Wet storage of windblown conifers in Germany. THORNQVIST, T. 1987: Spontaneous combustion in piles with New Zealand Journal of Forestry 29(1 ): 119-135. 37 ref. comminuted wood fuel. Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Department of Forest Products, Research Notes LOWEGREN, G.; JONSSON, L. 1987: Lagring av flisade No. 163. 18 p. 15 ref. hyggewsrester och flisad ekstamved i stora stackar = Storing of chipped logging residues and chipped oak stemwood in big THORNQVIST, T.; LUNDSTORM, H.1980: Factors affecting the piles. Sveriges lantbruksuniversitet, lnstitutionen f6r virkeslara, occurrence of fungi in fuel chips for domestic consumption. Rapport Nr 191. 67 p. 36 ref. Skogsh6gskolan, lnstitutionen f6r skogsteknik, Rapporter och Uppsatser, Nr 117. 38 p. 22 ref. LYONS, G. 1980: Storage of coppice wood fuel. Pp. 94-98 in Neenan, M. and Lyons, G. (Ed.) Production of energy from short TODD, J.J.; ELUFFE, M.D. 1983: Directory of equipment for rotat~on forestry. An Foras Taluntais, Dublin. industrial use of crop and forest residue fuels. University of Tasmania, Centre for Environmental Studies. 406 p. MARON, G.F. 1982: Proper chip storage methods can reduce wood, byproduct losses. Pulp and Paper 56(6): 65-67. 3 ref. UNUGIL, H.H. 1982: Fuel value of stored forest and mill residues. Canadian Forestry Service, ENFOR Project C-220(1). 101 p. McMINN, J.W.; STUBBS, J. 1985: In-woods drying of eucalypts in 131 ref. southern Florida. Forest Products Journal 35(11112): 65-67. 13 ref. VISSER, J.J.; VERMAAS, H.F. 1986: Biological-drying of Pinus radiata and Eucalyptus cladocalyxtrees. Journal of the Institute NILSSON, T. 1987: Jamforande lagringsstudie av smaved och ofWoodScience 10(5): 197-201. 13ref. branslefis = Comparison of storages of chunk wood and fuel chips. Sveriges lantbruksuniversitet, lnstitutionen f6r virkeslara, WHITE, M.S.; CURTIS, M.L; GREEN, D.W.1980: Sampling probe Rapport Nr 192. 78 p. 31 ref. for monitoring changes in storage piles of wood and bark partides. Forest Products Journa/30(8): 36-37. 5 ref. OSTMEYER, J.G.; CUTTER, B.E.; McGINNES, E.A. Jr. 1983: Abandoned sawmills: potential energy sources? Pp. 591-603 WHITE, M.S.; CURTIS, M.L.; SARLES, R.L.; GREEN, D.W. in J. Soltes, J (Ed:) Wood and agriculture residues: research on 19838: Effects of outside storage on the energy potential of use for feed, fuels, and chemicals. Academic Press. 14 ref. hardwood particulate fuels. 11: Higher and net heating values. Forest Products Journal33(11112): 61-65. 8 ref. SAUCIER,J.R.; PHILUPS, D.R.1985: Storingwhole-treefuelwood chips for maximum energy. Forest Products Journal 35(6): WHITE, M.S; CURTIS, M.L.; SARLES, ·R.L.; GREEN, D.W. 53-56. 8 ref. 1983b: Effects of outside storage on the energy potential of hardwood particulate fuels. I: Moisture content and temperature. SHULA, R.G. 1988: Indicative effects of outside storage on the fuel Forest Products Journa/33(6): 31-38. 11 ref. potential of Eucalyptus nitens and Pinus radiata whole tree sections and chips. Pp. 237-247 in Proceedings of lEA/BE WHITE, M.S.; VODOK, M.C.; CUPP, D.C. 1984: Effect of surface Conference Task IV Activity 6 and 7: production, storage and compaction on the moisture content of piled green hardwood utilization of wood .fuels, held in Uppsala, 6-7 December. chips. Forest Products Journal 34(5): 59-60. 3 ref. Sveriges lantbruksuniversitet, lnstitutionen f6r skogsteknik, Uppsatser och Resultat, 133-134. WILCOX, W.W. 1968: Changes in wood microstructure through progressive stages of decay. USDA Forest Service, Forest SPRINGER, E.L 1980: Should wholetree chips for fuel be dried Products Laboratory, Research Paper FPL 70. 46 p. 55 ref .• before storage? USDA Forest Service, Forest Products Laboratory, Research Note FPL-0241. 6 p. 24 ref. SPRINGER, E.L.; HAJNY, G.J.; FEIST, W.C. 1971: Spontaneous heating in piled wood chips. 11: Effects of temperature. Tappi 54(4): 589-591. 3 ref. THORNQVIST, T.1982: Betydelsen av tak och luftigt underlag vid lagring av bransleflis =The importance of cover and air underbase with storage of fuel chips. Sveriges lantbruksuniversitet, lnstitutionen f6r virkeslara, Rapport Nr 127. 82 p. 62 ref. THORNQVIST, T. 1985a: Drying and storage of forest residues for energy production. Biomass 7(2): 125-134. 12 ref. THORNQVIST, T.1985b: Storageandpreparationoffuelwood. Pp. 296-306 in Mitchell, C.P.; Nilsson, P.O.; Zsuffa, L. (Ed.) Proceedings of the Joint lEA/Forestry Energy Programme and FAD/Cooperative Network on Rural Energy Forest Energy Conference and Workshops on Research in Forestry for Energy, Rungstedgaard, Denmark, 28-30 October. Sveriges 41

15. Biomass Densification (15 references)

Keywords: pellitised, firelogs, compaction, briquetting, e.g., small pellets, firelogs, bales, and bundles (branches or densification, compression. small stems). Notable references: The New Zealand experience with Sources: Biomass Digest, Forest Industries, FERIC, World biomass densification is described in Anonymous (1987), Wood. Moss (1987), and Welsford (1987). Descriptions regarding overseasdensification methods and equipment are presented Synopsis: Biomass densification refers to methods for in Anonymous (1983, 1986), US Department of Energy compressing biomass to reduce the physical bulk of the (1982) Danielsson eta/. (1977), Fridley and Burkhardt (1984), material. Densification produces a feed stock which is generally Guimier(1985), Kubinsky (1986), and Todd and Eliffe (1983). easier to store and handle (during shipment or at the time of Cross references to this section regarding firewood are conversion). Densified biomass can appear in several forms, located in Section 17.

ANONYMOUS 1981: Pelletisedwood fuels gain in Canada. Biomass KUBINSKY, E.J. 1986: Densifying wood waste- a machinery Digest 3(8): 7. 1 ref. comparison. World Wood 27(3): 23-25. No ref.

ANONYMOUS 1983: Biomass densification: finally on its feet. MOSS, M. 1987: From sawdust to firewood. New Zealand Forest Forest Industries 110(1): 45, 48--49. Industries 19(3): 40, 42. No ref. ANONYMOUS 1986: Biomass densification stretches energy base. SAMPSON, G.R.; RUPPERT, F.A. 1981: Evaluation of interior World Wood 27(5): 69. No ref. Alaska biomass for compressed residential firelogs. USDA ANONYMOUS 1987: Fire logs from sawdust. New Zealand Herald, Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Forestand Range Experiment Station, Final report to U.S. Department of Energy. US 27 April. Department of Energy, lnteragency Agreement DE-AI51- DANIELSSON,B.-0.; MARKS,J.; SALL,H.-0.19n: Komprimering 81R000698. 31 p. 2 ref. av klena triid och triiddelar =Compressing small trees and tree components. Skogsh6gskolan, lnstitutionen for skogsteknik, SMITH, A.E.; FLYNN, G.; BREAG, G.R. 1983: A profile of the Rapporteroch Uppsatser, Nr 119. 47 p. 4 ref. briguetting of agricultural and forestry residues. Tropical Development and Research Institute, Report G1B1. 12 p. 9 ref. FRIDLEY, J.L; BURKHARDT, T.H. 1984: Densitying forest biomass into large round bales. Transactions ofthe ASAE27(5): TODD, J.J.; ELUFFE, M.D. 1983: Directory of equipment for 1277-1281. 12 ref. industrial use of crop and forest residue fuels. University of Tasmania, Centre for Environmental Studies. 406 p. GUIMIER, D.Y. 1985: Evaluation of forest biomass compaction systems. Forest Engineering Research Institute of Canada, US DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY 1982: A feasibility study of the Special Report No. SR-30. 62 p. 25 ref. commercial production of densified biomass fuel at Klamath Falls Oregon: final report. Eliot, Alien and Associates Inc. INSTITUTE FOR INDUSTRIAL RESEARCH AND STANDARDS Salem, Oregon. U.S. Department of Energy DOE/RA/50368. 1981 : Retrospective search on biomass densification [1973-81). 250 p. 56 ref. Institute for Industrial Research and Standards (Ireland), Information Technology Group; lEA Biomass Technical WELSFORD, J.1987: Commercial fuel from wood waste. New Information Service. 62 p. ------•Zealand Forest Industries 19(3): 42. No ref. 42

16. Environmental Impacts (35 references)

Keywords: nutrients, productivity, nutrient cycling, sewage impacts. An example is the practice of sewage irrigation of an irrigation, environmental consequences, fertiliser, whole tree energy forest wherein nutrient stripping is the goal. The harvesting, nutrient drain, eucalypts, radiata pine, willow, disposal of sewage in this manner uses intensive forestry to poplar, alder. strip nutrients from the site, while producing biomass for energy. Sources: lEA, NZJFS, NZF, Forest Ecology Management.

Synopsis: Intensive forest management and harvesting Notable references: In New Zealand, research on the (e.g., short rotations and whole tree removal) have the environmental consequences of intensive forest management potential to produce fairly major environmental impacts, both and harvesting is described in Agren (1986), Dyck (1983, negative and positive. The environmental impact currently 1985), Dyck and Beets (1987) Dyck et al. (1986), Grant and receiving most attention is soil productivity. In combination Walton (1978), Madgwick and Webber (1987), Mead (1987), with whole tree removal, relatively short rotations can produce Messina et al. (1985), Rolff and Dyck (1986), and Williams adverse effects on soil nutrition through the disruption of and Gresham (1988). Overseas research on environmental normal nutrient cycling and/or soil compaction. For example, impacts of intensive forestry and harvesting is described in soil productivity can suffer after a number of rotations if Kimmins et al. (1985), Pimentel et al. (1984), Smith (1985), fertiliser is not applied to replace nutrients harvested from a Stand ish et al. (1988), and Wise and Pitman (1981 ). The New site (particularly from the foliage). However, under different Zealand and overseas experience with sewage irrigation of circumstances, nutrient stripping (removing nutrients from a energy forests is described in Brockway et al. (1986), Horgan site) has potentially positive environmental (iind social) et al. (1988), and Oates (1987).

AGREN, G. (Ed.) 1986: Predicting concequences [sic) of intensive 6-14 June, Rotorua, New Zealand. International Energy Agency, forest harvesting on long-term productivity: proceedings from Forestry Energy Agreement, Programme Group B, Project the lEA/FE project CPC-10 workshop. 24--31 May, Jadraas, CPC-10, Report No. 2. 75 p. Sweden. Sveriges lantbruksuniversitet,lnstitutionen f6rekologi och mi/j6vard, Rapport 26. 205 p. DYCK, W.J.; BEETS, P.N. 1987: Managing for long-term site productivity. New Zealand Forestry 32(3): 23-26. 19 ref. BALLARD, R.; WILL, G.M. 1981: Removal of logging waste, thinning debris, and litter from a Pinus radiata pumice soil site. DYCK, W.J.; MESSINA, M.G.; HUNTER, I.R. 1986: Current New Zealand Journa1 of Forestry Science 11(2): 152-163. research on the nutritional consequences of intensive forest 20 ref. harvesting on site productivity. International Energy Agency/ Bioenergy, Task Ill, Activity A3, Report No. 3. 173 p. BERNIER, B. 1984: Nutrient cycling in Populus: a literature review with implications in intensively-managed plantations. International ERICSSON, T.1984: Nutrientcyclinginwillow.lnternationaiEnergy Energy Agency, Forestry Energy Agreement, Programme Group Agency, Forestry Energy Agreement, Programme Group B, B, Report No. 6. 46 p. 68 ref. Report No. 5. 32 p. 61 ref. BROCKWAY, D.G.; URIE, D.H.; NGUYEN, P.W.; HART, J.B. FELLER, M.C. 1983: Effects of an exotic conifer Pinus radiata 1986: Wastewater and sludge nutrient utilisation in forest plantation on nutrient cycling in Southeastern Australia. Forest ecosystems. Pp. 221-215 in Cola, D.W.; Henry, C.L.; Nutter Ecology and Management 7(2): 77-102. W.L. (Ed.) The forest alternative for treatment and utilization of municipal and industrial wastes. University of Washington FREEDMAN, B. 1981: Intensive forest harvest- a review of Press, Seattle. nutrient budget considerations. Canadian Forestry Service, BURGESS, D. 1984: The role of chemical fertilizers in intensive Maritimes Forest Research Centre, Information Report M-X- forestry. International Energy Agency, Forest Energy Agreement, 121. 78 p. 251 ref. Programme Group B, Report No. 3. 50 p. 96 ref. FREEDMAN, B.; DUINKER, P.N.; MORASH, R. 1986: Biomass DYCK, W.J. 1983: Nitrogen losses associated with management and nutrients in Nova-Scotian Canada forests and implications operations in New Zealand exotic forests. In Gandar, P.W. and of intensive harvesting for future site productivity. Forest Ecology Bertaud, D.S. (Ed.) Nitrogen balances in New Zealand and Managf!ment 15(2): 103-128. ecosystems, proceedings 1980. 6 p. 11 ref. GRANT, R.K.; WALTON, M.R. 1978: Impact of nutrient replacement DYCK, W.J. (Ed.) 1985: Proceedings, workshop on nutritional on energy production from radiata pine. New Zealand Journal consequences,of intensive forest harvesting on site productivity, of Forestry 23(2): 217-223. 10 ref. 43

