Flexible Fuel Vehicles: Providing a Renewable Fuel Choice, Vehicle

VEHICLE TECHNOLOGIES PROGRAM

Flexible Fuel Vehicles: Providing a Renewable Fuel Choice Today, almost 8 million vehicles on U.S. highways are flexible fuel vehicles (FFVs). These vehicles can operate on gasoline or blends of gasoline and ethanol up to E85 (85% ethanol, 15% gasoline). As a renewable fuel, ethanol offers significant advantages. It is manufactured predominantly in the United States, made from homegrown feedstocks, and is cleaner burning than gasoline.

What is an FFV? mental Protection Agency (EPA) or the California Air Resources Board. Using An FFV, as its name implies, has the noncertified conversions is illegal and flexibility of running on more than one may affect warranties. type of fuel. FFVs can be fueled with unleaded gasoline, E85, or any combination For more information on the vehicle of the two. Like conventional gasoline conversion process, refer to the EPA’s vehicles, FFVs have a single fuel tank, Updated Certification Guidance for Flexible fuel vehicles can be fueled with fuel system, and engine. And they are Alternative Fuel Converters on its Web unleaded gasoline, E85, or any combination available in a wide range of models such site at www.epa.gov/otaq/cert/dearmfr/ of the two. Photo from GM Corp as sedans, pickups, and minivans. Light- cisd0602.pdf. duty FFVs are designed to operate with at least 15% gasoline in the fuel, mainly to Does E85 affect vehicle What are the costs and ensure they start in cold weather. performance? benefits of using E85? FFVs are equipped with modified FFVs operating on E85 generally handle Special features enabling vehicles to run components designed specifically to and perform just as well as when fueled on E85 can add a minimal cost to their be compatible with ethanol’s chemical with gasoline. Sensors in the FFV system purchase price. Because they have a properties. In the illustration on the back, automatically prompt adjustments for fuel solid performance history, manufactur- the main modifications for FFVs are composition, so emissions and standard ers provide standard warranties for FFVs described. These modifications ensure performance areas such as power and equal to those for gasoline vehicles at no seamless operation and a long useful life acceleration are not significantly affected additional charge. across a wide range of ethanol blends. by E85. One difference between E85 and gasoline, however, is fuel economy. Fuel, however, may be a cost factor. Clean Cities posts a list of alternative fuel E85’s reduced energy content compared vehicles, including FFVs, on its Alterna- Ethanol contains less energy per gal- lon, which translates into a reduction in to gasoline, as explained in the previous tive Fuels and Advanced Vehicles Data section, can increase fuel costs. This cost Center (AFDC) Web site at www.afdc. fuel economy compared to gasoline. No matter what type of fuel is used, however, differential is highly variable because it energy.gov. To find out about available is based on ethanol and gasoline price models, go to the Vehicles section of the fuel mileage is affected by driving habits, weather, and other factors. differences. Like gasoline, ethanol prices AFDC and use the Light-Duty Vehicle fluctuate and are set based on market sup- Search. Standard test results for fuel economy of ply and demand. This variability means FFVs and their gasoline counterparts are that a driver may or may not experience Can existing vehicles be posted on the combined EPA and a difference in overall fuel costs, depend- converted to FFVs? U.S. Department of Energy Web site at ing on local pump prices. To compare the www.fueleconomy.gov. Converting a conventional gasoline price of fueling with E85 versus gasoline, vehicle to one that runs on E85 is techni- use the AFDC’s Flexible Fuel Vehicle cally possible. FFV conversions need to Cost Calculator at www.afdc.energy.gov/ be done by authorized companies and afdc/progs/cost_anal.php?0/E85. require certification by the U.S. Environ-

www.cleancities.energy.gov • March 2010 VEHICLE TECHNOLOGIES PROGRAM • March 2010 • Page 2

