Red Clover Casebearer Moth (Coleophora Deauratella) Is

Pasture Pests 232

spring 2015 (Anonymous 2018). The timing of from WestGreen Global Technologies, Canada Red clover casebearer moth (Coleophora deauratella) the incursion and the likely pathway(s) for entry and deployed in green funnel type UnitrapsTM is widespread throughout New Zealand are not known. This species originates from or Desire® sticky traps (sourced from WestGreen Europe and the Middle East, and was accidently Global Technologies, Canada and Etec Crop Richard Chynoweth1,*, Phil Rolston1, Mark McNeill2, Scott Hardwick2 and Olivia Bell1 introduced to North America in the early 1960s. Solutions, New Zealand respectively). Twenty- There it become the major pest in red clover crops, seven traps were positioned inside either hay 1Foundation for Arable Research (FAR), PO Box 32133, Hornby, Christchurch 8441, New being responsible for seed yield losses of between crops of unknown age or red-clover seed crops Zealand 80–99.5% (Landry 1991, Landry & Wright 1993; containing first-, second- or third-year-old plants 2AgResearch, Lincoln, Private Bag 4749, Canterbury 8140, New Zealand Mori et al. 2014). In mid-Canterbury, red clover grown at 24 sites throughout the South Island and * Corresponding author: [email protected] growers experienced similar yield reductions lower North Island of New Zealand from early during the 2016/17 growing season (unpublished November 2017 (Table 1). They were emptied at Abstract Coleophora deauratella (red-clover casebearer moth, RCCB) was first confirmed as data). 7–14 day intervals and the pheromone replaced present in New Zealand during late 2016. It devastated red-clover seed crops throughout the The pattern of C. deauratella development in at 5–6 week intervals. Only traps collected weekly mid-Canterbury region during the 2016/17 growing season but its distribution and control the northern hemisphere is as follows: were used in emergence and total catch data. Trap options were unknown. Therefore, traps containing a male pheromone specific to RCCB - Female moths lay eggs on the calyx (petals) of numbers 8, 22 and those located in hay crops at were located inside either red-clover seed crops or hay crops at 27 sites throughout the South red clover florets. Murchison, Invercargill, Oamaru and Twizel Island and lower North Island during summer 2017/18. Moth numbers were monitored at - Larvae hatch and bore though the corolla were deployed in late December, but were used 7–14 day intervals between November and February. RCCB was confirmed as present at all to feed on developing ovules; subsequently only to evaluate the distribution of C. deauratella. 27 sites (from Invercargill to Masterton). Peak flights occurred during December with mean they bore into adjacent florets creating a Moths were collected and adults were identified moth catch well correlated in thermal time, with half of adult emergence occurring 285°C characteristic round hole near the base of by the Ministry for Primary Industries (MPI). days from 1 July (baseline temperature=12°C). Laboratory-based trials were conducted each floret. Larvae pass through four larval All paddocks used in the study were subjected to against live moths to evaluate the effectiveness of various organophosphate and synthetic instars and can destroy 2–3 seeds/day as they standard grower practice, including insecticide pyrethroid insecticides. Tau-fluvalinate, lambda cyhalothrin and chlorpyrifos each provided develop (Landry 1991). During the fourth applications. >90% control of moths so chemical control is possible, if required. However, an integrated instar, larvae create a case from floret petals Statistical analysis was completed with Genstat® pest-management control strategy needs to be tested and evaluated. which they line with silk. In late summer, (version 17, VSN International Ltd, UK) using a mature larvae move from plants to the soil general ANOVA model. Logistic curves (Equation Keywords Insecticide control, pheromone trap, red clover, seed production. surface and seek overwintering sites where 1) used mean data from all crop paddocks they seal the case and overwinter. monitored in the Canterbury