HORGAN, G.P.; BUDDLE, J.N.; TERLESK, C.J. 1988: An RAISON, R.J.; KHANNA, P.K.; CRANE, W.J.B. 1982: Effects of analysis of the economics of growing fuelwood on a sewage intensified harvesting on rates of nitrogen and phosphorus irrigatedplantationforest. Pp.112-126in Lonner,G.; Tornqvist, removal from Pinus radiata and Eucalyptus forests in Australia A. (Ed.) Proceedings, econornicevaluations ofbiomassoriented and New Zealand. New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science systems for fuel, ~ June, Uppsala, Sweden. International 12(2): 394-403. 43 ref. Energy Agency/Bioenergy Agreement, Task Ill, Activity 4. 25 ref. ROLFF, C.; DYCK, W.J. 1986: An evaluation of FORCYTE-10. INSTITUTE FOR INDUSTRIAL RESEARCH AND STANDARDS International Energy Agencyl8ioenergy, Task Ill, Activity A3, 1984: Retrospective search on environmental aspects ofbiomass Report No. 4. 26 p. 4 ref. systems. Institute for Industrial Research and Standards (Ireland), Information Technology Group. 135 p. SMITH, C.T. Jr 1985: Literature review and approaches to studying the impacts of forest harvesting and residue management JOHNSON, D.W. 1985: Forest nutrient cycles as affected by practices on forest nutrient cycles. University of Maine, College climate, species composition, stand age, and intensive harvesting. of Forest Resources, Miscellaneous Report No. 305. 34 p. International Energy Agency, Forest Energy Agreement, 133 ref. Programme Group 8, Report No. 1. 15 p. 35 ref. STANDISH, J.T.; COMMANDEUR, P.R.; SMITH, R.B. 1988: JOHNSON, J.E.; SMITH, D.W.; STUART, W.B. 1985: Nutrient Impacts of forest harvesting on physical properties of soils with returns from field-drying of logging residue. Journal of reference to increased biomass recovery-a review. Canadian Environmental Quality 14(3): 360-363. Forestry Service, Pacific Forestry Centre, Information Report 8C-X-301. 24 p. 153 ref. KIMMINS, J.P.; BINKLEY, D.; CHATARPAUL, L.; de CATANZARO, J. 1985: Whole-tree harvest-nutrient relationships WJLUAMS, T.M.; GRESHAM, C.A. (Ed.) 1988: Proceedings, -a bibliography. Canadian Forestry Service, Petawawa National workshop on predicting consequences of intensive forest Forestry Institute, Information Report PI-X-60; ENFOR Project harvesting on long-term productivity by site-classification, 2-9 P-197. 377 p. October 1987, Georgetown, South Carolina. 180 p. LYMAN, M.W.1982: Effects of whole-tree harvesting on nutrient WISE, P.K.; PITMAN, M.G. 1981 : Nutrient removal and replacement supplies and nutrient cycles in a forest ecosystem-a literature associated with short-rotation eucalypt plantations. Australian review. National Woodlands 5(6): 11-12, 18-19. 27 ref. Forestry44(3): 142-153. 31 ref. - MADGWICK, H.A.I.; WEBBER, B. 1987: Nutrient removal in harvesting mature Pinus radiata. New Zealand Forestry 32(3): 15, 18. 10ref. MEAD, D.J. 1987: Impact of full tree harvesting of thinnings on Canterbury Plains. New Zealand Forestry 32(3): 12-14. 5 ref. MESSINA, M. G.; DYCK, W.J.; HUNTER, I.R.1985: The nutritional consequences of forest harvesting with special reference to the exotic forests in New Zealand. International Energy Agency, Forestry Energy Agreement, Programme Group 8, Project CPC-10, Report No. 1. 57 p. MILLER, H.G. (Ed.) 1983a: Nutrient cycling in alder. National Swedish Board for Energy Source Development, NE 1983:2. 54 p. 132 ref. MILLER, H.G. 1983b: Wood energy plantations - diagnosis of nutrient deficiencies and the prescription of fertilizer applications in biomass production. International Energy Agency, Forestry Energy Agreement, Programme Group 8, Report No. 3. 20 p. 120 ref. MROZ, G. D.; JURGENSEN, M.F.; FREDERICK, D.J. 1985: Soil nutrient changes following whole tree harvesting on three northern USA hardwood sites. Soil Science Society of America Journal 49(6): 1552-1557. 33 ref. OATES, N. 1987: land energy - fuelwood from wastewater disposal. Trees and Natural Resources 29(1): 23-24. No ref. PHILUPS, D.R.; LEAR, D.H. van 1984: Biomass removal and nutrient drain as affected by total-tree harvest in southern pine and hardwood stands. New Zealand Journal of Forestry 82(9): 547-550. PIMENTEL, D.; FRIED, C.; OLSON, L; SCHMIDT, S.; WAGNER­ JOHNSON, K.; WESTMAN, A.; WHELAN, A.; FOGUA, K.; POOLE, P.; KLEIN, T.; SOBIN, R.; BOCHNER, A. 1984: Environmental and social costs of biomass energy. Bioscience 34(2): 89-94. 52 ref. 44

17. Firewood I L______(_10_5_1i_e_fe_li_e_n_ce_s_~ ______

Keywords: harvesting, growing, coppice, species, Notable references: Descriptions of requirements, usage, economics, firelogs, selling, marketing, equipment, and energy cost of firewood in New Zealand are presented in measurement, production, potential, survey, demand, Anonymous (1989), Brady and Pullen (1985), Brown, domestic. Copeland and Co. Ltd (1984), Gilchrist (1982), Horgan Sources: FERIC, NZERDC, New Zealand Farmer, New (1988, 1989a), Hosking (1982), Kennedy et al. (1973), Zealand Tree Grower, Canadian Forestry Service, New Leyland, Watson and Noble (1986), Moody (1987), Moss Zealand daily newspaper and radio news. (1987), O'Malley and Roberts (1980), and Sims (1988). Synopsis: In New Zealand the use of wood for domestic Various aspects of purpose-grown firewood as a business heating is relatively minor, although significant. Currently venture are described in Anonymous (1984a, 1986a, 1986b, 3 about 0.5 million m /yrof wood is used as domestic firewood. 1988a), Arthur (1986a; 1986b), Bell (1986), Bensemann By the year 2000, firewood usage is expected to double (1986), Davenhill (1989), Folkema (1984), Glass and Shula (Horgan 1988). Firewood usually originates as waste wood (1989), Horgan (1989b),Horgan and Cox (1989), Horgan from conventional wood harvesting and processing et al. (1988), Hosking and Wilson (1985), Kitchen (1985), operations, or land clearing of native scrub (e.g., manuka, Maclaren (1985), Miller (1989), Mortimer (1986, 1987), New Leptospermum scoparium). However, purpose-grown (1989), Nicholas (1989), Parker (1986), Shula et al. (1989a, firewood plantations are becoming popular (Shula et al. 1989). In New Zealand the growing of firewood is a relatively 1989b), Sims (1986, 1988), Todd and Elliffe (1983), and recent, novel extension of traditional agriculture and forestry. Vaughan and Shula (1989), Weights and Measures Act Purpose-grown firewood ventures require management (1925), Weights and Measures Regulations (1987). Cross decisions common to forestry, but have a land base and referencestothissectionregardingthecombustionofbiomass harvest cycle more aligned with agricultural cropping. are located in Section 21.

ANONYMOUS 1977: Marketing. Managing the Small Business ANONYMOUS 1986a: Growing firewood as a fuel crop. New Series No. 6. Australian Government Publishing Service, Zealand Farmer 107(8): 58-59. No ref. Canberra. 10 p. No ref. ANONYMOUS 1986b: HB firewood firm a firstfor NZ. Hawkes Bay ANONYMOUS 1980: Firewood Crops: Shrub and Tree Species for Herald- Tribune [Napier, New Zealand] 31 May. Energy Production, Volume I. National Academy of Sciences Press, Washington, DC. 237 p. ANONYMOUS 1986c: A firewood shortage in Rotorua predicted. Rotorua Review [Rotorua, New Zealand] 5 September. ANONYMOUS 1983a: Firewood Crops: Shrub and Tree Species for Energy Production, Volume 2. National Academy of Sciences ANONYMOUS 1986d: Firewood by the tonne. Daily Post [Rotorua, Press, Washington, D.C. 89 p. New Zealand] Letter to the editor. 20 June. ANONYMOUS 1983b: Firewood's 'bright future' as cheap fuel. The ANONYMOUS 1986e: Firewood harvester [processor]. Australian Press (Christchurch, New Zealand] 16 February. Forest Grower 9(3): 25-27. No ref. ANONYMOUS 1984a: Grow your own wood-lot. Town and Country ANONYMOUS 1986f: Firewood measure. Daily Post [Rotorua, Farmer 1(2): 30-33. 4 ref. New Zealand] Letter to the editor. 26 June. ANONYMOUS 1984b: Wattles for soil conservation and firewood. ANONYMOUS 1986g: Firewood measures. Daily Post [Rotorua, National Water and Soil Conservation Authority (New Zealand) New Zealand) Letter to the editor. 25 June. Stream/and No. 31. 6 p. ANONYMOUS 1986h: Firewood plan considered. Hawkes Bay Herald- Tribune [Napier, New Zealand). 26 March. ANONYMOUS 1985a: Cutting firewood safely. Forestry Commission (Tasmania), Forest Information Sheet. 4 p. No ref. ANONYMOUS 19861: Firewood riches visualised. Dominion [Wellington, New Zealand] 16 June. ANONYMOUS 1985b: Euca/yptus[grown for firewood]. Radio New Zealand 2YA, Rural Report 12.35 p.m. 23 December. ANONYMOUS 1986J: How the city [Christchurch) warms itself. The Press [Christchurch, New Zealand) 24 October. P. 22. No ref. ANONYMOUS 1985c: Firewood facts. Forestry Commission (Tasmania), Forest Information Sheet. 6 p. No ref. ANONYMOUS 1986k: Magic tree [Eucalyptus coppice for firewood). TV One News, New Zealand, 21 February, 6.30 pm. ANONYMOUS 1985d: Small landowner logging equipment manual. American Pulpwood Association, Technical Release 85-R-6. ANONYMOUS 19861: Sparking idea. U.E.B. (United Empire Box) 1 p. News, 24 (March). 45

ANONYMOUS 1987a: Easy to operate firewood harvester FOLK EM A, M.P. 1983: Evaluation of the Cord King FM-50 firewood [processor]. New Zealand Forest Industries 18(8): 7. No ref. processor. Forest Engineering Research Institute of Canada, Technical Note No. TN-66. 25 p. 3 ref. ANONYMOUS 1987b: Firelogs from sawdust. NewZealand Herald (Auckland, New Zealand] 27 April. FOLKEMA, M.P.1984: Handbook on high-capacity production and marketing offuelwood. Forest Engineering Research Institute of ANONYMOUS 1987c: Firewood ... cutting your own? Canadian Canada, FERIC Handbook No. 6. 55 p. 16 ref. ·Forestry Service, Forestry Note 2. 2 p. GARBACZ, C. 1985: Residential demand for firewood. Energy ANONYMOUS 1987d: Firewood species list. Trees and Natural Economics (3): 191-193. 9 ref. Resources 29(1 ): 3

KITCHIN, P. 1985: Duncan turns piles of dust into logs. Hawkes Bay REID, B. 1986: Fuelwood crops promoted. Dominion [Wellington, Herald-Tribune [Napier, New Zealand], 15 October. New Zealand] 13 June.

LABORDE, de R.M.1987: Low-bed trailers increase productivity. RICHARDS, P. 1982: Fuelwood and energy plantations: an annotated World Wood 28(3): 24. No ref. bibliography, 1973-1982. Commonwealth Forestry Bureau, Annotated Bibliography No. F26. 285 ref. LAY, B.; MOORE, S. 1987: Growing firewood. Trees and Natural Resources 29 (1): 19-22. No ref. RICHARDSON, D. 1986: Some thoughts on coppice with standards. LEYLAND WATSON AND NOBLE LTD. 1986: Domestic heat New Zealand Tree Grower 7(1): 8-9. No ref. energy economics - a comparison based on resource costs. SHULA, R.G.; HAY, A.E.; TARLTON, G.L (Ed.) 1989a: The New Zealand Energy Research and Development Committee, firewood venture-planning, execution, and evaluation. Ministry Publication P107. 107 p. 14 ref. of Forestry (N.Z), FRI Bulletin No. 137. 124 p. UPFERT, F.W.; DUNGAN, J.L. 1981: National estimates of SHULA, R.G.; HAY, A.E.; HAMMOND, D. 1989b: Planning the residential firewood and air pollution emissions. Brookhaven purpose-grown firewood venture. Pp. 7-12 inShula, R.G.; Hay, National Laboratory (USA), BNL-30367. 10 p. A.E.; Tarlton, G.L. (Ed.) The firewood venture - planning, McCARY J.1988: Firewood by accident. Timber Harvesting 36(4): execution, evaluation. Ministry of Forestry (N.Z), FRI Bulletin 31. Noref. No. 137. MACLAREN, P. 1985: Fuel for thought. New Zealand Farmer SIMS, R.1986: Guaranteeing a good heat harvest. New Zealand 106(20): 82-85. 1 ref. Farmer 107(10): 57, 59. No ref.

