Urban Innovation for Liveable Cities

White papers for a green transition

URBAN INNOVATION FOR LIVEABLE CITIES

A holistic approach to sustainable city solutions

INSIDE THIS WHITE PAPER

Urban Mobility

Water

Climate Adaptation

Intelligent Energy 2

URBAN INNOVATION FOR LIVABLE CITIES A holistic approach to sustainable city solutions Version 1.0 Printed in September 2016

Front page photo Cover photo showing urban living in Copenhagen Photo: State of Green

Editor in Chief State of Green

Contributors to White Paper Aalborg University: Birgitte Hoffmann, [email protected] Aarhus Water: Anne Laustsen, [email protected] Amphi Consult: Lars Briggs, [email protected] City of Aarhus: Claus Nickelsen, [email protected] City of Aarhus: Pablo Celis, [email protected] City of Copenhagen: Lykke Leonardsen, [email protected] Confederation of Danish Industry: Hans Peter Slente, [email protected] COWI: Ole Kveiborg, [email protected] COWI: Arne Bernt Hasling, [email protected] Danish Cyclists’ Federation: Trine Bielefeldt Stjernø, [email protected] Danish Intelligent Energy Alliance: Helle Juhler-Verdoner, [email protected] Danwater: Jens Baadsgaard Pedersen, [email protected] DHI: Morten Rungø, [email protected] EnviDan: Mads Uggerby, [email protected] Gehl Architects: Andreas Røhl, [email protected] Gottlieb Paludan Architects: Sten Sødring, [email protected] Krydsrum Architects: Niels Jakubiak Andersen, [email protected] NIRAS: Jens Christian Riise, [email protected] Orbicon: Christine Krag Strømberg, [email protected] Ramboll: Christian Nyerup Nielsen, [email protected] Secretariat for Cycle Superhighways: Line Kildegaard Groot, [email protected] Tredje Natur: Flemming Rafn Thomsen, [email protected] Tredje Natur: Ole Schrøder, [email protected] WATER PLUS: Søren Møller Christensen, [email protected]

Download this white paper Download this white paper and other related publications at www.stateofgreen.com/publications

For more information To order copies of this white paper or receive information about other related publications, please contact State of Green at [email protected]

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

Our cities are growing and so are the challenges to make them liveable. Creating a liveable city means taking a holistic approach through public-private partnerships and cross-sector collaboration, enabling smart, urban solutions that not only make cities prosperous, but also healthy, safe and attractive places to live in. Danish cities hold a long tradition for implementing urban development projects through holistic planning where the concern for the environment, people and businesses go hand in hand. This whitepaper highlights sustainable approaches across urban mobility, water, climate adaptation and intelligent energy, demonstrating how long-term planning across sectors are key elements in creating liveable cities built on holistic, sustainable solutions.

Urban Mobility When you live in a city, you need to get around, but environmental concerns about emissions and endless car queues on the roads are challenges that demand solutions of mobility. The Danish approach to mobility management integrates different modes of transportation while also addressing climate and environmental concerns, such as decreasing private car use and congestion and increasing the use of bicycles. The key to successful mobility management is to incorporate several levels at the same time where collaboration between both public and private actors is paramount to success.

Water Just a decade ago, most cities in Denmark saw water as something to hide and remove in sewers. Today, the harbor water in Copenhagen is clean enough to swim in and the area around the Harbour Bath has flourished. This has been achieved through an integrated approach to urban water management, combining a broad range of environmental, economic and social strategies. Although initially more complex, it is ulti- mately more cost-efficient from an overall societal perspective. When investments in blue infrastructure are integrated early in the urban planning process, synergies can be achieved and costs reduced.

Furthermore, in order to meet the future demand for water, a strong focus on efficient water management, operation and not least reducing Non-Revenue Water is needed. Overcoming barriers to reducing NRW requires attention and involvement from several stakeholders – from politicians to local consumers – as well as new partnerships. The right political framework can create incentives for innovation and optimisation, as well as increase public awareness about the value of having a stable and efficient water supply.

Climate Adaptation Danish experience shows that climate adaptation can also present an opportunity to rethink urban development and gain greater value from investments. Rather than coming at the expense of urban living, climate adaptation can contribute to greener and more liveable cities. For instance, instead of expanding the underground sewage system, surplus water can be led to structures above the ground such as green beds, canals or lakes around the city. These serve a dual purpose as they – in addition to increasing the stormwater drainage capacity – also function as recreational areas, which help cool the city and increase biodiversity.

Intelligent Energy The homes of the future are intelligent, energy-efficient and energy producing buildings. A smart home can use and produce resources intelligently, incorporating sensors for lighting, climate control, smart metering, energy management and communication systems to control production and consumption of resources. Incorporating intelligent buildings into the energy system – grid-connected, energy-producing buildings – saves energy costs and reduces CO2 emissions, and helps balance increasing shares of electricity produced from fluctuating sources such as solar and wind. Here, district energy provides an answer to power tomorrow’s urban communities and smart cities in the most intelligent way possible. Copenhagen is a good example. Here it all started with one small local system in 1903 and now 98% of the city is supplied by district heating. 4

STATE OF GREEN

Denmark has decided to lead the transition State of Green Tours Explore, Learn and Connect online to a green growth economy and become en- Denmark has many stories to share about Stateofgreen.com is your online entry tirely independent of fossil fuels by 2050. our green energy policy and about our en- point for all relevant information on green As the official green brand for Denmark, gagement in creating a low-energy society solutions in Denmark and around the world. State of Green gathers all leading players based on renewables. However, hearing is Here you can explore solutions, learn about across the green Danish landscape and one thing, seeing it is another. That is why products and connect with profiles. Many fosters relations with international stake- State of Green offers the world a chance to of the featured profiles welcome visitors holders interested in learning from the experience Danish green solutions – live. and offer investment opportunities. Danish experience. Since 2008, State of Green Tours has Follow @stateofgreen on Twitter, connect Completely dependent on imported oil for hosted more than 800 delegations consist- with State of Green Denmark on LinkedIn or decades, Denmark was severely affected ing of more than 13,000 visitors. The tours like the State of Green page on Facebook. by the oil crises of the 1970s. It was decided are targeted at three kinds of international to take a new path to meet growing energy delegations: Business, public sector and About State of Green needs and, at the same time, to cater for media. All kinds of business professionals State of Green is the organisation behind environmental concerns. As a result, green are welcome – be it the top management in the official green brand for Denmark. The terms such as clean air and water, renewa- leading energy companies and other com- consortium is a public-private partnership bles, intelligent energy, climate adaptation panies committed to the green agenda, founded by the Danish Government, the and liveable cities have become embedded or investors, developers, technology pro- Confederation of Danish Industry, the in the mind-sets of the Danes. And time has viders and consulting engineers. We also Danish Energy Association, The Danish shown how economic and environmental welcome both politicians and civil servants Agriculture & Food Council and the Danish policies can be two sides of the same coin. from all levels of the public sector: national, Wind Industry Association. H.R.H. Crown Since 1980, Denmark has grown to become state, regional and municipality level. And Prince Frederik of Denmark is patron of a global leader in sustainable technologies, finally, State of Green offers journalists and State of Green. while during the same period, the Danish media representatives a chance to visit economy has grown by more than 70% Denmark and get a first-hand experience of without increasing gross consumption. Danish solutions to bring home and share with their country.

