Offa 73 – 77, 2016 – 2020, 81 – 97. DOI: https://doi.org/10.26016/offa.2020.A4. • CC-BY 4.0 Received: 21.01.2020 | Reviewed: 11.02.2020 | Published: 15.07.2021

The Turn of Antiquity to the Early Middle Ages on the Southern Shore of the (2nd/3rd to 7th/8th Centuries AD) – The Example of the Parsęta Central Glacial Valley: An Archaeological Perspective1

By Henryk Machajewski

ABSTRACT

The Parsęta Valley, one of the most important set- of the Dębczyno group; 4) the earliest stage of tlement areas in Western , was subject- the formation of Early Medieval settlements with ed to a detailed archaeological analysis to deter- ‘Dziedzice’ type ceramics; 5) the establishment of mine whether certain cultural elements point to a stronghold in Białogard. continuities within this area. In the period from These settlement transformations were assigned to the turn of the 3rd century to the turn of the three successive stages of transformations related to 8th century, five successive stages of settlement re- a) the Dębczyno group (the turn of phases C 1a and organization were identified: 1) the initiation and C 1b to phase E); b) elements of Scandinavian tradi- stabilisation of the Dębczyno group; 2) the con- tion (phase E); c) the earliest stage of Early Medieval solidation of the Dębczyno group; 3) the decline cultural development (6th/7th – 8th century).

ZUSAMMENFASSUNG

Das Parsęta-Tal, eines der wichtigsten Siedlungs­ 3) Niedergang der Dębczyno-Gruppe; 4) frühes- gebiete in Westpommern, wurde einer detaillierten tes Stadium in der Bildung frühmittelalterlicher archäologischen Analyse unterzogen, um festzustel- Siedlungen mit Keramik vom Typ ›­Dziedzice‹; len, ob bestimmte kulturelle Elemente auf Konti- 5) Errichtung einer Befestigung in Białogard. nuitäten in diesem Gebiet hindeuten. Während der Mit diesen Siedlungsänderungen waren drei Stu- Wende des 2. und 3. Jahrhunderts bis zur Wende des fen kultureller Transformation verbunden: a) die 7. und 8. Jahrhunderts wurden fünf Stufen der Sied- Dębczyno-Gruppe (Phasen C 1a/C 1b – E); b) skan- lungsreorganisation identifiziert, nämlich 1) Beginn dinavische Traditionselemente (Phase E); c) das frü- und Stabilisierung der Dębczyno-Gruppe; 2) Be- heste Stadium der kulturellen Entwicklung im frü- ginn der Konsolidierung der Dębczyno-Gruppe; hen Mittelalter (6./7. – 8. Jahrhundert).

INTRODUCTION

The glacial valley of Parsęta is one of the most im- Rąbino) from the south, is located on the border be- portant geological and geographical areas in the tween the and shore- Western Pomeranian region, exhibiting extensive lines, bordering on the Baltic Sea to the north and morphology, a rich hydrographic network, a di- the Pomeranian Lake District to the south and fur- verse soil structure and varied flora (Fig. 1). The ther southwards with the extensive Noteć glacial val- Parsęta region, understood as the area between the ley (Kondracki 1978, 278 – 286). The valley’s natu- mouth of the Radwia until the Parsęta from the ral features and favourable conditions contributed north (close to ), and the Bukowa (close to to its potential in becoming a suitable place for the

1 This text is a revised version of Machajewski 2017. The wędrówek ludów między Odrą a Wisłą”, DEC – 2011/02/A/ work was carried out within the scope of the project “Okres HS3/00389.

81 resulting from the cultural dynamics of this past Sea society. The changes in the socio-economic condi- ltic Ba tions of past communities were often accompanied by transformations in settlement arrangements and Parsęta their elements. The interdependence between these spheres of social life resulted from the close connec- tion between the economic sphere and how the soci- ety was organised as a whole. Human settlement is hence the outcome of the relationship between both

r of these spheres of human social life, as determined e d O Vistu la by praxis. It is sometimes difficult to designate the direction that such changes took as a result of ques- a Wart tions around the extent to which or in fact whether the new settlement patterns related to old ones. This is largely dependent on the degree of difference reg- istered from one style of settlement to the next, es- pecially in systems with significantly different so- cio-economic structures (Machajewski 1984, 46). 100 km The results of studies on the settlement and cul- tural changes of selected regions, including Parsę- Fig. 1. Location of the middle Parsęta river catchment (Graphics: ta, can be seen as representative cases for a much R. Opitz, Kiel University). wider region. Nevertheless, it is difficult to know whether this can be applied only to the time period with which we are concerned with in this study, or foundation of human settlements, especially for so- also to a wider time frame (Łosiński 1982, 25 – 33; cieties with an advanced economy, including those at Machajewski 1999). A number of events at the the end of Antiquity and the beginning of the Mid- end of the early Migration Period and the begin- dle Ages (Macha­jewski 2012, 203 – 204). ning of the Early Middle Ages (the second part of The process of human settlement and the exploita- the 5th to the 6th century) in Parsęta took a slightly tion of the valley were largely dependent on a num- different course from that of other seaside regions, ber of factors, such as the relationship between hu- hence giving it a unique form of settlement and cul- mans and the environment, as well as circumstances tural character.

RESEARCH HISTORY

The current state of knowledge about the settle- Most of the archaeological data commonly found at ment and cultural patterns of the Parsęta region the end of Antiquity (settlements, cemeteries, hoards, at the end of Antiquity and the beginning of the the so-called ‘rich cult objects’, stray finds) and at the Middle Ages is based on the contributions from beginning of the Early Middle Ages (settlements, a researchers working on such topics in the last stronghold, stray finds) in Pomerania come from the twenty years of the 20th century (Łosiński 1981; middle Parsęta Basin (Wołągiewicz 1986; Łosiński Wołągiewicz 1986). The most important con- 1990; Machajewski 1996). Most of them have been tributions of earlier research were mostly lim­ recorded through excavations, sometimes uncover- ited to assembling inventories of stray finds and ing a whole area. The results of this research have be- undertaking sporadic excavations2. There have come the basis for distinguishing the Dębczyno group been no new major excavations in the Parsęta in Western Pomerania, dated back to the Late Ro- Basin in recent times, despite the fact that many man Iron Age, as well as the early Slavic settlements such excavations were undertaken not that long contemporaneous with the ‘Dziedzice’ type pot- ago by archaeologists from (Eugeniusz tery (Łosiński 1982, 27 – 31; ­Dulinicz 2001, 214 – 217). ­Cnotliwy), Koszalin (Franciszek J. Lachowicz), This region has hence been the area of a unique collec- and Poznań (Jan Żak and his team) (see Macha­ tion of remnants of former settlements indicative of jewski 2014 a). profound changes that took place in past times.