MILLER, J.T. 1989: Choice of species for firewood production. Pp. SIMS, R.E.H. 1988: The economic potential and market demand for 29-35inShula, R.G.; Hay,A.E.;Tarlton, G.L. (Ed.) The firewood fuelwood from Eucalyptus coppice plantations in New Zealand. venture- planning,execution, evaluation. Ministry of Forestry Pp. 103-110 in Lonner, G.; Tornqvist, A. (Ed.) Proceedings, (N.Z.), FRI Bulletin No. 137. economic evaluations of biomass oriented systems for fuel, 5-6 June, 1988. Uppsala, Sweden. International Energy Agency/ MIZE, C. W. 1984: Are sawlogs worth more as firewood or pulpwood. Bioenergy Agreement, Task Ill, Activity 4. 5 ref. Journal of Forestry 82(4): 235-237. 3 ref. MOODY, T. 1987: Survey of household heating- Christchurch SOMERS, B. 1986: Firewood market poised for take-off. Forest City. New Zealand Energy Research and Development Industries 17(9): 32-33. No ref. Committee, Report No. 149. 62 p. 6 ref. SVENSSON, S.A. 1971: Time functions for cleaning in young MORTIMER, J. 1986: Overheated eucalypts. New Zealand Tree stands with brush saw. Forskningstiftelsen Skogsarbeten Grower 7(4): 77. No ref. (Sweden), Ekonomi No. 1E. 4 p. No ref. MORTIM ER, J. 1987: The need for firewood or do economist's ears SWAIN, E.W. 1980: Maine firewood study-a report on the trends burn? New Zealand Tree Grower8(1): 9-10. No ref. and implications of firewood use, management and marketing. U.S. Department of Energy, DOE/ET/15437-4. 173 p. MOSS, M. 1988: From sawdust to firewood. New Zealand Forest Industries 19(3): 40, 42. No ref. THOMPSON, E. 1986: A man who would be firewood king. Timber Harvesting 34(7): 32-33. No ref. NELSON, D. E. 1984: Wood as energy- an overview- wood as an alternative home heating fuel. USDA,National Agricultural TODD, J.J.; ELUFFE, M.D. 1983: Directory of equipment for Library, Agri~lturallssues Overview Number 2. 28 p. 43 ref. industrial use of crop and forest residue fuels. University of Tasmania, Centre for Environmental Studies. 406 NEW, E. 1989: Town planning and legal aspects of firewood p. ventures. Pp. 83-86 in Shula, R.G.; Hay, A. E.; Tarlton, G.L. TOMBLESON, J. 1986: Eucalyptus nitensfirewood belt-'Goudies'. (Ed.) The firewood venture- planning, execution, evaluation. New Zealand Tree Grower 7(3): 64-66. No ref. Ministry of Forestry (N.Z.), FRI Bulletin No. 137. VAUGHAN, L.; SHULA, R.G. 1989: Options for harvesting and NICHOLAS, I.D. 1989: Growing firewood - management processing firewood. Pp. 68-79 in Shula, R.G.; Hay, A.E.; considerations. Pp. 36-50 in Shula, R.G.; Hay, A. E.; Tarlton, Tarlton, G.L. ( Ed.) The firewood venture- planning, execution, G.L. (Ed.) The firewood venture - planning, execution, evaluation. Ministry of Forestry (N.Z.), FRI Bulletin No. 137. evaluation. Ministry of Forestry (N.Z.), FRI Bulletin No. 137. VENROOY, H.M.A. 1983: Selling successfully in New Zealand. NILSSON, M. 1982: The farm tractor in the forest. National Board Whitcoulls Publishers, Christchurch, New Zealand. 107 p. of Forestry, Sweden. 100 p. NORTHLAND ASSOCIATES LTD. 1984: Domestic fuelwood WAGSTAFF, F.J. 1984: Economic considerations in use and consumption in Newfoundland. Canadian Forestry Service, management of Gambel oak forfuelwood. USDA Forest Service, Newfoundland Forest Research Centre, ENFOR Project P-263. lntermountain Forest and Range Experiment Station, General 112 p. 5 ref. Technical Report INT-165. 8 p. 19 ref. OATES, N. 1987: Land energy-fuelwood from wastewaterdisposal. WALLACE, I. 19868: Eucalyptus nitens- a potential firewood Trees and Natural Resources 29(1): 23-24. No ref. species for Dunedin. New Zealand Tree Grower 8(1 ): 9-10. No ref. O'MALLEY, T.R.; ROBERTS, R.1980: Household energy demand. New Zealand Energy Research and Development Committee, WALLACE, t 1986b: Firewood survey [Dunedin, NZ). New Zealand Report No. 57. 43 p. Forest Service, Treeline (May/June). p. 5. PARKER, T. 1986: Coppice fuelwood. New Zealand Tree Grower WALLACE, I. M. 1986: Firewood supply in Dunedin. New Zealand 7(3): 67-68. No ref. Tree Grower 7(4): 95-96. No ref. 47

WEIGHTS AND MEASURES ACT 1925: Use of weights and measures for trade. Pp. 842-859 in Weights and Measures Act 1925 - Part Ill. WEIGHTS AND MEASURES REGULATIONS 1987: The Weights and Measures Regulations 1987. New Zealand Government, Wellington. WYBOURNE, L 1988: Growing firewood in Canterbury. Ministry of Forestry, Christchurch Regional Office. 8 p. ZAVITKOVSKI, J.; STRONG, T.F. 1982: How to grow and use hybrid poplar firewood. USDA Forest Service, North Central ------•Forest Experiment Station. 1 p. 48

18. Energy Balance, Input/Output (12 references)

Keywords: input, output, energy analysis, energy cost, energy utilisation scheme ultimately produces more energy energy balance, efficiency. than is consumed in the entire process, i.e., a positive energy balance is achieved. Sources: Canadian Forestry Service, Forest Science, Journal of Forestry, NZJFS. Notable references: Descriptions of the energy balance in radiatapineforestry in New Zealand or Australia are presented Synopsis: Biomass for energy in itself requires inputs of in Grant and Waiter (1978), Harris et al. (1979), and Wells energy. From the crop production phase through to the (1987). Overseas descriptions of the energy balance in conversion phase, energy of one form (e.g., petrol, oil, various bioenergy applications are presented in Ash et al. electricity) must be consumed to in turn produce energy in (1980), Blankenhorn arid Weyes (1982), and Potter and another form (e.g., ethanol, steam, heat). An effective biomass Betters (1988).

ASH, M.J.; KNOB LOCK, P.C.; PETERS, N. 1980: Energy analysis HARRIS, G.S. et al. 1979: The potential of energy farming for of energy from the forest options. Canadian Forestry Service, transport fuels in New Zealand. New Zealand Energy Research Petawawa National Forestry Institute, ENFOR Project P-59. and Development Committee, Report No. 46, Volumes 1 and 2. 111 p. 29 ref. August. 132 p.

BLANKENHORN,P.R.; WEYES,R.E.1980: Moistureeffectsonan JONES, R.; KEAGE, P.L; TEDESCO, R.L 1981: The energy cost energy balance developed for using forest biomass as fuel. of forest harvest processes: analysis of an Australian native Forest Products Joumal30(1): 41--46. forest system producing pulpwood from two typical forest types. University of Tasmania, Environmental Studies Working BLANKENHORN, P.R.; BOWERSOX, T.W.; WEYERS, R.E. Paper 10. 44 p. 1982: Energy relationships for selected cultural investments. Forest Science 28(3): 459--496. 17 ref. OVEREND, R.P.1981: The energy balance ofbiomass. Pp. 21-25 in Proceedings of the Third Bioenergy R & D Seminar, Ottawa. FAUCETT ASSOCIATES INC. 1982: Methanol from cellulose: No ref. energy inputs and outputs of fuel-alcohol production; appendices PORTER, C.D.; STUART, W.B. 1982: Net energy efficiency in C to F. US Department of Energy, DOEICS/50005-T1-App conventional harvesting systems recovering residues. Pp. C-F. 112 p. 119-123 in Proceedings of the Sixth International FPRS Industrial FRAZIER, J.R.; BURKHART, H.E.; McMINN, J.W. 1981: Energy Wood Energy Forum. 5 ref. output/input relationships for loblolly pine stands. Journal of POTTER, L.R.; BETTERS, D.R. 1988: A net energy simulation Forestry 79(10): 670-673. 13 ref. model-applications for domestic wood energy systems. Forest Products Journal38(718): 23-25. 13 ref. GRANT,R.K.; WALTER,M.R.1978: lmpactofnutrientreplacement on energy production from radiata pine. New Zealand Journal WELLS, K.F. 1987: An energy analysis for a Pin us radiataplantation. of Forestry Science 23(2): 217-223. 10 ref. Ph.D. thesis. Forestry Abstracts 48(4): 244-245. ------• 49

19. Biomass Fuel Energy Value (17 references)

Keywords: fuel value, calorific value, determination, heat energy likely to be available at time of conversion. The content, influences, effective heating value, estimation. measure of net heating value accounts for the energy which will be lost (unavailable) during energy conversion (e.g., Sources: FERIC, USDA Forest Service, Forest Products burning) as a result of factors such as moisture and dirt Journal, Canadian Forestry Service. content. Synopsis: Knowledge about the fuel energy value of biomass Notable references: The fuel energy value of biomass is is required during a full evaluation of a bioenergy conversion described in Baines (1984), Brown, Copeland and Co. (1984), system. Oven-dry biomass has a measureable gross heating Harker et al. (1982), Harpole et al. (1982), Inca (1977, 1979), value which is related to intrinsic physical and chemical Lyons et al. (1985), Sinclair (1979, 1984), and Unligil (1982). properties of biomass. However, the measure of effective or Cross references to this section regarding physical and net heating value is a more realistic approximation of the chemical properties of biomass are located in Section 24.

ASPLUND, F. 1985: Correct determination of efficiency with special KRYLA, J.M. 1984: Determination of available heat of combustion reference to small boilers. Swedish National Board for Technical data for Canadian woody species. Canadian Forestry Service, Development, Information No. 447. 44 p. 4 ref. Petawawa National Forestry Institute, ENFOR Project P-256. 89 p. 84 ref. BAINES, J. (Ed.) 1984: Energy data and conversion factors: a New Zealand handbook. New Zealand Energy Research and LYONS,G.J.; LUNNY,F.; POLLOCK,H.P.1985: Aprocedurefor Development Committee, Report No. 100. 92 p. estimating the value (fuel] offorestfuels. Biomass 8(4): 2~0. BROWN, COPELAND AND CO LTD 1984: Energy losses in solid 14 ref. fuel combustion. P. 29 in Domestic market potential for solid fuel burners. New Zealand Energy Research and Development SINCLAIR, A.W.J. 1979: Heating characteristics and value of Committee, Report No. 84. hogged, log sortyard debris. Forest Engineering Research Institute of Canada, FERIC Interim Report No. B. HARKER,A.P.; SANDELS,A.; BURLEY,J.1982: Calorificvalues for wood and bark and a bibliography for fuelwood. Tropical SINCLAIR, A. W.J. 1981: Utilisation of coastal British Columbia log Products Institute, Report G162. 20 p. 92 ref. sortyard debris. Forest Engineering Research Institute of Canada, Technical Report No. TR--46. 68 p. HARPOLE, G. B.; INCE, P.J.; TSCHERUITZ, J.L.; BILEK, E.1982: A wood and bark fuel economics computer program (FEP). SINCLAIR, A.W.J.1984: Processing biomass in a central location USDA Forest Service, Forest Products Laboratory, Research with the separator-shear system. Appendix 11: oil replacement Paper FPL-415. 11 p. 5 ref. value. Canadian Forestry Service, Pacific Forest Research INCE, P. 19n: Estimating effective heating value of wood or bark Centre, Information Report BC-X-255. 31 p. 3 ref. fuels at various moisture contents. USDA Forest Service, Forest Products Laboratory, General Technical Report FPL-13. 9 p. UNUGIL, H.H. 1982: Fuel value of stored forest and mill residues. 8 ref. National Research Council of Canada, ENFOR Project C- 220(1). 101 p. 131 ref. INCE, P. 1979: How to estimate recoverable heat energy in wood or bark fuels. USDA Forest Service, Forest Products Laboratory, WANG, S.; HUFFMAN, J.B. 1982: Effect of extractives on heat General Technical Report FPL-29. 7 p. 20 ref. content of Melaleuca and Eucalyptus. Wood Science 15(1): 33--38. 14 ref. JENKINS,J.H.: GUERNSEY, F.W.1932: Effectofmoisturecontent and storage on the heating value of sawdust. USDA Forest WHITE, M.S.; CURTIS, M.L.; SARLES, R.L.; GREEN, D.W. 1983: Service, Forest Products Laboratory, Circular 33. Effects of outside storage on the energy potential of hardwood KRYLA, J.M. 1982: Effect of particle size on gross heat of combustion. particulate fuels. 11: Higher and net heating values. Forest Pp. 245--248 in Fourth Bioenergy Research and Development Products Joumal33(11112): 61-65. 8 ref. Seminar, Winnipeg, Manitoba. 29--31 March. 9 ref. ------50

,______2_o_._s_y._s_w_m (67 references)__ A_n_a_ly._s_es------~~ .