For more information about State of Green Tours, please visit www.stateofgreen.com/tours 5

INDEX

Creating Green Liveable Cities...... 6-7 The human dimension in sustainable city planning

URBAN MOBILITY Collaboration for a Transition to Sustainable Transportation...... 8-9 Creating synergies and exploiting opportunities through collaboration between different stakeholders

Alternative Modes of Transportation Create Socio-Economic Benefits...... 10-11 Measuring the socio-economic benefits of alternative modes of transportation

WATER

Rethinking Urban Water for New Value in Cities...... 12-13 Developing visions, common goals and integrated solutions

The Importance of Public Awareness and Political Targets...... 14-15 Creating public awareness of the value of water and political focus on NRW reduction

CLIMATE ADAPTATION

Creating Resilient and Liveable Cities with SUDS...... 16-17 Using rainwater as a resource to create green urban spaces with added benefits

Cross-Disciplinary Collaboration in Climate Adaptation ...... 18-19 Creating synergies and saving costs through collaboration between different stakeholders

INTELLIGENT ENERGY

The Future of District Energy ...... 20-21 Realising a strong global potential

Smart Buildings ...... 22-23 Automation makes buildings a flexible part of the energy system 6 Creating Green Liveable Cities

CREATING GREEN LIVEABLE CITIES The human dimension in sustainable city planning

Jan Gehl, Birgitte Bundesen Svarre and Andreas Røhl, Gehl Architects

A common feature of almost all cities is healthy cities has become a general and that fulfills the aims of social sustainability that the people who use city space in great urgent desire. All these four objectives can and an open and democratic society. numbers have been increasingly poorly be strengthened immeasurably by increas- treated. Limited space, obstacles, noise, ing the concern for pedestrians, cyclists Cities by people and for people pollution, risk of accident and generally and city life in general. A unified citywide What is remarkable about the development disgraceful conditions are typical for city political intervention to ensure that the in Denmark the last decades as well as dwellers in most of the world’s cities – re- residents of the city are invited to walk and cities such as New York City in recent years gardless of global location, economic via- bike as much as possible in connection with is that it reflects a growing understanding bility and stage of development. This turn their daily activities is a strong reinforce- that cities must be designed to invite city of events has not only reduced the oppor- ment of the objectives. life. These cities want people to walk in tunities for pedestrianism and cycling as a city space, they recognise the importance form of transport, but also placed the social “For decades the human of pedestrian traffic and bicyclists for sus- and cultural functions of city space under dimension has been an tainability and health in society, and they siege. Fortunately, now more and more overlooked and haphazardly acknowledge the importance of city space cities realise the value of putting humans addressed urban planning and city life as an attractive, informal and first in order to create more liveable cities democratic meeting place for their resi- and hereby increase quality of life for the topic in most cities. dents in the 21st century. inhabitants. Fortunately, more and more cities now realise the value of Planning with human beings as the point of A necessary new planning dimension departure – and not the number of cars, the After years of neglect of the human di- putting humans first in order number of square meters or technical spec- mension, here at the beginning of the to create more lively, safe, ifications of different transport systems 21st century we have an urgent need and sustainable and – can create more sustainable cities, en- growing willingness to once again create vironmentally as well as economically and cities for people. New global challenges healthy cities.” socially. underscore the importance of far more Cities must therefore urge urban planners targeted concern for the human dimen- and architects to reinforce pedestrianism The text is adapted from the book Jan Gehl, sion. Urban planning with a human dimen- and cycling as an integrated city policy to Cities for People (2010), Washington DC: sion demands focuses on the needs of develop liveable and healthy cities. It is Island Press. the people who use cities. The vision of equally urgent to strengthen the social ensuring more lively, safe, sustainable and function of city space as a meeting place Photo: Ole Malling Creating Green Liveable Cities 7

The new Nørreport Station - a busy urban plaza needs at the most convenient place and to create an inviting and By putting cyclists and pedestrians first, conditions for all 250,000 coherent urban space. daily visitors to Denmark’s busiest transport hub have been im- The new station buildings feature curved, glazed facades and proved dramatically. The transformation has turned the once green roofs with PV solar panels while the 2,100 bicycle parking crammed and untidy station area into an open, liveable and mul- spaces are set 40 cm below the surrounding paving. In this way, ti-functional urban plaza. bikes are kept accessible and visible while ensuring unobstructed The design is inspired by the studies of people-flows across the views across the square. square and has resulted in an open, safe and legible urban space - without a traditional station building or main entrance. Instead, (Courtesy: Gottlieb Paludan Architects, Cobe Architects, the new station area boasts a number of clearly designated station Sweco, Bartenbach Lichtlabor) functions, evenly distributed across the square to serve peoples’

The City Bridge - Reconnecting the city A bicycle bridge, based on cyclists’ movements, gradients and In Odense a new bridge has improved mobility for cyclists and train curves - and a footbridge, optimised for pedestrians with wide passengers; stitching together two separated urban areas, and stairs and direct access to station platforms. Above the tracks the creating two new squares as well as a new landmark for the city. two bridges come together as one, while they split in two at the The railway lines running through the city have long served as abutments, providing the best possible ‘landing’ for the two types a barrier between the harbour and the city centre, so in 2015 a of users – creating a more connected and accessible city for the bridge was established over the track area. inhabitants. The bridge is a piece of very functional design, intended to simply extend Odense’s large network of cycle lanes, catering to cyclists’ (Courtesy: Gottlieb Paludan Architects, NIRAS, ES Consult, demands. Thus the bridge was really designed as two bridges: Bartenbach Lichtlabor, Artist Anita Jørgensen) 8 Urban Mobility

COLLABORATION FOR A TRANSITION TO SUSTAINABLE TRANSPORTATION Creating synergies and exploiting opportunities through collaboration between different stakeholders