2 Menzel 1912; Kunkel 1931; Eggers 1937; see Wołągiewicz 1986; Łosiński 1990; 2008.

82 Archaeological excavations in this region have rivers flowing into it (Mogilica, Liśnica, Topiel). been undertaken using the micro-geographical Some of the intended research activities in this method (Kobyliński 1988). The research took micro-region were not completed due to a vari- place on a couple of settlement meso-regions lo- ety of reasons (Machajewski 1992a; Łosiński cated in the glacial valley of Parsęta and the small 2008, 18 – 19).

RELATIVE AND ABSOLUTE CHRONOLOGICAL FRAME

The following stages of reorganisation of the settle- Therefore, determining the exact chronologi- ment patterns in the Parsęta Basin in the period be- cal point of transition between the latest finds of tween the turn of the 3rd century and the 7th and Antiquity and the earliest ones originating from 8th centuries were recognised (Tab. 1): 1) the initia- the Early Middle Ages remains difficult (Łosiński tion and stabilisation of the Dębczyno group; 2) the 2008, 69 – 70; Machajewski 2012, 222). In the consolidation of the Dębczyno group; 3) the de- Parsęta Basin, the latest archaeologically docu- cline of the Dębczyno group; 4) the earliest stage of mented elements of Antiquity (e. g. gold necklac- the formation of Early Medieval settlements with es with bold endings, relief fibulas, gold bracteates, ‘Dziedzice’ type ceramics; 5) the establishment of a gold coins of Anastasius I [518 AD]) are dated back stronghold in Białogard. to the first half of the 6th century (phase E accord- A significant difficulty in the analysis of these ing to Wołągiewicz 1986; phase IIb of the Dęb- stages is the lack of a coherent chronological sys- czyno group according to Machajewski 1992 a), tem – not only for the central Parsęta Basin at both while the emergence of Early Medieval pottery of the end of Antiquity and the beginning of the Ear- the ‘Feldberg-Kędrzyno’ type, itself originating ly Middle Ages. In the case of the end of Antiqui- from ‘Sukow’ and ‘Dziedzice’ ceramics, is dated to ty, we refer more often to the relative chronological the turn of the 8th century (Łosiński 2008, 69). The system (phases C 1a – E), which is correlated with the earliest Early Medieval pottery of the ‘Dziedzice’ absolute chronology by the results of interregional type (Fig. 2) can be dated to the turn or the begin- comparative analysis. With regard to the Early Mid- ning of the 7th century. This is very different from dle Ages, one more often relies upon the absolute the suggestion of M. ­Dulinicz (2001, 190), who chronology for its earliest phases, which is enhanced placed ceramics of the ‘Dziedzice’ type in Western by the results of dynamically growing scientific Pomerania only in the second half of the 7th centu- methods (Machajewski 2010, 38 – 39; Mączyńska ry or at the beginning of the 8th century. 2007; Dulinicz 2001, 43 – 45). It is often difficult to The rich Scandinavian tradition of the central ascertain, as noted by M. Dulinicz (ibid. 43 – 44), to Parsęta Basin, which developed through long-term which period, Antiquity or the Early Middle Ages, foreign contacts, as well as the stylistic similari- the remains of settlements coming especially from ties between some of the pottery encountered in the 5th and 6th centuries AD correspond to. From the the Dębczyno group and in Early Medieval ‘Dzied- central Parsęta Basin, as of now, we only have den- zice’ vessels (Machajewski 1992 a, 92), may indi- drochronological dates for the Białogard stronghold cate a possibility of narrowing down or even lev- that solely originate from late stages of its construc- elling the chronological ‘gap’ between the latest tion dated between the 9th and 10th centuries (Cnot- elements of Antiquity and the earliest components liwy 2005; Łosiński 2008, 70 table 1). of the Early Middle Ages. This supposition also

Table 1. Concordance of the local and supra-regional cultural development in the Parsęta Basin and Pomerania with the relative and absolute chronological time-frame.

Absolute time-frame Periodisation Phases Stages in the Parsęta Basin Dębczyno group Specific cultural developments 3rd qu. 2nd century C 1a 1 I a Danish islands; Elbian circle; 4th qu. 2nd century C 1b Wielbark­ culture I b 3rd century C 2 Antiquity 2 Elbian circle; Scandinavian 4th century C 3 II a elements; Wielbark culture 5th century D 6th century E 3 II b Scandinavian elements 7th century Early Medieval 4 ‘Dziedzice’ ceramics 8th century period 5 Białogard stronghold

83 seems to be justified because in other regions of Po- land, located near the analysed area (Kuyavia, East- ern Pomerania), one can notice a longer persistence of earlier traditions, particularly of Scandinavi- an provenance, in local communities that already are under the influence of the newly emerging Ear- ly Medieval communities (Kontny 2012, 156 – 157; Wadyl 2015, 51). 1 2