region. The time - Pupation occurs in the early spring, with periods to reach to 50% and 95% catch were moths emerging in early summer (Landry calculated from these data by substituting values INTRODUCTION of these white-clover pests (Pearson 1989). Until 1991). for Y in the regression equation (Equation 2). In New Zealand, red clover (Trifolium pratense recently, red-clover seed crops remained largely Insecticide control presents challenges to L.) is grown as a seed crop as well as being used unaffected by clover casebearer moths, with the growers, due to adult flights coinciding with Y= 100 in pasture mixes to provide nitrogen fixation most troubling insect pests being intermittent pollinators visiting flower heads and the location 1+exp(-B*(x-M)) and high-quality feed. Red clover seed crops infestations of red clover thrips (Haplothrips niger of larvae deep inside the florets where the efficacy Equation 1 are predominantly grown in the Wairarapa, (Osborn), various species of aphid and potato of contact insecticides is likely to be reduced. Marlborough and Canterbury regions with mirids (Calocoris norvegicus) (Gmelin). Thus, This paper aims to provide an update on 1 100-y x=M- —Loge ( ————) approximately 1000 ha annually of seed frequent insecticide application has not been the distribution of C. deauratella within New B y production. Typically, seed crops are grown as widespread and is generally reactive. Application Zealand and makes suggestions of possible Equation 2 multiyear crops which are harvested for three frequency often increases with crop stand age as control options in red clover seed crops. years. In New Zealand, clover casebearer moths the number red clover thrips larvae increase in where: M = curve inflection or 50% catch (Coleophora spp.) were a significant problem the crop. MATERIALS AND METHODS B = curve parameter, and in white clover (Trifolium repens L.) seed crops Red clover casebearer moth (RCCB) Distribution and adult ights x and y are corresponding axis values. in the 1950s to 1970s causing seed losses up to (Coleophora deauratella, (Leinig & Zeller), A male sex pheromone specific to C. deauratella, 34% (Stuart 1958; Trought 1979; Pearson 1980), (Lepidoptera: Coleophoridae) was first reported that comprises of a 100:10 ratio of Z -7-dodecenyl but the introduction of two biological control in Auckland, New Zealand in December 2016, acetate (Z 7-12:OAc) to Z-5-dodecenyl acetate agents significantly reduced the negative effect although the species was present from at least (Z 5-12:OAc) (Evenden et al. 2010) was sourced

New Zealand Plant Protection 71: 232-239 (2018) https://doi.org/10.30843/nzpp.2018.71.180 Pasture Pests 233

New Zealand Plant Protection 71: 232-239 (2018) https://doi.org/10.30843/nzpp.2018.71.180 Pasture Pests 234

Table 1 Location of pheromone trapping to establish the distribution of C. deauratella throughout the Thermal time was calculated in three-hourly being alive if they moved when they were touched main red-clover seed producing areas of New Zealand during the 2017/18 summer. sections from daily maximum and minimum with a blunt probe and dead if they failed to react Total number temperatures for Chertsey, Canterbury using to the touch of the probe. Moribund or ataxic Crop & trap 1 methods described by Jones & Kiniry (1986). A moths were recorded as being dead as they did number Nearest locality Region Year Latitude Longitude of moths caught base temperature (Tb) of 12°C and an optimum not recover or died by the end of the trial. To Red clover seed crops temperature of 20°C were used. minimise any mortality arising from desiccation, 1 Masterton Wairarapa 3 -40.958310 175.750128 9966 dishes were sprayed 1–2 times per day with a Chemical control of C. deauratella moths fine mist of tap water using a 1-litre pressure 2 Waihopi Valley Marlborough 1 -41.579741 173.703714 826 Live moths (a mix of males and females) were sprayer, then covered with plastic lids supported 3 Seddon Marlborough 2 -41.693780 173.968093 1512 collected using a sweep net from red clover by plastic blocks to allow for air movement while paddocks around mid-Canterbury on 12 minimising evaporation from inside the dishes. 