Claus Nickelsen, Head of Environment and Energy, City of Aarhus

When people travel, geographical borders More and more Danish cities have ambitious The goal of these partnerships is to make are crossed and modes of transportation plans to be CO2 neutral in the near future. it attractive and profitable for the private are often combined. Danish experience To achieve the goals, the cities are focusing companies and big public organisations to shows that collaboration across borders more and more on collaborations across get involved. In return they need to share and between different stakeholders the borders of the municipality as well as knowledge and work together with each can create valuable synergies resulting on extended public-private partnerships. other and the city on demonstration pro- in greener and more liveable cities. The jects where the return on investment is not Danish approach to collaboration with “Public-private climate here and now, but in the future. public and private parties is rooted in partnerships are a win-win. the Danish history where collaboration The private partners make a Within transportation the city of Aarhus has been widespread within a number of took the climate partnership to a new level sectors and across municipalities. The profit and the City of Aarhus in 2011 when they teamed up with 9 com- collaboration approach is challenged by gets the benefits of a green panies in an industrial area in Skejby in the the number of different stakeholders and demonstration project.” North of the city and became facilitator for interests, but has also given room for new a network of companies, working together solutions for better cycling conditions, In Denmark’s second largest city, Aarhus, to find new ways to reduce congestion in such as the Cycle Superhighways that pass climate partnerships have been created and around the business area. through more than one municipality. within a variety of different themes: The collaboration ensures a common Fossil free energy, transportation, water By applying cross-border collaboration and high quality standard for commut- & climate adaption, intelligent energy engaging in public-private partnerships, ers passing through more systems, buildings & housing, and export. the municipalities, companies, and insti- than one municipality At the moment, the city has teamed up tutions were able to create synergies and on their way to job or with over 40 climate partners from a wide exploit the different strengths of the part- other daily businesses, range of different areas and backgrounds. ners at the same time. making commuting by bike an easier choice. Urban Mobility 9

Business Park Skejby happier, satisfied and healthy employees. When the light rail opens The business area in Skejby north of Aarhus houses 100 com- in 2017, the business park will offer an extensive network of cycling panies, academic institutions and a hospital with about 20,000 paths interlinked by bus stops and light rail stations, a bicycle people working there every day. To reduce congestion in the area, library where employees can borrow different types of bicycles, the companies and institutions teamed up with the City of Aarhus. an accreditation scheme as cyclist friendly company and distribu- First, the partners conducted a transportation survey among the tion of a cycling promoting magazine. Other elements include easy employees to map the potential for reducing single car use and access to information and short cuts for cyclist, as well as a cargo have people carpool, use public transportation or bike to work bike service for smaller deliveries. instead. The initiative led to the establishment of “Business Park Skejby”, (Courtesy: City of Aarhus, Aros Kommunikation which seeks to give the area an attractive green profile and og Weinreich Mobility)

The Cycle Superhighways region. A secretariat facilitates the coordination between the The Cycle Superhighways is an inter-municipal cooperation aimed municipalities. at creating a strong net of bike paths across the Capital Region of With a realisation of the 28 Cycle Superhighways there is a po- Denmark. The goal is to provide better conditions for bike commut- tential to reduce the number of sick days by 34,000 annually, and ers and encourage people to choose to commute by bike through reduce car rides during rush hour by 1.4 million. new and innovative solutions. The Cycle Superhighways have a socio-economic return of 19% - The Cycle Superhighways could potentially increase the number of far above the Ministry of Finance’s requirement of a return of 5% bike commuters in the capital region by more than 30% compared for investments in projects on infrastructure. In comparison, the to today, making the project a key factor in the overall develop- Danish Metro City Circle Line has a return of 3.1%. At full potential, ment of sustainable mobility. We have already experienced a 52% the socio-economic surplus of the Cycle Superhighways is estimat- increase in the number of bike commuters on the Farum route since ed to be EUR 978 million over a 50 year time plan from 2012. the opening back in 2012. Behind the project is a unique, inter-municipal partnership between (Courtesy: Secretariat for Cycle Superhighways) the Capital Region of Denmark and 23 municipalities within the

52% INCREASE IN BIKE COMMUTERS SINCE 2012 10 Urban Mobility

ALTERNATIVE MODES OF TRANSPORTATION CREATE SOCIO-ECONOMIC BENEFITS Measuring the socio-economic benefits of alternative modes of transportation

Lars Green Lauridsen, Senior Vice President, COWI

Choosing mode of transportation has to commuting by bike instead of by car. people. The added health benefits can be significant socio-economic impact for so- For example, for every kilometre commut- measured on municipalities’ bottom line, cieties all over the world. Nowadays com- ed by bike instead of by car, society saves as less sick days in companies reduces pro- muters are increasingly making a choice around 1 EUR per km. In a city like Copen- duction losses, in turn positively impacting between different kinds of transportation hagen, people use their bike so much that the economic growth of cities. in order to arrive at their destination in the it compares to 31 times around the world most efficient way. Therefore, there is a every single day. Cities with less developed “Denmark is known as one need for more advanced socio-economic cycling infrastructure can potentially save of the best cycling countries tools to calculate the benefits of these an even greater amount on costs, if they of the world, and our cycling initiatives. manage to change mobility patterns of even a small percentage of the citizens. infrastructure is among the In Denmark there are well developed finest in the world. Why do standards measuring the benefits of trans- The socio-economic effect of these initi- we do it? Because substantial port infrastructure projects to identify the atives leads directly to an improved pro- benefits can be harvested socio-economic value. These assessments ductivity because less time is spent on the include various variables such as construc- daily commute. and measured throughout tion and maintenance costs, travel time, the society when choosing accidents, public health, and of course en- The single most expensive part about tra- alternative transportation.” vironmental effects such as air quality and ditional car based mobility is the expenses

CO2 emissions. used by municipalities, regions and the Policymaking promoting alternative mo- state, on maintaining and providing infra- bility will be the correct path for cities Promoting active and environmentally structure for an extremely ineffective mo- throughout the world who wish to increase friendly mobility has socio-economic ben- bility choice. As a result, promoting alter- the quality of life for their citizens, while at efits that can be quite substantial. The native mobility and intermobility can cause the same time supporting projects directly potential benefits are perhaps most sig- significant socio-economic benefits such beneficial to the city’s economy. nificant when changing mobility patterns as less congestion, pollution and healthier

1 km by car moved to bicycle = 1 EUR in socio-economic benefit

Bene ts Costs

Time

Vehicle operation Car Health

Accidents

Air pollution and climate

Noise Bicycle Congestion

Other e ects

Total socioeconomic cost

EUR -1 -0.75 -0.5 -0.25 0 0.25 0.5 0.75 1

A cost-benefit analysis of a 1 km cycle journey at a speed of 16 km/h in Copenhagen rush hour shows a socioeconomic benefit of 0.22 EUR per km. In comparison, the socio-economic loss of a 1 km car journey at a speed of 50 km/h corresponds to 0.70 EUR. The total saving in cost therefore corresponds to EUR 1 per travelled km. (Source: Copenhagen Bicycle Account 2014) Urban Mobility 11

Photo: Danish Cyclists’ Federation

Encouraging children to bike through effective campaigns The main benefits of the campaign are that more children are The annual All Children Cycle campaign has been assessed by COWI physically active giving positive health effects and a reduction in and The Danish Cyclists’ Federation using the socio-economic car use. methodology and the unit costs developed for cycling projects. The socio-economic return is more than EUR 60,000 in net present The campaign aims to make school children change their mode of value from an investment of EUR 330,000. This leads to a return on transport to and from school from being driven by their parents to the campaign costs of 18%, which is more than twice the return on using their bike for a two week period. e.g. the fixed Fehmarnbelt tunnel return on investment. The campaign costs are very low and achieve very high impacts. The number of participants are approximately 136,000 children, (Courtesy: COWI) where a substantial part of these are ‘new’ bike users. This leads to more than 600,000 additional bike kilometers and a reduction of 340,000 km in the parents’ car use.