Keywords: economics, strategy, feasibility, case studies, actual projects, or anticipated projects (often using computer availability, constraints, supply, opportunities, impacts, simulation). competition. Notable references: System analyses based on New Zealand Sources: Pulp & Paper, Forest Industries, Forest Products and/or Australian experiences are described in Anonymous Journal, LFTB, Biomass. (1983a), Chandler, Fraser and Larsen (1983), Gilchrist (1982), Hosking (1982), Rawlins et al. (1982), Shula (1986), Van Synopsis: Descriptions of previous or on-going bioenergy Wyk (1983), and Wells (1987). Descriptions of overseas demonstration projects are invaluable sources of information. system analyses are presented in Anonymous (1982), Das Although the analyses of individual phases or segments of eta/. (1985), Felker (1984), Golob (1986), Grado et al. bioenergy projects are important (e.g., the coppice yield, the (1988), Greber and Wisdom (1985), Harpole et al. (1982), harvest system), complete system analyses provide Jennergren and Thornqvist (1988), Linval and Lothner (1988), information on the interactions amongstthe various individual Lothner et al. (1988), Mcdaniels (1982), Medema and Lyon segments. These interactions often have a major influence (1985), Mishoe et al. (1984), Puttock (1987), and Strauss on the viability of a project. System analyses can be based on et al. (1987, 1988).

ANONYMOUS 1982: Swedish energy forestry - competitor or DIPPON, D.R.; ROCKWOOD, D.L; COMER, C.W.1985: Cost contributor to the paper pulp industry? Biomass (2): 1-2. No ref. sensitivity analysis of Eucalyptus grandis woody biomass systems. University of Florida (Gainesville), Department of ANONYMOUS 1983a: Energy farming in the Waikato. Energy Forestry. 11 p. 4 ref. Journal: 56(10): 4. No ref. DOMENECH, D. 1983: A preliminary economic analysis for a wood ANONYMOUS 1983b: Survey compares biomass-to-energy energy system. American Pulpwood Association, Technical systems. Forest Industries 110(2): 49. Release 83-R-105. October. 2 p. 1 ref. ASH, M.J.; KNOB LOCK, P.C.; PETERS, N. 1980: Energy analysis DURST, P.B.1986: Wood-fired power plants in the Philippines­ of energy from the forest options. Canadian Forestry Service, financial and economic assessment of wood supply strategies. Petawawa National Forestry Institute, ENFOR Project P-59. Biomass 11(2): 115-133. 20ref. 110 p. 29 ref. ELUS, T.H. 1978: Economicanalysisofwood-orbark-fired systems. AZARNIOUCH, M.; PRACHAS, S. 1983: Some energy and USDA Forestry Service, Forest Products Laboratory, General economic aspf1Cts of conversion".of biomass into liquid fuels. Technical Report FPL-16. 19 p. No ref. Pulp and Paper Canada 84(12): 121-123. 5 ref. ENERGY TECHNOLOGY SUPPORT UNIT 1986: Market CHANDLER, FRASER AND LARSEN 1983: Supply, availability assessment for wood as a fuel. P-E Consulting Services Ltd. and cost of wood for liquid fuels production. Liquid Fuels Trust Energy Technology Support Unit (ETSU), AERE Harwell, United Board (N.Z.), Report No. LF2029. 145 p. 41 ref. Kingdom. FELKER, P. 1984: Economic, environmental, and social advantages CURTIS, A. B.; RAG US, C.; DELASKI, D. 1983: A preliminary eco­ of intensively managed short rotation mesquite (Prosopis spp.) nomic analysis for a wood energy system. USDA Forest Service, biomass energy farms. Biomass 5(1): 65-77. 18 ref. Southern Region, Technical Publication RB-TP1. 31 p. 3 ref. FOLGER, A.G.; SWORDEN, P.G. 1984: Fuelwood procurement CURTIS, G. 1980: Feasibility case studies- an overview. Case for an industrial power plant: a case study of Dow Coming's studies in wood energy. In A State Demonstration Program in program. Solar Energy Research Institute, SERI/TP-215-2220. Wood Energy. Georgia Institute ofTechnology/U.S. Department 7 p. 7 ref. of the Environment, Atlanta, Georgia. 25 p. GABITES, ALINGTON AND EDMONDSON 1982: Canterbury DAS, S.; PERLACK, R.D.; BARRON, W.F.; KROLL, P. 1985: regional energy study. New Zealand Energy Research and BlOC UT-a microcomputer based economic evaluation model Development Committee, Report No. 74. 35 p. 22 ref. for wood energy plantations: model description and users guide. Oak Ridge National Laboratory. 75 p. GILBERT, A.H.; LINDSAY, J.J.; SACHS, D.L. 1987: Factors affecting the availability of fuelwood. Forest Products Journal DELASKI, D.A. 1984: Wood energy: fad or permanent forest 37(5): 17-20. 11 ref. product. Forest Industries 111 (2): 55-59. GILCHRIST, D.B. 1982: The future of wood as a domestic energy DICKSON, A. 1985: Can private woodlots supply more wood to source in the Christchurch area. B. FoL Sci. Dissertation, industry? Canadian Forest Industries 105(2): 20-25. No ref. University of Canterbury; Christchurch, New Zealand. 74 p. 51

GOLOB, T.B. 1986: Analysis of short rotation forest operations. UNVAL, F.; LOTHNER, D.1988: Economic evaluations of short­ National Research Council of Canada, Division of Energy, rotation biomass energy systems -an annotated biibliography. NRCC No. 26014. 127 p. 49 ref. International Energy Agency/Bioenergy Agreement, Task 11, Information Report No. 88 (3): 37. 27 ref. GRADO, S.C.; STRAUSS, C.H.; BLANKENHORN, P.R.; BOWERSOX, T.W. 1988: Short-rotation woody biomass LOTHNER, D.C.; BRADLEY, D.P.; GAMBLES, R.L. (Ed.) 1988: plantations-technical requirements and costs for establishment. Proceedings, economic evaluations of short-rotation biomass Biomass 17(4): 277-289. 28 ref. energy systems. Duluth, Minnesota, 11-13 August 1987. International Energy Agency!Bioenergy Agreement, Task 11, GREBER, B.J.; WISDOM, H.W. 1985: Impacts of increased Information Report No. 88(2): 346. demand for fuelwood on other forest product markets. Forest Products Joumal35(4): ~ 1. 6 ref. LOUGH, R.D.; BROWN, W.A.N. 1982: Contract arrangements for feedstock supply (agricultural) for energy farming. New Zealand GUNDERSON,G.; LUNNAN,A.; SOLBERG,B.1985: Competition Energy Research and Development Committee, Report No. 82: between pulpwood and energy wood in Norway analysed by 43. using the IBRD-MODEL. Pp. 340-347in Mitchell, C.P.; Nilsson MARGOUCK, M.; HANSSON, A.H.; HELUWELL, J.F. 1984: P.O.; Zsuffa, L. (Ed.) Proceedings of the Joint lEA/Forestry Competing energy uses of wood wastes in British Columbia. Pp. Energy Programme and FAO/Cooperative Network on Rural 293-305 in Proceedings of the 1981 IAEE Conference. Energy Forest Energy Conference and Workshops on Research Waverman Publishers Inc. in Forestry for Energy, Rungstedgaard, Denmark 28-30 October. Sveriges lantbruksuniversitet, lnstitutionen f()r skogsteknik, McDANIELS, T.L 1982: Forestbiomass energy in British Columbia: Uppsatser och Resultat Nr 49. 7 ref. opportunities, impacts, and constraints. Canadian Forestry Service, Pacific Forest Research Centre, Information Report HARDIE, I. 1984: Wood as energy- an overview: wood energy BC-X-226; ENFOR Project P-135. 154 p. 102 ref. markets. USDA National Agricultural Library, Agricultural Issues Overview, No. 4. 12 p. 38 ref. MEDEMA, E.L; LYON, G.W. 1985: Determination of financial rotation ages for coppicing tree species. Forest Science 31(2): HARPOLE, G.B.; INCE, P.J.; TSCHERNITZ, J.L; BILEK, E. 398-404. 8 ref. 1982: A wood and bark fuel economics computer program (FEP). USDA Forest Service, Forest Products Laboratory, MISHOE, J.W.; LORBER, M.N.; PEART, R.M.; FLUCK, R.C.; Research Paper FPL 415. 11 p. 5 ref. JONES, J.W. 1984: Mode ling and analysis of biomass production systems. Biomass 6: 119-130. 10 ref. HOSKING, P.A.1982: The economics of firewood production. B. For. Sci. Dissertation, University of Canterbury, Christchurch, NAGLE, G.S.; MASSIE, M.R.C.; ROBINSON, G.; OAKLEY, P.; New Zealand. 93 p. MANNING, G.H. 1987: The economics of residual fuel and fibre production on the BC Coast. Canadian Forestry Service, Pacific INCE, P.J. 1983: COMPARE: A method for analysing investment Forestry Centre, Information Report BC-X-289. 58 p. 17 ref. alternatives in industrial wood and bark energy systems. USDA NAUGHTON, G.G.; GEYER, W. A.1983: An economic analysis of Forest Service, Forest Products Laboratory, General Technical energy forest plantations. Pp. 94-98 in Strub, A.; Chartier, P.; Report 36. 27 p. Schleser, G. (Ed.). Energy From Biomass: Second EC INSTITUTE FOR INDUSTRIAL RESEARCH AND STANDARDS Conference, 20-23 September, Berlin, Federal Republic of 1985: Retrospective search on profitability and economics of Germany. 3 ref. bioenergy investments and utilisation ( 1976-1985). Institute for PEGURET, A. 1983: Competition between pulpwood and fuelwood Industrial Research and Standards (Ireland), Information in France. Pp. 6~43 in Strub, A.; Chartier, P.; Schleser, G. Technology Group. 131 p. (Ed.). Energy From Biomass: Second EC Conference, 20-23 JENNERGREN, LP.; THORNQVIST, T.1988: An economic model September, Berlin, Federal Republic of Germany. 3 ref. for evaluating peat and logging residues as alternative fuels for PERLACK, R.D.; DAS, S.; RANNEY, J.W. 1985: The economic a heating plant. Biomass 16(3): 161-172. 4 ref. evaluationofSRICenergyplantations. Pp.58-61 in Proceedings Seventh Southern Forest Biomass Workshop, Gainesville, JONES, P.C.; SHEN, 8-Y. 1982: A framework for evaluating the Florida, 11-14 June. 5 ref. economics of shortcrotation forestry research and development. Argonne National Laboratory, ANUCNSV-35. 56 p. 23 ref. PUTTOCK, G. D. 1987: The economics of collecting and processing whole-tree chips and logging residues for energy. Forest Products JONES, R.; KEAGE, P.L.; TEDESCO, R.L. 1981: The energy Joumal37(6): 15-20. 26 ref. costs of forest harvest processes: an analysis of an Australian native forest system producing pulpwood from two typical forest RAWUNS,W.H.M.; KERRUISH,C.M.; HORGAN,G.P.1982: The types. University of Tasmania, Environmental Studies Working potential costs of growing and harvesting wood for energy in Paper 10. 44 p. Australia and New Zealand. Pp. 39-49in Smith, W.R. (Ed.) Energy from Forest Biomass: IUFRO 17th World Congress, KAUSH, J. 1984: Energy goals are being reached. Pulp and Paper Kyoto, Japan, 6-17 September. 20 ref. lnternational26(11): 40-42. No ref. REGESTAD, S.O. 1982: The struggle for energy raw material: KEEGAN Ill, C.E.; JACKSON, T.P. 1986: Value of wood to purposeful concentration by the forest companies directthe fiber competing users - energy versus product uses in the Inland raw material in the right direction. Svensk Papperstidning Empire. Forest Products Journal 36(4): 53--56. 21 ref. 85(13): 14-16, 19-21. KLAUSMEIER, W.H. 1983: Configurations for a forest refinery: an ROUTHIER, J-G. 1982: Implications of full-tree harvesting for interim report. Pp. 567-590 in Soltes, J. (Ed.) Wood and biomass recovery. Canadian Forestry Service, Laurentian Forest Agricultural Residues, Research on Use for Feed, Fuels, and Research Canter, Information Report LAU-X-50E; ENFOR Chemicals. Academic Press. 5 ref. Project P-54. 132 p. 7 ref. 52

SCHWARZBART, G. et al. 1983: Methods for evaluating effects of forest management alternatives. Volumes I and 11. USDA Forest Service, Pacific Southwest Range and Experiment Station. 130 p. SHEN, 5-Y. et al. 1982: Economic analysis of short-rotation forestry. Argonne National Laboratory, University of Chicago, DEB3-007744. 17 p. SHULA, R.G.1986: Wood for energy. Pp. 120-122 in Levack,H. (Ed.) 1986 Forestry Handbook. New Zealand Institute of (Inc.), Wellington. SMITH, P.M.; SINCLAIR, S.A.1986: Biomass energy systems­ an investment decision-making guide for the small business. Volume I. US Department of Energy, Tennessee Valley Authority, Southeastern Regional Biomass Energy Program. 51 p. 28 ref. STRAUSS, C.H.; BLANKENHORN, P.R.; BOWERSOX, T.W. 1987: Production costs for first rotation biomass plantations. Biomass 12(3): 215-226. 7 ref. STRAUSS, C.H.; BLANKENHORN, P.R.; BOWERSOX, T.W.; GRADO, S.C. 1988: A cost analysis of alternate biomass supply systems. Forest Products Journa/38(1): 47-51. 22 ref. SUTTON, W.R.J. 1984: Economic and strategic implications of fast growing plantations. Pp. 417-431 in Grey, D.C., Schonau, A.P.G.,andSchutz,C.J.(Ed.) Symposiumonsiteandproductivity of fast growing plantations, Aprii-May, Pretoria and Pietermaritzburg, South Africa. 30 ref. New Zealand Forest Service, Reprint 1712. U.S. DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY 1986: Case studies of biomass energy facilities in the southeastern US. US Department of Energy,Southeastern Regional Biomass Energy Program, Tennessee Valley Authority. 195 p. No ref. VAN VEEN, J.A.; JANSEN, M.J.H.; BRETELER, H.; OUE, J.J.; FRISSEL, M.J. 1981: Feasibility study of short rotation forestry for combined pulp and energy purposes and sparsely populated areas. Commission of the European Communities, Luxemburg. 19p. 18ref. VAN WYK, J.L. 1983: A management system for process selection and log and wood residue allocation for new crop radiata pine in New Zealand. Appita 37(3): 219-222.