4 Blenheim Marlborough 2 -41.536764 173.826979 7250 December 2017 and transported to AgResearch, At 48 hours, mortality of the control moths 5 Cheviot Canterbury 1 -42.714555 173.293908 15672 Lincoln where they were held in vented cages in reached 20.4%, so further assessments were not 6 Cheviot Canterbury 2 -42.712757 173.289773 17458 a shade house. Humidity in the cages was kept made. Actual mortality was calculated using the elevated using tissue moistened with tap water. Henderson–Tilton formula to correct for control 7 Rangiora Canterbury 1 -43.349047 172.351752 1072 On 13 December 2017, 7–8 moths were placed mortality (Henderson & Tilton 1955). 8 Darfield Canterbury 3 -43.514313 172.060391 11322 into 150-mm Petri dishes lined with filter paper Mortality of insects was first compared among 9 Kirwee Canterbury 3 -43.551682 172.253607 4624 and confined with a coarse metal mesh lid to treatments at each time using a generalised prevent escape. They were then treated with one linear model (GLM) with binomial distributions 10 Irwell Canterbury 1 -43.704505 172.360805 370 of the following chemicals: 150 mL/ha Mavrik® through a logit link function. The GLM analysis 11 Leeston Canterbury 2 -43.808713 172.325097 447 Aquaflo (a.i. 240 g/L tau-fluvalinate, Adama, was applied at each time separately from the Nelson); 250 mL/ha LorsbanTM 50 EC (a.i. other times, resulting in three independent GLM 12 Lincoln Canterbury 1 -43.613553 172.508588 643 500 g/L chlorpyrifos, Dow Agrosciences, New analyses, each of which consisted of only a single- 13 Methven Canterbury 1 -43.565339 171.692197 852 Plymouth); 40 mL/ha Karate® Zeon (a.i. 250 g/L factor treatment. For comparisons involving 14 Methven Canterbury 2 -43.564183 171.677105 657 lambda cyhalothrin, Syngenta, Auckland); or a treatment group with 100% mortality or 0% 150 mL/ha Exeril® (a.i. 100 g/L cyantraniliprole, mortality, the Fisher’s exact binomial test was 15 Lauriston Canterbury 2 -43.723350 171.752716 1120 DuPont, Auckland) with an adjuvant 25 mL used. All analyses were carried out with statistical 16 Ashburton Canterbury 2 -43.907444 171.831098 1901 Spreadwett 1000/100 L of water (a.i. alkoxylated software Minitab version 16. 17 Wakanui Canterbury 2 -44.033407 171.810273 2099 alcohols, SST NZ ltd, Auckland) as required. Control treatments consisted of either water RESULTS 18 Westerfield Canterbury 1 -43.804001 171.634499 1998 only or water plus adjuvant. Each treatment was Moth population studies 19 Ruapuna Canterbury 2 -43.861767 171.356634 258 replicated eight times. Treatments were applied Male adult C. deauratella moths were caught at using a CO -powered knapsack sprayer. Order all trapping locations between mid-November 20 Wakanui Canterbury 1 -43.989215 171.885433 1456 2 of treatment was water only, water + adjuvant, 2017 and mid-January 2018 (Fig. 1). The mean 21 Temuka South Canterbury 1 -44.274279 171.224262 251 tau-fluvalinate + adjuvant, chlorpyrifos, lambda number of adult moths caught per site was 3235 22 Temuka South Canterbury 3 -44.266601 171.243541 3152 cyhalothrin + adjuvant and cyantraniliprole and ranged from 251 in a first-year red clover + adjuvant with equipment thoroughly rinsed crop near Temuka up to 17,500 in a second- 23 Ashburton Canterbury 2 -44.014577 171.70198 753 between treatments. After treatment, dishes were year red clover crop located near Cheviot. Mean Red clover hay crops left for 3–4 minutes before removing them from moth catch was well correlated (R2=0.98) with 24 Murchison Tasman - -42.250910 172.238783 4082 the treatment area to allow the residue to dry. thermal time (solid line in Fig. 1), with half of The metal mesh lid was replaced with a piece adult emergence occurring 285°C days from 1 25 Invercargill Southland - -46.383022 168.455389 2972 of nylon mesh fabric fixed with a rubber band. July (Tb=12°C) and 95% by 365°C days. 26 Oamaru North Otago - -44.953579 170.71676 3052 At the completion of application, dishes were 27 Twizel Mackenzie Basin - -44.255639 170.113994 2092 transferred to a controlled environment room Stand age (18oC, natural daylight). Mortality assessments Mean number of adult male C. deauratella moths 1 Masterton is in the North Island and the remaining sites are in the South Island 2 were made approximately 4.5, 24 and 48 hours captured was strongly correlated to the age of the Only included to determine distribution following treatment. Moths were assessed as red clover crop (R2=0.99) (Fig. 2). However, stand Pasture Pests 235