The Cycle Serpent – a creative cycling solution that there are more than 11,500 cycle journeys across the Cycle that benefits the city and the people Serpent every day – 15% more than expected by the City of Copen- The “Cycle Serpent” in Copenhagen is a great example of a costly hagen. The bridge makes up a missing link in the network of cycling yet effective cycling solution in Copenhagen. The project had a cost routes in Copenhagen. Every cyclist saves 1 minute by not having of EUR 5 million and was partly financed by national funds and by to use the stairs, which amounts to almost EUR 2000 a day – more the City of Copenhagen. The new bridge was inaugurated in 2014 than EUR 0.7 million a year in socio-economic benefits. That gives and made up the final link between Vesterbro and Islands Brygge. a payback time of 7 years and is thereby a great benefit to society. Before it was built, cyclists had to stop and haul their bicycle down two sets of stairs in order to reach the little older (from 2006) (Courtesy: City of Copenhagen) bicycle and pedestrian bridge “Bryggebroen”. A 2014 count shows

Photo: Ursula Bach 12 Water

RETHINKING URBAN WATER FOR NEW VALUE IN CITIES Developing visions, common goals and integrated solutions

Christian Nyerup Nielsen, Director, Ramboll Water / Arne Bernt Hasling, Senior Project Manager, COWI

People’s love of water leaves its imprint on people and businesses. This is an impor- park where nursery school children can cities in so many ways — from the historic tant consideration when new water in- safely go fishing; think of teenagers fountains and modern pools that mirror vestments are under discussion. In 2012 a cycling round an urban lake having a great the city in their surface to the enormous study by researchers from the University time; picture a retired couple enjoying the variety of waterfront developments that of Copenhagen showed that property shade of the trees by a pond on a beau- have sprung up along harbours, rivers, prices increase by an average of 10 percent tifully planted roundabout; and then, lakes and canals. In many port cities, the if the property is within walking distance of imagine that you wouldn´t have to imagine docks now stand empty or newer facilities a park or an area of urban nature. Proximity it anymore... have been moved away from the historic to the coast increases property prices by centre, leaving centrally located commer- 15-30 percent, an increase that vanishes Benefits of an integrated approach cial or naval docks that are no longer in once the property is more than 300 meters The integration of water solutions with use. These cities are in a state of trans- (1,000 feet) away from the water. urban development is a way to reintroduce formation from their industrial past to be- water as an asset in urban living. There are coming urban centres in a modern knowl- The vision makes the difference a variety of tools and methods available for edge-based economy. This is happening An integrated approach implies that dif- the development of innovative integrated just as many of them are also dealing with ferent stakeholders have to coordinate water solutions. These include software to more extreme weather events and rising their efforts to reach a common target. To enable the visualisation of possible future sea levels. achieve a sustainable society, the urban scenarios that can help in convincing de- planning that is required goes beyond the cision makers and stakeholders about the Boosting urban development reach of the city authorities and the water benefits of integrating blue and green Swimming in Copenhagen’s harbour was utilities alone. It requires collaboration structures. The more obvious benefits are out of the question for many years before between their consultants, contractors, that integration decreases the hydraulic the first harbour bath opened in 2002 at equipment suppliers and the local resi- load on wastewater treatment and reduces ‘Islands Brygge.’ Frequent overflows from dents. A clear vision and common goals are the number of combined sewer overflows. the sewerage system posed serious health the keys to success. Most integrated water Integrated solutions also decrease the risks. Today this spot is one of the trendiest solutions will require a ’flexible attitude’ risk of flooding and related costs. A final in Copenhagen and property values, the from stakeholders. Thus, appealing to peo- argument is that infiltration of rainwater local business community, tourism and the ple’s imaginations makes a huge difference will increase groundwater regeneration, quality of life for Copenhagen’s citizens in working with integrated green and blue valuable to cities where groundwater is an have received a major boost. Waterfronts, structures: important water resource. docklands, canals and lakes help in creat- Think of a city harbour so clean that people ing exclusive areas, attracting resourceful go swimming every day; imagine an urban Water 13

Case: Boosting urban development with integrated Protection against wastewater discharges during excessive rain is wastewater strategies, Copenhagen, Denmark solved by integrated wastewater strategies and innovative tech- In just a decade, Copenhagen Harbour has been transformed from nology. An integrated bathing water forecast system measures an industrial port to a vibrant cultural and social centre of the city. sewage overflows and hydrodynamic and bacterial models sim- People can now take a swim and enjoy water playgrounds right ulate the water quality in the harbour. The system informs in real in the centre of the city. By modernising the sewage system and time if the water quality is in compliance with the EU bathing water diverting local rainwater, the water quality improved so the City directive. This real-time system is also applied for other beach of Copenhagen was able to open a public harbour bath in 2002. areas in Denmark. (Courtesy: City of Copenhagen and DHI)

Case: Showcase for climate adaptation technology, (500,000 square feet) into a showcase for climate adaptation Copenhagen, Denmark technology. It will demonstrate how rainwater can be managed Copenhagen will, like many other cities, face heavier rainfall in the naturally and effectively. The architects will reclaim 20 percent of future due to climate change. One solution to avoid flooding is to the street area by optimising the infrastructure and parking spaces let water remain in the urban space for a longer period of time. With according to current standards. Bicycle paths will act as stormwa- this idea in mind — and the promise of increased recreational value ter channels, urban gardens and green roofs will delay the water and biological diversity — the City of Copenhagen is now transform- and canals will divert excess water into the harbour. ing a densely populated neighbourhood of 50,000 square metres (Courtesy: City of Copenhagen and Tredje Natur) 14 Water

THE IMPORTANCE OF PUBLIC AWARENESS AND POLITICAL TARGETS Creating public awareness of the value of water and political focus on NRW reduction

It requires special attention and improved service to convince consumers that water has a value and that the water bill is a sign of priceless and essential benefits. Consumers must be taught to appreciate the value of having a stable supply of safe drinking water. This requires both political attention and priority.

