Phuket mar. biol. Cent. Res. Bull. 69: 25–41 (2008)

THE (CEPHALOPODA) OF THAILAND

Anuwat Nateewathana

Marine and Coastal Resources Research Center, Upper Gulf of Thailand Samutsakhon, Thailand E-mail: [email protected]

ABSTRACT: Three genera and ten of sepiid are reported from the Gulf of Thailand and the . They are: (Férussac & d’Orbigny, 1835);

Metasepia tullbergi (Appellöf , 1886); pharaonis Ehrenberg, 1831; Sepia aculeata d’Orbigny, 1848; Sepia lycidas Gray, 1849; Sepia brevimana Steenstrup, 1875; Sepia recurvirostra Steenstrup, 1875; Sepia kobiensis Hoyle, 1885; Sepia arabica Massy, 1916; and Sepia prashadi Winckworth, 1936. tullbergi, Sepia lycidas and Sepia kobiensis are restricted to the Gulf of Thailand, South China Sea while Sepia arabica and Sepia prashadi are represented only in the Andaman Sea. Diagnoses and a provisional key to the identification of these cuttlefishes are included. A discussion on recorded sepiids in Thai waters by various authors is also provided.

INTRODUCTION MATERIALS AND METHODS

The sepiids have been described in various Study area. Thailand is situated in the Southeast papers dealing with Thai . The first Asian peninsula extending from 5° to 21° N and recorded sepiid in Thai waters was Sepia sp. 95° to 106 E° with a seabed area of 420,280 km² (Suvatti 1938). Later, the same author added Sepia (Gulf of Thailand 304,000 km² and the Andaman esculenta to the list of molluscs of Thailand Sea 116,280 km²). The coastline extends 2,615 (Suvatti 1950, 1966). Sithigornkul (1974) was the km (Gulf of Thailand 1,875 km and the Andaman first to provide a detailed treatment of the Sea 740 km). The Gulf of Thailand is relatively fauna of Thailand. He recorded 6 shallow, with a mean depth of approximately 58 species while Chotiyaputta (1993) recorded 7 m; the deepest point is 95 m. The Andaman Sea species of sepiids in Thai waters. An intensive depth is greater than 1,000 m, but fishing activities investigation along the Andaman Sea coast of take place on the shelf at depths of less than 90 m Thailand was carried out by Nateewathana (1996), depth. The fishing area in the Andaman Sea coast and 7 species were reported in this area. Among of Thailand is about 44,000 km². these species, Sepia arabica and S. prashadi are the first records for Thai waters. Later, Collection and identification. In the present Nateewathana (1998) reported study, most of the species collected from the for the first time in the Gulf of Thailand. Andaman Sea have been described in The aim of this paper is to collate the Nateewathana (1996, 1998) and deposited in the knowledge of Sepiidae in Thai waters. It is intended Phuket Marine Biological Center Reference to reduce the confusion facing students of this Collection. Additional material was collected from group in Thailand and to provide a better baseline the Gulf of Thailand. Sepiidae were obtained from for fishery scientists interested in the exploitation fishing boats, research vessels, fish markets and of this group of . fish landings along the coast. All material was fixed

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in 10% neutralized formalin and subsequently here only for assisting rapid identification. Full transferred to 75% ethyl alcohol. The procedure figures can be found in the original references. for preservation and curation follows Roper & The specimens are deposited in the Reference Sweeney (1983). Illustrations of the species are Collection of Phuket Marine Biological Center, P.O. modified from Roper et al. (1984) and presented Box 60, Phuket 83000, Thailand.