Table 1 Location of pheromone trapping to establish the distribution of C. deauratella throughout the Thermal time was calculated in three-hourly being alive if they moved when they were touched main red-clover seed producing areas of New Zealand during the 2017/18 summer. sections from daily maximum and minimum with a blunt probe and dead if they failed to react Total number temperatures for Chertsey, Canterbury using to the touch of the probe. Moribund or ataxic Crop & trap 1 Region Year Latitude Longitude of moths methods described by Jones & Kiniry (1986). A moths were recorded as being dead as they did number Nearest locality caught base temperature (Tb) of 12°C and an optimum not recover or died by the end of the trial. To Red clover seed crops temperature of 20°C were used. minimise any mortality arising from desiccation, 1 Masterton Wairarapa 3 -40.958310 175.750128 9966 dishes were sprayed 1–2 times per day with a Chemical control of C. deauratella moths fine mist of tap water using a 1-litre pressure 2 Waihopi Valley Marlborough 1 -41.579741 173.703714 826 Live moths (a mix of males and females) were sprayer, then covered with plastic lids supported 3 Seddon Marlborough 2 -41.693780 173.968093 1512 collected using a sweep net from red clover by plastic blocks to allow for air movement while paddocks around mid-Canterbury on 12 minimising evaporation from inside the dishes. 4 Blenheim Marlborough 2 -41.536764 173.826979 7250 December 2017 and transported to AgResearch, At 48 hours, mortality of the control moths 5 Cheviot Canterbury 1 -42.714555 173.293908 15672 Lincoln where they were held in vented cages in reached 20.4%, so further assessments were not 6 Cheviot Canterbury 2 -42.712757 173.289773 17458 a shade house. Humidity in the cages was kept made. Actual mortality was calculated using the elevated using tissue moistened with tap water. Henderson–Tilton formula to correct for control 7 Rangiora Canterbury 1 -43.349047 172.351752 1072 On 13 December 2017, 7–8 moths were placed mortality (Henderson & Tilton 1955). 8 Darfield Canterbury 3 -43.514313 172.060391 11322 into 150-mm Petri dishes lined with filter paper Mortality of insects was first compared among 9 Kirwee Canterbury 3 -43.551682 172.253607 4624 and confined with a coarse metal mesh lid to treatments at each time using a generalised prevent escape. They were then treated with one linear model (GLM) with binomial distributions 10 Irwell Canterbury 1 -43.704505 172.360805 370 of the following chemicals: 150 mL/ha Mavrik® through a logit link function. The GLM analysis 11 Leeston Canterbury 2 -43.808713 172.325097 447 Aquaflo (a.i. 240 g/L tau-fluvalinate, Adama, was applied at each time separately from the Nelson); 250 mL/ha LorsbanTM 50 EC (a.i. other times, resulting in three independent GLM 12 Lincoln Canterbury 1 -43.613553 172.508588 643 500 g/L chlorpyrifos, Dow Agrosciences, New analyses, each of which consisted of only a single- 13 Methven Canterbury 1 -43.565339 171.692197 852 Plymouth); 40 mL/ha Karate® Zeon (a.i. 250 g/L factor treatment. For comparisons involving 14 Methven Canterbury 2 -43.564183 171.677105 657 lambda cyhalothrin, Syngenta, Auckland); or a treatment group with 100% mortality or 0% 150 mL/ha Exeril® (a.i. 100 g/L cyantraniliprole, mortality, the Fisher’s exact binomial test was 15 Lauriston Canterbury 2 -43.723350 171.752716 1120 DuPont, Auckland) with an adjuvant 25 mL used. All analyses were carried out with statistical 16 Ashburton Canterbury 2 -43.907444 171.831098 1901 Spreadwett 1000/100 L of water (a.i. alkoxylated software Minitab version 16. 