Jens Baadsgaard Pedersen, CEO, Danwater

The value of water and respect Economic incentives to reduce NRW Danish Water and Wastewater Association for the water bill Economic incentives are important drivers (DANVA) collects and publishes perfor- Awareness and understanding of the value for changes in behaviour. For decades, pol- mance data – including NRW data – from of water is very weak in many countries and iticians and decision makers in Denmark more than 130 Danish water and waste- often the price for water does not cover the have understood that public regulation and water utilities in an annual benchmarking actual investment and operational costs. taxes are important and effective tools for report, which allows each water utility to Political focus and priority from govern- behavioural change. For more than twenty learn from its peers. ment institutions is required in order to years, regulation has required certified me- make consumers aware of the value of a tering of all water consumption at consum- Coupling NRW to the climate stable supply of clean and safe tap water. er level in Denmark. Futhermore, Danish change agenda

The subsidisation of the water price must authorities impose high penalties on water Climate change mitigation and CO2-reduc- be phased out and the price for water must utilities that do not reduce their NRW level tion is receiving growing political attention reflect the actual costs. to less than 10% through taxes which apply around the world. It therefore makes sense to both water consumed and water lost. to address reduced energy consumption as In many places, the apparent loss poses a positive spillover effect of NRW reductions the biggest challenge and it takes a change Benchmarking for efficiency when considering the efforts and expected in consumers’ mindsets to bring it down. Benchmarking can also be a tool for water results of an NRW programme. Reducing NGO’s and anthropologists can be involved utilities to identify performance and op- NRW will dramatically change the operation in changing people’s mindset and behaviour timise their respective work processes of the water distribution as especially the when it comes to drinking water as well and methods by learning from best prac- change in pressure and closing of leaks can as their understanding of how consumer tice examples of others. Each year, the lead to considerable energy savings. payment for water is necessary to ensure sufficient funding for development of a sustainable water supply.

Economic growth can go hand-in-hand with reduced water consumption The notion that economic growth and increasing resource consumption go hand-in-hand is incorrect. As Denmark has demonstrated, introducing measures to reduce water consumption is not a threat to economic development. The Danish water consumption has decreased by nearly 40% since 1980 while the country’s GDP has increased by 75% during that same period. In addition, the national average for non-revenue water has been reduced to 8% due to political focus on the problem and legal regulation which has motivated the water utilities and technology providers to develop new cost-efficient leakage monitoring technologies and leakage management systems. Water 15

Reducing Non-Revenue Water in Chijin Island, Taiwan based on an online solution. Leakage operators from Taiwan Water Chijin Island in Taiwan has experienced significant historical prob- Company were trained in how to implement active leakage de- lems with physical water loss which have caused disruptions to the tection as an effective tool to minimise leakages. In one week of island’s water supply and resulted in an NRW level as high as 45%. training, the leakage detection specialists from Leif Koch detected To reverse this, Taiwan Water Company engaged in an NRW reduc- 13 major leakages together with the local staff which provided a tion project together with Rambøll, Leif Koch and DHI in 2014. As significant reduction in NRW. The project illustrated that together part of the project, the many components involved in determining with the overall NRW master plan, ongoing leakage detection and the IWA water balance as part of the NRW investigation were pre- repairs on the pipeline system could reduce the NRW. The KPIs sented, discussed and calculated with the Taiwan Water Company. were determined to reduce NRW by 10% within the next 5 years. From a management point of view, it was decided to start with leakage detection to get an upfront significant reduction of NRW (Courtesy: Rambøll, Leif Koch, DHI and and then as the next step to setup an overall NRW master plan the Danish Ministry of Foreign Affairs)

Reducing urban water loss in Chittagong, Bangladesh of the network was gathered with the help of GIS and hydraulic As the local water utility for Chittagong water network, CWASA is modelling. In addition, assessment of initial losses – both commer- required to deliver an equitable water supply for the entire popula- cial and real – as well as identification and prioritisation of problem tion in its area. However, it was estimated that the water loss was areas were carried out, resulting in identification of 137 km of pipe- approximately 60%. In order to reduce its water loss, a number lines to be replaced. Following the completion of the pipe rehabili- of critical elements needed to be addressed, including rationali- tation and construction phase, the next steps will be to implement sation, improvement of operation and expansion of the network. the DMAs and active leakage control as well as operational tools to This required implementation of DMAs, pressure management and secure continuous management of the network and a stable water flow control, construction of new pipes as well as active leakage supply. control. In the initial phase of the project, up-to-date information (Courtesy: SWECO) 16 Climate Adaptation

CREATING RESILIENT AND LIVEABLE CITIES WITH SUDS Using rainwater as a resource to create green urban spaces with added benefits

“We need to consider what kind of cities we want fifty years from now. Every project supports a pathway. We may support the traditional way. Or we may make innovative projects that open up for new ways to work with water in our cities“