SETTLEMENT ORGANISATION OF THE DĘBCZYNO GROUP

The settlement pattern in the middle Parsęta Basin was characterised by a sequence of zones of densely populated areas around its tributaries, in particular 4 the lower Liśnica River, the Mogilnica River and the Topiela River, of zones with dispersed occupation as well as of unoccupied areas in upper sections of the rivers’ basins. This settlement organisation was es- tablished by the population of the Dębczyno group and maintained by the Early Medieval communities. Due to its location probably performing a special 3 5 function, a representative micro-region of the Dęb- 0 10 cm 0 10 cm czyno group in the central Parsęta Basin was a clus- ter of settlements extending over the Lower Mogili- 1 2–5 ca (Fig. 3). It is important, however, to note that the Fig. 2. Dziedzice type pottery in the middle Parsęta river catch- current state of knowledge of this cluster is partly ment: 1 – 3 Dębczyno, site 10; 4 – 5 Wygoda, site 6/B (after Cnot- the result of many years of intensive excavation re- liwy 1999, 73 fig. 1). search conducted there (Machajewski 1996). The cluster covered an area of about 28 km² and consist- ed of nine settlements and two cemeteries, one stray find and one only likely stray find. Most of the settle- of ‘Dębczyno’ homestead (Machajewski 1984, 49 ments and the burial grounds were arranged linearly fig. 3; 2014 c, 115 – 121). The lifespan of large settle- along the edge of the overflow terrace at a distance of ments is estimated to be around 150 years. During 50 – 100 m from each other. Between the two largest that time, three rearrangements of the buildings settlements (Dębczyno, sites 3 and 6), a water intake took place. In contrast, small settlements followed was located, which was drawn from the stream flow- no strict rule. They were composed of two to three ing there and secured with a large funnel-shaped subterranean structures and a couple of standing stone around which numerous scattered fragments buildings (Dębczyno, site 2/A; Dębczyno, site 10). of ceramic vessels were found. Three large settle- We do not know much about the specialised eco- ments (Dębczyno, sites 3, 6, 6/A, area: 0.5 – 1.0 ha), nomic activities in the micro-region. There is ev- with threefold rearrangements of buildings (Macha- idence for advanced animal husbandry (sheep/ jewski 1992 a, 128 – 131), were located almost in the goat, cattle, and pigs) as well as for the cultiva- centre of the micro-region. Small settlements, per- tion of wheat, barley, rye and millet (Strzyżewski haps short-lived, surrounded them (area: up to 1974, 120). Farming was facilitated by well-devel- 0.5 ha). A typical large settlement (e. g. Dębczyno, oped tillage techniques using advanced ploughs with sites 3 and 6, Nawino, site 6) was comprised of ca. 19 iron mouldboards; rotary hand querns were also residential and farm buildings located around a cen- used (ibid. 116 fig. 1,1; Machajewski 1992 a, 206 ta- tral square measuring 30 × 30 m (Fig. 4). Clusters ble 18,7). Agricultural work was probably carried out of fire installations were located outside the central in gardens and arable fields located directly to the square. Among the constructions, attention is drawn north of the settlement on the vast and fertile over- to hall buildings with an area of up to 90 m², usu- flow terraces, less often on plateaus (Machajewski ally not more than one per settlement, possibly ful- 1981, 32 – 34). filling public functions Machajewski ( 1992 b, 237 At a distance of about 50 – 100 m from the set- table 49,1 – 3), and subterranean structures, some ad- tlements of Dębczyno (sites 3 and 6), a cemetery jacent to above-ground buildings, forming a kind with about 50 burials was located (Machajewski

84 1992 a, 135 – 138). At least two burial clusters can be 50 traced in the cemetery. Both were created almost si- multaneously and were characterised by similar cus- 46 + 40 toms of burying the dead with their grave goods. 52 6 A In inhumation burials, men were interred on their 6 10 backs, women on their side with crouched legs. The 3 39 2 A burial goods consisted of utilitarian dress elements, 5 ?

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jewellery, and ceramic vessels. In exceptional cas-

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ed. On some of the ‘Dębczyno’ cemeteries, how- a ever, graves were found which deviated from the ‘Dębczyno’ rules. These burials reflected the influ- ence of foreign communities, especially of the low- 45 6‘ er Elbe Basin – visible in dress ornaments and oc- 3‘ casionally the burial of burnt remains in ceramic vessels with a button handle (German ‘Knopfhenkel- 40 500 m gefäße’) (Machajewski­ 2008, 145 – 149) – or Born- holm, as evidenced by dress ornaments (Macha- a b c d jewski 1988, 74 – 76; 1992 a, 139 no. 155; Przybyła 2007, 591 fig. 15). In Western Pomerania, inhuma- Fig. 3. Micro-region of the Dębczyno group in the Mogilica ri- tion burials with exceptionally rich grave goods, in- ver catchment: a settlement; b supposed area of the Dębczyno cluding jewellery as well as imports, the so-called group settlement; c cemetery; d find of unknown character. The graves of type Hass­leben-Leuna-Białęcino, are only numbers correspond to the site numbers mentioned in the text present in phases C 1b – C 2, and in most cases lo- (Graphics: R. Opitz, Kiel University; after Machajewski 2017, cated separately from cemeteries (Machajewski 280 fig. 7). 2008, 136 fig. 5). However, such burials are absent in the central Parsęta Basin. The burial customs – the clustering of graves in ornaments as well as the size of these objects – could cemeteries and the separation of richly equipped imply that the ‘Dębczyno’ community was di- burials – and the objects preserved in residential ar- verse in economic and social terms (Machajewski eas – particularly work tools, imports, and dress 1984, 52 – 53; 1992 a, 136; Schuster 2003, 304 fig. 34).