17 Wakanui Canterbury 2 -44.033407 171.810273 2099 alcohols, SST NZ ltd, Auckland) as required. Control treatments consisted of either water RESULTS 18 Westerfield Canterbury 1 -43.804001 171.634499 1998 only or water plus adjuvant. Each treatment was Moth population studies 19 Ruapuna Canterbury 2 -43.861767 171.356634 258 replicated eight times. Treatments were applied Male adult C. deauratella moths were caught at using a CO -powered knapsack sprayer. Order all trapping locations between mid-November 20 Wakanui Canterbury 1 -43.989215 171.885433 1456 2 of treatment was water only, water + adjuvant, 2017 and mid-January 2018 (Fig. 1). The mean 21 Temuka South Canterbury 1 -44.274279 171.224262 251 tau-fluvalinate + adjuvant, chlorpyrifos, lambda number of adult moths caught per site was 3235 22 Temuka South Canterbury 3 -44.266601 171.243541 3152 cyhalothrin + adjuvant and cyantraniliprole and ranged from 251 in a first-year red clover + adjuvant with equipment thoroughly rinsed crop near Temuka up to 17,500 in a second- 23 Ashburton Canterbury 2 -44.014577 171.70198 753 between treatments. After treatment, dishes were year red clover crop located near Cheviot. Mean Red clover hay crops left for 3–4 minutes before removing them from moth catch was well correlated (R2=0.98) with 24 Murchison Tasman - -42.250910 172.238783 4082 the treatment area to allow the residue to dry. thermal time (solid line in Fig. 1), with half of The metal mesh lid was replaced with a piece adult emergence occurring 285°C days from 1 25 Invercargill Southland - -46.383022 168.455389 2972 of nylon mesh fabric fixed with a rubber band. July (Tb=12°C) and 95% by 365°C days. 26 Oamaru North Otago - -44.953579 170.71676 3052 At the completion of application, dishes were 27 Twizel Mackenzie Basin - -44.255639 170.113994 2092 transferred to a controlled environment room Stand age (18oC, natural daylight). Mortality assessments Mean number of adult male C. deauratella moths 1 Masterton is in the North Island and the remaining sites are in the South Island 2 were made approximately 4.5, 24 and 48 hours captured was strongly correlated to the age of the Only included to determine distribution following treatment. Moths were assessed as red clover crop (R2=0.99) (Fig. 2). However, stand Pasture Pests 236

locations where pheromone-based traps were emerge from overwintering pupae resulting located, which suggests that C. deauratella is well from egg laying within the crop from the established in New Zealand. It also suggests C. previous summer augmented by immigration, deauratella has gone unreported in New Zealand thus numbers generally ‘build up’ over time. for some time. Landry (1991) reported C. Similar observations for white-clover casebearer deauratella went undetected for almost 30 years were reported by Trought (1979). in eastern Canada and the north-eastern United High levels of moth control were achieved States, in part because it had been misidentified, using tau-fluvalinate and lambda cyhalothrin, meaning it was well established when discovered. with both products already registered for control Two species of recorded white-clover casebearer of white-clover casebearer. Complete control moth, C. spissicornis and C. frischella, have been was achieved with chlorpyrifos although this recorded in New Zealand (Pearson 1980). Adults chemical is not currently registered for use on of these species are similar in appearance to, and casebearers. Cyantraniliprole provided useful Figure 1 Accumulated mean proportion of red Figure 2 Mean red clover casebearer moth (C. difficult to distinguish from, C. deauratella which control and may aid in the development of an clover casebearer moth (C. dearatella) capture in dearatella) capture in pheromone traps located could lead to misidentification in New Zealand. integrated pest management (IPM) programme. 