Birgitte Hoffmann, Associate Professor, Aalborg University

Adapting to a changing climate with more to implement, city planners and other deci- elements with multiple purpose functions. frequent and more intense rain events sion makers need to consider what kind of However, two different tools have been also presents an opportunity to rethink city they want to have fifty years from now developed for this purpose. urban development and gain greater value as decisions made today will have a signif- from investments. By keeping a holistic icant impact on the city’s urban structure The first tool is a method for comparing view of the situation, the incorporation of for years to come. expenses for building ‘grey’ vs. ‘green’ various SUDS elements can contribute to solutions developed by Water in Urban greener and more pleasant urban spaces At the same time, there is an increased Areas. The calculations in this method with added benefits such as increased real realisation that the existing expert-based include the various types of costs (such as estate service and the passive citizen role is no project planning, construction work, main- values, increased biodiversity, increased longer adequate. As described in chapter tenance etc.), the frequency of each cost, traffic safety and more recreational oppor- 3, broad stakeholder collaboration and in- who the cost bearer is and if there are any tunities for the local residents. volvement is needed. When creating live- associated risks. Finally, it also takes into able cities, three consecutive challenges account parameters such as sturdiness of Just a decade ago, most cities in Denmark need to be addressed: the solution, the environmental effect, the regarded rainwater as something to get rid • How do we create climate resilient socie- aesthetic and recreational qualities as well of and hide in sewers – not as the valuable ties in practice and utilise the potentials as possible synergies with other planned resource it actually is. Today the situation to strengthen the sustainable transfor- construction projects. is quite different as water is once again mation of urban and rural areas? seen as an asset with an enormous poten- • How do we develop new types of interac- The second tool is called ‘SPLASH’ and has tial to enhance the daily life of people living tion with the citizens of this work? been made available free of charge by the in cities. This also makes investments in • How can we work innovatively with Danish Nature Agency to help calculate the climate change adaptation projects easier climate adaption and develop new profes- socio-economic consequences of specif- to justify to the public. While choosing an sional skills and approaches to planning? ic climate adaptation measures in a local integrated approach may initially be more area. SPLASH calculates the size of invest- complex as it involves a broad range of The lessons learned from Denmark in terms ments needed to guard against a given rain environmental, economic and social strat- of addressing these challenges have been event and shows economic gains from each egies, it is often more cost-efficient seen compiled in a ‘Handbook for sustainable suggested action on a long-term basis (e.g. from an overall societal perspective. transition’ published by the Danish innova- reduced costs of flooding damages). The tion network Water in Urban Areas. value of positive spillover effects such as Creating the liveable city increased green areas, reduced water con- While there is no global definition of what Estimating the economic value of sumption and increased CO2 absorption makes a city ‘liveable’, various international green SUDS projects etc. is also included. rankings of the world’s most liveable cities By thinking in multiple use of rainwater, typically consider factors related to dimen- it is possible to create synergies from Both tools are available online and can be sions such as safety, healthcare, economic investments. In many cases surface solu- used by Danish municipalities, utilities, and educational resources, infrastructure, tions with multiple functions are actually consulting companies, architects, con- culture and environment. The best cities cheaper due to lower construction costs. tractors and knowledge institutions etc. to manage to create synergies between However, assigning economic value to help them plan and prioritise their efforts. these dimensions. When SUDS projects green or dual-purpose solutions and the are designed right, they can serve multiple positive spillover effects from these com- functions beyond rainwater management pared to traditional basins or sewerage and thereby play a key role in creating ‘the system expansions can sometimes be liveable city’. difficult.

The key is long-term planning as many pro- In Denmark, there are no national guide- jects are built to last for decades or even lines for calculating the benefits and added longer. When deciding on which projects values of green solutions that involve SUDS Climate Adaptation 17

Sports center uses climate adaption as stepping-stone for for creating new recreational areas and playgrounds. Eight differ- new recreational facilities, Gladsaxe, Copenhagen ent holes were constructed to function as different recreational Extreme rain events have caused flooding on several occasions in areas when they are not used for collecting rainwater. For sports the Copenhagen suburb Gladsaxe. To prevent future flooding, a enthusiasts, the park has been turned into a concrete corridor for large climate adaptation project was recently finished at Gladsaxe skate boarders and a paddle tennis field. As the holes have a more Sports Center. The sports center is situated on top of a large region- informal setting, the park now has a much wider appeal for the al water system. By diverting rainwater through a series of ponds overall local community who is invited in for anything from jogging and canals, more capacity was therefore created in the sewerage or playing, to dog walking or taking a Sunday stroll. systems both locally and in the low-lying areas between Gladsaxe and the sea. By choosing surface solutions with dual purposes (Courtesy: Gladsaxe Municipality, Nordvand, rather than traditional underground reservoirs, the project saved Bisgaard Landscape, Grontmij, Ohlers Design, approx. EUR 4 million, proving it a very cost-efficient solution. WATER PLUS, Realdania, The Danish Foundation for Keeping the rainwater above surface also became a stepping stone Culture and Sports Facilities and the Danish Nature Agency)

The climate resilient school, Roskilde, Denmark raingarden, the water flows into a multifunctional pump track lane The vision for the climate resilient school in Roskilde is to handle all with parkour-elements for street climbing. The multifunctional stormwater on campus. To ensure this, 1,100 m2 of roof has been square is covered in permeable rubber and illustrates the meeting disconnected and runoff from the pavement infiltrates through between coast and sea. The project demonstrates that SUDS are permeable pavings. Runoff from the roof runs through trenches able to handle everyday rain, design storms and cloudbursts, when into a paddling pool shaped like the local bay which is also used the different SUDS elements are connected to each other as pearls by the schoolchildren for playing and learning. From the ‘bay’, the on a string. stormwater goes through an ACO trench into a soakaway. The soakaway has a membrane underneath, creating storage volume (Courtesy: Danish Technological Institute, Aalborg University, for stormwater. It is possible for the children to pump up the storm- DHI, Gundsoe Entreprenoer Forretning, Thing og Brandt Landsk- water with old-school hand-pumps. The overflow goes into a rain- aber, IBF, NCC Roads, ACO Nordic, Wavin, Nykilde, Amphi Consult, garden and a ditch downstream through the raingarden. From the KLS Grafiske Hus, Municipality of Roskilde and Roskilde Utility) 18 Climate Adaptation

CROSS-DISCIPLINARY COLLABORATION IN CLIMATE ADAPTATION Creating synergies and saving costs through collaboration between different stakeholders

“Experience from Danish SUDS projects shows that when city planning, construction, environmental issues, financing mechanisms and stakeholder relations are all addressed early in the development process, projects are more likely to become successful”

Jens Christian Riise, Market Director, Climate and Resources, NIRAS

Rainwater crosses both administrative and ‘co-financing regulative’, water utilities to identify all relevant stakeholders and geographical borders. Danish experience are allowed to co-finance climate adapta- invite them to a dialogue as early in the shows that collaboration across disciplines tion projects above surface carried out by process as possible. and institutions can create valuable syner- municipalities or private owners, which gies, resulting in greener and more liveable involve roads, water courses and recre- To create the necessary momentum and cities with a higher degree of recreational ational areas. As Danish water utilities ownership of the climate adaptation pro- value for the local community. The collab- have a monopoly on managing water and jects, urban planners, environmental man- orative approach is, however, challenged sewage, their activities and investments agers and engineers from the municipal de- by the fact that the different parts of the are closely monitored by the Water Utility partments often join forces with engineers water cycle, i.e. sewage, rainwater, rivers, Secretary under the Danish Competition and planners from water utilities at an lakes and groundwater are often regulated and Consumer Authority. early stage. To ensure buy-in from the local by different legislative bodies. community local citizens, property owners, Early stakeholder involvement local businesses and environmental NGOs Legislation and financing mechanisms Using a cross-disciplinary, cross-insti- are also involved later in the process, when in Denmark tutional and watershed based multiple the different solution proposals are dis- The responsibility of climate adaptation stakeholder approach can increase the cussed and selected. is divided between municipalities, water sense of ownership of the solutions such as utility companies and private property SUDS. And by using this holistic approach, By applying cross-disciplinary and cross-in- owners. Danish municipalities must include solutions often have a higher degree of stitutional approaches to collaboration, climate adaptation plans in their local de- synergy with other activities in the munici- climate adaptation becomes an opportu- velopment plans. In helping them do so, the palities. The results are often more liveable nity to create synergies between several Danish Nature Agency has developed a set cities with a higher degree of recreational projects at the same time. of guidelines for climate adaptation plans value for the local community. on how municipalities can manage climate adaptation as part of their overall planning Experience from Danish SUDS projects for construction. shows that when city planning, construction, environmental issues, financing In correlation with the Danish Water Sector mechanisms and stakeholder relations all Act, expansions of sewerage systems are are addressed early in the development managed by water utility companies and process, SUDS projects are more likely financed through water tariffs. Due to a to become successful. It is thus crucial