VYAS, A.D.1982: User manual: the Argonne model for selecting economic strategy (MOSES) for short-rotation forestry. Argon ne National Laboratory, University of Chicago. 65 p. VYAS, A.D.; SHEN, S-Y. 1982: Analysis of short-rotation forests using the Argonne model for selecting economic strategy (MOSES). Argon ne National Laboratory, University of Chicago. 50 p. 34 ref. WELLS, K.F. 1987: An energy analysis of a Pinus radiata plantation. Ph.D. Thesis. Australian National University, Canberra. WELLWOOD, R.W.1980: Complete tree utilisation: an analysis of the literature (1970-1978). Part Ill: utilisation of biomass. Canadian Forestry Service, ENFOR Project P-15. 170 p.

YOUNG, T.M.; OSTERMEIER, D.M. 1986: Analysing market constaints in woody biomassenergy production. U.S. Department of Energy, Tennessee Valley Authority, Southeastern Regional Biomass Energy Program. 172 p. 46 ref. YOUNG, T.M.; OSTERMEIER, D.M. 1987: A survey of nonforest products industrial wood energy users. Forest Products Journal 37(2): 57-61. 21 .. 53

21. Conversion: Combustion (53 references)

Keywords: combustion, burning, cogeneration, feasibility, investigating. A factor usually limiting the efficiency of biomass bark, wood waste, wood fuel, self-sufficiency, hog fuel, combustion is fuel moisture content, hence, fuel drying feasibility. (passive or otherwise) may be necessary.

Sources: World Wood, Forest Industries, Pulp & Paper, Notable references: The New Zealand experience with the Forest Products Journal, New Zealand daily newspapers. combustion of biomass for energy is described in Anonymous (1981 a; 1982a, 1982b; 1984b), Brown, Cope land and Co. Synopsis: The combustion of biomass (and/or biomass­ (1984) and Hobbs (1985). Overseas experience with the based alternative fuels, e.g., solids from spent pulping liquor) combustion of biomass and/or biomass-based alternative provides energy directly as thermal energy (e.g., heat and fuels is described in Anonymous (1988), Brown et al. (1985), steam), or indirectly as electrical energy (steam turbine). The Darmstadt (1983), Easterly and Lowenstein (1986), Ellis selection of a biomass combustion system depends on many (1978), Rodden (1985), Taylor and Wray (1988), and Todd important factors, two of which are the availability and cost of and Elliffe (1983). Cross references to this section regarding biomass and the biomass combustion system (relative to firewood, biomass fuel energy value, and physical and other fuels and combustion systems). Retrofitting an existing chemical properties of biomass are located in Sections 17, plant to a biomass combustion system is an alternative worth 19, and 24, respectively.

ANONYMOUS 1981a: Hikurangi farming fuelwood. Australian AZARNIOUCH, M.K.1986: Wood residues as fuel source for lime Forest Grower 4(3): 16. kilns: phase Ill - mill trials. Pulp and Paper Canada 87(6): 112-116. 8 ref. ANONYMOUS 1981b: Wood combustion: state of knowledge survey of environmental health and safety aspects. Mueller BAIN, R. 1981: Beneficiation of biomass for gasification and Associates. US Department of Energy/EV/10450-T4. 128 p. combustion. Pp. 72-90 in Reed, T.B. (Ed.) Biomass Gasification; Principles and Technology. Energy Technology Review, No. 6 7. ANONYMOUS 1982a: Kiwis burn waste to achieve self-sufficiency. 31 ref. World Wood 23(1 ): 40. ANONYMOUS 1982b: Wet-cell burner supplies flash dryer in New BROWN, M.L 1980: Wood fired boiler installation procedure. Pp. Zealand. World Wood 23(1 ): 41. 59--63 in Case studies in wood energy. Georgia Institute of Technology. No ref. ANONYMOUS 1982c: Wood-fuel system inaugurated at B. C. mill. World Wood 23(1): 43. BROWN, M.L; BULPITT, W.S.; DIXIT, B.S.; McGOWAN, T.F. 1985: Case study in wood energy- the Integrated Products ANONYMOUS 1983a: Firewood's "bright future" as cheap fuel. The Company. Forest Products Journal35(11112): 52-56. No ref. Press [Christchurch, New Zealand] 13 November. BROWN COPELAND AND CO LTD 1984: Domestic market ANONYMOUS 1983b: New Zealand expertise sought in studies. potential for solid wood burners. New Zealand Energy Research Forest Industries 14(12): 2. No ref. and Development Committee, Report No. 84. 35 p. 33 ref. ANONYMOUS 1983c: Sell waste wood, remove smoke problem. Evening Star[Greymouth, New Zealand]. 26 May. BURTON, B.A.; SENZEL, A.J. 1984: Residential wood combustion study: 1980-1982 executive summary. United States ANONYMOUS 1983d: University installs $1.2 million wood fuel Environmental Protection Agency, EPA-91 0/9-82-089K. 29 p. system. Forest Industries 110(2): 49. No ref. 8 ref.

ANONYMOUS 1983e: Wood book- the homeowner's wood BUSSIERE, G. 1985: Refractory furnaces-one approach to bark burning manual or answers to your burning questions. Nova burning. Pulp and Paper Canada 86(4): 63-65. No ref. Scotia Department of Mines and Energy, Halifax. 51 p. DARMSTADT, W.J.1983: Technology review: drying and burning ANONYMOUS 1984a: Power self-sufficiency for mill. Daily Post ofwoodfiberfuels. Pulp and Paper 57(6): 131-134, 141. No ref. [Rotorua, New Zealand) July. DENNIS, D.F.; DRESSER, S.J.1985: Burlington's wood-burning ANONYMOUS 1984b: Waipa mill to be energy self-sufficient. utility company. Journal of Forestry 83(2): 101-104. 4 ref. Forest Industries 15(8): 3. No ref. ANONYMOUS 1986: A look inside the wood energy arena. Timber DeZEEUW, R.E.; GAY, R.L; CRAIG, LS.; MILES, T.R.; COLE, J.N. 1986: Permits-regulations for biomass energy facilities in Processing 11(10): 20-23. No ref. the southeast. US Department of Energy, Tennessee Valley ANONYMOUS 1988: Another energy success story. Australian Authority, Southeastern Regional Biomass Energy Program. Forest Industries Journal and Logger 54(2): 70. No ref. 114 p. No ref. 54

EASTERLY, J.L.; LOWENSTEIN, M.Z. 1986: Cogeneration from McCALLUM, C. 1983: Controlled combustion -zone firing of biofuels-a technical guidebook. U.S. Department of Energy, hogged fuel in new and retrofit boiler applications. Tappi Journal Tennessee Valley Authority, Southeastern Regional Biomass 66(9): 111-114. ?ref. Energy Program. 164 p. 30 ref. McGOWAN, T.F. 1980: Wood fuel processing- economic and EHRCHARDT, M.C.; GUSTASHAW, D. 1981: Computer aided technical design manual for wood systems. Georgia Institute of economic analysis [proposed wood energy system]. Wood Technology, Atlanta. energy financing. Pp. 93-112 in A State Demonstration Program in Wood Energy. Georgia Institute ofTechnology/U.S. NEENAN, M.1984: Biomass qualities for energy conversion with Department of the Environment, Atlanta, Georgia. particular reference to the combustion of wood. International Energy Agency, Forestry Energy, Programme Group 8, Report ELLIS, T.H.1978: Economicanalysisofwood-orbark-firedsystems. No. 2. 22 p. 36 ref. USDA Forest Service, Forest Products Laboratory, General Technical Report FPL-16. 19 p. NELSON, D.E. 1984: Wood as energy, an overview-wood as an alternative home heating fuel. USDA, National Agricultural GARDENAS, S. 1986: Skogsbransleflis inverkan pa driftstorningar Library, Agricultural Issues Overview No. 2. 28 p. 43 ref. och pannfOrluster: tva varmeverk = The wood fuel's effect on break-downs and energy losses: two heating plants. Sveriges OAR, A. 1982: Cogeneration-how to get double duty from energy. lantbruksuniversitet, lnstitutionen for virkeslara, Rapport Nr 178. World Wood 23(1): 16-17. No ref. 50 p. 14 ref. PAAVILA, H.D. 1985: Energy and the Canadian pulp and paper GARDENAS, S. 1987: Firing of pine wood fuels on moving grate. industry. Pulp and Paper Canada 86(4): 58-62. No ref. Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Department of RODDEN, G.1985: Tembec saves up to $10 million/year burning Forest Products, Report No. 195. 71 p. 24 ref. waste liquor. Pulp and Paper Canada 86(4): 38. No ref. HERMELIN, J.; SCHNEIDER, M.H.; SHORT, C.A. 1982: Wood SCHNEIDER, M.H. 1984: Domestic-sized wood chip stoker­ chip heating of homes and other small buildings - heating combustion and efficiency. Forest Products Journal 34(3): equipment characteristics and operations and small-scale fuel 19-24. 7 ref. production. Prepared for the Canada Department of Energy, Mines and Resources. 91 p. 15 ref. SORENSEN, J. 1985: Fuel conversion system offers mills fast payback. Canadian Forest Industries 105(1): 12-16. No ref. HOBBS, W. 1985: Wood waste energy system chops dairy company's fuel bill by two thirds. Forest Industries 16(3): 24. No TAYLOR, A.; WRAY, B. 1988: 'Growing' electricity. American ref. Forests 94(516): 57-59. No ref. INSTITUTE FOR INDUSTRIAL RESEARCH AND STANDARDS THORNQVIST, T.1985: Atganstal och verkningsgrad i en 18 MW 1980: Retrospective search on wood and wood waste burning hetvattenpanna med fast snedrost = Total consumption and equipment. Institute for Industrial Research and Standards efficiency level in an 18 MW hot water boiler with stationary (Ireland), Information Technology Group. 134 p. grates. Sveriges lantbruksuniversitet, lnstitutionen for virkeslara, Rapport Nr 165. 56 p. 9 ref. INSTITUTE FOR INDUSTRIAL RESEARCH AND STANDARDS 1983: Retrospective search (1976-1983] on direct combustion TODD, J.J.; ELLIFFE, M.D. 1983: Directory of equipment for of , wood pellets, wood and other solid biomass fuels industrial use of crop and forest residue fuels. University of including basic combustion research. Institute for Industrial Tasmania, Centre for Environmental Studies. 406 p. Research and Standards (Ireland), Information Technology TURNER, C.G. AND ASSOCIATES LTD 1982: Feasibility study on Group. 181 p. 516 ref. the conversion of an oiVgas heating plant at C.F.B. Borden to a INSTITUTE FOR INDUSTRIAL RESEARCH AND STANDARDS biomass fuel plant. Canadian Forestry Service, ENFOR Project 1985: Retrospective search on combustion and combustion P-228. 44 p. 17 ref. properties of biomass [1976-1985]. Institute for Industrial WILLIAMSON, P.N. 1985: How Sweden trims its industry energy Research anc~ Standards (Ireland), Information Technology bill. Pulp and Paper Canada 86(4): 32, 35. No ref - Group. 150 p. 699 references. JAKOBSEN, H.H. 1986: Forest chips can now be used as an alternative fuel in coal-fired district heating plants. Danish Institute of Forest Technology, Information Report. 8 p. KEIGHLEY, G. 1986: Wood as a fuel- a guide to burning wood efficiently. Forestry Commission (UK), Alice Holt Lodge Forest Research Station. 4 p. KOFMAN, P.D. 1987: Aske fra flisfyrede varmeuker: kemisk sammenstning og anvendelsesmuligheder =Wood-ashes from chip fuelled heating plants: chemical composition, possibilities of application. Skovteknisk lnstitut, 513-87. 20 p. 19 ref. KUNTZ, A. 1985: New techniques mean dramatic savings of energy. Pulp and Paper Canada 86(4): 25-26. No ref. LIPFERT, F.W.; DUNGAN, J.L. 1981: National estimates of residential firewood and air pollution emissions. Brookhaven National Laboratory (USA) BNL-30367. 10 p. 55