Although your FFV’s fuel economy on Where are E85 stations E85 is somewhat less than when operating on gasoline, a bonus for its use is located? Resources lower greenhouse gas emissions. Using Stations offering E85 continue to increase Alternative Fuels and Advanced the GREET model, Argonne National across the nation. As of January 2010, more than 1,900 stations in 44 states sold Vehicles Data Center: Laboratory indicates in “Ethanol, The www.afdc.energy.gov Complete Energy Lifecycle Picture” that E85. To find E85 stations throughout the country, check out the Alternative Fuel greenhouse gas emissions are reduced ap- American Coalition for Ethanol: proximately 15% when ethanol produced Station Locator at www.afdc.energy.gov/ www.ethanol.org from corn is used.1 Using E85 also reduc- stations, a database maintained by the AFDC. This easy-to-use database allows Clean Cities: es CO2 emissions and provides significant reductions in emissions of many harmful users to plot routes either across town or www.cleancities.energy.gov toxics, including benzene, a known human across the nation, showing E85 stations Fuel Economy: www.fueleconomy.gov carcinogen. However, E85 also increases along the way. emissions of acetaldehyde—a toxic pollut- Growth Energy: www.e85fuel.com 2 ant. Additional testing is being completed 1 Wang, Michael. Ethanol: The Complete Energy to expand the understanding of the emis- Lifecycle Picture, Argonne National Laboratory, Handbook for Handling, Storing, sions impacts of E85. March 2007. and Dispensing E85: www.afdc.energy.gov/afdc/ethanol/ 2 Whitney, Kevin (Southwest Research Institute); publications.html How are FFVs identified? Fernandez, Tony (U. S. Environmental Protection Agency). “Characterization of Cold Temperature Since September 2006, the Energy Policy VOC and PM Emissions from Flex Fuel Vehicles Renewable Fuels Association: Act of 2005 requires auto manufacturers Operating on Ethanol Blends.” Presented at the www.ethanolrfa.org to place a label inside the FFV fuel com- 17th CRC On-Road Vehicle Emissions Workshop, March 26–28, 2007. partment that states the vehicle can run U.S. Environmental Protection Agency: on either E85 or gasoline. Flexible-fuel www.epa.gov/otaq/consumer/fuels/ capability also is outlined in the owner’s altfuels/altfuels.htm manual and encoded in the vehicle identi- fication number, or VIN.

Flexible Fuel Vehicle Features

Engine calibration updates: Fuel system electrical connections and wiring: Fuel pump assembly: In-tank components Fueling and spark advance calibrations System must be electrically isolated and made of must be made from ethanol-compatible are directed by vehicle computer to materials designed to handle ethanol’s increased materials and sized to handle the control combustion, enable cold start, conductivity and corrosiveness (if exposed to fuel). increased fuel ﬂow needed to compen- and meet emissions requirements. sate for ethanol’s lower energy density.

Internal engine parts: Piston rings, valve seats, valves, and other components must be Fuel ﬁller assembly: made of ethanol-compatible Anti-siphon and spark materials that are designed to arrestor features are minimize the cleansing eects included to handle of alcohol fuels, which can ethanol’s increased wash lubrication from parts. conductivity.

Fuel tank: Must be made Fuel identiﬁer system: of ethanol-compatible System automatically materials and designed to senses the composition minimize evaporative of the fuel and adjusts emissions from ethanol. engine for varying Fuel injection system: Must be made of ethanol- Fuel rail and fuel lines: Must be made of ethanol-gasoline blends. compatible materials and designed for higher ﬂow ethanol-compatible materials with seals, gaskets, to compensate for ethanol’s lower energy density. and rubber fuel hoses rated for ethanol use.

Clean Cities Technical Response Service Prepared by the National Renewable Energy Laboratory 800-254-6735 (NREL), a national laboratory of the U.S. Department of [email protected] Energy, Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy; NREL is operated by the Alliance for Sustainable Energy, LLC. Printed with a renewable-source ink on paper containing at least 50% wastepaper, including DOE/GO-102010-3002 • March 2010 10% post consumer waste. CLEAN CITIES CLEAN