Cross-disciplinary collaboration in Denmark Water in Urban Areas (established in 2010) is an innovation network consisting of 150 knowledge institutions, government agencies and municipalities, utilities and private companies (tetra-helix structure). The purpose of Water in Urban Areas is to develop, document and present climate adaptation technologies and associated planning tools for transformation of existing urban areas in Denmark. All information and experience with SUDS systems in Denmark have been compiled on the website: www.sudsindenmark.dk. Climate Adaptation 19

Engaging and mobilising the local community in on climate adaptation through urban design of public areas, also creating a Climate City, Middelfart, Denmark functions as a driving force, which inspires local house owners to Covering an area of 450,000 m2, “The Climate City” project in manage rainwater within their own gardens. Thus, The Climate City Middelfart demonstrates how to integrate climate adaptation is to a great degree about mobilising the local citizens to become with urban development. Through a dialogue based co-creation- an integrated part of the project. The Climate City is a partnership al process, the municipality and wastewater utility have worked project between Middelfart Municipality, Middelfart Wastewater closely together with landscape architects, engineers, local Utility and the philanthropic organisation Realdania. citizens and other stakeholders in developing the project. From the programming phase, through the architectural competition (Courtesy of Middelfart Municipality, process and the subsequent project development and detailed Middelfart Wastewater Utility, Realdania, Bascon, project design, citizens have actively contributed with local knowl- Orbicon, GHB Landscape Architects and ADEPT) edge, comments and ideas. The Climate City project, which focuses

Separating rainwater from wastewater in citizens on board the project was a difficult, yet crucial task. While existing living areas, Aarhus, Denmark some house owners embraced the new recreational solutions, the Sewer separation projects are often conducted by establishing project was also met with some resistance from more sceptical separated piping systems for rainwater and wastewater, respec- citizens. The project team therefore had to be very thorough and tively. In the neighbourhood Risvangen in the city of Aarhus, convincing in their approach and extensive efforts were made to however, no rainwater pipes are dug down. Instead, all rainwater make sure the citizen involvement process was steered in the right is handled on the surface using various SUDS elements. The local direction. A combination of workshops, extensive FAQ’s and even citizens can either choose to handle rainwater on their own plots individual advisory sessions on private plots were conducted to and in return receive a financial reimbursement of the connection ensure a successful implementation. costs, or to lead the water to a nearby public area via the surface, where the local water utility, Aarhus Water, handles it. Getting the (Courtesy: Aarhus Water and EnviDan) 20 Intelligent Energy

THE FUTURE OF DISTRICT ENERGY Realising a strong global potential

District energy systems are expected to grow in years to come due to increased urbanisation, technological advancements, stronger focus on resource efficiency and consumers’ increasing demand for comfort.

Hans Peter Slente, Senior Advisor, Danish Energy Industries Federation

Growing demand ahead share of heat produced from high-effi- efficiency in the system. By using water of The use of district energy systems varies ciency combined heat and power (CHP), as lower temperature and using still better widely across countries. This is only in part well as high-efficiency district heating and pipe systems, heat losses are minimised due to the given circumstances such as cooling, needs to be further promoted by and district heating becomes feasible in the climate, urban density and available member states. Thus, EU’s drive towards still more places. energy resources. Differences in regula- decarbonising the economy is spurring a The modern principles of 4th generation tory frameworks, building traditions and focus on district heating in member states district heating are applied today both in energy policies also explain the strong with still more drawing up national heat new-built district heating systems and variation in the uptake of district heating. maps and action plans for district heating. when retrofitting and expanding existing In Europe, according to Euroheat & Power, ones adding still new features to existing there are approximately 6,000 district 4th generation district heating systems. heating systems which meet 12 % of Eu- The technological advancements favour rope’s heat demand. further use of district heating. The tem- District cooling The share of district heating delivered in EU perature of the water required in a district The demand for cooling is far higher than can increase due to a number of reasons. heating system is becoming even lower, for heating on a global scale. The level of urbanisation in EU is expected thereby increasing energy efficiency. This Today’s prevalent practice of applying in- to grow to 75% in 2020 and almost 84% provides economic rationale for more use dividual cooling solutions to each building, in 2050, adding further to the market for of surplus heat from industry and for the or even each room, is expected to be re- district heating which operates most effi- use of thermal energy storage. placed by district cooling solutions. District ciently in densely populated areas. Buildings are expected to become still more cooling works according to the same prin- Even in Denmark, where more than 60% of energy-efficient in the future, thus having ciples as district heating – only reversed. households get their heat supply through a smaller demand for heat per square It provides better energy efficiency, frees district heating today, scenario analyses meter. However, the demand for space up much-needed space in urban areas have shown that it is economically feasible and comfort is increasing, which increas- and provides easier operations of cooling to increase the share. The potential lies es the heat demand. Therefore, efficient systems for users. both in increased urban densification and low-temperature district heating solutions The market for district cooling is currently wider use of district heating in existing will play an increasing role in the future. smaller than for district heating and it is supply areas. 4th generation district heating builds on mainly used in commercial buildings. It is EU’s Energy Efficiency Directive adopted in the century-long experience with district growing fast today and expected to pick 2012 obliges Member States to carry out a heating focusing on integrating all the up further in the future – both in temper- comprehensive assessment of the poten- available energy sources. It integrates still ate countries and even faster in warmer tial for the application of high-efficiency more renewable energy and surplus heat countries where the strongest growth in cogeneration and efficient district heating from various sources. Energy storage and population, building mass, income levels and cooling. Following up on this directive, dynamic interaction with producers and and thereby cooling demand is expected. the European Commission argues that the consumers ensures further flexibility and

Austria Belarus Bulgaria Croatia Czeck Rep. Denmark Estonia Finland France Germany Hungary Iceland Italy Latvia Lithuania Netherlands Norway Poland Romania Serbia Slovakia Slovenia Sweden Switzerland UK 0 25 50 75 100

Share of citizens served by district heating in 2013 in percent Source: Euroheat and Power: District Heating and Cooling Country by Country Report 2015. Intelligent Energy 21