SETTLEMENT DEVELOPMENT OF THE DĘBCZYNO GROUP

By analysing the various stages of settlement and to only five to six units, located incidentally in pre- cultural reorganisation in the central Parsęta Ba- viously occupied areas, but also in areas not set- sin, the dynamic process of their transformation tled before (­Machajewski 1981, 30 – 31 fig. 4; Ko- becomes noticeable. byliński 1988, 77 – 79). The size of the ­Dębczyno’‘ The Dębczyno group emerged in the Stag- micro-regions oscillated between 18 km² and es 1 and 2 (from the turn of phases C 1a and C 1b 28 km² and was composed of two to eleven differ- to phase D), that is during the process of succes- ent settlement points. A typical ecozone exploited sive dispersal of the early Wielbark culture settle- by the population of this group is located in the ments (Fig. 5 – 6). There is no doubt that the Dęb- border zone of the overflow and floodplain terrac- czyno group and the Wielbark culture co-existed, es, and sometimes at the bottom of deep glacial at least in the phases C1 a and C 1b, which is in- valleys. Possibly, these were areas of high produc- dicated by the Early Roman Iron Age settlement tivity requiring advanced farming methods. and cemetery in Rogowo (Macha­jewski 1980; Similar to other parts of Western Pomerania, 2014 b) and the neighbouring ‘Dębczyno’ set- the Dębczyno group in the central Parsęta Basin tlement in Nawino, site 6, as well as Dębczyno, was in the process of reorganisation towards the sites 3 and 6 (Sikorski 1979; Machajewski end of Stage 2, and more distinctively in Stage 3. 1992 a, 128 – 131). In comparison to the Wielbark This process is well discernible in the micro-re- culture, in the central Parsęta Basin the number gion of the Lower Mogilica. The settlement in Dęb- of settlements of the ­Dębczyno group was reduced czyno (sites 3, 6 and 10; phase II b of the Dębczyno threefold, which caused a thinning of its network, group according to Machajewski 1992 a) was used and thus the areas of the newly formed micro-re- longest. At the settlement of Dębczyno, site 10, how- gions increased (Fig. 6). Their number amounted ever, dwelling structures from the Early Medieval

85 N Storage pit Hearth Subterranean structure Kiln Posthole Phase I of occupation Phase II of occupation 10 m Phase III of occupation

Fig. 4. Layout of the settlement in Dębczyno, site 6 (Graphics: H. Machajewski).

period with ‘Dziedzice’ ceramics appeared along- adorned fibulae decorated in the Sösdala and Sjörup side the latest features of the Dębczyno group. This styles), while the later hoards belong to the ‘Piotrow- marks Stage 4 of the settlement reorganisation in ice’ (gold neck­laces) and ‘Karlino’ types (gold coins the central Parsęta Basin (Sikorski 1987, 288 ta- and metal dress ornaments of Scandinavian, Byzan- ble 2; Łosiński 2008, 57 – 58). tine and Italic origin; Machajewski 2012, 221). At Almost simultaneously with the changes taking the same time in Pomerania, as well as in the cen- place in Stage 3 in the central Parsęta Basin, and tral ­Parsęta Basin, gold coins arrived from South- more broadly in other regions of Western Pomer- ern Europe, discovered as single finds or hoards, the ania, hoards appeared, usually hidden under large first wave concluding with the coins of Valentini- stones as typical for the communities originating an III (425 – 455 AD), while the second ended with from the Baltic islands and the western part of the those of Anastasius I (491 – 518 AD) (Godłowski Baltic Sea (Godłowski 1981, 77 – 83). They proba- 1981, 102 – 103; Machajewski 1992 b, 87 fig. 9). bly were of non-economic character, perhaps ritu- The following Stage 4 of the settlement trans- al items or substitutes for grave goods. The old- formations in the central Parsęta Basin, marked er hoards are of type ‘Świelino-Trzebiatów’ (highly by the appearance of the ‘Dziedzice’ ceramics, is

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1 2 3 4 5 Fig. 5. Settlement pattern of the Wielbark Culture in the middle Parsęta river catchment: 1 settlements dated from phase A 2 or A 3 of the Late pre-Roman Iron Age to phase B 2 and the beginning of the Early Roman Iron Age; 2 settlements dated to the Early Roman Iron Age; 3 cemeteries dated from phase A 2 or A 3 of the Late pre-Roman Iron Age to phase B 2 and the beginning of the Early Roman Iron Age; 4 cemeteries of the Wielbark Culture dated from the end of phase B 1 to phase B 2/C 1; 5 fi nd of unknown character (Graphics: R. Opitz, Kiel University; aft erMachajewski 2017, 277 fi g. ).4 represented by at least two settlements (Fig. 7). settlements were part of a newly formed settle- Th e fi rst of these is the already mentioned settle- ment community, or, as in the case of the settle- ment in Dębczyno, site 10, located on the Lower ment in Dębczyno, site 10, a part of the former set- Mogilica, next to the settlements of the Dębczyno tlement community associated with the Dębczyno group (Dębczyno, sites 3 and 6), while the second group. Th e existence of two neighbouring settle- is a settlement in Wygoda, site 6/B, located near ments with diff erent cultural characteristics within Parsęta, both inhabited at least in the 7th to 8th cen- the relatively small area does not necessarily mean turies (Sikorski 1984, 29 – 39; 1987, 279 – 294). the change of settlement patterns at the turn of the Th ese were small settlements loosely exhibiting Early Middle Ages. Rather, it encourages us to re- small features (pits, hearths). Ceramics similar to fl ect on the possibility of their coexistence, alter- those found in these settlements were also discov- natively their subsequent replacement, especially ered in the earliest occupational level at Białogard, since in West Pomerania, Pomerania and Mecklen- site 1, founded around the middle of the 7th centu- burg, similar situations are increasingly document- ry (Cnotliwy 1986, 151) or a little later (Łosiński ed (Fig. 8; Łosiński 1982, 29 fi g. 5; Machajewski 2008, 70 table 1). It remains unclear whether these 2005, 195 fi g. 7).

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1 2 3 4 5 6 Fig. 6. Settlement pattern of the Dębczyno group in the middle Parsęta river catchment: 1 – 2 settlement (> 0.5 ha and < 0.5 ha); 3 cemetery; 4 hoard; 5 individual coins; 6 fi nd of unknown character (Graphics: R. Opitz, Kiel University; aft er Machajewski 2017, 278 fi g. 5).

