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PRIMARY SOURCE The Duties of Lords and Vassals Letter from Fulbert

Section 2 In the year 1020, Bishop Fulbert of wrote this letter to William, Duke of Aquitaine, in southern . The letter is the earliest surviving document explaining the bond between lords and vassals. As you read, think about how lords and vassals were supposed to act toward one another.

o \Villiam, most illustrious duke of the The lord also ought to act toward his faithful T Aquitanians, Bishop Fulbert, the favor of his vassal in the same n~anner ill aJl these things. And prayers: if he fail s to do this, he will be rightfully regarded Requested to \"'lite something regarding the as guilty of bad faith, just as the Former, ifhe character of fealty, I have set down brieHv for vou. should be found shirking, or \.villing to shirk, his on the authority ~)f the hooks, the follO\vi'~g things. obligations would be pe rfidious [treacherous] and He who takes the oath of fealty [faithfulness] to his perjured. lord ought always to keep in mind these six things: I should have ",rritten to yo u at greater length what is harmless, safe, honorable, useful, easy, and had I not been bus)' with many other matters , practicable. Harmless, which means that he ought including the rebuilding of our city and church, not to injure his lord in his body; safe, that he which were recently completely destroyed by a ter­ should not injure him by betraying his confidence rible nre. Though For a time we could not thin k of or the defenses upon which he depends for securi­ anything but this disaster, ye t now, by the hope of ty; honorahle, that he should not injure him in his God's comfort, and of yours also, we breathe more justice, or in other matters that relate to hi s honor; freely again. . useful, that he should not injure him in his proper­ from FA Ogg, eo., A Source Book of MeciielJa/ Hi story ty; eas)', that he should not make difficult that (New York: AtrJ elic;t 1l Book Company, J9(7), 22,O-22l. which his lord can do eaSily; and practicable, that Re[llinteo in D avio Herlihy, (~ d . Th e Hist(Jrlj (Jf Fuwi(/lisrn he should not make impossible for the lord that (New Yurk: Walker alltl CornpallY, 1970),97. which is possihle. However, while it is proper that the faithful vas­ Discussion Questions sal avoid these injuries, it is not for doing this alone Recognizing Facts and Details that he deserves hi s 11Olding: for it is not enough to refrain from wrongdoing; unless that whicb is good (YWhat were the six things that a faitbful vassal is done al so . It remains, therefore, that in the s,)me should have always kept in mind'? '). "VVilat was a vassal expected to do besides avoid six things referred to ahov(~ he should faithfully advise and aid his lord, if be wishes to be regarded injurious behavior? as worthy of his benefice and to he safe concerning @ Making Inferences According to this lette r. what formed the basis of the bond between a th e ft~ alty which he has swom. lord and his vassals'?