A Provisional Key to the Sepiidae of Thailand

1. Glandular pore at posterior end of between fins………...…….…….Sepiella inermis – No glandular pore at posterior end of mantle………...……....…………….………………...... 2 2. Two prominent ear-shaped fleshy projections present on head behind eyes…Sepia arabica – No such projection on head………………...………………………………………………...... 3 3. without posterior spine………………………………………Metasepia tullbergi – Cuttlebone with posterior spine……………………….……………………………………...... 4 4. Club suckers of greatly different size...... 5 – Club suckers small, subequal in size...... 7 5. Shell elongate-oval, width 25–28% of shell length. 3–4 of the median suckers of the club greatly and conspicuously enlarged...... Sepia prashadi – Shell oval, wide, width 30–40% of shell length...... 6 6. Club protective membranes parallel in carpal part and terminating on stalk of tentacle without joining, 5–6 of the median suckers of the club greatly enlarged...... Sepia pharaonis – Club protective membranes fused in carpal part of club and separating sucker-carrying surface from stalk, 5–6 of the median suckers of the club slightly enlarged...... ……………………………...... Sepia recurvirostra 7. Club suckers in 10–14 oblique rows...... Sepia aculeata – Club suckers in 8 oblique rows...... Sepia brevimana

SYSTEMATIC ACCOUNTS ventral arm(s) IV for holding and transferring spermatophores; when present, the hectocotylized Family SEPIIDAE Keferstein, 1866 area usually consists of a region of reduced (sensu Reid et al. 2005) suckers; hectocotylized region also may be swollen Fig. 1–2 and crenulated by transverse folds. Tentacular clubs with 4 or more suckers in transverse rows; Diagnostic Features: Small to medium-sized tentacles retractile into pockets on the ventrolateral cephalopods. Mantle robust, slightly flattened sides of the head between arms III and IV. Arm dorsoventrally, may be broad or slender; oval or and club suckers with chitinous rings. Mantle- nearly circular in outline; anterior dorsal mantle locking apparatus angular or curved in shape. margin projected forward, not fused with head. Internal calcareous cuttlebone located dorsally in Fins narrow, located dorsolaterally on mantle, the mantle underneath the skin; cuttlebone length approximately equal to mantle length; posterior fin usually equal to mantle length (Metasepia being lobes free, not connected to each other. Head an exception); cuttlebone shape ranges from robust, slightly narrower than mantle; eyes lanceolate to oval or diamond-shaped; dorsal side prominent, covered by a transparent membrane a calcareous plate (dorsal shield); ventral side finely and a conspicuous secondary fold on the eyelid. laminate, porous, and comprised of thin, transverse Mouth surrounded by 10 appendages (8 arms and septa supported by longitudinal and transverse 2 tentacles). Arms with 2–4 suckers in transverse calcareous pillars. One pairs of gills; no branchial rows. Males of some species with hectocotylized canal between afferent and efferent branchial blood

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vessels. ‘Liver’ (digestive gland) divided or bilobed. Metasepia Hoyle, 1885 Buccal membrane present, with or without Posterior gland absent; tentacular club suckers; each radula tooth unicuspid (with a single with few unequal suckers; cuttlebone without projection). Olfactory organ a ciliated pit. posterior spine, broad, acuminate anteriorly, nearly Three genera are recognized in the Family completely chitinized (i.e. uncalcified) anteriorly, Sepiidae. Main different characters of Sepiella and calcareous posteriorly. Sepia are shown in Fig. 3. Genus Sepia Linnaeus, 1758 Genus Sepiella Gray, 1849 Posterior gland absent; tentacular club Posterior gland present; tentacular club with subequal or unequal suckers; cuttlebone with with numerous subequal suckers; cuttlebone or without posterior spine, slender to broadly oval, without posterior spine, outer cone expanded length approximately equal to dorsal mantle length posteriorly. (s. str.).

Figure 1. Ventral view of basic features. 28 Phuket mar. biol. Cent. Res. Bull.

Figure 2. Characteristics of Cuttlebone (lateral view: sagittal section).