Finally, Stage 5 of the settlement transformations Due to the state of research, the size of the settle- in the central Parsęta Basin was marked by at least ments of the 7th century remains unknown. Th ey two events: the fi rst being the appearance of new were comprised of subterranean structures, pits settlements, at least ten of them in the 7th centu- and hearths. ry, and the second being the construction of a small As already mentioned, the construction of stronghold in Białogard, site 1, one of the earliest in a stronghold in Białogard (Cnotliwy 1982; Western Pomerania (Cnotliwy 1982; 1999, 75 – 76; Łosiński 1982, 96 – 134) was a unique event in the Łosiński 1982, 96 – 134). Th e new settlements were development of central Parsęta. It was founded on established near the mouth of the Parsęta and on a small sandy hill, with an area of 3,500 m², sur- some small tributaries (Mogilica, Liśnica, Buko- rounded by wetlands and swamps of the Parsęta wa) (Fig. 7). Th e area of this community is estimat- and Liśnica rivers. It is not entirely known wheth- ed to be around 30 km² (Cnotliwy 1999, 75). Th e er it was created in the place of an earlier settle- location of the settlements was not drastically dif- ment, which was partially fenced, or whether the ferent compared to the settlement system of central stronghold was constructed on previously unoc- Parsęta at the end of Antiquity, especially in Stage 2. cupied terrain (Cnotliwy 1982, 15 – 18; 1999, 77). Th e settlements situated at the mouth of small trib- Leaning towards the second interpretation, it is no- utaries of the Parsęta were hence still inhabited. ticed that the 5 m wide embankment surrounding

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1 2 3 Fig. 7. Settlement pattern of the early stage of the Early Middle Ages in the middle Parsęta river catchment: 1 stronghold in Biało gard; 2 settlement with Dziedzice type pottery; 3 settlement dated to the 7th century (Graphics: R. Opitz, Kiel University; aft er Macha- jewski 2017, 279 fi g. 6). the settlement was built in a manner reminis- terms, the community living in the stronghold did cent of a grille construction, with layers of oak not differ significantly in relation to the Parsęta wood covered with sand. There was a bridge next community from the end of Antiquity (Cnotliwy to the embankment (Cnotliwy 1982, 18). The 1982, 27 – 40). small area of the stronghold, amounting to about Th e Białogard stronghold provided shelter for a 0.22 ha, and its location in the glacial valley sur- small group of people. Initially, it functioned in a rounded by wetlands, is untypical in comparison territorial community covering an area of approx- to other examples of early Pomeranian strong- imately 30 km² that expanded between the 8th and holds (ibid. 14 – 15). Most of these were usually 9th centuries, occupying an area of approximate- about 1 ha in size and established in upland are- ly 50 km² (Łosiński 1982, 179 fi g. 59; Cnotliwy as. The construction of embankments was already 1999, 77 – 80). Many researchers of the Early Me- more advanced (Łosiński 2008, 67). Another out- dieval period of Western Pomerania emphasise the standing feature of the stronghold in Białogard uniqueness of the Białogard stronghold, interpret- was its remarkable distance from the settlements ing it almost from its beginning as the residence of from the early stage of the Early Middle Ages lo- the local chief or as a sacral institution of supra-re- cated in the lower Parsęta Basin (Cnotliwy gional importance (Kurnatowska 2002, 21 – 22; 1999, 77; Łosiński 1972, 166 fig. 62). In economic Łosiński 2008, 71 – 72).

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Fig. 8. Clusters of sites with traditions of Antiquity and the Early Medieval period in the south-western coastal area of the Baltic Sea: 1 Antiquity; 2 Early Medieval period (Graphics: R. Opitz, Kiel University; aft er Łosiński 1982, 29 fi g. 5, updated).

SUPRA-REGIONAL DEVELOPMENTS

Settlement changes in the central Parsęta Ba- part of zone B of the Wielbark culture (e. g. Skro- sin are connected to at least three supra-region- botowo, Borkowice, Prądno). Th e formation of al cultural developments, namely the Dębczyno the Dębczyno group, with extremely heterogene- group (C 1a/C 1b – E), the appearance of Scandina- ous cultural characteristics, was the result of many vian elements (phase E) and early stages of Early events. Th e most important of them was the disper- Medieval culture (6th/7th – 7th centuries). sal of local communities in Pomerania at the begin- Settlements of the Dębczyno groups were located ning of the Early Roman Iron Age, caused by the in the northern part of Pomerania between Łeba in departure of Wielbark culture groups and resulting the east and Wkra/Uecker in the west, not crossing in territorial isolation, especially of its western part. the Pomeranian Lake District in the south (Macha- Th ere, the process of assimilating new cultural pat- jewski 2008). Th e earliest Dębczyno settlements (at terns from Scandinavia, especially Bornholm, the the turn of phases C 1a and C 1b – C 2) were concen- Lower Elbe, the Lower and even the Black trated between the Lower and the Parsęta (e. g. Sea, intensifi ed. Almost all these patterns are re- Kowalki, Nawino, , Żydowo, Stuchowo). fl ected in the community life of the Parsęta Basin. Later (phases C 2 – D/E), they were also found in the Th e scale of cultural heterogeneity of the Dębczyno rest of Western Pomerania and in parts of Pomer- group was subject to changes, resulting from its role ania to the west of the Oder River (e. g. Dębczyno, in wide-ranging exchange relations which were de- Karcino, Białęcin and Dzierżęcino). veloped dynamically by participating communities Th e settlements of the Dębczyno group emerged and neighbouring cultural infl uences. in the area previously occupied by the Early Iron In phase D and at the very beginning of phase E, Age communities of the Wielbark culture in its corresponding to the settlement reorganisation zone B according to Wołągiewicz (1986) (Słowi- in the central Parsęta Basin in Stages 2 and 3, the no Coast, Drawsko Lake District) and later in the settlement pattern became increasingly more dis- Pyrzyce cluster and cultural entities occupied by persed. Th ese events were accompanied by the ap- groups of middle Oder and Elbe provenance from pearance of the already mentioned hoards of types the Lower Oder and Wkra/Uecker Basins (Macha- ‘Świelino-Trzebiatów’, ‘Karlino’ and ‘Piotrowice’. jewski 1999). Evidence of the continued settlement On the eastern border of the Dębczyno group (in by the Dębczyno group is only found in the western the lower Łupawa and Łeba Basins), a small cluster