27 pheromone traps at 24 sites during the 2017/18 in 23 red clover crops of variable age at 20 sites. However, C. deauratella is almost exclusively Initial reports from Canterbury in the 2017/18 season. (Site and crop details are provided in Bars = standard error of the mean. Number of found on red clover and the pheromone is highly growing season indicating effective suppression Table 1). Solid line shows the regression: Y=100/ crops of each age: first year=8; second year=12; specific (Mori et al. 2014), thus providing a of damaging populations in red clover crops (1+exp(0.037*(x-284.8)) ). third year=3. mechanism for monitoring. (data not shown). Insecticides were the only Median moth flight activity occurred at 284oC effective form of control of casebearer species age analysed by ANOVA had no effect (P=0.173) effectiveness was lower than for the other active days (Tb=12), starting 1 July 2017 (Fig. 1). This in white clover and were common practice on the number of adult male C. deauratella ingredients tested. is slightly later than the 258oC days reported (Trought 1979; Schroeder & Clifford 1996), moths caught. by Mori et al. (2014) for the Peace River region until suppression of white-clover casebearer DISCUSSION of Canada although variation in sampling was achieved using biological control (Pearson Adult control The first report ofColeophora deauratella was frequency and interventions undertaken by host 1989). During the 2017/18 season, many growers Moth mortality was rapid (within 4.5 hours) in Auckland but was closely followed by reports growers may account for the discrepancy. This responded to RCCB by applying between one following topical application of tau-fluvalinate, from two sites in Canterbury so MPI had difference corresponds to approximately 2–3 days and four applications of insecticide, usually lambda cyhalothrin or chlorpyrifos (Table 2). ruled out the possibility of eradication by early and is likely to make little difference in terms of from the OP and/or SP families. This practice Cyantraniliprole caused some mortality, but its 2017. Coleophora deauratella was found at all implementation of management interventions. is not sustainable without creating issues (e.g. The use of an environmental model would assist Mansfield et al. 2006) and must be replaced by with prediction of flight times under different an IPM approach. In relation to C. deauratella, Table 2 Mortality of adult male red clover casebearer moth (Coleophora deauratella) after treatment temperature conditions and would provide an there is a paucity of information on what with selected insecticides. Mortality corrected using the Henderson–Tilton formula. indication of when management options should predators and parasitoids are active against this be implemented. Further data from subsequent pest, so more data are required before an IPM Chemical Application Percentage mortality (± SE) post treatment Treatment1 seasons are required to refine the current New programme can be developed to replace broad- Group rate (a.i./ha) 4.5 hrs 24 hrs 48 hrs Zealand data, and to identify when oviposition spectrum insecticide use. Initial observations Water - 250 L 1.9 ± 1.3 A2 12.2 ± 5.0 E 20.4 ± 6.33 I occurs and subsequently when seed-damaging undertaken in Canterbury suggest that predators Water and adjuvant - 250 L 0 A,B 23.6 ± 6.1 E 41.8 ± 7.31 J larvae hatch. and parasitoids attack diapausing C. deauratella Cyantraniliprole 28 Ryanoid 15 g 10.8 ± 3.0 B 71.4 ± 6.4 F 75.0 ± 6.36 K The number of adult male moths captured was pupae, as a preliminary survey found a high Synthetic greater in second-year red clover crops from 12 incidence of apparent predation on the pupal Tau-fluvalinate 3A pyrethroid 36 g 82.1 ± 3.5 C 89.3 ± 4.4 G 96.4 ± 2.73 H sites and third-year red clover crops from 3 sites cases and dissection of a small number of compared with first-year crops (8 sites) (Fig. 2) cases contained pupae of a yet unidentified Lambda 3A Synthetic 10 g 97.9 ± 1.4 D 100 H 100 H cyhalothrin pyrethroid but these differences were not significant. Adult parasitic wasp (S. Hardwick and R. Townsend Chlorpyrifos 1B Organophosphate 125 g 100 D 100 H 100 H moths must fly from surrounding areas into unpublished data). Further research needs to 1 Mavrik® Aquaflo, a.i. 240 g/L tau-fluvalinate; LorsbanTM 50 EC, a.i. 500 g/L chlorpyrifos; Karate first-year crops, thus only a transient population investigate the role of natural enemies including Zeon®, a.i. 250 g/L lambda cyhalothrin; and Exeril®, a.i. 100 g/L cyantraniliprol. is being captured, which is likely to be lower than parasitic wasps (both for presence and efficacy), 2Mortality values with the same letter in the same column are not significantly different (P≥0.05). in older crops. In multiple-season crops, adults and the