Sepiella inermis Orbigny, 1848, in Férussac & Diagnostic features: Mantle elongate, oval. Fins Orbigny, 1934–1848 with row of more than 7 red spots along bases. Fig. 4 Arms stout, arms I indistinctly keeled, other arms with outer keel. Arm suckers quadriserial. Left arm Full description: Sepiella inermis – Nateewathana IV of male hectocotylized. Medial tentacular club 1996: 147–150, fig. 1a–s, table 2. with minute, subequal suckers in 16–24 longitudinal rows. Cuttlebone broadly oval, ventral Additional material examined: PMBC 15224, surface strongly convex in lateral view, dorsal 12 specimens, fish landing, Pattani province, 25 surface with low median rib. Cuttlebone width Jan 1995; PMBC 15225, 12 specimens, Pakbang 35%–45% of length. Inner cone forming thick, Village, Sakom, Songkla province, 24 Jan 1995; narrow, rounded posterior ridge. Outer cone PMBC 15226, 4 specimens, Muang Fish Market, forming semicircular, wing-like posterior portion. Trat province, 9 March 1995. Distribution in Thailand: Gulf of Thailand and Other Records in Thailand: Sithigornkul (1974), the Andaman Sea. Roper et al. (1984), Chotiyaputta et al. (1992), Chaitiamvong (1993), Okutani (1995), Filippova Geographical distribution: From et al. (1997), Khromov et al. (1998), Reid (1998), and southern to mouth of Zambezi River, Reid et al. (2005). east to eastern Indonesia and Gulf of Tonkin.

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Figure 3. Ventral side of Sepia (a) and Sepiella (b).

Figure 4. Dorsal view (a) tentacular club (b) and ventral view of mantle (c) of Sepiella inermis. 30 Phuket mar. biol. Cent. Res. Bull.

Metasepia tullbergi (Appellöf, 1886) protective membrane broad, separated at base of Fig. 5 club from ventral protective membrane; 4 or 5 minute suckers in transverse rows across the club, Full description: Metasepia tullbergi – 3 or 4 suckers enlarged. Arm suckers biserial; left Nateewathana 1998: 323–329, fig.1, table 2. arm IV hectocotylized, the basal two thirds with 10 to 12 pairs of minute, widely spaced suckers, Material examined: no additional material. the rows separated by a transversely ridged area, distal third with 5 or 6 pairs of enlarged suckers Other Records in Thailand: Reid et al. (2005). followed by minute suckers at the tip. Shell broad, acuminate anteriorly, nearly completely chitinized Diagnostic Features: Mantle as broad as long; anteriorly, calcareous posteriorly. dorsal surface of mantle, head and arms rugose; ventral surface of mantle with 10 to 13 pores on Distribution in Thailand: Gulf of Thailand. each side anteriorly. Fins broad and fused posteriorly. Tentacular clubs short, crescent- Geographical Distribution: Western Pacific: Sea shaped with a broad swimming keel extending of Japan, Yellow Sea to Hong Kong and Taiwan proximally on stalk for half the club length; dorsal (Province of China).

Figure 5. Dorsal view (a) and tentacular club (b) of Metasepia tullbergi.

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Sepia aculeata d’Orbigny, 1848, in Férussac & Sepia arabica Massy, 1916 Orbigny, 1934–1848 Fig. 7 Fig. 6 Full description: Sepia arabica – Nateewathana Full description: Sepia aculeata – Nateewathana 1996: 165–169, fig. 7a–s; table 8. 1996: 153–156, fig. 3a–s, table 4. Material examined: no additional material. Additional material examined: PMBC 14908, 2 specimens, Muang, fish landing, Pattani Diagnostic Features: Body elongate, narrow, province, 16 Nov 1989; PMBC 15158, 1 bluntly pointed posteriorly, the mantle extending specimen, Sai Ree Beach, Chumphorn province, dorsally to level with the eyes. Two prominent ear- 21 Feb 1995; PMBC 15161, 4 specimens, Muang shaped fleshy projections present on head behind Fish Market, Trat province, 09 March 1995; eyes. Tentacles very slender; clubs crescent- PMBC 15162, 2 specimens, Klong Son Market, shaped with 5 or 6 suckers in transverse rows Yai channel, Trat province, 09 March 1995; PMBC across the club, subequal in size; their dorsal 15163, 9 specimens, Angsila, fish landing, Chonburi protective membrane as broad as sucker-bearing province, 17 March 1995; PMBC 15183, 4 surface, their swimming keel well developed, specimens, Pakbang Village, Sakom, Songkla slightly longer than club. Cuttlebone long, narrow; province, 24 Jan 1995. tapered, very narrow posteriorly; spine lacking.