22. Conversion: Ethanol, Methane (78 references)

Keywords: acid hydrolysis, biogas, alcohol fu'el, produced by enzymatic hydrolysis using steam explosion of lignocellulosic, CNG, steam explosion, pretreatment, the wood feedstock as a pretreatment step in the process. enzymatic hydrolysis, sulphuric acid, wood ethanol, liquid fuel, methane, economics, fermentation, chemicals, ethanol, Notable references: The New Zealand experience with principles, technology, feasibility. ethanol from biomass is described in Anonymous (1979, 1981, 1982a, 1982b, 1983a), Bassett (1981 ), Berryman Sources: Biomass Digest, Energy Journal (formerly, New (1985), Burton (1983), Burton et al. (1984), Clark (1984), Zealand Energy Journa~. LFTB, New Zealand daily Clark and Mackie (1987), Deverell (1984), Forest Research newspapers. Institute (1985), Guha and Titchener (1981 ), Horgan (1984), Synopsis: As noted previously, the production of ethanol Liquid Fuels Management Group Ltd (1987), LFTB (1986), from biomass received a lot of attention in New Zealand after Mackie (1984), Ministry of Energy (1981a, 1981b, 1981c, the 1973 oil crisis. Scientists primarily investigated the dilute 1982a), Morris Wayman Ltd (1983), Munden (1979), Phillips sulphuric acid hydolysis-fermentation method to produce (1982), Smith (1984a, 1984b, 1984c), Whitworth (1976, ethanol. Following on from early pilot plant investigations 1977, 1980, 1981 ), and Whitworth and Harwood (1977). (input, 100 kg oven-dry wood; output, 26 litres ethanol), Overseas experience with ethanol from biomass (either acid commercial-scaleproductionofethanolwastechnicallywithin or enzymatic hydolysis) is described in Baker and Jeffries reach (input, 100 odt wood/day; output, 17.5 t/day ethanol). (1981 ), Harris et al. (1985), Information Resources Inc. However, the overall economics of the liquid fuel option were (1988), lsaacs (1984), Jones and Semrau (1984), Lloyd and unsatisfactory (Burton et al. 1984). A key component improving Harris (1955), Solar Energy Research Institute (1982), U.S. the economics, however, was the eo-production of methane Department of Agriculture (1988), and Wilke et al. (1983). (8.3 t/day) and its utilisation to make the entire process self­ Cross references to this section regarding physical and sufficient in energy requirements. Wood ethanol can also be chemical properties of biomass are located in Section 24.

AGUILERA, J.M.; MARTIN, R.S. 1985: Steam hydrolysis of pine ANONYMOUS 1984c: Report from Brazil: ethanol research and (Pinus radiata) sawdust. Biomass (8): 301-313. 16 ref. development is alive and well. Biomass Digest 6(7): 6. 1 ref. ANDREWS, A.S.; WOODMORE, P.J. 1982: Evaluation of fuel­ ANONYMOUS 1985: New uses for sheep stomach fungi. Daily Post ethanol production in farm-based units. Pp. 81-88 in Volume 1, [Rotorua, New Zealand]3 December. Proceedings fifth International Alcohol Fuel Technology AZARNIOUCH, M.; PRAHACS, S. 1983: Some energy and Symposium, 13-18 May, Auckland, New Zealand. economic aspects of conversion of biomass into liquid fuels. ANONYMOUS 1979: FRI plant turning radiata into fuel. Forest Pulp and Paper Canada 84(12): 121-123. 5 ref. Industries Review 10(5): 21. BAKER,A.J.; JEFFRIES, T.W.1981: State-of-the-art[1819-1981] ANONYMOUS 1981: FRI ethanol system likely in US plant. Daily report on status of wood hydrolysis for ethanol production. Post [Rotorua, New Zealand]9 November. P .1. USDA Forest Service, Forest Products Laboratory, Madison, Wisconsin. 71 p. 106 ref. ANONYMOUS 1982a: Biomass-ethanol production trial. Energy BASSETT, C. 1981: Recent studies on ethanol production from Journal55(11 ): 4. No ref. wood. In 1981 New Zealand Forestry Conference. March ANONYMOUS 1982b: New Zealand scientists update Madison Session. 8 p. 8 ref. process. Biomass Digest 4(12): 6--7. BERRYMAN, W.1985: Wood-to-ethanol process finds an opening ANONYMOUS 1982c: Will Canada have the first commercial wood in Canada. National Business Review (October 14): 41. ethanol venture? Biomass Digest 4(1): 6. 1 ref. BIOENERGY DEVELOPMENTS LTD 1982: A farm scale ethanol ANONYMOUS 1983a: Wood ethanol too costly to produce. Evening plant for New Zealand. New Zealand Energy Research and Post [Wellington, New Zealand]11 July. Development Committee, Report No. P61. 63 p. ANONYMOUS 1983b: Transport fuels: plan to produce petrol from BURTON, R.J. 1983: The New Zealand wood hydrolysis process. crops. Energy Journal56(4): 3. No ref. Pp. 247-270 in Duckworth, H.E.; Thompson, E.A. (Ed.) International Symposium on Ethanol from Biomass, Winnipeg, ANONYMOUS 1984a: Fuel option search for wood pile. Evening 13-15 October 1982. Standard[Palmerston North, New Zealand] 3 October. p. 18. BURTON, R.J.; CALLANDER, I.J.; CLARK, T.A.; HORGAN, ANONYMOUS 1984b: New oganisation to promote Canadian fuel G.P.; MACKIE, K.L 1984: The production of ethanol and ethanol industry. Biomass Digest 6(3): 6. 1 ref. methane (CNG) from wood. Energy Journal58(3): 3-8. 16 ref. 56

CLARK, T.A.1984: Woodhydrolysisfortheproductionoffuelsand INSTITUTE FOR INDUSTRIAL RESEARCH AND STANDARDS chemicals. Pp. 89-10 in Forest Industries and Biotechnology, 1984: Retrospective search (1977-1984) on production of Proceedings of 16th New Zealand Biotechnology Conference, ethanol from cellulose. Institute for Industrial Research and Massey University, Palmerston North. Standards (Ireland), Information Technology Group. 226 p. CLARK, T.A.; MACKIE, K.L. 1984: Fermentation inhibitors in wood ISAACS, S.H. 1984: Ethanol production by enzymatic hydrolysis. hydrolysates derived from the softwood Pinus radiata. Journal Solar Energy Research Institute, SERI!TR-231-2093. 67 p. 28 of Chemical Technology and Biotechnology 34B(2): 101-110. ref. 10 ref. JONES, J.L; SEMRAU, K.T. 1984: Wood hydrolysis for ethanol CLARK, T.A.; MACKIE, K.L 1987: Steam explosion of the production-previous experience and the economics of selected softwood Pinus radiatawith sulphur dioxide. Addition I: process processes. Biomass 5(2): 109-135. 33 ref. optimisation. Journal of Wood Chemistry and Technology 7(3): UQUID FUELS MANAGEMENT GROUP LTD. 1987: Forest 37~04. biomass production and conversion to transport fuels. Liquid DEVERELL, K.F. 1984: Ethanol production from wood hydrolysates Fuels Trust Board (N.Z.), Report No. LF 5006. 22 p. using Pachysolen tannophilus. Biotechnology Letters 5(7): 475-480. 5 p. UQUID FUELS TRUST BOARD 1986: Liquid fuels by wood conversion-hydrolysis/fermentation and gasification routes. DEVERELL, K.F.; CLARK, T.A. 1984: Fermentation of wood Liquid Fuels Trust Board (N.Z), Report No. LF 2042. 224 p. sugars. Pp. 137-152 in Forest Industries and Biotechnology, Proceedings of 16th New Zealand Biotechnology Conference, LLOYD, R.A.; HARRIS, J.F. 1955: Wood hydrolysis for sugar Massey University, Palmerston North. production. USDA Forest Service, Forest Products Laboratory, Report No. 2029. 12 p. DONALDSON, LA.; WONG, K.K.Y.; MACKIE, K.L. 1988: Ultrastructure of steam-exploded wood. Wood Science and MACKIE, K.L 1984: Pretreatment of lignocellulosic materials: Technology 22(2): 103-114. 24 ref. current research in participating laboratories and coordinated programme of work. International Energy Agency/Forestry EAR LE, W.B.; BROWN, W.A.N. 1980: Alcohol fuels from biomass Energy, Programme Group D, Cooperative Project 2, Report in New Zealand: the energetics and economics of production No. 1. 132 p. and processing. Pp. 1.1.1-1.1.12 in Proceedings of Third International Symposium on Alcohol Fuels Technology, Asilomar, MACKIE, K.L; DEVERELL, K.; CALLANDER, I. 1983: Aspects California, 28-31 May, 1979. 12 ref. of wood hydrolysis via the dilute sulphuric acid process. Pp. 271-311 in Duckworth, H.E.; Thompson, E.A. (Ed.) International FOREST RESEARCH INSTITUTE 1979: Liquid fuel from the forest. Symposium on Ethanol from Biomass, Winnipeg, 13-15 October New Zealand Forest Service, What's New in Forest Research 1982. No. 69. 4 p. MACKIE, K.L 1982: Wood hydrolysis - current technology. FOREST RESEARCH INSTITUTE 1985: Transport fuels from wood. New Zealand Forest Service, What's New in Forest Biotechnology Conference, Massey University, Palmerston North, Research No. 135. 4 p. No. ref. 22-28 May. 15 p. FULLERTON, T.J.1983: Thehydrolysisofhardbeech sawdustwith MINISTRY OF ENERGY (N.Z.) 1981a: Government policy on aqueous ~thanol. New Zealand Forest Service, FRI Bulletin ethanol-from-biomass. News release. Ministry of Energy, No. 38. 14 p. 24 ref. Wellington. 3 p. GUHA, B.K.; TITCHENER, A.L 1981: Acid hydrolysis of wood. MINISTRY OF ENERGY (N.Z.) 1981b: National costs of ethanol New Zealand Energy Research and Development Committee, production and national value of ethanol as a motor spirit Report No. 56. ~ p. 19 ref. extender. Ministry of Energy, Wellington. 8 p. HARRIS, J.F.; BAKER, A.J.; CONNER, A.H.; JEFFRIES, T.W.; MINISTRY OF ENERGY (N.Z.) 1981 c: Policy for ethanol production MINOR J.L; PETTERSON, R.C.; SCOTT, R.W.; SPRINGER, from biomass in New Zealand. Ministry of Energy, Wellington. E.L.; WEGNER, T.H.; ZERBE, J.l. 1985: Two-stage, dilute 3 p. sulfuricacid hydrolysisofwood: an investigation of fundamentals. MINISTRY OF ENERGY (N.Z.) 1982a: Government policy on USDA Forest Service, Forest Products Laboratory, General biogas. Ministry of Energy, Wellington. 2 p. Technical Report FPL-45. 61 p. 61 ref. MORRIS WAYMAN UMITED 1983: Assessment of the New HORGAN, G.P. 1984: The economics of liquid fuels from wood. Zealand Forest Research Institute (FRI) process for pine wood Paper presented at the Forest Industry Engineering Association hydrolysis and fermentation to ethanol. Energy, Mines and of New Zealand Conference, Rotorua, New Zealand. 3-6 July. Resources, Canada, Project No. 818/2. 82 p. 25 ref. 15 p. 6 ref. MOTTA, R.S.; FERREIRA, LR. 1988: The Brazilian national INFORMATION RESOURCES INC. 1988: Understanding the alcohol programme-an economic reappraisal and adjustments. challenges and future of fuel alcohol in the United States. US Energy Economics 10(3): 229-234. 8 ref. Department of Energy, Office of Alcohol Fuels. 178 p. INSTITUTE FOR INDUSTRIAL RESEARCH AND STANDARDS MOURIS, B. 1984: Economics and energy balances of ethanol from 1982: Retrospective search (1969-1982) on degradation of sugar cane and sugar beet. Chemistry and Industry (12): lignin and hemicellulose. Institute for Industrial Research and 435-438. 6 ref. Standards (Ireland), Information Technology Group. 188 p. MUNDEN, L 1979: Ethanol pilot plant may lead to bigger things. 592 ref. Daily Post [Rotorua, New Zealand) 21 April. INSTITUTE FOR INDUSTRIAL RESEARCH AND STANDARDS NASON, M.C. 1980: Bibliography- production of ethanol from 1983: Retrospective search on economics of biogas production. biomass (1962-1979). Tennessee Valley Authority, Division of Institute for Industrial Research and Standards (Ireland), Chemical Development (Muscle Shoals, Alabama), Report No. Information Technology Group. 93 p. S-481. 188 pp. 307 ref. 57