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European Middle Ages 59 Presidents' Day Weekend Packet L 0 J W V C SIC 0 P Z 0 F H P K L R G SEN S S 0 A I F M L T N AMY E N R U 0 J J E PHI 0 V I R I SAG A K LEA H A A PAR L S A A U ART J H N N U U A 0 I PUT N J U C N V S 0 F M R M 0 N T E Z U M A I I T LIT EMU Leu 0 H N V A seQ KEN U S I K W M T V L P E U B V A P K 0 L A U G G 0 L A L N lEY 0 M S L W NUX Y eRe WNW FOX L P Q H H F L V A Q x V R L K Bee E V A K V 0 TIL C M Y C I SRI C Z E T Z FEU 0 A LIS M H L T N H I H W T U ROC S J UNO F Y S T T X X V REX COM M U N I CAT ION H U A M Z K A J 0 Z EPA G X YAY R L A V I H C T G ANT U C FIE F T F V F W U A GAP R VOL TOG 0 E M H E J R F S peT H Q E C G M E Q ABC V W A LAC H L A K N M U A S I H J S R K X M seE C R M U Y X A T K M V N Z X N Y Leo o K W F T 0 V X N E I X W L 0 0 Y S G R H V E I W V Z Q T X I F B J Q E U E W R 0 R I L A IDA N B 101 P P B H H H Z W N F W V H T B E H U PIC N B PYA 0 B B F R Q E TUM Y elF R F S M M A Q A N R V 0 P U Y L T Q E U F W R S T L T K T K ElM A Z N 0 LEE V R P PST I N T B Tel S W B P G I E S VOW v X lOS U E 0 W I W lEG E F MEN X E 0 Z W I B L S Y V A H W TUN C C V U 0 T X U 0 M ZIG M N R H DUE E I 0 H N K I U T RAe K Q SHE I Y A A Q I F U V F S I M leo weT KID U S R P K Q C T L U RON A ENe A Z S R R W U 0 U Reo SMA V V GOO A 0 X E P S R PET F Q M 0 U E J R PEA E W R B L S C Z N E S F R E Y Z U M B Y o K H J G E Q A B W N R Z J A A S 0 EEl 0 R U A Y 0 0 Q W PAT V G Q F PAR JOT H GIN K T Q 0 E C H U A K 0 T W P K K T J L N Y R X C eMS S C U SUA C X W R N T K E U S JAN V J M B X I E LOA eWE C Q 0 Y GAP R R A FLU Q S R U 0 T FOE L T TAB U P 0 N P Z R 0 I N E L Z Z Z Y G Y T Q GOA M B X I A C X 0 J G I P 0 N X Z C W P W 0 G J C APPRENTICE GUILDS QUECHUA BATTLEOFTOURS HERE SY QUETZALCOATL BERINGIA I NTE RDICT QUIPU CAUSEWAY JOURNEYMAN SERF CHINAMPAS KNIGHT SUBSI STENC EAGRICULTURE CHIVALRY LAYINVESTITURE TENOCHTITLAN DISCUSS MACHUPICHU TOURNALVJENT EX COtvlMUNICATION IVJANOR TR I BUTE EXPLAIN MESOAMERICA TROUBADOURS FEUDALCONTRACT MONARCHY VALLEYOFMEXICO FEUDALISM MONTEZUMAII VASSAL FIEF PACHACUTI

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'-­ Clues Across 2. exclusion from the Roman as a penalty for refusing to obey Church law 3. region of NOlth America in which civilizations with common cultural features developed before Europeans entered the continent 4. feathered serpent god of the Aztecs who reigned over the earth and the water 6. payment that conquered peoples may be forced to pay to their conquerors 7. location numerous Mesoamerican civilizations, including the Aztecs 8. the spoken language of the Incas 9. knotted strings used by Inca officials for record-keeping II. a raised road or path that goes across wet ground or water 12. in Middle Ages, an association of merchants or artisans who cooperated to uphold standards of their economic interests 14. in medieval , an estate granted by a lord to a vassal in exchange for service and loyalty 17. religious beliefs that is contrary to the official teachings of a church 19. exchange of pledges between lords and vassals 23. a wandering poet or singer of med ieval Emope 25. a land mass ill the region of the Bering Strait over which Native Americans migrated to the western Hemisphere 28. to make plain or understandable; to give reasons for or causes ot to show the logical development or relationships of 29. during the Midqle Ages in Europe, a lord's estate which included one or more villages and the surrounding lands 31 . Incan city in the high Andes Mountains 32. capital city of the Aztec empire, on which modern-day Mexico City was built 33. in medieval Europe, a peasant bound to the lord 's land 34. Aztec ruler from 1502-1520; he was the emperor of the Aztecs when Cortes and his army conquered the empire. He was taken prisoner and killed during battle with the Spanish army. Down 1. farming in which the farmers focus on growing enough food to feed themselves and their families 5. battle in 732 in which Christian Franks led by Charles Martel defeated Muslim armies and stopped the Muslim advance into Europe 10. in the Roman Catholic Church, of an entire region, town, or kingdom 11 . code of conduct for knights during the Middle Ages 13. to make observations about something using facts, reasoning, and argument; to present in some detail 15. artificial islands used to cultivate crops and made of mud piled atop reed mats that were anchored to the lake bed with willow trees 16. government in which a king or queen exercises central power 18. salaried worker employed by a guild master 20. a young person learning a trade from a master 21. a mock battle in which knights would compete against one another to display their fighting skills 22. in medieval Europe, a lord who was granted land in exchange for service and loyalty to a greater lord 24. a European noble who served as a mounted warrior 26. loosely organized system ofgovemment in which local lords governed their own lands but owed military service and other support to a greater lord 27. Inca leader from 1428-1471; with the help of his son, Topo Inca, he extended the lncan empire through the use of military force and political alliances. 30. appointment of by anyone who is not a member of the clergy

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