Other Records in Thailand: Sithigornkul (1974), Distribution in Thailand: Restricted to the Roper et al. (1984), Chotiyaputta et al. (1992), Andaman Sea. Chaitiamvong (1993), Chotiyaputta (1993), Okutani (1995), Filippova et al. (1997), Khromov Geographical Distribution: Northwestern et al. (1998), Reid (1998), Reid et al. (2005). and southwest .

Diagnostic Features: Mantle about half as broad Sepia brevimana Steenstrup, 1875 as long. Tentacular club long, slender with 10 to Fig. 8 12 minute, subequal suckers in each row across the club in males, 13 or 14 suckers across in Full description: Sepia brevimana – females; club protective membranes not united, Nateewathana 1996: 159–162, fig. 5a–s; table 6. extending proximally along oral face of stalk as low ridges. Left arm IV hectocotylized: about 12 Additional material examined: PMBC 15191, normal suckers (3 series) proximally, followed by 23 specimens, fish landing, Samutprakan province, about 5 or 6 series of very small suckers in ventral 11 March 1995; PMBC 15193, 1 specimen, fish longitudinal rows; corresponding suckers of dorsal landing, Pattani province, 25 Jan 1995. longitudinal rows extremely minute (or absent) in a deep, smooth groove; suckers normal distally. Other Records in Thailand: Sithigornkul (1974), Colour: dorsal mantle with a fine, dark-pigmented, Roper et al. (1984), Chotiyaputta et al. (1992), transverse, reticulate colour pattern; a pale, Chaitiamvong (1993), Chotiyaputta (1993), reflective line along bases of fins. Okutani (1995), Filippova et al. (1997), Khromov et al. (1998), Reid (1998), Reid et al. (2005). Distribution in Thailand: Gulf of Thailand and the Andaman Sea. Diagnostic Features: Mantle broad, its dorsal margin acuminate, strongly projecting anteriorly; Geographical Distribution: Indo-Pacific: posteriorly very pointed due to the long spine. southern India to South China Sea, East China Sea Tentacular club short, with a well developed north to central Japan. swimming keel extending proximally beyond base;

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dorsal protective membrane as broad as sucker- Geographical Distribution: Indo-Malayan bearing surface; suckers very small, subequal; 6 region, along the northern coast of the Indian to 8 suckers in oblique transverse rows. Ocean, from Singapore westwards probably to the west coast of India. Distribution in Thailand: Gulf of Thailand and the Andaman Sea.

Figure 6. Dorsal view (a), tentacular club (b) and distribution map (c) of Sepia aculeata. 33 The Sepiidae (Cephalopoda) of Thailand

Figure 7. Dorsal view (a, after Nateewathana, 1996), cuttlebone (b) and tentacular club (c) of Sepia arabica.

Figure 8. Dorsal view (a) and cuttlebone (b) of Sepia brevimana. 34 Phuket mar. biol. Cent. Res. Bull.

Sepia kobiensis Hoyle, 1885 third longitudinal row much larger than all others; Fig. 9 swimming keel broad, extending proximally beyond base of club; dorsal protective membrane broad, Full description: Sepia kobiensis – Chotiyaputta half the width of sucker-bearing surface. Arms et al. 1992: 40–41, fig. 13a–b. short, attenuate, subequal; arm suckers globular quadriserial, those in median rows larger than Material examined: no additional material. marginal ones; left arm IV hectocotylized along distal half, with suckers greatly reduced in size Other Records in Thailand: Chotiyaputta (1993), and the oral surface hollowed out and transversely Chaitiamvong (1993), Filippova et al. (1997), ridged. Khromov et al. (1998), Reid (1998), Reid et al. (2005). Distribution in Thailand: Gulf of Thailand.

Diagnostic Features: Mantle width less than half Geographical Distribution: Western Pacific: the length. Tentacular club short, narrow; suckers South China Sea, East China Sea, Yellow Sea to small, 8 suckers in transverse rows; 5 suckers of southern and central Japan.

Figure 9. Dorsal view (a), tentacular club (b) and cuttlebone (c) of Sepia kobiensis.

