A Comparative Study of How Trans People Interact with Public Policies in Montréal and Toronto
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A Comparative Study of How Trans People Interact with Public Policies in Montréal and Toronto Natalie Duchesne A Thesis In the Department Of Humanities Centre for Interdisciplinary Studies in Society and Culture Presented in Partial Fulfilment of the Requirements For the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy (Interdisciplinary Studies in Society and Culture) at Concordia University Montreal, Quebec, Canada April 2016 © Natalie Duchesne, 2016 CONCORDIA UNIVERSITY SCHOOL OF GRADUATE STUDIES This is to certify that the thesis prepared By: Natalie Duchesne Entitled: A Comparative Study of How Trans People Interact with Public Policies in Montréal and Toronto and submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy (Humanities) complies with the regulations of the University and meets the accepted standards with respect to originality and quality. Signed by the final examining committee: Dr. Chedly Belkhodja Chair Dr. Miriam Smith External Examiner Dr. Francesca Scala External to Program Dr. Stephanie Paterson Examiner Dr. Greg Nielsen Examiner Dr. Viviane Namaste Thesis Supervisor Approved by Dr. Bina Friedwal Chair of Department or Graduate Program Director Dean of Faculty Abstract A Comparative Study of How Trans People Interact with Public Policies in Montréal and Toronto Natalie Duchesne, PhD Concordia University, 2016 This dissertation examines trans people's relationship to policy in Montréal and Toronto. Adopting a critical/reflexive methodology, it begins by examining how past research has been framed through the object of study of gender transgression (transness). It demonstrates that this focus has limited the scope of policies considered: which policies are discussed, what is said about them, and how they are evaluated. In order to move forward, the dissertation proposes the concept of policy encounters, that is, contact between policy users and policy. This notion is developed by examining trans people's encounters with housing, social assistance, refugee, and trans-specific policies (e.g. civil status). Based on 30 one-on-one interviews, this review expands the scope (breadth and depth) of what is considered in relation to trans people and policy, uncovers new points of evaluation, and re-examines political priorities. All in all, policy encounters offer a much better perspective of trans people's policy landscape than gender transgression. Finally, this dissertation highlights the skills and strategies adopted by trans people to navigate complex and imperfect policies. As a whole, the project moves towards offering policy advice to policy users. iii Acknowledgements First and foremost, I would like to thank all the interview participants that trusted me with their stories (including those who chose the following pseudonyms: Josie, Alex, Hélène, Teresa, Simone, Chantal, Gwyneth, and Daniel). Next, I want to thank the community leaders in trans networks that took the time to speak with me and opened many doors. I especially want to thank to following, whose insight was particularly illuminating: Nora Butler Burke, Jackson Ezra, Danielle Chénier, Morgan Page, and Kyle Scanlon—Kyle I knew you briefly but you left your mark. You should all know that your names came up time and time again in interviews; participants underlined the importance of your work and support. Mom and dad (Joanne and Réjean), your unconditional love and support is the source of my strength. I inherited curiosity from my mother and the need to solve puzzles from my father. Thank you both. My brother, Marc, you were my first intellectual colleague. Our curiosity took us in different directions but it all comes back to childhood adventures. I treasure those moments and am very proud of whom we have become. Mathieu Craig, it is safe to say that our idealism has been taken down a notch or two over the years. But we will always have our gay walks and paradigm shifting adventures. Thanks for distracting me when I needed to get away from my thesis and your support through life's ups and downs. Mark Gaspar, our ideas are often mirror images even though they come from different places. I’ve lost count of the number of inspiring conversations we have had. You have been a bastion of good sense in a strange strange world. Stephanie Paterson, you introduced me to policy studies with skill and it has changed the way I see the world. Knowing that I had you in my corner gave me the confidence to step out of my discipline, without fearing that I would get lost. Thank you. iv Greg Nielsen, you asked me questions months before I could understand their fundamental significance. You challenged me to push the philosophical and intellectual engagement of my project further and for that I am very thankful. Viviane Namaste, supervisor extraordinaire: building on your ideas got me here, your encouragement and support got me here in one piece. Not only did you guide me towards a thesis that actually holds together, but you have been a role model: You lead the good life Viviane. And truly, you have been the Athena of this Odyssey. My doctoral work has benefited from the Joseph-Armand Bombardier CGS Doctoral Scholarship and a Concordia fellowship. v Table of Content List of Figures ........................................................................................................................................... x List of Tables ........................................................................................................................................... xi Abbreviations ....................................................................................................................................... xii Introduction ............................................................................................................................................. 1 Three Lines of Questioning ............................................................................................................................ 2 Situating the Project ......................................................................................................................................... 6 Disciplinary locations. .................................................................................................................................................. 6 Rigour in Project-Centred Research. ...................................................................................................................... 8 The politics of trans: A project-centred approach. ........................................................................................... 9 Methodology, Theory, and Method ........................................................................................................... 12 Thesis Organisation and Chapter Summaries ...................................................................................... 18 PART ONE: WORKING TOWARDS A NEW OBJECT OF STUDY ............................................... 23 Chapter One – Developing a Critical/Reflexive Methodology .............................................. 24 The Good Life .................................................................................................................................................... 26 Critique ............................................................................................................................................................... 37 Structuralism's legacy. .............................................................................................................................................. 37 Moving forward. ........................................................................................................................................................... 47 Reflexivity .......................................................................................................................................................... 53 A Critical/Reflexive Research Practice .................................................................................................... 63 Chapter Two – Policy Studies .......................................................................................................... 67 The Emergence of Policy Studies ............................................................................................................... 70 External factors: The context of policymaking and analysis. .................................................................... 71 Internal factors: The birth of policy studies. .................................................................................................... 75 The Evolution of the Field ............................................................................................................................ 76 Disappointments: Failure and relevance. .......................................................................................................... 76 Positivists and postpositivists: Productive tensions. ................................................................................... 78 The argumentative turn. ........................................................................................................................................... 81 Framing analysis. ......................................................................................................................................................... 86 vi Framing the Field ...........................................................................................................................................