possible activity of generalist predators Pasture Pests 238 such as brown lacewing larvae (Micromus moth, Coleophora deauratella, an invasive Stuart AM 1958. A review of work in New Zealand tasmaniae Walker, 1860) and pacific damsel bug pest of clover in Canada. Entomologia on the clover case-bearers Coleophora (Nabis kinbergii Reuter), which were present in Experimentalis et Applicata 137(3): 255-261. spissicornis Haw. and C. alcyonipennella most crops. It is also important to evaluate the Jones CA, Kiniry JR 1986. CERES-Maize: A Kollar ( Coleophoridae, Lep.). New Zealand alternative chemical control options used for the simulation model of maize growth and Journal of Agricultural Research 1(2): 239- control of other pest Lepidoptera species (e.g. development. Texas A&M University Press, 248. diamond back moth) (Plutella xylostella L.), for College Station, TX, USA. Trought TET 1979. Pests in herbage seed use against RCCB as well as red clover thrips. Landry J-F 1991. Coleophora deauratella Lienig production. In: Lancashire JA ed. Herbage These products need to be safe towards both the and Zeller (Lepidoptera: Coleophoridae) Seed Production, Grassland Research and natural enemies currently active in red clover in North America: an introduced, newly Practice Series No.1. New Zealand Grassland swards and visiting pollinators, to minimise detected European moth injurious to red Association. Pp. 41-45. the chances of disruption to biocontrol agents, clover seeds. The Canadian Entomologist pollination and creation of new pest problems 123(5): 1125-1133. from previously secondary pests e.g. aphids or Mansfield S, Dillon ML, Whitehouse MEA 2006. potato mirid. Are arthropod communities in cotton really In conclusion, red clover casebearer moth is disrupted? An assessment of insecticide widespread throughout the main seed production regimes and evaluation of the beneficial areas of New Zealand. Adult moth flights can be disruption index. Agriculture, Ecosystems estimated by a growing-degree model with 50% and Environment 113: 326-335. of adult moths emerged in mid-December, 284oC Mori BA, Yoder C, Otani J, Evenden ML 2014. days after 1 July. Further research is required to Relationships among male Coleophora integrate C. deauratella biology with potential deauratella (Lepidoptera: Coleophoridae) biocontrol agents and insecticide control pheromone‐baited trap capture, larval programs to develop an effective IPM strategy abundance, damage and flight phenology. for growers. Agricultural and Forest Entomology 16(2): 207-215. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Pearson WD 1980. Management practices reduce The authors acknowledge the input from Bede casebearer (Lepidoptera: Coleophoridae) McCarthy, MPI Christchurch for identification damage to white clover seed crops. New of male C. deauratella from pheromone traps. Zealand Journal of Experimental Agriculture Lauren McCormick, summer student at FAR, Jen 8(1): 71-74. Linton, Matilda Gunnarsson and Tim Brooker, Pearson WD 1989. Coleophora frischella L., FAR, Karen McCullum, Osgroseed Services, whitetipped clover casebearer, C. spissicornis Peter Montgomery, and Nathan Williams, seed Haworth, banded clover casebearer producers, for the collection of trap samples. (Lepidoptera: Coleophoridae). In: Cameron Owen Gibson of NZArable for chemical PJ, Hill RL, Bain J, Thomas WP eds. A review application. The authors would like to thank of biological control of invertebrate pests Chikako van Koten of AgResearch for carrying and weeds in New Zealand 1874-1987, DSIR out the statistical analysis. Entomology Division. CAB International Institute of Biological Control, Wallingford, REFERENCES UK. Pp. 73-85. Anonymous 2018. Red clover casebearer moth. Schroeder N, Clifford PPT 1996. The incidence https://www.mpi.govt.nz/protection-and- of insect pests and their Arthropod predators response/responding/alerts/red-clover- in 24 Canterbury white clover seed crops. casebearer-moth/. Accessed 16 April 2018. Agronomy Society of New Zealand Special Evenden ML, Mori BA, Gries R, Otani J 2010. Publication No. 11 / Grassland Research and Sex pheromone of the red clover casebearer Practice Series No. 6: 29-33.