Sepia lycidas Gray, 1849 Other Records in Thailand: Chaitiamvong Fig. 10 (1993), Chotiyaputta (1993), Okutani (1995), Khromov et al. (1998), Reid (1998), Reid et al. Full description: Sepia lysidas – Sithigornkul, (2005). 1974: 44–51, figs. 11–12; – Chotiyaputta et al. 1992: 30–31, fig. 8a–c. Diagnostic Features: Tentacular club with well developed swimming keel extending nearly to base Additional material examined: PMBC 15194, of club; outer keel along tentacular stalk extends 1 specimen, Pakbang Village, Sakom, Songkla along club but does not connect with swimming province, 24 Jan 1995; PMBC 15195, 5 keel; protective membranes extending, without specimens, fish landing, Pattani province, 25 Jan meeting, along entire length of stalk as 1995. membraneous ridges; 8 subequal suckers in 35 The Sepiidae (Cephalopoda) of Thailand

transverse rows. Colour: dorsal part of mantle with Okutani (1995), Filippova et al. (1997), Khromov vivid oval eye-like or lip-shaped markings; a white et al. (1998), Reid (1998), Reid et al. (2005). line along bases of fins. Diagnostic Features: Mantle broad. Fins wide, Distribution: Gulf of Thailand and the Andaman nearly as long as mantle. Tentacular clubs Sea. moderately long; protective membranes not meeting at base; 8 suckers in transverse rows with Geographical Distribution: Western Pacific: 5 or 6 median ones (3rd and 4th in the series) South China Sea, Philippine Sea and southwestern quite enlarged. Left arm IV hectocotylized: basal Japan. 12 quadriserial rows normal, next 10 rows with ventral suckers (2 rows) normal but those in dorsal Sepia pharaonis Ehrenberg, 1831 2 rows minute and separated from ventral rows Fig. 11 by a fleshy, transversely grooved ridge. Colour: a vivid transverse tiger-stripe pattern (especially in Full description: Sepia pharaonis – Nateewathana males) on dorsal mantle and head; a narrow, light, 1996: 150–153: fig. 2a–t; table 3. interrupted line along bases of fins.

Additional material examined: PMBC 15196, Distribution in Thailand: Gulf of Thailand and 1 specimen, fish landing, Samutprakan province, the Andaman Sea. 11 March 1995. Geographical Distribution: Indo-Pacific: Red Other Records in Thailand: Sithigornkul (1974), Sea, Arabian Sea to South China Sea, East China Roper et al. (1984), Chotiyaputta et al. (1992), Sea and northern and northwestern . Chaitiamvong (1993), Chotiyaputta (1993),

Figure 10. Dorsal view (a) and tentacular club (b) of Sepia lycidas. 36 Phuket mar. biol. Cent. Res. Bull.

Figure 11. Dorsal view and tentacular club of Sepia pharaonis.

Sepia prashadi Winckworth, 1936 Distribution in Thailand: the Andaman Sea. Fig. 12 Geographical Distribution: Western Indian Full description: Sepia prashadi – Nateewathana Ocean: from southern to the Gulf of 1996: 162–165, fig. 6a–s; table 7. Aden, Red Sea, Arabian Sea, Gulf of , Gulf between and the Arabian Peninsula, Indian Material examined: no additional material. west and east coasts and .

Diagnostic Features: Fins several millimeters Sepia recurvirostra Steenstrup, 1875 shorter than mantle, narrow, separate. Tentacular Fig. 13 clubs short, broad; swimming keel broad, strong, slightly longer than the club; sucker bearing surface Full description: Sepia recurvirostra – nearly separated from the stalk by a very deep Nateewathana 1996: 156–159, fig. 4a–s; table 5. cleft under the dorsal protective membrane; both protective membranes well developed, converging Additional material examined: PMBC 15214, but not meeting at proximal base of club and not 2 specimens, Klong Son Market, Yai channel, Trat extending down the stalk; 8 suckers arranged in province, 09 March 1995; PMBC 15219, 5 very oblique series across the club, but the specimens, fish landing, Samutprakan province, arrangement is greatly distorted by the 2 or 3 11 March 1995; PMBC 15220, 9 specimens, fish enormously enlarged suckers of the 3rd landing, Pattani province, 25 Jan 1995. longitudinal row. Left arm IV hectocotylized for most of its length after the 2nd quadriserial row; it Other Records in Thailand: Sithigornkul (1974), is broad, flat, with transverse folds; suckers minute Roper et al. (1984), Chotiyaputta et al. (1992), in the 2 very closely packed ventral rows, slightly Chaitiamvong (1993),Chotiyaputta (1993), larger in the dorsal rows which are separated Okutani (1995), Filippova et al. (1997), Khromov proximally and converge distally. et al. (1998), Reid (1998), Reid et al. (2005). 37 The Sepiidae (Cephalopoda) of Thailand