90 of settlements of Scandinavian groups was even 205, 213, 215 according to Eggers 1951) vessels. The formed in phase E (Machajewski 1992 b; Schus- majority of the cemeteries of the Dębczyno groups ter 2015, 30 fig. 9). known to date, in addition to numerous single in- There are two distinct phases in the develop- humation graves, belong to sub-phase Ib. Inhuma- ment of the Dębczyno group, both subdivided into tion was dominant, with only sporadic cremation sub-phases: a) phase I (from the turn of phases C 1a graves. In the central Parsęta Basin, the sub-phase and C 1b to phase C 2), b) phase II (phase C 3/D to is represented by the burial grounds in Dębczyno, phase E) (Machajewski 1992 a; 2006, 39 – 43). site 2. This sub-phase is connected to graves corre- Sub-phase Ia (the end of phase C 1a and the be- sponding to the Central European horizon of rich- ginning of phase C 1b) is characterized by fibu- ly furnished burials of the Hassleben-Leuna type lae of A VII, s. 2 type (Fig. 9,1) and buckles of D 1 from the middle of phase C 2 (e. g. Białęcino, Kar- type (Fig. 9,2). One cannot rule out that fibulae of cino, Grabowo). A VI, s. 1, 162 and A VII, s. 3 (Fig. 9,2.5) types also The sub-phase Ib, corresponding to the first part appeared in this period. The most common vessel of Stage 2 of the settlement development in Cen- types are represented by elongated vases, some of tral Parsęta, represents the most dynamic period, them with a button handle, similar to correspond- which perfectly reflects the settlement character of ing objects from the Wielbark culture and the low- the mico-region of the Lower Mogilica. Apart from er Elbe Basin (the Dahlhausen style). The sub-phase noticeable cultural inspirations from Scandina- is further represented by the earliest burials at cem- via, especially Bornholm (metal dress ornaments), eteries in Kowalki and Pyrzyce, with both inhu- the main connections undoubtedly existed with mation and cremation graves with urns but with- the lower Elbe Basin, reflected in the style of pot- out remains of a funeral pyre. The first horizon of tery, in metal dress ornaments and in the compo- the settlement at Dębczyno, site 1, as well as the sition of the latter. The amount of Roman imports settlement at Nawino, site 6, is dated back to this was similar in these regions. At the same time, rela- sub-phase. These two settlements from the central tions with areas located at the Black Sea increased, Parsęta Basin correspond with Stage 1 of the settle- as visible in the presence of beads and glass vessels ment transformations. The sub-phase is character- often found in the central Parsęta Basin (Werner ised by distinct relations to the Wielbark culture as 1988, 259 fig. 12; Machajewski 1992 a, 123 – 124). well as by influences from the lower Elbe zone and Sub-phase IIa (phases C 3/D), synchronized with Scandinavia, in particular Bornholm, Scania and the second part of Stage 2 of the settlement de- Zealand (Machajewski/Porzeziński 2004; Przy- velopment in the central Parsęta Basin, is marked była 2007, 601 – 604). by the emergence of a new repertoire of dress ele- Sub-phase Ib (phases C 1b – C 2) is ­characterized ments, indicative of relations with the lower Elbe by the emergence of numerous fibulae types, Basin, the Central Danubian area as well as Scan- such as A VII, s. 4, A VI, s. 1, fibulae with a ‘dead dinavia. Such elements are comprised of different spring’ (Fig. 9,10), with a rhomboidal widened catch, types of fibulae including that of “Bügellknopf­ A VI, 168, A VI, 172 as well as fibulae A VI, 2, E (with fibel” type (Fig. 9,16.17), with a blade-like widened little shields) (Fig. 9,7), A VI, 2, B (with a nar- catch (type A VI, 2, H according to Machajew- row catch) (Fig. 9,6), A VI, 2, C (with a point- ski 1992 a), type A VI, 2, I (Fig. 9,20) (according to ed catch) (Fig. 9,8) and A VI, 2, D (with a wedge Machajewski 1992 a), items similar to tin fibulae of catch) (Fig. 9,9) according to Machajewski (1992 a, the Danubian type (A VI, 2, J according to Machajew- 17 – 27). Other characteristic items include: buck- ski 1992 a), Wiesbaden type (Fig. 9,21) (A VI, 2, K les of ‘omega’ type (Fig. 9,11), double twisted neck- according to Machajewski­ 1992 a) and some- laces with pear-like clasps, pins of VII d-120 sub- times the Nydam type. Other items are repre- group (Fig. 9,14) according to B. Beckmann (1966), sented by beak-like ferrule of belt endings of combs of type I, variant 1 (Fig. 9,4) according to type III (Fig. 9,25) according to R. Madyda-Le- S. Thomas (1960) as well as different types of glass gutko (1986), U-shaped buckles, buckles with a and amber beads. The most dominant vessel forms bold frame (Fig. 9,23), and pins of group VIII ac- include vases with undercut shoulders decorat- cording to Beckmann (1966). Particularly distin- ed by multi-layered notches, zig-zags and bends as guishable are mosaic and rosette beads. The dom- well as plant pots, bowls, and jugs with nodal han- inant vessels from this sub-phase include coarse dles, similar to pots from the lower Elbe Basin (the vases decorated with stamps, bars, and notches in Dahlhausen and Kuhbier styles), and to a lesser ex- combination with zig-zag lines, often unsymmet- tent from the Wielbark culture. Wheel-made pot- rically placed, as well as pots with a narrow neck tery is rare. The period is also marked by imports and ‘bucket’ vessels. Both formally and decorative- of bronze (types 78, 106, 112, 113, 117, 161 accord- ly, these ceramics reveal many similarities to the ing to H. J. Eggers 1951) and glass (types 200, 201, Kuhbier/Kyritz pottery style from the lower Elbe