©2018 New Zealand Plant Protection Society (Inc.) www.nzpps.org Refer to http://www.nzpps.org/terms_of_use.html Pasture Pests 239 such as brown lacewing larvae (Micromus moth, Coleophora deauratella, an invasive Stuart AM 1958. A review of work in New Zealand tasmaniae Walker, 1860) and pacific damsel bug pest of clover in Canada. Entomologia on the clover case-bearers Coleophora (Nabis kinbergii Reuter), which were present in Experimentalis et Applicata 137(3): 255-261. spissicornis Haw. and C. alcyonipennella most crops. It is also important to evaluate the Jones CA, Kiniry JR 1986. CERES-Maize: A Kollar ( Coleophoridae, Lep.). New Zealand alternative chemical control options used for the simulation model of maize growth and Journal of Agricultural Research 1(2): 239- control of other pest Lepidoptera species (e.g. development. Texas A&M University Press, 248. diamond back moth) (Plutella xylostella L.), for College Station, TX, USA. Trought TET 1979. Pests in herbage seed use against RCCB as well as red clover thrips. Landry J-F 1991. Coleophora deauratella Lienig production. In: Lancashire JA ed. Herbage These products need to be safe towards both the and Zeller (Lepidoptera: Coleophoridae) Seed Production, Grassland Research and natural enemies currently active in red clover in North America: an introduced, newly Practice Series No.1. New Zealand Grassland swards and visiting pollinators, to minimise detected European moth injurious to red Association. Pp. 41-45. the chances of disruption to biocontrol agents, clover seeds. The Canadian Entomologist pollination and creation of new pest problems 123(5): 1125-1133. from previously secondary pests e.g. aphids or Mansfield S, Dillon ML, Whitehouse MEA 2006. potato mirid. Are arthropod communities in cotton really In conclusion, red clover casebearer moth is disrupted? An assessment of insecticide widespread throughout the main seed production regimes and evaluation of the beneficial areas of New Zealand. Adult moth flights can be disruption index. Agriculture, Ecosystems estimated by a growing-degree model with 50% and Environment 113: 326-335. of adult moths emerged in mid-December, 284oC Mori BA, Yoder C, Otani J, Evenden ML 2014. days after 1 July. Further research is required to Relationships among male Coleophora integrate C. deauratella biology with potential deauratella (Lepidoptera: Coleophoridae) biocontrol agents and insecticide control pheromone‐baited trap capture, larval programs to develop an eﬀective IPM strategy abundance, damage and flight phenology. for growers. Agricultural and Forest Entomology 16(2): 207-215. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Pearson WD 1980. Management practices reduce The authors acknowledge the input from Bede casebearer (Lepidoptera: Coleophoridae) McCarthy, MPI Christchurch for identification damage to white clover seed crops. New of male C. deauratella from pheromone traps. Zealand Journal of Experimental Agriculture Lauren McCormick, summer student at FAR, Jen 8(1): 71-74. Linton, Matilda Gunnarsson and Tim Brooker, Pearson WD 1989. Coleophora frischella L., FAR, Karen McCullum, Osgroseed Services, whitetipped clover casebearer, C. spissicornis Peter Montgomery, and Nathan Williams, seed Haworth, banded clover casebearer producers, for the collection of trap samples. (Lepidoptera: Coleophoridae). In: Cameron Owen Gibson of NZArable for chemical PJ, Hill RL, Bain J, Thomas WP eds. A review application. The authors would like to thank of biological control of invertebrate pests Chikako van Koten of AgResearch for carrying and weeds in New Zealand 1874-1987, DSIR out the statistical analysis. Entomology Division. CAB International Institute of Biological Control, Wallingford, REFERENCES UK. Pp. 73-85. Anonymous 2018. Red clover casebearer moth. Schroeder N, Cliﬀord PPT 1996. The incidence https://www.mpi.govt.nz/protection-and- of insect pests and their Arthropod predators response/responding/alerts/red-clover- in 24 Canterbury white clover seed crops. casebearer-moth/. Accessed 16 April 2018. Agronomy Society of New Zealand Special Evenden ML, Mori BA, Gries R, Otani J 2010. Publication No. 11 / Grassland Research and Sex pheromone of the red clover casebearer Practice Series No. 6: 29-33.