Diagnostic Features: Mantle broad. Tentacles stalk. Left arm IV in male hectocotylized in its large with relatively small clubs, their swimming proximal third by suckers greatly reduced in size, keel extending proximally a short distance beyond especially those of the dorsal rows. the base of the club; dorsal protective membrane extending down the stalk for some distance; Distribution in Thailand: Gulf of Thailand and protective membranes fused at the proximal base; the Andaman Sea. 5 or 6 suckers in transverse rows with 5 or 6 median suckers greatly enlarged; a deep cleft Geographical Distribution: Western Pacific: nearly separates the sucker bearing surface on the Andaman Sea, South China Sea, the Philippines fenestrate dorsal protective membrane from the and southern East China Sea.

Figure 12. Dorsal view (a) and tentacular club (b) of Sepia prashadi.

Figure 13. Dorsal view (a), tentacular club (b) and (c) of Sepia recurvirostra. 38 Phuket mar. biol. Cent. Res. Bull.

DISCUSSIONS 3) Rhombosepion species complex. 4) Anomalosepia species complex. Although, at the present time, the status 5) Doratosepion species complex: in the and understanding of the systematics and present study it consists of two species, i.e. Sepia classification of the recent Cephalopoda are under (Doratosepion) arabica Massy, 1916; Sepia considerable discussion, the families of living (Doratosepion) kobiensis Hoyle, 1885. cephalopods are, for the most part, well resolved 6) Hemisepion species complex. and relatively well accepted (Jereb et al. 2005). The species complexes are considered in The Family Sepiidae has been considered in a typological fashion similar to the phenetic different suprafamilial classifications of living approach. coleoid cephalopods. It is placed, respectively, in Cuttlefishes of the family Sepiidae possess the Order Sepioidea (Roper et al. 1984; Clarke, about 120 species in the World Ocean. There are 1988; Young et al. 1998); in the Suborder Sepiina 59 species distributed in the Indian and the Pacific (Engeser and Bandel, 1988); in the Order Sepiida Ocean. Only 8 species are distributed throughout (Sweeney and Roper, 1998; Boletzky, 1999); and this region, 24 species from the Indian Ocean to in the Order Uniductia (Haas, 2002). The higher the Red Sea, 9 species from New Guinea to classification above the family level is controversial Malaysia, and 18 species from Japan to China and a broad consensus still needs to be achieved. (Sugiyama, 1989). Consequently, rather than accept and promote any There are only 10 species occurring in particular scheme of classification, before Thai waters, both in the Gulf of Thailand and the consensus and stability are achieved, the present Andaman Sea, as shown in the present study. Of report will consider the group as Cuttlefish. these, 5 species are distributed in the two ocean The traditional group of “sepioid” basins, viz. Sepiella inermis; Sepia pharaonis; Cuttlefishes included 5 families i.e. the Sepiidae, Sepia aculeata; Sepia brevimana and Sepia the Sepiolidae, the Sepiadariidae, the Idiosepiidae recurvirostra. Three species, Metasepia tullbergi, and the Spirulidae. Sepia lycidas and Sepia kobiensis are restricted to Keferstein (1866) is recognized as an the Gulf of Thailand, South China Sea while two authority of the family Sepiidae. The type genus is species, Sepia arabica and Sepia prashadi are Sepia Linnaeus (1758). The three genera represented only in the Andaman Sea. However, recognized in the family are Sepia Linnaeus (1758) during collecting the specimens described in the Sepiella Gray, 1849, and Metasepia Hoyle, 1885. present study, no specimens of Sepia lycidas were Khromov et al. (1998) provide an overview of collected on the Andaman coast, as was formerly diagnostic features and distribution data for the noted in the study of Chantawong and Suksawat clarification of sepiid systematic and biogeography. (1997). The species has been reported in the For the genus Sepia, they considered the following Andaman Sea by other authors, i.e. Chotiyaputta subdivision into species complexes (rather than (1993), Reid et al. (2005). These authors stated subgenera) viz. that S. lycidas is commonly distributed in the 1) Sepia species complex: in the present Andaman Sea, but in the Gulf of Thailand it occurs study it consists of one species, i.e. Sepia (Sepia) south of latitude 100 N and never appears in the pharaonis Ehrenberg, 1831. inner and eastern coast of the Gulf. These results 2) Acanthosepion species complex: in the support similar findings described in resource present study it consists of five species, i.e. Sepia surveys conducted in the Upper Gulf of Thailand (Acanthosepion) aculeata Férussac & d’Orbigny, (Jindalikit and Sereeruk, 2005). 1835; Sepia (Acanthosepion) brevimana According to Nabhitabhata (2008), there Steenstrup,1875; Sepia (Acanthosepion) lycidas are three more recorded species of the sepiids in Gray, 1849; Sepia (Acanthosepion) prashadi Thai waters. They are: Winckworth, 1936; Sepia (Acanthosepion) – Broadclub cuttlefish, Sepia latimanus recurvirostra Steenstrup, 1875. Quoy & Gaimard, 1832 was recorded both in the