91 1 2 3 4 5 6

9 10 12

7 11 13 8 0 10 cm

19 15 16 17 18

14 22 23 24 25

21 20

26 27 31 33 0 10 cm

28 29 30 32 34 0 5 cm 0 10 cm 0 20 cm

1–12, 14–30, 33 Fig. 9. Cultural elements typical for the Dębczyno group (1 – 25) and the Scandinavian cluster (26 – 34) in Western Pomerania: 1 Kowalki, grave 4; 2 Dębczyno, grave 26; 3 Kowalki, grave 23; 4 Kowalki, grave 4; 5 Pyrzyce, grave NN; 6 Kowalki, grave 9; 7 Borkowice, isolated find; 8 Białogard, site 17, settlement, feature 123; 9 Kowalki, grave 13; 10 Dębczyno, grave 1; 11 Dębczyno, grave 32; 12 Dębczyno, grave 8; 13 Stuchowo, grave 1; 14 Stuchowo, grave 1; 15 Dzierżęcin, grave 11; 16 Dębczyno, site 3, settlement, feature 300; 17 Dębczyno, site 6, settlement, feature 47; 18 Gąskowo, grave 1; 19 Stramnica, grave; 20 Stramnica, grave; 21 Dęb- czyno, site 3, settlement, feature 300; 22 Borkowice, isolated find; 23 Dzierżęcin, grave 18; 24 Dzierżęcin, grave 11; 25 Stramnica, grave; 26 Witkowo, grave ?; 27 Głuszyno, grave; 28 Głuszyno, grave; 29 Główczyce, grave NN; 30 Głuszyno, grave; 31 Piotrow- ice, hoard ?; 32 Główczyce, grave NN; 33 Główczyce, grave NN; 34 Główczyce, grave NN (after Machajewski 2017, 276 fig. 3).

92 27 45 2 10 44 ba 22 39 Łe 12 13 9 32 4 5 16 20 17 41 Parsęta 34 (?) 42 33 40 24 26 14 37 (?) 6

3 18 30 Wkra 15 Uecker 31 35 25 11 28 23 24 1 36 21 7 46

(?) 19 43 V ist 8 ula 29 O d er

a 50 km W rta 38

a b c d e f g h

Fig. 10. Scandinavian cultural elements and Roman solidi from phase E: a grave; b hoard (solidi/jewellery/solidi and jewellery); c single solidus; d single bracteate; e bog fi nd; f isolated fi nd; g unknown location; h fi nd of unknown character. 1 Biesenbrow; 2 Błądzikowo; 3 Brudersdorf; 4 Darłowo; 5 Divitz; 6 Drzeżewo; 7 Friedefeld; 8 Friedrichstahl; 9 Głuszyno; 10 Główczyce; 11 Golm; 12 Gorzy- no; 13 Gustow (ceramic vessel); 14 Karlino; 15 Karsibór; 16 Koszalin; 17 Koszwały; 18 Laski; 19 Lisewo; 20 Malechowo; 21 Marian- ki; 22 Brzezino; 23 Neubrandenburg; 24 Neusterlitz; 25 Penzlin; 26 Piotrowice; 27 Puck; 28 Radewitz; 29 Radosiew; 30 Radostowo; 31 ; 32 Ribnitz-Damgarten; 33 Sierakówek (whetstone); 34 Skowarcz; 35 Smętówko; 36 ; 37 Sukow, stan 27; 38 Wap- no; 39 Witkowo; 40 unknown location; 41 unknown location; 42 ; 43 Brzostowo; 44 Czarnówko; 45 Brzyno; 46 Suchań (Graphics: R. Opitz, Kiel University; aft er Machajewski 2017, 286 fi g. 9).

Basin. In sub-phase IIa, or even earlier, glass ves- group (Machajewski 1992 b, 71 – 92). Even per- sels with grinded rims also appeared (Eggers 1951, haps at that time, the settlements in Dębczyno, types 220, 226 – 230). Furthermore, high beakers of sites 3, 6 and 10, were still inhabited. Of the set- the Snartemo and Dębczyno types emerged in the tlements outside the Parsęta Basin, those in the Parsęta Basin. Th ey originated from Western Eu- Basin could have also been still in use at ropean workshops and arrived at this region most that time (Lubieszewo, site 2 B, Łobżany, site 1 likely through the connections with groups from [Godłowski 1981, 90]). As has already been men- Western Scandinavia (Koch 1989; Machajewski tioned, at the very end of sub-phase II a and in sub- 1992 a, 124 – 125). phase II b, gold coins emerged in two subsequent In sub-phase IIa, the majority of settlements and waves, the one terminated by the coins of Valentin- cemeteries of the Dębczyno group came to an end. ian III (425 – 455 AD), and the second by the coins Th e cemetery at Dębczyno, site 2, was abandoned, of Anastasius I (491 – 518 AD). One cannot rule out but the settlements (Dębczyno, sites 6, 3, and 10) the possibility that these coins were brought into were still inhabited. Towards the end of this sub- the Baltic zone by local groups returning to their phase, hoards of the ‘Świelino-Trzebiatów’ type homeland from the Hunnic wars (Godłowski emerged. 1981, 100 – 101). In sub-phase IIb (phase E), on the other hand, Based on archaeological evidence, at least three other types of hoards of the same provenance were clusters of Scandinavian elements are noted on the deposited, namely the ‘Karlino’ and the ‘Piotrow- Baltic Coast, each with a slightly diff erent invento- ice’ types. Th e Scandinavian infl uences in Pomer- ry (Fig. 8): a) a cluster at the lower Oder and Wkra/ ania (Fig. 9,26 – 34; 10), probably arriving from Uecker, b) a cluster in the lower Łeba and Łupawa Ba- Bornholm, became very visible at that time by the sins, and c) a cluster located on the middle and lower small cluster of settlements in the Łeba and Łupa- Parsęta (Machajewski 2005, 192 fi g. 5). Th is third wa Basins at the eastern border of the Dębczyno cluster is to some degree an extension of the small