OLIVER,S.G.1984: Biologicallimitstoethanolproduction. Chemistry WHITWORTH, D.A. 1976: Production of liquid transport fuel from and Industry (12): 425-427. 31 ref. cellulose material (wood). 1: Economic considerations of acid hydrolysis of wood for subsequent conversion to ethyl alcohol. OLSEN ASSOCIATES 1981: Cellulose to alcohol: annotated New Zealand Energy Journal49(11 ): 173-177. 39 ref. bibliography 1970-81. 151 p. WHITWORTH, D.A. 1977: Production of liquid transport fuel from PARKER, S. et si. 1983: The value offurfuraVethanol coproduction cellulose material (wood). 2: Energy conversion efficiencies of from acid hydrolysis processes. Solar Energy Research Institute, the processes. New Zealand Energy Journal 50(2): 14-17. (Golden, Colorado) TR-231-2000. 119 p. 48 ref. 4 ref. PHILUPS, N. 1982: Wood ethanol - commercialisation [NZ] WHITWORTH, D.A.1980: Ethanol from wood: pilot plant operation. underway despite controversy over hydrolysis techniques. New Zealand Institution of Engineers, Chemical Engineering Canadian Renewable Energy News: 34-35. Group, Dunedin. 23 p. ROSILLO-CALLE, F. 1986: The Brazilian ethanolchemistry industry WHITWORTH, D.A.1981: Woodasachemicalfeedstock: production (a review). Biomass 11(1): 19-38. 31 ref. of ethanol. In Design for change: proceedings of the ninth Australasian Chemical Engineering Conference, 30 August- 4 SADDLER, J.N.; BROWNELL, H. H. 1983: Pretreatment of wood September, Christchurch, New Zealand. 7 p. 17 ref. cellulosics to enhance enzymatic hydrolysis to glucose. Pp. 206-230 in Duckworth, H.E.; Thompson, E.A. (Ed.) International WHITWORTH, D.A.; HARWOOD, V.D. 1977: Production of liquid Symposium on Ethanol from Biomass, Winnipeg, 13-15 October transport fuel from cellulose material (wood). 3: Laboratory 1982. preparation of wood sugars and fermentation to ethanol and yeast. NewZealandEnergyJournal50(10): 166-169. 8 ref. SEIBERT, M.; WILUAMS, G.; FOLGER, G.; MILNE, T. 1986: Fuel and chemical eo-production from tree crops. Biomass 9(1): WILKE, C.R. et si. 1983: Enzymatic hydrolysis of cellulose: theory 49--66. 50 ref. and applications. Noyes Data, Publicity Department, Park Ridge, New Jersey. 104 p. SHAW, E.W.; FARROW, B. 1982: Production of fuel alcohol from sugar beet in New Zealand. Pp. 47-54 in Volume 1, John Mclndoe Ltd (Ed.) Proceedings Fifth International Alcohol Fuel ------• Technology Symposium, 13-18 May, Auckland, New Zealand.

SMITH, M. 19848: Geothermal decision jeopardises timber company. National Business Review (13 August): 33.

SMITH, M.1984b: Ethanol timber waste project may be scrapped. National Business Review (13 August): 34.

SMITH, M. 1984c: Pot of gold at Rainbow, ethanol firm tells government. National Business Review (10 September): 4.

SOLAR ENERGY AND RESEARCH INSTITUTE 1981: Alcohol fuels bibliography (1901-1980]. Solar Energy Research Institute, Golden, Colorado. 458 p.

SOLAR ENERGY RESEARCH INSTITUTE 1982: Ethanol fuels reference guide. A decision-maker's guide to ethanol fuels. Solar Energy Research Institute. Golden, Colorado. SP-451-422. 238 p.

TAN, S.H. 1984: Decolourization of wood-ethanol stillage using a granular activated carbon packed anaerobic expanded-bed reactor. Masters Thesis. Massey University, Biotechnology Department, Palmerston North, New Zealand. 230 p.

UPRICHARD, J.M. 1984: Energy and chemicals from wood processing operations. Pp. 173-181 in Kininmonth, J.A.; Young, G.D., (Ed.) Forest Products Research Needs for New Crop Radiata Pine: Proceedings, 1982 New Zealand Forest Products Research Conference, Rotorua, 9-11 November. New Zealand Forest Service, FRI Bulletin No. 86. 3 ref.

UPRICHARD, J.M.; BURTON, R.J. 1982: Ethanol from wood. Pp. 317-324 in Volume I, Proceedings of the Fifth International Alcohol Fuel Technology Symposium, Auckland, New Zealand, 13-18 May.

US DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE 1988: Ethanol-economic and policy tradeoffs. 51 p. 24 ref.

WAYMAN, M.; DZENIS, A.1984: Ethanol from wood: economic analysis of an acid hydrolysis process. Canadian Journal of Chemical Engineering 62: 699-705. 9 ref. 58

23. Conversion: Methanol (41 references)

Keywords: gasification, methanol, producer gas, gasifier, gasification can also be used to produce low-energy content wood, biomass, coal, lignite, principles, technology, feasibility, producer gas. The producer gas can be used to replace mining. natural gas or oil boiler fuels in industry. Sources: LFTB, Chemical & Engineering News, Pulp & Notable references: The New Zealand experience with the Paper, The Energy Journal (formerly, The New Zealand production of methanol from wood and/or coal is described in Energy Journa~. Biomass, NZERDC, MOE, New Zealand Anonymous (1981, 1983a, 1983b, 1983d), Cousins and daily newspapers. Robinson (1981 ), Gray (1983), Hooper et al. (1983), Liquid Synopsis: The production of methanol via gasification of Fuels Management Group Ltd (1987), LFTB (1981, 1983, biomass (wood or coal/lignite) was also investigated as a 1986), Palmer (1981, 1982, 1983, 1984), and Parte! (1983). liquid fuels option after the 1973 oil crisis. Neither pilot plant The New Zealand experience with producing automotive nor commercial-scale production eventuated, although gasoline from methanol derived from natural gas is described detailed studies of gasification technologies were performed in (Haggin 1987). Overseas experience with the production (Hooper et al. 1983; LFTB 1983; Palm er 1982, 1984). Although of methanol from wood is described in Beenackers and Van these studies indicated that commercial-scale production of Swaaij (1984), Margulis et al. (1982), Weinblatt et al. (1982), methanol (1 00 or 1000 t/day) was technically feasible and and Young et al. (1986). The production of low-energy economically viable, the Ministry of Energy considered the producer gas via wood gasification is described in Campbell establishment of commercial plants as a mid- to long-term (1983), Helm (1983), Liversidge (1982), and Montgomery liquid fuel option. Currently, however, methanol derived from (1983). Cross references to this section regarding physical natural gas is being converted into automotive gasoline and chemical properties of biomass ~re located in Section 24. (Haggin 1987). In addition to methanol production, biomass

ANONYMOUS1979a: Asurveyofbiomassgasification. I. Synopsis BULPITT, W.S. 1980: A demonstration in wood gasification: case and executive summary. Solar Energy Research Institute, studies in wood energy. Pp. 91-101 in A state demonstration (Golden, Colorado) SERI/TR-33-239. 36 p. No ref. program in wood energy. Georgia Institute of Technology/US ANONYMOUS 1979b: Future looks bright for methanol plant. Daily Department of the Environment, Atlanta, Georgia. No ref. Post[Rotorua, New Zealand)26 May. CAM PBELL, H.G. 1983: Gasification of coal provides a middle road ANONYMOUS 1981: New Zealand prepares for biomass methane to fuel economy. Pulp and Paper57(5): 118-121. No ref. as vehicle fuel. Biomass Digest 3(11): 5. No ref. COUSINS, W.J.; ROBINSON, W.H. 1981: Conversion of wood ANONYMOUS 1983a: Hopes raised by lignite studies. Daily Post residues to liquid and gaseous fuels. In 1981 New Zealand [Rotorua, New Zealand] 4 May. Forestry Conference, Wellington, New Zealand. March Session. ANONYMOUS 1983b: Region's forests could supply methanol 5 p. 5 ref. plants. Gisborne Herald(Gisbome, New Zealand) 27 August. FISHKIND, H.H.1982: Methanol production from Eucalyptus wood ANONYMOUS 1983c: Methanol proves feasible prospect. Daily chips. Attachment V, in The Florida Eucalyptus Energy Farm: Post[Rotorua, New Zealand) Supplement. 10 October. Environmental Impacts. Biomass Energy Systems, Inc. US Department of Energy, DOE/RA/50316-TI-A TTACH 5. 95 p. ANONYMOUS 1983d: Methanol starts cheaper. Evening Post [Christchurch, New Zealand) 16 December. GRABOSKI, M.; BAIN, R. 1981: Properties of biomass relevant to ANONYMOUS 1984: Methanol study results good. Daily Post gasification. Pp. 41-71in Reed, T.B. (Ed.) Biomass Gasification: [Rotorua, New Zealand] 24 May: 12. Principles and Technology. Energy Technology Review, No. 67. 33 ref. BAIN, R. 1981: Beneficiation of biomass for gasification and combustion. Pp. 72-90 in Reed, T. B. (Ed.) Biomass Gasification: GRABOSKI, M.S. 1982: Comparison of coal and wood as feedstocks Principles and Technology. Energy Technology Review No. 67. formethanolmanufacture. Pp.175--177in Reed,T.B.; Graboski, 31 ref. M. (Ed.) Biomass-to-Methanol Specialist's Workshop. BEENACKERS, A.A.C.M.; VAN SWAAIJ, W.P.M.1984: Methanol GRAY, V.R. 1983: Coal analysis in New Zealand. New Zealand from wood. 11: Current research and development programs. Energy Research and Development Committee, Report No. 97. International Journal of Solar Energy 2(6): 487--519. 75 p. BIRCH, W.F. 1983: Planning for national development. Address to HAGGIN, J. 1987: Methane-to-gasoline plant adds to New Zealand the Environmenta.l Defence Society Seminar, Auckland, New liquid fuel resources. Chemical and Engineering News 65(25): Zealand, 26 November. 11 p. 22-25. No ref. 59

HELM, R.W. 1983: Wastewood gasification economical alternative STEVENSON, W.A. 1982: Large wood to methanol plants. Pp. to burning solid fuel. Pulp and Paper 57(5): 122-125. 175-177 in Reed, T.B.; Graboski, M. (Ed.). Biomass-to­ Methanol Specialist's Workshop. HOKANSON, A.E.; ROWELL, R.M. 1977: Methanol from wood waste: a technical and economic study. USDA Forest Service, WEINBLATT,H.; BACK, G.; FAUCETT,J.ASSOCIATES; REDDY, Forest Products Laboratory, General Technical Report FPL-12. T.S. 1982: Methanol from coal: appendices G and H, volume IV 20p. in Energy and Precious Fuels Requirements of Fuel Alcohol Production. US Department of Energy, DOE/NASA/0292-1. HOOPER, R.J.; MCKENZIE, C.J.; NATUSCH, D.F.S. 1983: 60 p. 64 ref. Lignite as a source of liquid transport fuels in New Zealand. Liquid Fuels Trust Board (N.Z), Report No. LF2028. 413 p. WHITE, H.M. 1983: A survey of current biomass gasification 81 ref. procedures for methanol production. US Department of Energy, CE/50305-2. 27 p. 20 ref. INSTITUTE FOR INDUSTRIAL RESEARCH AND STANDARDS 1982: Retrospective search [1969-1982] on biological conversion YOUNG, J.; GRIFFIN, E.; RUSSELL, J. 1986: Feasibility of of biomass to methane. Institute for Industrial Research and biomass-based fuels and chemicals production in the USA. Standards (Ireland), Information Technology Group. 265 p. Biomass 10(1): 9-25. 11 ref. • INSTITUTE FOR INDUSTRIAL RESEARCH AND STANDARDS 1983: Retrospective search on economics of biogas production. Institute for Industrial Research and Standards (Ireland), Information Technology Group. 93 p. LIQUID FUELS MANAGEMENT GROUP LTD. 1987: Forest biomass production and conversion to transport fuels. Liquid Fuels Trust Board (N.Z), Report No. LF6005. 22 p. LIQUID FUELS TRUST BOARD 1981: A comparative assessment of the production oftransportfuels in New Zealand from coal and biomass. Volumes 1-4. Liquid Fuels TrustBoard(N.Z.), Project 21010111. LIQUID FUELS TRUST BOARD 1983: Energy requirements for a wood-to-methanol industry. Liquid Fuels Trust Board (N.Z), Report No. 2031. 24 p. LIQUIID FUELS TRUST BOARD 1986: Liquid fuels by wood conversion - hydrolysis/fermentation and gasification routes. Liquid Fuels Trust Board (N.Z), Report No. LF2042. 224 p. LIVERSIDGE, R.M. 1982: Wood-fired energy systems: part I. Australian Forest Industries Journal and Logger 48(8): 53-60. MARGULIS, R.; BACK, G.; FAUCETT, J. ASSOCIATES; ST. JOHN K.; REEDY, T.S. 1982: Methanol from cellulose. Appendices C to F. Volume Ill in Energy and Precious Fuels Requirements of Fuel Alcohol Production. US Department of Energy, DOE/NASA/0292-1. 109 p. 92 ref. MONTGOMERY, B. 1983: Current trends in conservation focus on wood, coal gasification projects. Pulp and Paper 57(5): 115-117. No ref. PALM ER, E.R. 1981: Gasification of wood to produce liquid fuels. In 1981 New Zealand Forestry Conference, Wellington, New Zealand. March Session. 23 p. 47 ref. PALMER, E.R. 1982: Wood gasification- a survey of existing process technologies. Department of Scientific and Industrial Research (NZ), Industrial Processing Division, Report IPDITSDI 6008. 243 p. 193 ref. PALMER, E. R. 1983: Energy production from biomass. The Energy Journa/56(4): 11-13. PALMER, E.R. 1984: Gasification of wood for methanol production. Energy in Agriculture 3(4): 363-375. 5 ref. PARTEL, W.S. 1983: Coal mining development in the North Island. New Zealand, Ministry of Energy, Mines Division. 32 p. REED, T.B. (Ed.) 1981: Biomass gasification: principles and technology. Solar Energy Research Institute, Golden, Colorado. 401 p. 60