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Gulf of Thailand and the Andaman Sea by Roper inermis; Sepia pharaonis; Sepia aculeata; Sepia et al. (1984), Okutani (1995), Reid (1998), and brevimana and Sepia recurvirostra. The remainder Reid et al. (2005). constitute a minor portion of the fishing products – Golden cuttlefish, Sepia esculenta Hoyle, of Thailand.. 1885 was recorded both in the Gulf of Thailand and the Andaman Sea by Suvatti (1966), Filippova ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS et al. (1997), and Khromov et al. (1998). Recently, Reid et al. (2005) has pointed out that the I would like to thank the following people geographical distribution of the species is known for their assistance at various stages of the work: in the Indo-Pacific region. It is distributed from Mr. Prawim Wuthisin (Deputy Director General the East China Sea (Sea of Japan), south to China of Department of Marine and Coastal Resources) and Hong Kong, Taiwan (Province of China), South and Mr. Wannakiat Tabtimsang (Director of Phuket China Sea (north of central Philippines), Vietnam Marine Biological Center) for supporting the and possibly Singapore and western Indonesia. The activities of the research, Dr. Jaruwat southernmost extent of this range is yet to be Nabhitabahata (Prince of Songkhla University) for determined. his critical review of the manuscript, Dr. Kongkiat – Starry cuttlefish, Sepia stellifera Kittiwattanawong (PMBC) for kindly preparing Homenko & Khromov, 1984 was recorded in the some data, Dr. Somchai Bussarawit and Dr. Gulf of Thailand by Filippova et al. (1997), Charatsee Aungtonya for facilitating my research Khromov et al. (1998), Reid (1998) and Reid et at the Reference Collection of Phuket Marine al. (2005). Biological Center. Cuttlefishes are an economically Since the present report is for education important marine species throughout their and non-commercial purposes, reproduction and respective ranges. A large number of the species dissemination of the material of the FAO are are exploited, from the Indian Ocean to the Pacific. authorized without any prior written permission. The combined catch of exploited cuttlefishes made Thus, I sincerely acknowledge the FAO Fisheries up about 12 to 16% of total cephalopod catches in Department, with special thanks to Paolo Lastrico the last 10 years, roughly fluctuating between and Marylin Schotte, for the illustrations. Finally, 300,000 and over 500,000 metric tons. The most I would like to thanks Dr. Nicoletta de Angelis important genus exploited is Sepia (Reid et al. (Scientific Reviser, FAO Fisheries Department) for 2005). In Thailand, the following 5 species of the kindly providing information and references. cuttlefishes are commercially exploited: Sepiella

REFERENCES

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Manuscript received: 17 November 2008 Accepted: 28 March 2009

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