93 Łeba

Parsęta

Wkra Uecker

V ist ula

O d er 50 km Warta

Fig. 11. Sites with ‘Sukow’ and ‘Dziedzice’ pottery types (Graphics: R. Opitz, Kiel University; aft er Łosiński 1982, 28 fi g. 4, updated). north Greater cluster of Scandinavian fi nds the infl ux of a large number of solidi (Werner 1949; with analogous elements (Radosiew, Wapno). In con- Geisslinger 1967; Godłowski 1981, 100 – 103). trast to the lower Łeba and Łupawa inter-river ba- Settlements with ‘Dziedzice’ ceramics can be sins, settlements with the earliest Early Medieval ce- found in Western Pomerania in at least three ramics of the ‘Dziedzice’ and ‘Sukow’ types appeared small clusters, located on: a) the lower Oder, b) the in the Oder and Parsęta clusters. In connection with Pyrzyce-Stargard Plain, and c) the lower and cen- the dispersion of the Dębczyno group, undoubtedly tral Parsęta (Fig. 11; Łosiński 1982, 28 – 29). Th e existing until the end of phase E, the relatively signif- co-existence of the settlements in Parsęta with that icant accumulation of Scandinavian elements on its at Dębczyno, site 10, may be a refl ection of the ex- territory may be indicative of their leading role in the ceptional vitality of these settlements and the cul- history of Western Pomerania, in particular on the tural forms stemming from trade relations between Baltic Coast. Th is common occurrence of artefacts of Scandinavia, Pomerania, Greater Poland and along Scandinavian origin and infl uences at the end of An- the southern Baltic coast. Th e dynamic nature of tiquity on the Southern Baltic Coast was the result of these contacts could have led to the construction of traditional ties connecting these areas, strengthened a small stronghold in Białogard and shortly aft er- at that time. In strong contrast to the majority of Eu- wards in the 8th century, near the settlements exist- rope, this process stabilized the political situation in ing in Bardy and Świelub on the lower Parsęta, also the north. It manifested itself by the largely similar allowed a group of newcomers from Scandinavia to character of diff erent types of hoards as well as by settle (Łosiński 2008, 73 fi g. 1; 125 – 141).

DISCUSSION

It is clear that the events analysed during this time important being the common history of societies period in the Parsęta Basin generally fi t into the wid- originating from Northern Europe, especially Scan- er phenomena of the settlement patterns and cul- dinavia, the Elbe Basin, and the southern shore of tural changes taking place in Europe at the time3. the Baltic Sea, as well as the south-eastern sphere of Th ese events were caused by many factors, the most Barbarian Europe. Finding commonalities between

3 Godłowski 1970; Kokowski 2005; Łosiński 1982; Lecieje- 4 Werner 1988; Mączyńska 1997; Hegewisch 2010; Macha- wicz 2007; Machajewski 1992 b; 2008. jewski 2012, 217 – 220; Machajewski/Porzeziński 2004.

94 the behaviour of these societies is still difficult, and of the rich tradition of trade and exchange between this applies in nuce also to Pomerania⁴: Is this to be the lower Elbe Basin, Scandinavia and the interi- seen as a place they planned to settle down in as they or in the Pomerania region, especially in the lower developed social relations there, or only as a sphere Parsęta Basin, inspired by the extensive opportuni- which mediated these contacts? Accepting any one of ties to obtain salt there. Consequently, small settle- these views would result in a number of consequenc- ments of various communities formed there, which es when trying to determine the direction in which became the nucleus of small tribes at the turn of An- people migrated on the territory of the Barbaricum. tiquity and the Early Middle Ages (Piskorski 2002; Attempts to create a narrative about the history of Łosiński 2008, 69 – 71; Biermann 2015, 39 – 46). Un- the former communities living in the central Parsę- doubtedly, the differences between the material cul- ta Basin caused many disputes, especially in regard ture of these tribes could imply cultural differences, to the definition of the origin and the demise of par- however, during their existence various kinds of mu- ticular cultural phenomena. Most importantly, this tual contacts formed (Leciejewicz 1976, 46). applies to the changes that took place at the turn of Regardless of the direction that the development the Early Middle Ages (here: Stages 3 – 4) both con- of various societies in Pomerania took, these socie- cerning synchronic and diachronic aspects⁵. These ties actively promoted the process of cultural unifi- disputes seem to result from adopting different cation, in particular how they influenced trade rela- methodological assumptions and interpretations tions. The effects of this, in turn, became important of the records available to archaeologists, including in the formation of value systems of almost all com- absolute dates. One of the most important issues is munities of the region (Łosiński 2008, 125 – 126; the highly controversial conviction that the precon- Machajewski 2012, 203 – 205). The question wheth- dition for the emergence of the ‘new’ Early Medie- er this can be compared with cultural characteris- val settlements in the Polish Lowlands was the dis- tics prominent in other regions around the Baltic appearance of the ‘older’ settlements from the end of Sea, which would speak in favour of including Po- Antiquity (Dulinicz 2001, 207). This theory caused merania in the so-called ‘Baltic cultural zone’, re- heated debates from the very beginning. In Pomer- mains open with the need for further research (see ania, the argument for its rejection is the presence Łosiński 2008, 125).

CONCLUSION

The settlement development of the central Parsęta character was an Early Medieval cluster with the Basin at the end of Antiquity and the beginning of Białogard stronghold located on the overflow ter- the Early Middle Ages was dependent on a num- race at the mouth of the Liśnica as it joins the ber of elements. One of the most important factors Parsęta. While the emergence of the stronghold is was Parsęta’s natural habitat, ideal for commu- certainly indicative of substantial social reorgan- nities that practiced rudimentary forms of farm- isations, the character of the prehistoric ‘agglom- ing, along with its favourable geographical loca- eration’ on the lower Mogilica is much more diffi- tion, which enabled foreign trade and cultural cult to specify. We can only speculate about some contacts. Understanding the relationship between degree of integrity of this community in terms of these two elements, it seems, is key to the correct its social, economic, and most likely ideological interpretation of the settlement development. The domains (Machajewski 1984, 52 – 53). Dębczyno group and its settlement network, with Changes in this settlement cluster are well doc- an outstanding micro-region located on the low- umented, while little is known about its initial er Mogilica, can be treated as a special type of pre- stages and its ultimate collapse. It is difficult to historic ‘agglomeration’, understood as a distinct ascertain to what extent, or if at all, the effects of settlement cluster with its major constituting el- previous actions were referred to in later times. ements, such as topography, function, economy, However, due to the recorded presence of outer and social dynamics, which were closely inter- communities, especially of Scandinavian origin, it twined. They contributed to the transformation should be presumed that it would have been possi- of the natural environment, resulting at the same ble for previous experiences and knowledge about time in the dissemination of knowledge about this the Western Pomerania region to emerge when cluster in the wider cultural context. Of similar newer socio-cultural patterns were shaped.

5 Leciejewicz 1976, 46 – 47 fig. 3; Żak 1985, 85 – 108; Godłowski Leciejewicz 2007. 1979; Dulinicz 2001, 206 – 209; Machajewski 2001;

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