24. Physical and Chemical Properties of Biomass (53 references)

Keywords: moisture content, basic density, particle size, Notable references: The New Zealand experience with the pH, calorific value, determination, chemical properties, physical and chemical properties of biomass are described in physical properties, methods, techniques, standards, Butcher (1974), Cown (1980), Cown and McConchie (1983a, carbohydrates, lignin, extractives, ash. 1983b, 1983c), Kinninmonth and Williams (1982), Shula (1988), and Stevens et al. (1985). Overseas experience with Sources: Biomass, ForestProductsJournal, Wood Science, the physical and chemical properties of biomass are described SUAS, NZJFS. in Appita (1979), Barton (1984), Bjorklund (1983, 1984), Synopsis: Consideration of the physical and chemical Bjorklund and Fredrikson (1985), Blanchette et al. (1985), properties of biomass (both fresh and after storage) is a vital Blankenhorn et al. (1980), Dobry et al. (1986), Ebeling and element during the stages of resource assessment and Jenkins (1985), Eslyn (1971 ), Feist et al. (1972), Hartley and energy conversion. The important physical properties include Marchant (1985), Hatton (1970), Heinrichs (1954), Jirjis and moisture content, basic density, calorific value, and particle Theander (1986), Kawase (1962); Neenan and Nilssen (1985), size, while important chemical properties include pH, Smith (1961), Stamm (1961), TAPPI (1976), and Wilcox carbohydrates, lignin, extractives, and ash. Compulsory (1968). Attempts to establish voluntary measurement measurement standards for many of these properties have standards in the bioenergy industry are described in been established in the pulp/paper and biotechnology Anonymous (1984) and Milne (1984). Cross references to industries, while attempts are being made to establish this section regarding physical and chemical properties of voluntary standards in the bioenergy industry (Milne 1984). biomass are located in Sections 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, and 14.

ANONYMOUS 1974: Chemical protection of chips in storage, BLANKENHORN, P.R.; BOWERSOX, T.W.; KUKLEWSKI, K.M.; factors influencing quality changes, and effects observed in STIMELY,G.L; MURPHY, W.K.1985: Comparison of selected aging of chips: an annotated bibliography (1930-1979]. Institute fuel and chemical content values for seven Popu/us hybrid of Paper Chemistry, Appleton, Wisconsin. 34 p. clones. Wood and Fiber Science 17(2): "148--58. 15 ref. ANONYMOUS 1984: Fiber fuels institute to define biomass fuel BLANKENHORN, P.R.; BOLDWIN, R.C.; MERRIL, W.; OTTONE, standards. Biomass Digest (March): 5. 1 ref. S.P. 1980: Calorimetric analysis of fungal degraded wood. APPITA 1979: Basic density of wood chips. Appita Standard Wood Science 13(1 ): 26-31. P1s-79. 2 p. 2 ref. BUTCHER, J. 1974: A practical guide to fungal damage of limber BALODIS, V.; PHILtiPS, F.H.; YURlTTA, A. 1980: The and wood products. New Zealand Forest Service, Information measurement of basic density of hardwood chips. Appita 33(4): Series No. 65. 35 p. No ref. 261-294. 14 ref. CANADIAN PULP AND PAPER ASSOCIATION 1964: Basic BARTON, G.M. 1984: Definition of biomass samples involving density of wood. Canadian Pulp andPaper Association, Standard wood, bark, and foliage. Biomass 4(4): 311-314. 2 ref. A.1H. 2 p. 1 ref. BENDTSEN, B.A. 1978: Properties of wood from improved and CHRISTIE, R.D. 1979: The use of decayed wood in pulping intensively managed trees. Forest Products Journal 28(10): processes. Pp. 111-128 in Hatton, J.V. (Ed.) Chip Quality 61-72. 64 ref. Monograph. Pulp and Paper Technology Series No. 5. BJORKLUND, L. 1983: Determination of basic density of chips. 27 ref. Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Department of COWN, D.J. 1980: A note on the estimation of basic density of fresh For~st Products, Research Notes No. 128. 21 p. 9 ref. wood chips. New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science 10(3): BJORKLUND, L. 1984: Massavendens torr, radensitet och dess 502-503. 4 ref. beroende av olika faktorer = Pulpwood basic density and its COWN, D.J.; McCONCHIE, D.L. 1982: Rotation age and silvicultural dependence on different factors. Sveriges /antbruksuniversitet, effects on wood properties of four stands of Pinus radiata. New lnstitutionen for virkeslara, Rapport Nr 155. 29 p. 10 ref. Zealand Journal of Forestry Science 12(1): 71-85. 13 ref. BJORKLUND, L.; FREDRIKSON, H. 1985: The influence of wood chip moisture content on basic density determinations. Swedish COWN, D.J.; McCONCHIE, D.L 1983a: Radiata pine wood University of Agricultural Sciences, Department of Forest properties survey (1977-1982). New Zealand Forest Service, Products, Report No. 162. 32 p. 23 ref. FRI Bulletin No. 50. 42 p. 42 ref. BLANCHETTE, R.A.; OTJEN, L.; EFFLAND, M.J.; ESLYN, W.E. COWN, D.J.; McCONCHIE, D.L 1983b: Studies on the intrinsic 1985: Changes in structural and chemical components of wood properties of new-crop radiata pine. 1: Wood characteristics of delignified by fungi. Wood Science and Technology 19(1): 10trees from a 12-year-old stand grown in central North Island. 35-46. 30 ref. New Zealand Forest Service, FRI Bulletin No. 36. 21 p. 9 ref. 61

COWN, D.J.; McCONCHIE, D.L.1983c: Studies on the intrinsic LEATHAM,G.F.; EFFLAND,M.J.1988: Selectionofwhite-rotfungi properties of new-crop radiata pine. 11: Wood characteristics of for biopulping. Biomass 15(2): 93-101. 22 ref. 10 trees from a 24-year-old stand grown in central North Island. New Zealand Forest Service, FRI Bulletin No. 3Z 31 p. 10 ref. MILNE,- T.A. (Ed.) 1984: Workshop on standards in biomass for energy and chemicals: proceedings, Standards in Biomass for DANIEL, G.F; NILSSON, T.; SINGH, A.P. 1987: Degradation of Energy and Chemicals Workshop, Gaithersburg, Maryland, 1 lignocellulosics by unique tunnel-forming bacteria. Canadian August. Solar Energy Research Institute CP-234-2506. 83 p. Journal of Microbiology 33(10): 943-948. 15 ref. NEENAN, M.; NILSSEN, E. 1985: Feedstock characteristics for DOBRY, J.; DZIURZYNSKI, A.; RYPACEK, V.1986: Relation principal methods of energy conversion - combustion. Pp. between combustion heat and chemical wood composition 70-85 in Morgan, D.J.; Gambles, R.L.; Zsuffa, L.; Mitchell, C.P. during white and brown rot. Wood Science and Technology (Ed.) Proceedings Joint Workshop of International Energy 29(2): 137-144. 24 ref. Agency/Forestry Energy Programme Groups 8, C, and D, Uppsala, Sweden, 11 June 1984. 16 ref. EBEUNG, J.M.; JENKINS, B.M. 1985: Physical and chemical properties of biomass fuels. Transactions of the ASAE 28(3): PEREIRA, H. 1988: Variability in the chemical composition of 898-902. 7 ref. plantation eucalypts (Eucalyptus g/obulus Labill.). Wood and Fiber Science 20(1 ): 82-90. 12 ref. ENTRICAN, A.R.; WARD, W.C.; REID, J.S. 1951: The physical and mechanical properties of the principal indigenous woods of SAFO-SAMPAH, S.; WILCOX, W.W. 1988: The role of New Zealand. New Zealand Forest Service, Wellington. 83 p. actinomycetes in the terrestrial degradation of wood. Forest 22 ref. Products Journa/38(1): 42-46. 20 ref. ESLYN, W.E. 1971: Reliability of a method for measuring specific SENNERBY-FORSSE, L. 1985: Clonal variation of wood specific gravity to determine wood losses in outside chip storage. Tappi gravity, moisture content, and stem bark percentage in 1-year­ 54(8): 1269-1270. 6 ref. old shoots of 20 fast-growing Salix clones. Canadian Journal of Forest Research 15(3): 531--34. 12 ref. FEIST, W.C.; SPRINGER, E.L; HAJNY, G.J. 1972: Determining loss of wood substance in outside chip storage: a comparison SHULA, R.G. 1988: Indicative effects of outside storage on the fuel of two methods. USDA Forest Service, Forest Products potential of Eucalyptus nitens and Piilus radiata whole tree Laboratory, Research Paper FPL-189. 8 p. 13 ref. sections and chips. Pp. 237-247in Proceedings of lEA/BE Conference Task lV Activity 6 and 7: production, storage and HARRIS, J.M. 1961 : The dimensional stability shrinkage intersection utilization of wood fuels, held in Uppsala, 6-7 December. point and related properties of New Zealand timbers. New Sveriges lantbruksuniversitet, lnstitutionen for skogsteknik, Zealand Forest Service, FR/Technica/PaperNo. 36. 17p. 5ref. Uppsatser och Resuhat, 133-134. HARTLEY, J.; MARCHANT, J.1988: Methods of determining the SMITH, D.M. 1954: Maximum moisture content method for moisture content of wood. Forestry Commission of New South determining specific gravity of small wood samples. USDA Wales, Technical Paper No. 41. 60 p. 9 ref. Forest Service, Forest Products Laboratory, Report No. 2014. HATTON, J.V. 1970: Relative merits of direct weight loss and 8 p. 8 ref. specific gravity methods in determining wood substance losses SMITH, D.M.1955: A comparison of two methods for determining in outside chip storage. Canadian Forestry Service, Forest the specific gravity of small samples of second growth Douglas Products Laboratory, Information Report VP-X-72. 16 p. 7 ref. fir. USDA Forest Service, Forest Products Laboratory, Report HEINRICHS, J.F. 1954: Rapid specific gravity determinations. No. 2033. 21 p. 12 ref. Forest Products Journa/4(1): 68. No ref. SMITH, D.M. 1961: Method of determining specific gravity of wood HENS EL, J.S. 1983: A method of determining moisture content in chips. USDA Forest Service, Forest Products Laboratory, Report wood chips. American PulpwoodAssociation, Technical Release No. 2209. 8 p. 2 ref. 83-R-39. 1 p. STAMM, A.J. 1961: A comparison of three methods for determining INSTITUTE FOR INDUSTRIAL RESEARCH AND STANDARDS the pH of wood and paper. Forest Products Journal 11(7): 1984: Retrospective search on moisture of biomass for energy. 310-312. No ref. Institute for Industrial Research and Standards (Ireland), STEVENS, D.J.; MACKIE, K.; KJELLSTROM, B. 1985: Feedstock Information Technology Group. 35 p. characteristics for principal methods of energy conversion - JIRJIS, R.; THEANDER, 0. 1986: Preliminary results on chemical gasification/liquefaction. Pp.86-103in Morgan, D.J.; Gambles, composition changes in stored forest fuel. Swedish University of R.L.; Zsuffa, L.; Mitchell, C.P. (Ed.) Proceedings, Joint Agricultural Sciences, Department of Forest Products, Report Workshop of International Energy Agency/Forestry Energy No. 161. 23 p. 7 ref. Agreement Programme Groups 8, C, and D, Uppsala, Sweden, 11 June 1984. 2 ref. KAWASE, K.1962: Chemical components of wood decayed under natural conditions and their properties. Journal of the Faculty of TAPPI 1976: Basic density and moisture content of pulpwood. Agriculture Hokkaido University 52(2): 186-245. TAPPI Standard T258 OS-76. 5 p. 4 ref. KELSEY, R.G.; SHAFIZADEH, F. 1979: Chemical characteristics WANG, S.; HUFFMAN, J.B. 1982: Effect of extractives on heat of wood residues and implications for utilisation. USDA Forest content of Melaleuca and Eucalyptus. Wood Science 15(1): Service, lntermountain Forest and Range Experiment Station, 33-38. 17 ref. General Technical Report /NT-110. 9 p. 22 ref. WANG, S.; LITTELL, R.C.; ROCKWOOD, D.L 1984: Variation in KINNINMONTH, J.A.; WILUAMS, D.H. 1982: Measuring the density and moisture content of wood and bark among twenty moisture content of wood. New Zealand Forest Service, Eucalyptus grandis progenies. Wood Science and Technology Information Series No. 60. 12 p. No ref. 18(2): 97-100. 10 ref. 62

WILCOX, W.W. 1968: Changes in wood microstructure through progressive stages of decay. USDA Forest Service, Forest Products LaboratOI)', Research Paper FPL 70. 46 p. 55 ref. WILKES, J. 1987: Review of the significance of variations in wood structure in the utilisation of Pinus radiata. Australian Forest Research 17{3): 215-232. 113 ref. •