The integrated district heating system The district heating system in greater Copenhagen The transmission system, the heat storage tanks and the heat load From 1903 to 1979, district heating developed steadily based on dispatch unit are vital for the optimal use of the resources and com- surplus heat from power plants and waste incinerators, as well as petitive heat prices. The system supplies 75 million m2 of heated heavy oil boilers, as a good alternative to individual boilers. Since net floor area. The annual heat sale is 8,500 GWh and the produc- 1979 the system has increased significantly, regulated by the Heat tion is 10,000 GWh. The back-bone of the system is a 160 km long Supply Act and in symbiosis with the power and waste sectors. Re- 25 bar transmission system (max 110 ºC) and 3 x 24,000 m3 heat cently, many natural gas districts have changed to district heating storage tanks. and the heat transmission has been extended in order to meet the objectives of cost-effective heat supply taking into account the This system is connected to distribution systems via heat exchang- cost of CO2 emissions. ers. A heat market unit organised by the transmission companies is responsible for optimising the heat production from CHP plants, The ownership waste incinerators and more than 50 peak boilers plants and other The heat transmission and waste management companies are small heat producers. owned by the municipalities they serve, and the 20 heat distribu- (Courtesy: Ramboll) tion companies are owned either by municipalities or consumers. Thus, all companies have a strong interest in working together to find the most cost-effective solutions for the consumers in Greater Copenhagen. 22 Intelligent Energy

SMART BUILDINGS Automation makes buildings a flexible part of the energy system

Renewable energy resources account for an increasing amount of our power generation. The demand side needs to adapt by enhancing flexibility on the demand side. Smart buildings are part of the answer.

Managing Director Helle Juhler-Verdoner, The Danish Intelligent Energy Alliance

Meeting ambitious renewable Remote monitoring systems Rewarding flexibility energy and CO2 targets Many buildings are already equipped with Denmark has decided to implement a Denmark and our neighbouring countries some sort of monitoring system: Energy number of important policy decisions have decided to implement ambitious Management System (EMS), Konnex (KNX), to ensure that all consumers, including renewable energy targets as well as CO2 Building Management System (BMS) or owners of larger buildings, can benefit targets by 2020 and 2050. EU has set a similar systems. The systems are also es- from the flexibility. Especially the decision target at 27% renewable energy in 2030. tablished with the purpose of delivering a to implement smart meters is fundamental The renewable target is a part of the goal large variety of service on light, air quality, and will lead to hourly based billings of all to reduce Europe’s CO2 emission by 80% in heating and cooling and to optimise consumers towards 2020. 2050 compared to 1990 levels. energy consumption in terms of energy savings and energy efficiency. Therefore, Other elements in the market must Today, wind power’s share of the Danish demand-side flexibility is about applying be changed to support the business power generation already accounts for what is already installed for the purpose of case for demand response. This in- almost 40%, which is why Denmark has a using electricity flexibly, when it is wind- cludes new market rules in the electric- strong focus at enhancing flexibility in the based and therefore cheaper. ity markets, so that flexibility can be demand of electricity. Compared to earlier offered into the market on equal terms day’s traditional power generation this Improving the business case with power generation. Likewise, build- implies a major change. We can no longer Combining energy savings and energy flex- ing codes and regulation of buildings’ turn the power generation on and off the ibility in new or renovated buildings can energy performance should be changed, way we used to do, as we are relying on the be done at a minimum investment level. not only to require energy efficiency in wind and sun to a larger extent. Investing in energy flexibility can improve buildings, but also to require energy flexi- the combined business case and ensure bility to be part of the building code going The logical reply to this is enhanced focus that buildings are smart grid ready. In the forward. on the demand side through electrification near future, we will see more price peaks. that offers demand-side flexibility. What is When differences in the electricity price lost in control on the production side can over the 24-hour period become more be gained on the demand side by enabling significant than they are today, flexible remote monitoring of electricity consump- buildings are ready to benefit from this tion in buildings, e.g. for heating, cooling, development, without significant additional lighting and ventilation. investment costs.

8000 Consumption Wind power X 2 6000

4000 MWh/h

2000

0 Hour-by-hour over 14 days

Balancing electricity consumption with increasing shares of wind power – Getting ready for “the new reality” The graph demonstrates power consumption in Denmark held up against increasing fluctuating wind power generation, hour-by-hour during 14 days of the autumn 2013. The horizontal axe begins on Monday at 0:00h. Typically, the lowest level of consumption is a 03:00h in the night. To illustrate the increasing challenge of balancing the energy system towards 2020 and beyond, the 2013-level of wind power during those 14 days has been doubled in the graph. The point is that gaps between consumption and power generation will increase - part of the solution must be delivered by demand response in buildings to assist in balancing the system (Source: Energinet.dk and Danish Energy Association) Intelligent Energy 23

The creation of new architectural values such as roof top housing within the historic areas is a strong financial driver for building owners and investors. Also, it is a very sustainable form of urban growth within the existing city and infrastructure. Culturally and aesthetically such building additions are improving the surround- ings significantly if designed carefully to enhance and not ob- struct existing quality of life on the street level. (Photo: Krydsrum Architects)

Smart Architectural Retrofitting saves up to 75% energy Interplay of systems, building and people and increases attractivity in urban historical housing areas In order to make a successful retrofit, the combination and interplay of systems must be managed carefully. Technical and architectural improvements Therefore, shifting the focus from the individual component to Ryesgade 30 is a common Copenhagen 5-storey 32 apartment the holistic interconnectivity between systems and people is house from 1896, which was retrofitted and completed in 2013. crucial. Each individual component must be understood, imple- Four new penthouse apartments were added as well as a total mented, used and evaluated as part of a bigger holistic whole. upgrade of all existing apartments including french balconies and The real success of such projects depends on handling the new bathrooms and kitchens. interdisciplinary work between architects and engineers, but The building was in both physically and technically unhealthy con- also the administrative, legal and financial aspects, as well as the dition, and living conditions for inhabitants were poor. However, collaboration with the actual users, suppliers, developers and several building features such as the significant and detailed brick contractors. façades had lots of qualities as well as the prime location and the Investing in the Ryesgade 30 retrofit project more than tripled the qualities of the area around. owners’ yearly property profit, and it was fully rented from the In order to change the living conditions of users, all year comfort beginning. It won the Danish RENOVER award for the best retrofit levels, as well as reducing the overall energy consumption of the in Denmark in the year 2013. building, several advanced technical improvements have been (Niels Jakubiak Andersen, integrated: Double frame low energy windows, high performance Associate Professor KADK, solar cell roof, compact high insulation materials for inner face CEO Krydsrum Architects/e+) of exterior walls and roof/basement, decentral low sound heat regain ventilation systems and Intelligent House Concept (IHC) to mention some of the most important.

Learn more about Danish solutions for liveable cities at: www.stateofgreen.com

State of Green is a non-profit, public-private partnership founded by: