254 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-. SENATE JANUARY 10

H. R. 6692. A bill for the relief of Sgt. By Mr. TACKE'IT: 1600. By Mr. PETERSON: Petition signed Blaine W. Hughes; to the Committee on the H. R. 6716. A bill for the relief of John H. by Mrs. Ellen Waters, Tampa, Fla., and others, Judiciary. Park-er; to the Committee on Post Office and regarding the transportation of alcoholic­ H. R. 6693. A bill ·for the relief of Mrs. Civil Service. - beverage advertising in interstate commerce Martha P. Matthews; to the Committee on By Mr. HAYS of Arkansas~ and the broadcasting of alcoholic-beverage the Judiciary. H. R. 6717. A bill for the relief of Hugo advertising on the radio; to the Committee H. R. 6694. A bill for the relief of Ervin Skala; to the Committee on the Judiciary. on Interstate and Foreign Commerce. Haas and Leno Vescovi; to the Committee 1601. By Mr; PLUMLEY: Petition of citl· on the Judiciary. - '-- zens of Brattleboro, Vt., and vicinity, for re­ H. R. 6695. A bill for the relief of Edgar F. PETITIONS, ETC. duction in taxes and opposing legislation un­ Russell; Lillian V. Russell, his_ wife; and Under clause 1 o{ ruie XXII, petitions dermining our constitutional dem_ocracy; to Bessie R. Ward; to the Committee on the the Committee on Ways and Means. Judiciary. and papers were laid on the Clerk's desk 1602. By the SPEAKER: Petition o:t Mrs. H. R. 6696. A bill for the relief of Lawrence and referred as follows: Walter Whitaker and others, Waynesville, B. Williams and his wife, Viva Craig Williams; 1589. By Mr. GORSKI: Petition of the Ohio, requesting the passage of a bill to to the Committee on the Judiciary. Buffalo Sewer Authority, favoring an amend­ prohibit the transportation of alcoholic-bev­ By Mr. CASE Of So'4.th Dakota: . ment of the Federal Water Pollution Control erage advertising in interstate commerce and H. R. 6697. A bill authorizing the issuance Act relating to controlling pollution of inter­ the broadcasting of alcoholic-beverage adver- of a patent in fee to Howard :ff. Moran; to the state and boundary waters; to the Commit­ . tising over the radio; to the Committee on Committee on Public Lands. tee on Public Works. Interstate and Foreign Commerce. H. R. 6698. A bill authorizin;:;' the issuance 1590. By Mr. HAGEN: Petition of Mrs. E. 1603. Also, petition of P. V. Draa and others, of a patent in fee to Lowell Harris Spotted A. Koglin and sundry citizens of Thief River Daytona Beach. Fla., requesting passage of Elk and Benjamin Spotted Elk; to the Com­ Falls, Minn., favoring House bill 2428 and a House bills 2135 and 2136, known as the mittee on Public Lands. companion Senate bill, proposed legislation Townsend plan; to the .Committee on Ways - H:· R. 6699. A bil~ to authorize the sal_e of to prohibit the transportation of alcoholic­ and Means. . certain land on the Rosebud Reservation, S. beverage advertising in interstate commerce 1604. Also, petition of the president, Orlando Dak., allotted to Susan Eagle Dog; to the and to prohibit the broadcasting of such ad­ Townsend Club, No. 2; Orlando, Fla., request­ Committee on Public Lands. vertising over the radio; to the Committee on ing passage of House bills 2135 and 2136, H. R. 6700. A bill to authorize the sale of Interstate and Foreign Commerce. known as the Townsend plan; to the Com­ certain allotted inherited land on the Rose­ 1591. By Mr. HOPE: Petition of citizens of mittee on Ways and Means. - bud Indian Reservation in South Dakota Plains, Kans., requesting the passage of a bill 1605. Also, petition of Charles H. Nutting for the benefit of Solomon White Buffalo to prohibit the advertising of alcoholic bev­ an 'i others, Ormond, Fla., requesting passage Chief; to the Committee on P·ublic Lands. erages in the press and over the radio; to the of House bills 2135 and 2136, known as the H. R. 6701. A bill to aut horize the sale of Cammittee on Interstate and Foreign Com­ Townsend plan; to the Committee on Ways certain allotted inherited· land of Charles merce. and Means. Red Horse on the Rosebud Indian Reserva­ 1592. Also, petition of citizens of Welling­ 1606. Also, petition of -Huey Bailey -and tion, S. Dak.; to the Committee on Public ton, Kans., requesting the passage of a bill others, De Ridder, La., requesting passage Lands. to prohibit the advertising of alcoholic bever­ of House bills 2135 and 2136, known as the H. R . .6702. A bill authorizing the issuance ages in the press and over the radio; to the Townsend plan; to the Committee on Ways of a patent in fee to Lizzie Broken Leg Dil­ Committee on Interstate and Foreign Com­ and Means. lon; to the Committee on.Public Lands. merce. 1607. Also, petition of the secretary, Ninth H. R. 6703. A bill to authorize the sale of 1593. Also, petition of Hopewell United . District Dental Society, New .York, requesting certain allotted inherited land on the Rose­ Presbyterian Church, Beloit, Kans., opposing Congress not to enact any legislation con­ bud Indian Reservation, S. Dak.; to the Com­ House bill 2100 and Senate bill 1029 and taining the principles of compulsory health mittee on Public Lands. other bills to repeal the tax on cabaret ad­ insurance; to the Committee on Interstate By Mr. HA VENNER: . missions; to the Committee on Ways and and Foreign Commerce. H. R. 6704. A bill for the relief of Georgia Means. Marino; to the Committee on the Judiciary. 1594. By Mr. MARSHALL (by request): H. R. 6705. A bill. for the relief of Salvatore Petition of Miss Marion Alexander and other De Marco; to the Committee on the Judici­ citizens of St. Cloud, Minn., requesting -the ary. passage of a bill to prohibit the advertising SENATE · By Mr . .HELLER: of alcoholic beverages in interstate commerce H. R. 6706. A bill for the relief of Clemente through the newspapers and radio; to the TUESDAY, JANUARY 10, 1950 V. Matera; to the Committee on the Judi­ Committee on. Interstate and Foreign Com­ ciary. merce.

ARTIFICIAL MILK WILL BE NEXT I particularly true when the product to . Mr. JOHNSTON of South Carolina. Administrative health officials in Lon­ be imitated is made, not by·another cor­ Is it not true at the present time that don have guessed, off the record, that poration with tough lawyers of its own, oleomargarine in a great many instances Unilever, the corporation, is working on but by a host of small creameries. must be bleached before it can be sold? the production of artificial milk made The color of the defendant's soap, Mr. HUMPHREY. Yes; I think that with vegetable fats and synthetic pro­ Lever Bros. Co. claimed in its suit, while is true; because otherwise it would turn teins. If these efforts are successful, the of a slightly different shade than that out to be green, if a certain kind of prod­ dairy farmers of not only the United of Lifebuoy, was sufficiently close to it uct were used; or it might turn out to States but of the world can look else­ to cause confusion between the two be brown. We are perfectly willing that where for their livelihood. articles. Lever Bros. Co. said such con­ oleo shall have all the colors of the spec­ The picture we have, therefore, is what fusion cost it a loss of sales and profits; trum, all the colors of the rainbow, the economists call monolithic corporate the company protested. How much except the one color of which the cow control on an international scale, seeking closer and more confusing is the imita­ has had a preemption for centuries. and planning to expand its activities and tion of butter by oleomargarine, which Mr. DOUGLAS. Mr. President, will its profits. Its London office, Unilever, now seeks to usurp the exact color of the Senator yield for a question? Ltd., is considered to be the world head­ butter? Lever Bros. Co. obtained an in­ Mr. HUMPHREY. I yield. quarters of this international organiza­ junction against this competitor because, Mr. DOUGLAS. Some years back, a tion, but real financial control remains the court said, the defendant had al­ Middle Western State permitted oleo to here in the United States with its Ameri­ most completely copied the plaintiff's be sold, under condition, however, that can corporation. product in an effort to gain an advantage it be colored green. I do not understand This international organization now from the good will of the plaintiff's busi­ the Senator from Minnesota is making maintains that the manufacturing and ness. Yet what excuse can there pos­ any such proposal, but is merely saying the sale of· yellow oleomargarine should sibly be for coloring oleomargarine yel­ the color yellow in the spectrum should not be regulated in the interests of fair low other than to gain an advantage be reserved for butter. competition. This corporation presumes from the good will built up by the butter Mr. HUMPHREY. That is my posi­ to say, instead, that such regulation is makers of this country? The sole rea­ tion, and I may say that as my remarks unfair to its own products. It further son for wanting to imitate butter's nat­ are developed I think my friend from contends that the dairy farmer has no urally yellow color is to benefit by butter's South Carolina will see that the junior right to the color yellow, despite the reputation as a quality spread. Senator from Minnesota is most liberal fact that for centuries yellow has been ' -Mr. JOHNSTON of South Carolina. and most generous in his treatment of the· one unique color by which butter Mr. President, will the Senator yield? oleo as a consumer product. I can make could be identified at sight. Yet this Mr. HUMPHREY. I am glad to yield. this rather summary statement at· this same Lever Bros. Co., this same corpora­ Mr. JOHNSTON of South Carolina. time: There is no intention on the part tion, the dominant unit in a world­ Does the Senator mean to say butter is of the junior Senator from Minnesota wide fats and oils cartel, was prompt to not colored? to deny the opportunity for oleo to be rush into court, back in 1934, with a Mr. HUMPHREY. Of course, the sold to the American consumers, and I lawsuit _against Jay's Chemical Corp. junior Senator from Minnesota does not think I shall be able to advance a pro­ over an exactly similar question of color. mean to say butter is not colored. He gram this afternoon which will meet The defendant company had been in merely says butter in its natural color with the hearty support of those who existence for about 2 years. It manu­ is yellow, and yellow coloring is some­ today are somewhat in doubt. factured a competing article, which it times added to give it a sharper and Mr. JOHNSTON of South Carolina. called Life-Guard· Health Soap. The more distinct color. But I am not so Mr. President, will the Senator yield? record disclosed that the defendant's sure that the coloring competition arose Mr. HUMPHREY. I yieI°d. Pt!rpose in so doing was to devise a when oleo started to color just a little Mr. JOHNSTON of South Carolina. product substantially like that of Lever bit, and the butter manufacturer said, Would the Senator from Minnesota ob­ Bros. Co.'s in color,.odor, shape, and gen­ "Possibly we had better color just a little ject to oleomargarine being sold in what­ eral appearance, and to market it under bit more." So we have had a little com­ ever color it comes, and would the Sen­ fl, name which would be so like that petition as to which could get the most ator object to butter being sold in what­ adopted and used by Lever Bros. Co. that ever color it might come, at any time, color into one of its spreads. anywhere? it could be fairly termed an imitation. Mr. JOHNSTON of South Carolina. Oleomargarine manufacturers such as Mr. HUMPHREY. No. I think that Is it not true that at certain times of would be a very good position. As a mat­ Lever Bros. Co. have been guilty of simi­ the year butter is veh white? lar imitations in copying the te~ture, ter of fact, if we could return to the Mr. HUMPHREY. It is true that at laws of nature-which at times are a fiavor, odor, and shape of butter. They certain times of the year butter is very have imitated the appearance and size great improvement over the laws of the light yellow, but it is not true that at Congress-I think we should find that of the conventional butter carton, and certain times of the year butter is white. have even copied the quarter-pound about 80 percent of the time we would It is true. that in its natural condition, have butter that would be very sharply prints in which butter is marketed. after it has been bleached, oleo is white. They have used brand names which and perceptibly yellow, and that 20 per­ suggest that their oleomargarine is Butt~r is never white. Butter may be cent of the time it would be, as my dis­ freshly churned-right from the hot slightly on the light side, but it is still, tinguished friend from Illinois said, of a jungles of Africa-or otherwise pro­ must I say, colored. It is similar to the light golden color. We .would then per­ duced by methods similar to those used case of any shade of· color. For ex­ mit oleo to have any of the normal col­ for butter, and they have not hesitated ample, s.ome people are·dark, others are ors which Mother Nature may have pro­ to use on their packages and in their ad­ reasonably light. vided in its processes. vertisements not palm trees but farm Mr. DOUGLAS. Mr. . President, will . Mr. JOHNSTON of South Carolina. scenes to suggest the cool country fresh­ the Senato.r yield? So the Senator would not object, then, ness of butter. Mr. HUMPHREY. I yield. to butter being sold in its natural color, · But apparently the rules that protect Mr. DOUGLAS. Will the Senator and oleomargarine being sold in its nat­ corporations against infringement of es­ from Minnesota say the color of butter ural color? tablished quality and good will fail to varies between a pale gold and a yellow? Mr. HUMPHREY. I think that would protect 2,500,000 small dairy farmers Mr. HUMPHREY. The Senator from be fine. against the same injustices. The color Minne&,ota will be more than happy to Mr. JOHNSTON of South Carolina. red in soap is claimed to be the exclu­ accept that very fine, artistic descrip­ If that be so, why. is it the Senator ob­ sive property of Lever Bros. Co. when it tion of the coloration of butter. jects to oleomargarine being colored yel­ is applied to a health soap--we know Mr. JOHNSTON of South Carolina. low, and tries to confine the yellow color what it is that eliminates "BO"-Life­ Mr. President, will the Senator yield? to butter exclusively? buoy-but the color yellow is in the pub­ The PRESIDENT pro tempore. Does Mr. HUMPHREY. Because I merely lic domain-it belongs to anyone-when the Senator from Minnesota yield to the happen to believe that it has apparently Lever Bros. Co. wants to use it to imitate Senator from South Carolina? been God's will-I do not know who else another manufactured product. This is Mr. HUMPHREY. I yield. willed it-that butter be yellow. Butter 260 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-SENATE JANUARY 10 was yellow long before the Congress of Mr. HUMPHREY. The substitute a steel product with sort of an ashen the United States· had its first session. proposal would repeal the taxes. gray color. They are then coated . Butter was yellow long before we ever . Mr. JOHNSTON of South Carolina. Nevertheless, the Yellow Taxicab Co. thought about excise taxes. Butter was At the present time the taxes do not took unto itself the color yellow, and has yellow the first time someone got hold have anything to do with p:rotecting the been protected by our courts. of a very ancient churn and started beat­ public, so far as monopoly is concerned. When it comes to cabs and Lifebuoy ing the cream: Mr. HUMPHREY. I point out to my soap, red and yellow are sacred, but it is We are not going to belabor merely distinguished friend that the manufac­ different when it comes to 2,500,000 dairy the color, because I know my friend from ture of butter has never been known as farmers, who produce a product known South Carolina is interested in small ~ monopoly. Butter may have been high as milk, and out of milk we get butter­ business; I know he is interested in the priced; there may have been a shortage fat, and- when we churn· butterfat we welfare of the family; I know he is in­ of it, but the manufacture of it has never get a -yellow product called butter. terested in the welfare of the consumer, been a monopoly. We can still go to Are we to believe, then, that there is and the welfare of the small-business grandma's farm and get a crock of one brand of justice for big business· and producer. I do not believe that my butter. another for the small, independent frierid from South Carolina is interested, . Mr. JOHNSTON of South Carolina. farmer? Are 3,500 main-street creamer­ for example, in one company which pro­ The Senator does not mean to say that ies throughout our 48 States of less im­ duces 40 percent of the oleomargarine the price of butter at the present time is· portance than the five giant Wall Street of the world. I do not believe he is in­ any protection to the public, does he? corporations that control the oleomar­ terested in the kind of cartel system un- Mr. HUMPHREY. The price of butter garine business? Are dairy farmers to L•der which three companies control more is a good protection to the public. As be penalized because the· nature of their than 90 percent of the fats and oils of a matter of fact, the Congress of the business does not permit its concentra­ the world. I do not believe he is inter­ United States, without a dissenting vote tion in the hands of a few? Is it wrong ested in the kind of economic system, if in the Senate, voted for mandatory price for the family-sized farm to exist, and you please, which will literally gouge out supports for butterfat. That is the will for dairy farmers in thousands of vil­ of business and crush out of business the of the people. I shall not talk about that. lages and hamlets to spend their, local small independent operator. I believe I thought that was settled at the last creamery checks in the stores of local the facts are disclosed in this address session of Congress. That is the e.stab­ merchants? which point out to reasonable men that Iished policy of the country. It is difficult to combat powerful groups the greatest threat of the oleomargarine Mr. JOHNSTON of South Carolina. such as the oleo lobby. The profit from industry is not the threat of color com­ I think the Senator from Minnesota has the· manufacture and sale of their syn­ petition; it is· net the fact that someone missed the point I made. What I was thetic product is very large-large may want oleo in preference to butter. trying to bring out was that at the pres­ enough to afford elaborate publicity cam­ The threat is to the product of 2,500,000 ent time he speaks of cartels which paigns and heavy expenditures of adver­ American citizens who are the backbone would come into effect if this tax were tising money. Tide magazine has cred­ of the country,· the dairy farmers; to removed. ited the oleo interests with an adver­ the 40,000 local plants, 3,500 creameries Mr. HUMPHREY. Oh, no. The Sena­ tising ·budget of $6,400,000 in 1947 and that are involved in the processing of tor from Minnesota does not speak of $5,900,000 in 1948. Much of this money dairy products. that. The cartels have been in effect was spent, as I have already said, to con­ Mr. JOHNSTON of South Carolina. from the very beginning. There has al­ vince housewives that oleo should be Mr. President, will the Senator yield? ways been a monopoly of fats and oils. colored yellow at the factory in imita­ Mr. HUMPHREY. I yield to the Sen­ Three major companies have formed tion of butter. Where did this money ator from South Carolina. themselves into a combination operating come from? I have seen figures indicat­ Mr. JOHNSTON of South Carolina. all over the world. ing that a complete oleo plant, turning I believe this is more a consumer's bill Mr. JOHNSTON of South Carolina. out 40,000 pounds daily, can be installed than it is a bill for the man engaged in So this bill would have nothing to do with for around $75,000. agriculture, in the manufacture of oleo­ that situation. I do not desire to deny the oleo busi­ margarine, or in the dairy business. Mr. HUMPHREY . . I say to the Mem­ ness an opportunity to grow. I merely . Mr. HUMPHREY. I am very happy bers of the Senate and to the people of do not want it to grow all in one or two that my friend has brought that fact to the United States that if we can pro­ places. I do not want to see all the oleo our attention. It is a consumer's bill. tect Lifebuoy soap, which may be a good business known by the names of one or Before I have completed my remarks to­ soap, if we can protect the color of Life­ two people. The oleo business can be day I hope I shall have shown the Sena­ buoy soap-and this is the first time I decentralized if it wants to be. If a tor, if he will stay with me, that the con­ ever heard of the Government of the plant can be built for $75,000, there can sumer's interests have never been pro­ United States wanting to protect the be three or four plants in every State, tected from monopoly, from cartels, and color red; I gathered that we were in­ and if that is done, and the people in a frorr. the growing concentration of eco­ terested in red only on the negative State want colored oleo, they can have it. nomic power. side-we can protect the American The question then is, Are we going to let There is plenty of evidence to show farmer. When it comes to butter, we monopolies produce all the oleo, or are that this is a well-timed piece of legisla­ have to rely upon the ingenuity, the we going to say to the oleo people, "Look. tion. The people of the United States individuality, and the indestructibility of We are not aiding and abetting cartels." have been told that monopolies were good the independent American farmer. I want to say to some of my Jriends for consumers. The A. & P. Co. is running I should like to offer to those who from the South who are sponsors of this a full-page advertisement telling how have seen what they consider to be an bill that the South and West have been good monopolies are for the people. It injustice in our claim that the color yel­ exploited for generations through dis­ is good for them, so long as there is com­ low should be reserved for butter the criminatory freight rates. They have petition; but when competition is de­ following example: been exploited for generations through stroyed, monopolies take all the market It may be argued that red and yellow higher interest rates. If we are to have will bear. The only time the consumer are two different colors, and that the some new business, Minnesota has room is ever protected is when there is com­ commercial rights and privileges per­ for new business, South Carolina has petition. It is not good for the con­ taining to one are not applicable to the room for new business. There is room sumer to have a monopoly administer other. If that be the case, let me . cite for new business all over America. I see prices and have control over production the experience of the Yellow Taxicab Co., the Senator from Vermont rising. Ver­ and distribution. which did not hesitate to take its smaller mont has room for new business. Mr. JOHNSTON of South Carolina. I competitors to court in order to establish Mr. AIKEN. Mr. President-- should like to ask another question, if its sole and exclusive right to the use of The PRESIDENT pro tempore. Does the Senator will yield further. At the the color yellow on its cabs. I say to the -the Senator from Minnesota yield to the present time, according to the way the Members of the United States Senate Senator from Vermont? law is written and the way in which oleo­ that automobiles are not manufactured Mr. HUMPHREY. I yield. margarine is being sold, what difference with a yellow color; they are not created Mr. AIKEN. Does the Senator feel would this bill make in the law? ~_!!;.!1 a ~ellow coating. ~hey come out as that it we are to enact legislation which 1950 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-SENATE . 261 will result in the concentration of oleo 1n the United States, ts the same concern o:wning an additional 15.5 percent. Thus the manufacturing in two or three places in which went into 11. United States court and ~ight largest firms control 71.3 percent of the country, he and I might have to asked for protection against imitation of the total net capital assets of all corpora­ reconsider our position on the basing­ their product. tions operating primarily 1n this field. . ' . Even these figures, however, substantially point legislation? Certainly we are not Mr. HUMPHREY. The Senator from understate the degree of concentration af­ only unwilling to be penalized in the lo­ Minnesota does not agree with that, be­ fecting the ultimate consumer. This under- · cation of these plants,.but we should not cause Lever Bros. control only 4.4 per­ statement stems from two factors: (a) With­ be penalized further by making the rent of the production of oleomargarine in the broad industry groups, concentration product cost us a great deal more tban in the United States. is freq"\lently higher for important indi­ it does those who happen to live in the .Mr. FULBRIGHT. I wanted to make vldual products; and (b) many -0.f these immediately vicinity of where oleo is to that clear for the. RECORD, and to draw individual products are highly perishable and can only be shipped within a limited be manufactured. the Senato.r's attention to a letter from market area, a circumstance which fre­ Mr. HUMPHREY. I thank the Sena­ Lever Bros. quently results in a higher degree of concen­ tor from Vermont for his question, and, Mr. HUMPHREY. Is that letter in the tration in local markets than is true of the· believe me, he is right. But when he RECORD? country as a whole. mentioned basing point, I knew that was Mr~ page FULBRIGHT. lt appears on if to the signal f-0r my distinguished friend 166 of the House committee hearings. So the Senator seeks make a point the junior Senator from Louisiana lMr. about concentration in the margarine The letter states among other things field, I say to him that it is much greater LoNG] to enter the debate. that they had purchased John L. Jelke in. the dairy field. We are interested in Mr. AIKEN. Mr. President, I should Co. on July 1, 1948, and it further states: like to say further that I am not yet the maintenanre of etfective competition The margarine industry uses very little within a great industry. That is what changing my position on the basing­ imported oil, as the statistics show. We point measur€, beca.ure I feel that the· ourselves use IJ.One. no.r do we import any we have traditionally relied upon to con­ Senate is not going to impose any such J:?1argarine fro.i;n m Vermont. ment on the :fioor today. Arkansas, that, first of all, he is talkiilg about the dairy industry as a total pat­ Mr. LO:NG. Mr. President, will the Mr. FUL~RIGHT. I am very glad.the Senator yield? Senator has corrected that. tern. The dairy industry as a total pat­ tern is one thing;and the butter industry Mr. HUMPHREY. I yield to th~ Sep- There is one other statement which I ator from Louisiana. . would appreciate the Senator allowing within the dairy industry is another. . Mr. LONG. Do 1 understand it to be me -to read. I shall read just two short I now yield to my colleague from Min- the Senator's position that if some of the paragraphs. . . nesota. · small dairies are going to be driven out of Mr. HUMPHR~Y. I shall .be glad to Mr. THYE. Mr. President, I want to business we ought to let all the other yield to the Senator for .that purpose. jom in the remarks ·made by my col­ league, the junior Senator from Minne­ small businesses be driven out of busi- Mr. FULa~IGHJ'. It is from an agen­ ness? · cy which I think the. Senator will.admit sota [Mr. HUMPHREY] cm the question of Mr. HUMPHREY. The position of is certainly impartial on this sort of concentration of dairy products. T.he the junfor Senator- from Minnesota is ~bing. I read from the report of· the junior Senator from Minnesota is entire­ that we ought not to drive small busi­ Federal Trade Commission on the con­ ly right when he says we are dealing with ness out of business. But I think that if centration of productive facilities, of the entire dairy industry. We are not small business is t0 be driven out of busi­ 1947, page 64. I do not believe this has separating the butterfat. The question ness the people who are to do the driving been read into the RECORD. now before us is butterfat versus oleo­ ought to provide some program for mak­ .Mr. HUMPHREY. I shall be happy to margarine. It is not· a question of the ing good the losses small businesses are have it placed in the RECORD at this time. other dairy products. Butterfat is simply going to incur. · Mr. FULBRIGHT. Mr. President, I one of the products which are processed Mr. FULBRIGHT. Mr. President, will should like to quote it for. the Senator's in relation to the other dairy products. the Senator yield? information at this time. It is not very The reason for the great growth in the · Mr. HUMPHREY. I yield. long. I read from page 64 of the report Gondensed milk market was military Mr. FULBRIGHT. First, I should like of the Federal Trade Commission on the need, and the processing of a product to say that i · regret very much that 1 concentration of productive facilities, that was not perishable. That was one was unable to hear the first part of the 1947. This is the statement of the Fed­ reason why an increase resulted in the Senator's statement, because of an im­ eral Trade Commission: · cheese production during the war years. But the entire question is: Are we per­ portant meeting of the Foreign Rela­ The pattern of control in the processing tions Committee at which I felt obliged and marketing of dairy products is rather mitting or will we permit, by the legisla­ to be present. similar to that of the meat-packing industry. tion proposed by the oleomargarine sup­ Mr. HUMPHREY. I may say that I Before World War I the dairy products in­ porters, the destruction of the butter think the Senator missed the best part Q.ustry was made up of small local units, market? If the butter market is de­ of the speech. I am sorry the Senator either independently owned or under coop­ stroyed it means the destruction of the from Arkansas missed the fir.st part of erative control. The contrast between the individual creamery, and the entire dairy past and the present state of concentration ipdustry will be put in a position wher~ my speech. is perhaps more striking in this field than in Mr. FULBRIGHT. I will say that I any other manufacturing industry. it must rely on the condensaries to a know of no one who can make a better As the concentration curve for the industry great extent in processing our whole speech than .the Senator from Minne­ shows, the two leading dairy corporations, milk, because there is no free market in sota, and I regret very much that I could National Dairy Products Corp. and the Bor­ the Midwest, in the great diversified area, not be present to listen to the fir.st part den. Co .• clearly dominate the industry, hold­ for milk sales, except through butterfat of his speech. ing 27.5 and 2L4 percent, respectively, of the or through condensed milk, or cheese, One or two matters I think should be industry's .net capital assets. and the market today is flooded with straightened out in the RECORD. On - There is nothing comparable t-0 this c;heese. That can be found by referring January 5, the Senator from Iowa [Mr. in the field of margarine manufacture. to the Commodity Credit Corporation's GILLETTE] stated, as appears on page 78 That is my statement. I continue to record of the amount of cheese pur­ of the CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-and. as read from the report of the Federal chased. I understand the Senator from Minne­ Trade Commission: The butter market is likewise flooded, sota, it holds somewhat the same · Thereafter the slope of the curve becomes as can be found by reference to the record theory-as follows: much mor.e gradual, with the third firm, of the Commodity Credit Corporation as The Lever Bros. Co., which has taken over . the Carnation Co., holding 6.9 percent and to the amount of butter it has purchased tne Jelke Co. and handles 75 percent of the :five other corporations, with assets ranging in order to maintain and support the sales .in i::urope and 68 percent 0f the sales from 2 to 4 percent of the industry's total,, price of butter. For that reason there 262 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-SENATE JANUARY 10. has never been a time when it was so Mr. FULBRIGHT. Which have ap­ are opposed to the consumer. · Can he important to continue and fo maintain plied to no other product in all the his­ show me a single instance where a cartel · the butter market as today. tory of this country's legislation. ever helped a free-enterprise economy or The entire argument is not that of the Mr. HUMPHREY. Marvelous. Now,' ever did a small-business man any good? condensaries. It is a question of whether since my friend, the Senator from Ar­ Cartels have gone down in infamy in a synthetic product, camouflaged to look kansas, is one of the most powerful de­ our country. We are supposed to be and smell and taste like butter, pro­ f enders of States' rights, since he has breaking them up. But here it is said cessed entirely synthetically, shall take said he does not believe the Federal Gov­ we are trying to hurt the consumer by over and destroy the small individual ernment should be interfering in these denying him a chance to get oleom'.ar- · farmer-owned, farmer-controlled, farm­ things, I say to my brother from Arkan­ garine. er-operated creamery throughout the· sas let us join together and we shall see Mt. FULBRIGHT. Mr. President, will entire diversified area of the United: that there is a little oleomargarine plant the Senator yield? States. in every State of the Union, and we shall Mr. HUMPHREY. . I yield. Mr. HUMPHREY. I thank my col-: provide that those plants in every State . Mr. FULBRIGHT. Would the Sen­ league, the senior Senator from Minne-. of the Union will furnish jobs for small at0r. from Minnesota be agreeable to so ta. business, so that people of Arkansas can making the same provision as to color :Mr. FULBRIGHT. Mr. President, will bave Arkansas oleo, people of Minne- ~ appHcable to milk and cheese? Is it sat­ the Senator ·yield? · _ sota can have Minnescta oleo-we are isfactory to the Senator from Minne­ Mr. HUMPHREY. . I yield. proud, .too, you know, of our State-and· sota, With regard to the use of artificial . l\ir. FULBRIGHT. The Senator from: sp that people of California will be able color, · tliat exactly the same provisions Minnesota and those who uphold the to eat California oleo. ·Imagine the sit­ s.hall be applicable to butter; and also . butter position, ~annQt have it both ways. uatio~ if people·in California had to eat· that exactly the same provisions be ap­ They either must take the choice they F'.loricla oleo. There would be great so­ plicable -to milk, namely, that no milkr are taki~g _respecting the dairy indush:y; cial unrest in our country, in that case,• can be shipped in interstate commerce? · or uphold the butter position. The other [Laughter.] Mr. HUMPHREY. Milk is ordinarily day,. when the Senator from Iowa was' What are we saying, Mr. President? white; is it not? White milk is obtained talking about this _matter, and I chal-. We are saying to the proponents of this even from brown cows. [Laughter.] lenged the importance of butter; he and measure, "If you want white oleo, like Mr. FULBRIGHT. Oleomargarine is those supporting him were talking all oleo is before you get around to tinkering ordinarily yellow. :If.its sale in its yellow the time about the great dairy industry with it and coloring it-- color were not prohibited by law, and if which I am as much interested in pre­ Mr. FULBRIGHT. How about but­ oleomargarine were not required to be serving as they are. When that point ·is ter? It is white,' too, before you get to bleached white, that would be different. before- the Senate for discussion they. tinkering. with it and coloring it. The :Butter is ordinarily white, during a large refuse to delimit or dissociate butter from Senator from Minnesota also knows that part of the year; but by law the butter the over-all milk industry. But now some oleomargarine is yellow, but the industry is given a specific exemption when we talk about concentration, then law prevents it from being sold with that from the necessity of complying with it is said we must look only at the butter yellow color; under the law, it cannot be the same provisions with which the pro­ industry. sold until it is bleached white. Let us. ducers of oleomargarine are required by Mr. HUMPHREY. Oh, no. not confuse the issue, I say to the Sena­ law to comply. The Senator from Min- . Mr. FULBRIGHT. If we look only at tor from Minnesota. nesota overlooks' the fact that affirma­ the butter industry, then the point be­ Mr. HUMPHREY. Some oleo is green, tive legislation of the Congress has pro­ comes very evident that it is of such too, and it is necessary to bleach it. All vided these restrictions; it is not a nat­ slight importance to the over-all dairy of it must be bleached. ural condition at all This was done by · industry that here is no real occasion to We are saying that those who want affirmative legislation. That legislation become excited about it. But I think oleo can have it. Let us keep the record requires the manufacturers of oleomar­ the Senators from the dairy States must clear. They can have oleo colored any. garine to make oleomargarine white in consider either one or the other, in mak­ color they wish to have it. It can even color. That is not its natural color. It ing their points, because they shift their be colored any hue of the rainbow, or has that white color only as a result of position so rapidly that it is difficult for even can be colored to look like Neapol­ legislation enacted by the Congress. the public to follow. · itan ice cream. Those who wish to have Mr. HUMPHREY. I suppose the Con· One other thought: What I am inter­ oleo. can have it colored any .color they gress also makes the oleomargarine man- · ested in here is not the margarine indus­ want to have it colored. It can even be ufacturers make oleomargarine smell try at all. This is not a fight between put in boxes which look like butter boxes. like butter, too; and .I suppose the Con­ the ma1:garine ·industry and the dairy The manufacturers can even print on gress also makes them put sodium ben­ industry. What I am interested in is the boxes pictures showing dairy herds in zoate in it, as a preservative, too, and the consumer. Minnesota. We do not complain about makes them put a picture of a cow on Mr. HUMPHREY. Oh, yes; we have that. the outside of the oleomargarine carton,· been talking about that all afternoon. Mr. FULBRIGHT. Referring to the too. Congress has absolutely nothing to Mr. FULBRIGHT. The Senator con­ figures previously given by the Senator do with all that. tinually emphasizes the point that 500,- as to the monopolistic trend, the correct As I said before in ·this debate, butter 000 persons are engaged in the dairy in­ figure is that six companies control 60 was yellow before the ~ Congress of the· dustry. Perhaps there are that many percent of the total· production of oleo; United States ever was heard of. So it persons engaged in it, but there are · and, in the same way, eight dairies con­ is about time ·that the -Senator from 150,000,000 persons interested in the op­ trol 71 percent of the milk production. Arkansas understood that the natural portunity to obtain a nutritious food at So we are about even; there is no great color of butter is yellow. one-half the cost of butter. That is difference in that respect. Mr. FULBRIGHT. Then, why is but- what we are really interested in. . Mr. HUMPHREY. The Senator from ter colored artificially? . To put up this straw man of monop­ Arkansas says we are even, although of Mr. HUMPHREY. I am sorry that oly in marg·arine manufacture is entirely course that is a very debatable and dis­ some of my friends in the Senate have beside the point. I have no interest in putable point. digressed from the oleomargarine de­ margarine manufacturers at all. They All I say is that since the Senator from bate to discuss Formosa. We have had are merely incidental to the whole ques­ Arkansas has raised the noble, humani­ too much trouble in the course of this tion. tarian cry about the interests of the con­ debate with Formosa, whereas we should Mr. HUMPHREY. Of course. sumer, let me ask, Who is opposed ·to have stuck to one issue. Mr. FULBRIGHT. We are seeking an the interests of the consumer? I will Mr. FULBRIGHT. I ask the Senator opportunity for people to purchase a tell you, Mr. President. Every monopoly to invite a vote on this issue. I am per­ perfectly good product free from arti­ in the United States is opposed to the in­ fectly willing to have it. ficial and unnatural restrictions-- terests of the consumer. The monopolies Mr. HUMPHREY. The Senator from Mr. HUMPHREY. Fine. are opposed to the consumer; the cartels Minneso~a is but one of the buck privates 1950 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-SENATE 263 in .the ranks. The Senator from Iowa a provision that oleomargarine shall not for butter received by the dairy farmer. [Mr. GILI.ET'l'E], whom I now see presid­ at any time be sold or advertised as a The price of farm ingredients used in a ing over the Senate, which is a place dairy product? That seems to· be the pound of oleo during January 1949 . entirely fitting and appropriate for him, principal bone of contention now, amounted to only 11.38 cents per pound, and my compatriot, the Senator from· namely, that the oleomargarine people while the gross farm value of ingredients Vermont, will settle the schedule for the insist upon selling their product as a in a pound of butter in the same period vote. dairy product. The only excuse is that was 54 cents. Mr. AIKEN. Mr. President, will the it contains a little bit of skim milk. A PRIME EXAMPLE OF ADMINISTERED PRICES Senator yield? All of us know that it is widely mis­ The PRESIDING OFFICER :lo .,,..,."' .o~ is d ::I c:ig 8 > a.a 'That was the sittiation in 1923 and in would be sold for 29 cents a pound in the g, 'O ::I 0'€o oo U)·,:::o ~ ; .,5 o:> .o .:>+> ..., A>::i 1933, and-was still the sitl:lation in. 1946 State of Vermont, while in the District t,...;..:; ~ ~-§ S o'C go S·- 08 ..., d and 1947. The price of the prodl:lct is of Columbia the consumer is asked to pay Year ·a6 ·- d '- . ; ~ ~ ~ be'-' - ~~ a"'~ 0 P.8 0 ~ . tn carefully controlled as the Senator from 35 cents a pound? °' Q +-=> o·~ .....- a"' ~~~ p. {§.s E:O d'O 0 .:.s o:>cnO Vermont pointed out, to -meet the price Mr. HUMPHREY. He pays 45 cents ~ s- e>~o:> g.S _ ~~~ of butter. a pound. -0 :~S~ >dO ~aE ~·ao ~ 0 p.., -< p.., p.., Mr. AU{EN. As the Senator from ---- NUMBER OF UNITS IDEAL FOR ADMINISTERED PRICE Minnesota says, it is a completely admin- · ------INDUSTRY - Cents Cents Cents Cents istered price. The price is made what per per per per The make-up of this industry readily pound pound the manufacturers want it to be. They 1925 ______pound po·und explains its ability to control prices re­ 44.1 22. 5 42. 4 12. 2 51.-0 54. 2 can sell it at a loss in one State, for a 1926 ______gardless of the trend in production costs. 1927 ______42.8 21. 3 41.G 13. 2 49.8 62.0 particular purpose, and make up the 1928 ______45.8 21. 2. 44.5 9.3 4G.3 43. 9 Five major companies-the Senator· loss by overcharging in another area of · 46. 0 21.0 4G.1 11. 4 45. 7 ~.3 from Arkansas says six-turn out more 1929 ______43.8 20. 5 45. 2 10. 2 46.8 49.8 the country. 1930 ______than 65 percent of the total production 193L _____ 35. 3 19.0 34. 5 !:1.1 53. 8 47. Mr. HUMPHREY. The Senator from 27.0 14.0 24.8 6.6 51. 9 47.1 of oleomargarine, as we have seen. The 1932 ______20.1 .11. 2 17. 9 5.4 55. 7 48. 2 l\4innes·ota wishes to proceed, because I · 1933 ______20.8 10.5 18.8 5. 2 50. 5 49. 5 industry as a whole· numbers only 28 24.8 9.8 22. 7 6. 6 39. 5. 67. 3 think what has been pointed out by the 19351934-~---- ______c-oncerns. ' distinguished Senator from Vermont, 28.8 15. 1 28.1 10. 3 52.4 68. 2 - There is probably no other industry 1936_ ----- 32.0 15.1 32. 2 10.1 47. 2 6fi. 9 and the conflict which comes from the 1937 - - ·-·- 33. 2 15. 8 33. 3 10.1 47. 6 li3. 9 in the c·ountry, comparable in sales vol­ djstinguished Senator from Arkansas, . 1938_ - ---- 27.1 15. 5 2fl.3 8.1 57. 2 52. 3_ 1939 ______25.4 14. r; ume, which is dominated by so few con­ 1940 ______2.3. 9 7. 3 57. 9 49. 7 will be developed probably in-the remarks 28. 7 14. 8 28.0 6.8 51. G 45. 9 cerns. The steel industry, for .example, on the administered price structure:· 194L _____ 33.8 15. 8 34. 2 10. 9 46. 7 G9. 0 which we often talk about as being one 1Q42 ______48.] 1943 ______39. 5 19.0 39. 6 14. 2 74. 7 PRICE BEARS NO RELATIONSHIP TO c "osTS 2 44.0 19.0 49. 9 14.3 43. 2 75. 3 of the trusts, one ·Of the monopolies, in-·· 1944______2 41. 5 19. 0 50.3 14. 6 45. 8 76. 1945 ______8 eludes more than -100 separately owned The price of oleomargarine, perhaps 2 42.3 19.0 50 . .3 14.8 44 . .9 77. 9 companies, and there are several hun­ more than that of any other product, ex­ 1946_ - -·-· 61. 9 23.0 64.3 18. 2 37. 2 79.1 1947 - - ~--· 70. 6 36. 9 7J.8 28. 2 52.;3 7fi. 4 dred meat-packing concerns. emplifies the custom of charging what- . 1948 ______75. 2 37.1 78. 6 27. 2 49.3 73. 3 The tightly knit control exercised by ever the traffic will bear. Throughout . these relatively few large manufacturers recent years the price of oleomargarine . 1 Weighted average. is evidenced by the behavior of. oleomar­ has borne no relationship whatsoever to 2 Pricos of butter shown reflect actual wholesalo t.rad· inir and include the Wholesale mark-up permitted under g,ari.ne -prices, whi.ch we have already the cost of producing it. Several differ­ OPA, :i\fPR as amended. . cited. ent statistic;al series can be cited to prove . this contention. Mr. HUMPHREY. There is another RAW MATERIALS TIGHTLY CONTROLLED . For example, I should like to refer you series of-data which prove the same point. One other characteristic of an ad­ to quotations showing .the percentage of I refe,r to the -Department of Agricul­ ministered prke industry is also present fats and oils prices to the price of oleo­ ture's figures showing the farmer's share in the case of oleomargarine. By the. margarine. If one examines this ratio of the retail price of oleomargarine. way, Mr. President, if I may digress for a over the years since 1925, he will -find This series is available from 1919 to the moment, we have heard a good deal of that the percentage of fats and oils prices present. It shows that the farmer's complaint about Government-controlled ranged from 45 percent to 76 percent. share of the retail price of oleomargarine prices. During the days of wartime Let us button down what that range has ranged from a low of 19 percent to a emergency we had Government-con­ means. Briefly it means that the ratio high of 36 percent. This very wide de­ trolled prices. There was a good deal of the actual price of oleomargarine to viation in relationship of the farmer's of discussion and a good deal of criti­ the price of its principal ingredients has share to the retail price proves once cism in connection with Government­ deviated by almost 100 percent. In again that the price of oleomargarine controlled prices. But what do we find other words, the price of oleo, in refer­ bears very little relationship to the cost in a monopolistic condition? We find a ence to the cost of the commodities of producing it. privately operated type of -control, a which have gone into the oleo and the It should be apparent that if oleomar­ monopoly type of price control. That is labor which has gone into it, has devi­ garine prices were set competitively, the what we mean by administered prices. ated 100 percent. relationship of its. going price to the price I want my position to be quite clear on The failure of oleomargarine prices to of the principal ingredients used in its the floor of the Senate. I do not want reflect costs was particularly apparent production would remain fairly constant. Government-controlled prices and I do last summer. Between May and Novem­ The fluctuation or deviation over the not believe in monopoly control. I be­ ber 1948, for example, cottonseed oil years, if any'' would be relatively minor. lieve in a competitive, free economic dropped from 41 to 20 cents a pound, or in scope and extent. Certainly no gen­ system. I think there is no substitute almost 50 percent. However, during that uinely competitive product could show for competition as a regulatory mecha­ same period, the price of oleo declined the very extreme deviation in relation­ nism. Competition is the best regula­ from only 44 to 38 cents a pound, or less ship of price to costs reported for oleo­ tory mechanism that has ever been cre­ than 15 percent. margarine. ated. But I make the reservation that if Here is an unanswerable demonstra­ In order to prove the point, just con­ prices are to be administered, if prices tion of the complete control over prices sider what comparable data show for are to be regulated and are to be con­ maintained by the oleomargarine trust. butter. The farmer's share of the retail trolled, I should rather· have them con­ I now submit for the record a chart price of butter shows a gradual trend up­ trolled by the Government, in which I as showing the relative price movements of ward over a period of years, rising from a- citizen have cne vute, than to have 1950 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-SENATE 265 them contrelled by some corporation, any other economic factor; ft represents reported to the Department of Agricul­ run by a handful of people. At least · simply the ability of a monopoly to gouge ture. The costs, expenses, and profits under Government control we have some the public. . It is, of course, within their of the butter industry are an open book democratic control. But prices admin­ power, too, to reduce the spread to suit and were freely reported to the Senate istered by a monopoly are administered their political purposes, and there is evi­ Finance Committee last year. There is prices without reference to cost, without dence that perhaps they may be doing no mystery about costs and prices in reference to production, without refer­ so. It should be emphasized, however, butter, as there is in oleo. ence to distribution. that this is not only an example of the The current butter-oleo controversy, I was pointing out that I presumed workings of an administered price therefore, presents two diametrically everyone in the Senate knows that one monopoly, but is also a clear warning to opposite types of industry organization. of the characteristics of an administered­ consumers that they cannot expect cheap In the oleomargarine industry we have price industry. is the matter of control oleo if the bans on production and sale an example of an administered-price over raw materials. The principal raw of yellow oleomargarine are lifted. monopoly of the most modern vintage, materials used in the production of this Once the bans are lifted to allow yel­ fostered and developed by gigantic ad­ butter substitute are the vegetable oils. low oleo to be sold freely, and once there vertising outlays, and maintaining its I presume, too, that everyone in this is no competition from uncolored oleo, price control by all of the new economic .Senate knows that the production of the price spreads, taken from actual techniques which so concern the Federal processed vegetable oils is under the con­ quotations posted by stores, show what Trade Commission, the Department of trol of three large manufacturer.s of is going to happen: yellow oleo will Justice, the Temporary National Eco­ ·.shortening and cooking fats. They rapidly rise in price, approaching the nomic Committee, and the other groups dominate the entire market for these price of butter. This is what we would that have studied the monopoly problem. crucial raw materials in the oleomarga­ expect from the existence of an admin­ Oleo is an ideal case study for investi­ rine industry. I need not tell you that istered-price monopoly where there is no gators of administered-price monopolies. the relationship of these three compa­ competition. On the other hand, we have the butter nies to the large manufacturers of oleo­ Naturally, an administered-price mo­ industry whose prices are set in one of margarine is as close as one would expect nopoly exists only to make money. The the few remaining open, competitive, to find in an administered-price mo­ profits which have. been earned in oleo­ commodity exchanges, and the produc­ nopoly. margarine constitute one additional tion of which flows from thousands of Last year a subcommittee of the House evidence of the existence of the type of small- or medium-sized plants located in Agricultural Committee conducted ex­ nonopoly we are here discussing. Very every State in the Union. haustive hearings into the speculation in few of the oleomargarine makers issue In conclusion, therefore, Mr. President, vegetable oils. The extent of control reports on their financial operations. I urge that the appropriate committee over the prices of processed vegetable Indeed; the National Association of Mar­ of the Senate be directed to conduct a oils revealed in these hearings proves the garine Manufacturers last year flatly re­ comprehensive investigation into the ex­ fused a request from the Senate Finance e~tence of the tight control over raw istence of monopoly in the oleomargarine materials essential to the existence of an Committee for data on costs, sales prices, industry. The l?YStem of administered arrd profits. ~dministered-price industry. prices that exists in this in~ustry exacts There would be a great hue and cry in its toll from millions of housewives. MANIPULATION OF SPREADS BETWEEN WHITE ANJ> the Senate if some labor organization COLORED Southern farm interests have been de­ refused to submit· its books. When the luded and preyed upon by this great ag­ I should now·like to point out some of oleomargarine industry is asked by the gregation of concentrated economic the manipulation that goes on in this Finance Committee to produce such data power. field of the spreads of oleo. Still an­ it says, "That is too slippery a subject other evidence of the existence of an ad­ We cannot wait much longer for the for us; we cannot afford to bring it up Federal Trade Commission to receive au­ ministered-price monopoly in the oleo­ here." margarine industry is the manipulation thority and funds to go ahead with its The association maintained that sucl:;l investigation. I believe that, instead of of the spread between white oleomarga­ data simply were not available. acting on the oleo-sponsored legislation rine and colored oleomargarine. However, from stockholders' reports now before us, we should attempt to find Recently an advertisement appeared which have been issued by some of the out what these giant corporations are in an El Paso, Tex., newspaper which principal members of the industry, we up to in seeking to escape Federal regu­ .showed colored oleo to be selling for 30 know that the profit on oleomargarine lation of their product. cents a pound more than was the un­ has ranged from 21 percent to 34 percent colored product. This in the face of a on capital investment. A drop of 25 percent in the price of justifiable spread of silghtly more than The data compiled by the Department butter from the present level of 62.5 cents 10 cents. In other words, the price went of Agriculture show that the profit mar-• per pound, or a 16.5 cents decline, would up 27 cents a pound. It is our claim that gin, as spread between the retail price mean a loss of $207,000,000 to dairy farm­ .when all restrictions are taken off, the and the cost of raw materials in the case ers. For the milk used in manufactured dairy products other than creamery but­ so-called low price to c~msumers is not of oleomargarine, is 1,100 percent greater going to . be there. The evidence is than the profit on butter. ter, a decline of 19.5 cents per pound quite clear that where there are no re­ Let us again compare this picture with of butterfat would result in a loss of strictions, the price of colored oleo the operations of the butter industry, $213,000,000. Assuming that a third of starts going up, regardless of how much where prices much more accurately re­ the milk used for fluid milk and cream it costs to make it, and regardless of fi.ect costs of production. I remember would directly reflect the same decline what the farmer's share may be. There when I was on a college faculty that col­ of 25 percent, a loss of $145,000,000 would are hundreds of cases of record to show lege textbooks <>n economics and mo­ occur, at a time when farm income is that the price of colored oleo has varjed nopoly cited butter as one of the rela­ going down, at a time when farm ma­ from the normal 10 cents to as high as tiyely few com,modities whose prices were chinery has gone up an average of 26 27 cents, and even to 30 cents. set in a competitive market. in an open percent and farm prices have gone down A survey of nine , cities in Janu.ary cc;>mmodity exchange where anyone may an average of 52 percent. 1949 showed an average difference be­ bid and sell. This is no time to hurt the farmers. tween uncolored and colored oleo of 21.8 That is free enterprise. There are too Dairy farmers are the backbone of a cents a pound. In other words, the min­ many people roaming around the coun­ diversified farm economy and should be ute-the manufacturers get the right to try talking about free enterprise who do protected. The Members on this side of .color the product, they put the price _up. not believe in it. The persons who put the aisle should be particularly aware They take all the market will bear, while up the biggest cry about free enterprise of this fact. the five or six major p:i:oducers put the .are those who have been monopoliZing Mr. FULBRIGHT. Mr. President, will unprecedented profits l.n their pockets. t:qe industries of the country. the Senator yield? This evidence can be found on page 137 T~e numQer of producers of butter Mr. HUMPHREY. I yield to the Sen­ of the Senate hearings.' · now exceeds 3,500-a far cry indeed from ator from Arkansas. This exorbitant spread between un­ the number of oleo producers-28 in all. Mr. FULBRIGHT. The Senator seems colored and colored oleo naturally bears The profit margin on butter is smaller to be surprised that so many on this side no relatio:iship to production costs or than on almost any other food product of the· aisle are supporting the bill. I 256 'CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-SENA.TE JANUARY 10 believe the Senator participated in the v1ith this platform and with what hap­ Mr. GILLETTE. I was very much in­ writing of the Democratic platform. pened in the election. terested in the statement :tnade by the Mr. HUMPHREY. Proudly so. . Mr. FULBRIGHT. The Senator is on Senator from Arkansas [Mr. FUL­ Mr. FULBRIGHT. And the platform the side of two and a half million as BRIGHT] that up to now there had only contains a plank, in the writing of which against one hundred and forty-seven and been three speeches made in opposition the Senator participated-- one-half million. Does not the Senator to the oleo bill. Up to now there has Mr. HUMPHREY. Proudly so. know of the opposition of the labor been only one speech made by the pro­ Mr. FULBRIGHT. Calling for the re­ organizations? Is the CIO for the repeal ponents of the Po~ge bill. While it was peal-- of the tax? a m21,gnificent speech, and worthy of any . Mr. HUMPHREY. For the repeal of Mr. HUMPHREY. I understand the Senator, yet it is the only real speech the oleo tax, and that is exa:::tly what we CIO is for the repeal of the tax, and so is which h~.s been made here by the pro­ are doing. the Senator from Minnesota. ponents of the Poage bill up to the pres­ Mr. FULBRIGHT. Oh, no; the Sena­ Mr. FULBRIGHT. And the Senator ent time. -tor knows very well that is a subterfuge. interprets the position of the CIO to be Mr. FULBRIGHT. Mr. President, I The only way to interpret that plank is for the repeal of the tax and the destruc­ appreciate the Senator's comment. that oleo be freed from the restrictions tion of the industry. Mr. HUMPHREY. lVIr. President, the imposed on it. Mr. HUMPHREY. - The Senator frcm junior Senator from Minnesota would - Mr. HUMPHREY. Since the Senator Minnesota· has -lea:med nev.er to inter_­ like to carry on and complete his speech, seems to be very much interested in hav­ pret. He reads' arid trieJ to understand Mr. President, so we can some how meet .ing all the planks of the Demo~ratic what he reads. The labor movement the offer of the Senator from Arkansas .platform carried out, may I say that speaks for itself and does so very ~ well. to conclude this debate . -there are a few others with which we The Senator does know that some repre­ Mr. GILLETTE. Mr. President, will have had some trouble in the Senate, sentative of the American Federation of the Senator yield once more? such as the civil-rights plank. The Dem­ Labor stand with us on the substitute. · Mr. HUMPHREY. Yes; I am happy ocratic platform says, "We stand for the. Mr; -FULBRIGHT. How does the Sen­ to yield to the Senator from Iowa . .repeal of the oleo tax," and that is ex­ ator explain the result in the Ohio elec­ Mr. GILLETTE. Noting the nervous­ actly what our substitute proposes, re­ tion, the last time the people had an ness of the Senator from Arkansas, I can peal of the oleo tax. The Democratic opportunity to pass on this question? readily understand his anxiety to con­ platform did not say that we stand for Mr. HUMPHREY. The Senator from clude the debate when such a speech is the repeal of a regulation \Yhich pre­ Minnesota has never tried to interpret being made as we are hearing here today. .vents fraud. We said we stood-for the the results of any Oh::o -election,-either Mr. HUMPHREY. - Mr. President, I .repeal of the oleo tax, and as a member this one or the one to came in the-future . thank my distinguished colleague from of the platform committee, and a mem­ I have enough trouble in Minnesota Iowa. ber of the -committee on the drafting of without trying to interpret results in One of the first victims of this monop­ the platform, I knew full well what was Ohio. oly, therefore, will be the American dairy .in that platform. If the Senator from Mr. FULBRIGHT. The Senator is farmer and his family, another small- _ Arkansas will stand with m.e on the-Dam­ leaving · the impression that· the people business victim to monapoly control. ocratic platform, we are going to have of Ohio are somehow peculiar and differ­ The consumer may well be the second some real results, because in that plat­ ent from the people of Minnesota. victim of this monopoly control. form we have an anti-poll-tax plank, an Mr. HUMPHREY. No; the Senator is antilynching plank, and a fair employ­ leaving the impression that the people THE GILLETTE-WILEY SUBSTITUTE ment practices plank. of Ohio are masters ·of their own destiny. The Gillette-Wiley substitute amend­ Mr. FULBRIGHT. I have never pre­ Mr. FULBRIGHT. He knows they ment, of which I am a cosponsor, is one .tended that I approved those, and I do voted for the abolition of the restriction I shall support because it comes close to not think there is any reason to inter­ on oleomargarine. Does the Senator reconciling the need of removing- all pret the platform as meaning that we think the same principle should be ap­ taxes and license fees on oleomargarine were for a repeal of the tax and at the plicable to the cheese industry, and that at the same time as it maintains fair same time were for destroying the in­ there should be many little factories -in competition between the two commodi­ dustry. The only reasonable interpreta­ each State, and no shipments from ties. In principle, it is similar to scores tion to be made is that we would free oleo other States? of fair..:trade laws undertaken to protect of the restriction put upon it by law 60 Mr. HUMPHREY. I do not like to be small businesses against the encroach­ years ago. If the Senator's interpreta­ taken into a discussion of the doctrine ments of big business and growing mo­ tion is correct, of course, that planl{ is of eventualities. I prefer that, we con­ nopoly. Fair-trade laws are a kind of completely IL1eaningless. His interpre­ .fine ourselves to the legislative proposal price which the American society must tation is thr..t we should remove the tax at hand, which is that of preventing pay to protect itself against the injus­ and k.ill the whole industry by preventing fraud of the consumer. tices, oligarchical tendencies, and even­ the shipment of the product in inter­ Mr. FULBRIGHT. I should like to, tual prohibitive cost of monopoly con­ state commerce. also. and if we can get an _agreement to trol. Whatever temporary price bene­ Mr. HUMPHREY. My interpretation vote, I should like to make the time any fits the consumer may believe that he of the platform is only that which would hour the opponents are willing to have gains from allowing the potential mo­ come from the average, normal mind. I a vote taken. I hesitate to say this is a nopolies to stifle, ensnare, and strangle read in the platform that we stand for filibuster, but, after all, some of the the small-business man and the small the repeal of the tax on oleomargarine-. leaders have been very reluctant to farmer, will soon prove to be completely ·There are no footnotes, there is no speak on the question before the Senate. illusory and, in fact, a serious and grave description, it is mer~ly for a repeal of A week has passed, and only three body blow to American freed om as our the tax, and that is exactly what we are speeches have been made by the oppo­ economy grows more and more monop­ proposing in our substitute, a repeal of nents. We are perfectly willing to vote oly-controlled and directed. the tax on oleomargarine. But not only on the bill today, now. I have emphasized throughout my do the producers of oleo want the ta~ Mr. HUMPHREY. I told the Senator whole speech that whatever temporary repealed, but t:-:.ey are interpreting the yesterday that we all stand ready to co­ little relief seems to come to the consum­ platform to mean that there should be operate with him to arrive at a unani­ er will represent a dear price to pay for abolition of the butter industry. We did mous-consent agreement to get a vote. what will ultimately happen in the long not put th~t in the platform. If we had I agree that prolonged and extended run, once the source of our competitive put it in the D~mocratic platform, what debate that borders on the nature of a ·economy has been either severely dam­ a great crowd there would have been on filibuster is beneath the dignity of this aged or destroyed. The price we pay in the other side of the aisle. body, and I think we should come to a supporting the American small-business The farmers of this country had some decision. man and the American farmer is indeed idea what was in this platform. Ask our Mr. GILLETTE. Mr. President, will a small one when we examine the vital Republican friends. They will state the Senator yield? role played by the American middle class, that the farmers h~d a great deal to do Mr. HUMPHREY. I yield. and when we see the advantages to our :1950 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-.SENATE 267 democracy of preserving as large an area Senate at the same time that an open an'd that monopoly is but the first step of competition as we can to withstand attack is being launched upon the Fed- toward a regimented and controlled the encroachments of big business. . eral Trade Commission, the Sherman economy? Surely the consumers of That, Mr. President, is my case before Antitrust Act, and the Robinson-Pat­ America should not be misled into be­ the American people. man Act. These are the bulwarks of lieving that there is any advantage, In conclusion, Mr. President. what are free enterprise and the protectors of a either in price, in quality, in. efficiency of the arguments of those supporting H. R. competitive economy. Yes, Mr. Presi­ production and distribution, in monopo- 2023? First, oleo taxes will be repealed. dent, the forces of monopoly in this . listic enterprise. The testimony before That is no argument. This argument, country are diligently about their busi­ the Congress of the United States, the Mr. President, is met and fully answered ness to undermine a competitive business records in the Department of Justice and by the amendment i~ the nature of a economy. In the process of doing this in the Trade Commission are filled with substitute of which I am a cosponsor they appeal to the consumer, which is evidence that monopoly is not only con­ and am actively supporting. The Gil­ an old technique, an old game on the part ducive to inefficiency and high prices, but lette-Wiley substitute repeals all oleo of big business. The arguments we have is a dangerous threat to the political and taxes. heard in behalf of oleo are the same as economic liberty of the American people. Secondly, the argument of those sup­ the arguments which are being made This, Mr. President, is my case before porting H. R. 2023 is that by removing throughout the country on the part of the American people. The issue is clear­ restrictions on colored oleo, specifically the cement industry and on the part of ly drawn. Are we to turn over another yellow-colored oleo, we protect the in­ the steel industry, in their fight against segment of the American economy to the terests of the consumer. Now let us the Federal Trade Commission and its cartels, to the monopolies, or are we ·to examine this latter argument. The rulings on the basing point. It is the fulfill our pledges of democratic faith by legislation that I am supporting does not same technique that is now being used by preserving, through the law of the land, deny the right to produce and sell oleo the A. & P. stores in their battle against the conditions of competition and eco­ either in interstate commerce or within the Antitrust Division of the Justice nomic opportunity? a State. Department. Monopolistic big business I suggest the absence of a quorum. Oleo in its natural form, oleo that has has carried on a propaganda campaign The PRESIDENT pro tempore. The been bleached, that has added preserva­ that is attempting to mislead the Ameri­ clerk will call the roll. tives, that has added vitamins, that has can people into believing that 'Qigness is added synthetic flavor making it resem.:. to the best interests of the American con­ The legislative clerk called the roll, ble and taste like butter. is given full op­ sumer. To be sure, bigness within itself and the fallowing Senators answered to portunity to be soid in interstate com­ . is not an evil. It even may be a neces­ their names: merce. The consumer can get oleo if the sity. But bigness that incorporates Aiken Gurney Maybank · Anderson Hayden Morse consumer· ·wants it. The 'consumer can within itself a control over a market, Brewster Hendrickson Murray get oleo, _'Qut not oleo t~at m~squerades control over prices, control over distribu­ Bricker Hickenlooper Neely as butter, that perpetuates a fraud on tion, and ultimately control over the pro­ Bridges Hill O'Conor · Butler Holland Robertson the people. ' · ducer of the raw material is regimenta- Byrd Humphrey Russell In the course of my remarks I pointed . tion, is un-American, and is destructive Cain Hunt Saltonstall out that an oleo-processing plant capable of the individual property rights and Capehart Ives Schoeppel Chapman Jenner Smith, Maine of producing 40,000 pounds of oleo per economic liberties of the American citi­ Connally Johnson, Tex. Smith, N. J. day can be established at a minimum zen. The oleo interests are hand-in­ Cordon Johnston, S. C. Sparkman cost of $75;000, this according to the tes­ glove with big steel, big cement, big oil Darby Kefauver Stennis Donnell Kem Taft timony of the Department of Agricul­ and petroleum, and all the other corp0- Douglas Kilgore Taylor ture. If those who are interested in oleo rate monopolies of this country. The Downey Knowland Thomas, Okla. and not in oleo monopoly want to sell e_vidence is here to support this conclu­ Dworshak Langer Thomas, Utab yellow-colored oleo, the solution to their sion. Eastland Leahy Thye Ecton Lehman Tobey problem lies in the construction of hun­ Now the question- we must ask our­ Ellender Lodge Tydings dreds of small oleo-producing plants selves on the lssae of oleo, as on all issues Ferguson Long Vandenberg producing within the several States, Flanders Lucas Watkins that pertain to monopoly, is this: Will Frear McCarran . Wherry rather than 28 producers throughout the the short-run advantages of an admin­ Fulbright McCarthy Wiley United States, five of which do better istered, controlled, and regulated low George McFarland Williams than two-thirds of the business. The Gillette McKellar Young price that is used to kill off competition be Graham McMahon Gillette-Wiley substitute does not pro­ to the long-run interest of the American Green Magnuson vide for the elimination of oleo from the consumer? The PRESIDENT pro tempore. A consumer and producer market. T~e In other words, are we to permit ever­ Gillette-Wiley substitute . is an attack growing concentration of economic pow­ quoruni is present. upon monopolistic-administered prices er which buys its way into the market by Mr. YOUNG obtained the floor. and monopolistic production in behalf discriminatory prices and all the 'Other Mr. MAGNUSON. Mr. President, will of the consumer and his welfare. techniques of the trade, to destroy our the Senator yield? I wish to elaborate upon this point. competitive economic structure? The PRESIDENT pro tempore. Does The public policy of our Government has That is the issue. The issue is not the the Senator from North Dakota yield to been for the establishment of what we consumer-. The consumer is protected by the Senator from Washington? call fair-trade standards, and the con­ a good product. The consumer can buy Mr. YOUNG. I yield. trol, regulation, and elimination of mo­ butter, the consumer can buy oleo. He Mr. MAGNUSON. As one of the spon­ nopolies. I recite as evidence the pas­ can buy colored oleo. The issue here is sors of the so-called Wiley-Gillette sage of the Sherman Antitrust Act, the whether or not we are going to prevent, amendment, I intended to make some re­ Clayton Act, the Federal Trade Commis­ by the law of the land, a greater in­ marks outlining my position. But I havn sion Act, the Pure Food and Drug Act, just received a letter from Mr. W. J. and the Robinson-Patman Act and the fringement of economic power. Are we to permit 28 oleo ~ompanies to Knutzen, president of the Skagit County -Miller-Tydings Fair Trade Law. The Dairymen's Association in my State, established public policy of the Congress undermine the economic well-being of of the United States is that of maintain­ 2,500,000 ' dairy farmers and 3,500 which so aptly and intelligently states ing conditions of fair competition and creameries, and 40,000 local dairy proc­ the issues involved that I am going to re­ standards of fair trade. Patent laws essing plants? Are we to permit this frain from making the remarks I had in­ and copyrights are further evidence of with the approval of the Government of tended to make, and ask unanimous con­ the. will of the Government to protect the United States when both political sent that Mr. Knutzen's letter be placed the channels of trade and the property parties, the Republican and the Demo­ in the RECORD at this point, as expressing rights of individuals. cratic, have stated again and again to completely my views on this question. It is a strange coincidence that the the American people that monopoly is The PRESIDENT pro tempore. Is oleo bill comes before the United States the enemy of a free economic system, ~here objection? 268 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-SENATE JANUARY 10 . . There being no objection, the letter mony and we want you to know that we are facturers would have us believe? Oleo willing to carry out any plan by wh_ich you was ordered to be printed in the RECORD, has been allowed to imitate the :flavor, of - will be supplied with this material. That butter. It may use preservatives, denied as follows: House bill 2023 is a menace of the first order SKAGIT COUNTY DAIRYMEN'S AssoCIATION, to us. We do hope you can kill it in the to butter. It is fortified to imitate the Burlington, Wash., December 31, 1949. Senate, nutritional qualities of butter. It imi­ Hon. WARREN G. MAGNu .o: oN, Sincerely, tates butter wrapping and butter pack­ Uni ted States Senate, W. J. KNUTZEN, aging. Dairy farmers are fully aware Washington, D. C. President. that this has gone a long way to destroy DEAR SENATOR: When Congressman HENRY It JACKSON was to be in Burlington last week, Mr. YOUNG. Mr. President, I wish to the sales of their own product. has we left word to call us if you could be with speak in opposition to House bill 2023, gone a long way to destroy one of the him. We wanted to place our case on the the bill sponsored by the able senator greatest industries in America. In Can­ yeUow oleoma:·3arine problem before you from Arkansas [Mr. FULBRIGHT]. · Pas- ada, in a single year of legalized oleo, With all the details possible so that you sage of the Fulbright bill in its present Canadian dairy farmers have lost $50,­ would know how serious the problem has form would do a grave injustice to the 000,000 in butter sales, according to the bacome. When the House passed H. R. 2023, 2,500,000 dairy farmers in the United president of the National Dairy Council. · the dairy industry started on a decline which · States and also, in my opinion, to the . Mr. President, it appears to be pos- will be given an added kick if you can't stop · or kill it in the Senate. Since we could not great consuming American public. sible that the food requirements of our meet you, we will do the best "Ve can· on pa­ The dairy farmers, while they believe Nation could be supplied.largely by arti­ per. Of course, we realize you already know they are entitled to the protection they ~ ficial products similar to oleomargarine. fully what the consequences are if H. R. have had for years through the tax wlii-ch Germany, previous to World War II and 2023 passes and yellow oleo has free distri­ has been applied to oleomargarine, are during the war, of necessity, had to re­ bution. perfectly willing that these taxes be re- sort to that means. I am told that a At present, the Navy is selling yellow oleo pealed allowing oleomargarine, to be sold large part of both their food and clothing right in our back yard at Whidbey Island. subject to the laws in the various States. was provided through artificial methods; Why is the Government buying millions of pounds of butter and then selling yellow At the same time, they believe, and justly both food and . clothing, for example, · oleo to our armed forces? , so, that they must have protection being produced in large quantities from In our own State, where yellow oleomarga­ against fraud and imitation of their coal and wood p_ulp. I shudder to think rine sales are illegal, we have a clean-up job product which has been recognized as what would happen to our economy here on our hands. .Many restau ~:ants are still one of the most essential foods of all in the 'United States if we applied that mixing butter and oleo for sandwich spreads, families for centuries. · philosophy. It would mean a bankrupt but we feel we can lick this one if our coun­ After talking with consumers in al- · agriculture and eventually a bankrupt try does not allow national legal distribution Nation. of margarine colored yellow to imitate but­ most every walk of life, I find that they, How far and fast we can safely move ter. On the other hand, if H. R. 2023 passes, too, want at least some protection. They in the direction of substitute foods, dis­ it won't be long before we lose our law in this want to know, for example, when they placing purely agricultural products, is State against sale of yellow oleomargarine. are making purchases in markets of · There would simply be too much money · dairy products, whether or not the prod- a question that ought to receive se~·ious spent by the vegetable-oil processors to uct they are buying is a real 'dairy prod- consideration. At one time approxi­ compete with their propaganda. uct or an imitation. The millions who mately one-half the population of the Our national economy is threatened now. eat 65,000,000 meals a day in restaurants United States was engaged in agricul­ Dairying, combined with beef, is the largest and cafes, too, want to know what kind ture. At the present time, approximately single agricultural crop in this Nation. of butter is being served them, whether 18 percent only of our total population When 90 percent of veal and 40 percent of is engaged in farming. our beef comes from dairy herds, we shouldn't it be real dairy butter or a substitute. The complete substitution of dairy allow either imports of dairy products or in­ It is regrettable that manufacturers butter in the market places by oleomar­ fringement on dairy products such as yellow margarine. You know that 20,000,000 pounds of margarine have seen fit in recent garine would be another step in that di­ of cheese is slated for import by the end of years so to label their product-that the rection and would do untold injury to 1950. Five million pounds is already here­ average consumer does not know which our whole farming economy. Presently, and at half the price of local cheese. That product he is buying. For example, there are approximately 2,500,000 of our cheese will replace local cheese to the tune many margarine products are being sold farmers engaged in dairying. If our but. of 8,000,000 pounds of butter, which will h ..ve on the market with a picture of a dairy ter markets are to be lost or the price to be made, or we will just simply lose more farm on the package, or advertised with demoralized, a large part of this 2,500,­ cows. Newspapers are carrying predictions (Bab­ such phrases as "freshly churned" or 000 people would, of necessity, have to son) that mi~k production will be up in "country sweet," or labeled in other ways engage in other types of farming or move 1950. We heartily disagree with this pre­ to indicate that they may be real dairy into the cities, seeking employment in diction. Our factory shippers number 1,200 butter when in fact they are only sub- an employment market that is already and our grade A shippers number only 315. stitute products. well supplied. We can see that some increase could take It is this fraudulent method of selling I wish to point out •. too, Mr. President, place in A grade milk in some parts of the Nation where they are short of bottling grade a substitute product which dairy farmers that in the field of agriculture we have milk but we already have a surplus in almost are violently opposed to and have every plenty of economic problems. Farm every major market right in the middle of right to be. It is my opinion that many prices have generally declined as much winter. We also point out that the factory hundreds of thousands of consumers as 50 percent and more in the last 2 shipper, if not given some protection, will have been eating margarine in recent years. This decrease in farm income is fade from the picture. Secretary Brannan years believing, because of the label on already being felt in our national econ­ has just announced lower support prices for the package which implied it was dairy omy, and primarily through reduced dairy products. Since these all affect the factory shipper, his immediate 1950 income butter, that it actually was. The dairy farm purchasing power and lowered in­ will drop. That means a drop in national industry asks only for such regulations come-tax returns. The future outlook income, which in turn can be multiplied of substitutes as may be necessary to for agriculture is far from bright, and several times over the value of the raw mate­ protect the producers and consumers. here we have on the Senate :floor today rials. Transferring our butter business to a Butter can be identified at sight only by the oleomargarine bill which, if passed, vegetable product is short-sighted economy its naturally yellow color. Whenever would deal another severe blow to agri­ even to the grower of those crops from which vegetable-oil food products are readily culture. the vegetable oils and fats are derived. You know that concentrates fed to cows from identifiable by taste or appearance, con- If this oleomargarine bill should be­ that source aids in keeping comparatively sumers will judge by their purchases be- come a 1aw, as I have pointed out, great low vegetable oils and fats selling prices so tween the products. This is not possible numbers of American farmers would they can compete with imported fats and when a product such as margarine is have to convert their farms to another oils. By eliminating the dairy herds, this colored the same as dairy butter and type of agriculture. It is obvious that concentrate market will be lost and imported every conceivable method used to even there is little opportunity in ,this direc­ oils will replace local products in our opinion. From your statements to us, we know that Iabel the package to deceive the public. tion. Our farmers are already required you are as conversant with these problems Why, in the name of common sense, to reduce their wheat acreage by 25 per­ as we are. However, you m ay need support cannot margarine stand on its own mer- cent and more. Cotton, corn, and almost in backing up .your stand by additional testi- its, if it is as good a product as its manu- every other type of farming is facing like 1950 CONGRESSIONAL" RECORD-- SENATE 269 curtailed production -programs if· we are in that era. Iowa, one of the most fertile eminent world authorities on the ques­ to maintain even a meager minimum agricuitural States of all, suffered just as tion of soil conservation, Dr. H. H. Ben­ price for agricultural products. severely, if not more so, than other States nett, Chief of the United ·states Soil Even while the problems of agriculture during that period. Conservation Service: increase day by day, we are importing What I am trying to point out, Mr. Few, if any, other kinds of farms respond great quantities of agricultural products. President, is the great need at this par­ more promptly and satisfactorily to soil and There are a few astounding examples. ticular time to protect all segments of water conservation, cropping, and pasture­ While our production of rye in the United our agriculture if we are to prevent management measures than does dairy States is almost at a record low, we have another depression far more disastrous farming. imported in the past 6 months more tllan was the past one. 0. E. Reed, Chief of the Bureau of than twice as much as we have exported. . Mr. President, in the bill now before Dairy Industry, United States Depart­ This at a time when markets-were avail­ the Senate, the farmers directly affected ment of Agriculture, says: able to us in Austria, Germany, and other are the dairy farmers, cotton farmers, No farmer has a better opportunity to keep countries, if the administration would and soybean farmers. his farm land in a high state of fertility and only see fit to take advantage of them. The dairy and cotton farmers have productiveness than the man ·who markets About a year and a half ago, we · gave long been established in the United his crop through good dairy cows. England, through ECA, $354,000,000 to States, and both have contributed much purchase wheat in Canada. Approxi­ to the building of the Nation's commerce We would do well here today to heed mately 6 months ago, through ECA, the and eccnomy. Cotton, however, is grown the warning of Dr. Bennett, Mr. Reed, United States again furnished $175,000,- principally for its fiber. Cottonseed oil and others on this all-important subject 000 to England for the purchase of wheat is a byproduct. Milk, on the other hand, of soil conservation. in Canada. In effect, this gave the is the only product of the cow, and its Mr. President, we are wisely spendinf; Canadian farmers a better farm price only use ·of any, importance is for food. hundreds of millions of dollars annuall:.r support program than that enjoyed by About 27 percent of aU our milk is manu­ on soil-conserving programs. This pro .. United States farmers. The Canadians, factured into butter, the form in which gram not only should be continued but as a result, face no acreage-reduction it may best be stored and shipped. greatly accelerated if we are to avoid the program as do our farmers. Cotton farming depletes the fertility tragedy of other once great nations of We have imported many other farm of the soil, while dairy farming builds it the world which failed to recognize this products that could well be produced in up. Sections of the cquntry which have great need. The dairy farmer conserves the United States. Some of these im­ pursued cotton farming for long -periods his soil without Federal subsidies, by ·re­ portation programs· could well be carried have found it desirable to introduce turning to the land much of what he to extremes, as is, in my opinion, the dairying as a method of di•.rersification takes from it. Destruction of our dairy · :margarine question now before us. Im­ ~nd to build up the soil. Much time and industry through legislation such as is ports of sugar ·supplied 48. 7 percent of our ~ffort have been expended in many com­ now pending before the Senate would in United States needs in 1949. If protec- munities, not only in the South but else­ a large measure nullify much of our . tive tariffs ··· or roughly ·10 percent were where, by businessmen, bankers, and iaudible efforts toward better conserva­ lowered, or completely abolished, of ciyic clubs to foster dairy farming as an tion of our greatest asset of all-our soil course the American consumers could important factor in improving agricul­ fertility. buy sugar cheaper, but it is admitted by ture. -Dairy farmers furnish a large History demonstrates that the leading the majority of this Congress that this market for cottonseed cake, which is a nations of the world are and have been would.be an unwise policy. byproduct of cotton farming, and which those which consume the greatest quan­ There is a great similarity between the brings the cotton farmer more money tities of dairy products. problem of the United States dairy in­ than he gets for cottonseed oil used The progress made in recent years, in terests and the United States sugar pro­ in oleo. which oleomargarine has gained a large ducers. Both need protection. In the Any'policy that results in replacement part of the butter market, has encour­ case of the dairy interests, the producers of butter by oleomargarine will result in aged the vegetable-oil people to make in­ are willing to go much further than are a d<:.~rease in dairying, a decrease in the roads into the market for other dairy the sugar producers in that they are cotton farmers' market for cottonseed products. Vegetable oils have been sub­ willing to eliminate the protective taxes cake, and an increase in his cost for stituted for butterfat in ice cream. and ask only that it be substituted by fertilizer. Vegetable oils have been substituted·for the Wiley-Gillette bill, which would pro­ Soybean oil does not make as good a butterfat in evaporated milk. vide a protection against the infringe­ quality of oleomargarine as does cotton­ The Fulbright bill, if it became a law, ment in their market by substitutes in seed oil. There are so many diversified would open the door to more and more a fraudulent manner. markets for soybeans and for soybean substitution in these vitally important Mr. President, many argue that we oil that it is not necessary for them to food products. While cotton farmers, must not stop progress in any direction; find a market by invading the dairy field. through greater use of cottonseed in the that we must allow cheaper foods to Nothing is- gained by the Nation if ~anufacture of oleomargarine, tempo­ reach our markets, regardless of the con­ one element in our agriculture is to be rarily benefit, it would, in my opinion, sequences to our producers. We have built'up only by tearing down another. only be a short time until cheaper for­ pursued this course much too far already. In my own State of North Dakota sales eign oils would take the place of cotton- · If we keep moving further in that direc­ of dairy products account for 6 percent seed. tion, we shall find ourselves in the same of our total farm income. Sales of The total per capita consumption of position we were in during that disas­ North Dakota farm products used in fats in the United States remains about trous period for agriculture from 1930 to oleomargarine account for only five one­ constant, so an increase in consumption 1940. During that period, every State in thousandths of 1 percent of the State's of vegetable fats results in decreased the Midwest, the greatest farm area total farm income. More than 92 per­ consumption of dairy products. The nu­ in the United States, if not in the world, cent of all the milk sold in North Dakota tritionists agree that our national con­ lost large percentages of their pop­ goes into butter. There is no metro­ sumption of dairy products should bH ulation. These farmers, during that politan market that could absorb the greatly increased for the well-being of period, moved to the cities on the west fluid milk produced in North Dakota and our people. There is ample market fo.r coast and east coast of the United States, many of its surrounding States, if butter vegetable oils in the forms of shorten­ seeking employment when there was markets are handed over to oleo. ings, cooking compounds, salad oils, and little to be had. In North Dakota at that Diversified farming, of which dairy industrial products. That is, if we can time we lost 18 percent of our population, farming is one of the most important • prevent the importation of these from and even to this day have not regained single elements, is essential in soybean­ other parts of the world, which can pro­ the total amount of population enjoyed growing areas and in cotton areas. duce far more cheaply with low-price ln 1930. Most other agricultural areas Mr. President, great soil conservation labor. are in a similar position. authorities have spoken from time to Mr. President, undoubtedly the pas­ This population shift was made nec­ time on the role that dairy farming plays sage of the Fulbright bill would give a essary because there was not a single in conservation of the soil. I wish to temporary advantage, small though I phase of agriculture which was profitable quote here briefly from one of the most am sure it would be, to cotton producers. 1.

270 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-SENATE JANUARY lff There will be little, if any, advantage to try's high-salaried, high-powered lobby­ nearly perfect foods-meat and milk­ the consumers of the United States. ing, p_ublicity and advertising staffs. foods indi-Spensable to an adequate diet Most of the production of oleomargarine There are still others whose selfish per­ for every man, woman, and child in is in the hands of a very few tremen­ sonal interests blind them to the real America. · dously large corporations whose records factors involved in this case. But no one MEAT AND DAIRY PRICES WOULD SKYROCKET do not iI:dicate that they are willing to . with even the sketchiest knowledge of· By the same token, Mr. President, no pass on much, if any, of their savings our delicately balanced farm economy Member of this body who has perused to the consumers by way of lower. prices denies that a monopoly by the powerful the records of past hearings on the oleo­ for oleomargarine. oleomargarine trust ·of the American margarine issue can rationally refute the In my opinion, if the Fulbright . bill table-spread market would "bring eco­ documented statements of reputable should pass, the consumers in the future nomic chaos to our 2,500,000 dairy farm- . farm ,experts who, contend that the. would b~ paying even more for this prod­ ers. - Anyone with even the most super­ slaughter of millions of dairy cows will uct. It would go a long way toward de­ ficial comprehension of this Nation's eventually result in an unprecedented stroying the economy of two and one- . economic history readily concedes that· s.carcity Qf beef, and veal; and milk, and half million small dairy farmers. the butter market is the inexpendable cream, and cheese. ~ They .further pre­ I sincerely hope that the Wiley-Gil­ balance wheel of our great dairy in­ lette substitute will be approved. This dict that such-an eventuality would sky-. dustry, and that our vital dairy industry· 1:ocket the prices of these essential foods,. substitute, while not all that dairy farm­ is the inexpendable stabilizer of our en­ ers would like and are entitled to, will in and of all other dairy ~ products as -well .. tire agricultural economy. · For it is a This condition would be inevitable-since,· some measure protect the great dairy in-· truism among economists that every terests of this Nation. - apart from milk, 40 percent of the Na­ major depression we have suffered in tion's suppl8.. of beef and veal is derived· I add in closing, Mr. President, that I · this country started in agriculture. · Ana· from our dairy· cows. - Consequently, a ~now of no other subject which is closer· currently declining dairy prices· indicate· full-scale massacre of dairy cattle would. to the hearts of the dairy farmers than that the dairy industry is already on the naturally greatly reduce the reproduc­ is the bill now pending before the Senate. brink of a l'eal recession. tive source of calves and the cycle of per­ The PRESIDING OFFICER

1950 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-SENATE 27l restaurants in that State were illegally subject, and I shall subsequently submit MEDICAL :MEN QUESTION MODERN FOOD-PROCESS• serving oleomargarine colored yellow in here scientific data which have con­ ING '.METHODS exact imitation of real butter. The most vinced me that the wholesomeness of Mr. President, Members of this body pertinent and enlightening facet of this these chemical food substitutes is, to say may recall that not too long ago a group investigation, however, is the startling the least, questionable. And I shall also of distinguished medical men, among fact that Arkansas has an oleomargarine show that many of these inorganic foods them pediatricians, nutritionists, bio­ law in etiect which is virtually identical already exist. chemists, and professors of medicine, to the oleomargarine measure now await­ GERMANY DEVELOPING SYNTHETIC FOODS signed and submitted to the Food and ing action by this body. The Arkansas Mr. President. allow me to prove that Drug Administration a resolution in the law permits the serving of yellow oleo­ the fear I express here is not an alarm­ name of the Council of Foods and Nu­ margarine in restaurants, provided cus­ ist's hysteria-not the figment of an un­ trition of the American Medical Asso­ tomers are informed of the substitution bridled imagination. Only recently the ciation. This resolution pertained to the by posted signs and by mention in menus. New York Times reported that two food establishment of standards for . bread Nevertheless, 66 percent of the res­ substitutes had been developed in Frank­ and related products. The outstanding taurants investigated were serving yel­ furt, Germany, where scientists had at­ aggregation of medical men who signed low oleo illegally, and not 1 of the 100 tested . to the fact that the products the resolution included such celebrated restaurants displayed a sign of any kind tasted like and had the same nutritious personages as Dr. Morris Fishbein, edi­ concerning the substitution, or made any qualities as milk and meat. tor of the Journal of the American Medi­ mention in their menus of the switch. Another reliable report, which was sub­ cal Association; Dr. Philip c. Jeans, pro­ To fully appreciate the import of this mitted in testimony before the subcom­ fessor of pediatrics of the University of · comparatively limited investigation, this mittee of the Committee on Agriculture Iowa School of Medicine; Dr. James Wil­ body must consider that Americans eat and Forestry of this body during the son, secretary of the Council of Foods 65,000,000 restaurant meals every day in Seventy-eighth Congress, stated that a and Nutrition of the AMA; Dr. George . the year. method had been developed in Germany R. Cogwill, professor of nutrition at Yale ENFORCEMENT INFEASmLE AND COSTLY for the manufacture of fatty acids, soaps, University School of Medicine; Dr. C. A. Some may argue that the solution to and ·edible fats "rom petroleum paraffin Elvehjem, professor of biochemistry of this fraudulent use of yellow oleo is rigid and from a byproduct of Germany•s the University of Wisconsin and who is enforcement. In answer to that, let me synthetic gasoline plants. generany regarded as one of the Nation's say, Mr. President, the Bureau of the Actually, during 1937, a factory was great biochemists; Dr. Russell M. Wilder. Budget and the Pure Food and Drug Ad­ erected in Germany for the manufac­ chief of medicine at the Mayo Clinic; Dr. ministration have estimated that it ture of artificial fatty acids and syn­ Howard B. Lewis, of the department of would cost the taxpayers five to six mil­ thetic fatty acids were produced from biological chemistry, University of Mich­ lion dollars annually, and would require coal. At that time the Public Health igan; Dr. John B. Youmans, formerly employment of a minimum of 950 addi­ Bureau of the Reich, under the leader­ professor of medicine at Vanderbilt Uni­ tional Federal agents, to make only a ship of a certain professor, Dr. Flossner, versity School of Medicine; these and single check each year of every res­ claimed to have demonstrated what he other distinguished gentlemen of the taurant in this country. They concede, termed the "high value of synthetic world of science and of the medical pro­ however, effective enforcement could not edible fats" after making several experi­ fession, who have investigated the sub­ be achieved with less than one inspection ments. He then released these fats to ject of chemical food substitutes in rela­ each month. Simple arithmetic tells us, the public with the statement: "These tion to the public health, signed the res­ then, that this would involve an expendi­ are the first synthetic food materials in olution. I should like at this time to ture of $60,000,000 annually and employ­ the world for human nourishment." read several excerpts from their resolu­ ment of 11,450 additional Federal agents. Also in Germany, the first full-scale tion: But even then we would have no assur­ plant for the manufacture of edible fats An increasing proportion of the Nation's ance that the very lucrative yellow oleo was erected. This edible fat was pre­ food supply is subjected to industrial proc­ fraud could be controlled. pared in a mulsified form as what was essing. Accordingly, alterations in process- · FRAUD WOULD NOT END IN RESTAURANTS called synthetic butter. ing techniques may have a direct bearing FILLED MILK ACT EFFECTIVE on the quality of the national diet and There is still another fraud possibility health. • • • to examine. The profit ·on a pound o~ I tell you, Mr. President, that I am At the present • • there 1s being oleo is approximateJy 3 cents and the deeply disturbed and earnestly fearful . introduced a new processing practice which profit on a pound of butter is a quarter · that a precedent for the development the council views with considerable appre­ of a cent. It would, therefore, not as­ of such food rubstitutes might be estab­ hension-namely, the widespread addition tonish students of human nature if lished in this country. It would seem of certain stirface.:acttve compounds thousands of unscrupulous tradespeople that Members.of the Sixty-seventh Con­ (shortening extenders) to a variety of foods, especially bread and -Other bakery prod- · were ·to palm otI yellow oleomargarine gress in 1923 were assailed by the same ucts. • • • as butter. In fact. testimony before the fear which now assails me, when they . They are added to foodstuffs during proc­ House and Senate committees showed saw fit to pass the Filled Milk .Act, to essing in. order to aid emulsification. Their that unskilled persons are able to switch regulate the sale of that synthetic-milk . use allows the production of a. smooth­ a pound of oleomargarine from a product, which is a combination of vege- . textured product, often of superior sales · 1-pound oleo carton to a 1-pound butter table oils and skim milk, to imitate evap- . appeal, which contains less fat than one carton in a little more than 1 minute. orated milk. The Filled Milk Act has . made without the extender. In some · in.:. · stances the addition of the agent also per• GLUT OF ERSATZ FOODS MIGHT INJURE PUBLIC proved successful in regulating the sale mits the lowering of the proportions of other · HEALTH and manufacture of imitation evapora­ important food ingredients in the product- · Mr. President, while I realize that the ted milk. But who can say what might for example, the use in bread imparts simi­ points I have made thus far are known have happened to our great dairy indus­ lar properties of freshness. as does the use . to you and to this body, I was impelled try ~nd perhaps even to the public health of nonfat mllk solids. had the Congress failed to anticipate the. to reiterate them as a preface to my Mr. President, I realize it may appear major concern in this issue. I am com­ grave potentialities inherent in the un­ controlled sale of an ersatz milk on the that some of these data have no specific ing now to that imperative matter. I am bearing upon the issue we are debating. intensely concerned lest we pass legisla­ American market. I am unalteraqly opposed to having However, it is all a part of the trend to tion here which would tend to establish· substitute chemistry for nature. And I a dangerous precedent for the indiscrimi ... every new synthesis compounded by am nate sale of synthetic foods to the people chemists introduced into the food trying to prove that this body can­ of America. I am deeply fearful lest stream of this Nation. I am fearful­ not atford to promulgate any law which· America's markets be deluged and glutted and I am not alone in this, for a great might ultimately become the means of encouraging our successors or our col­ with ersatz milk a:o,~ meat and cheese many distinguished scientists agree-I and an unending procession of artificial, am fearful of the deleterious etiect which leagues, in the years ahead, to predicate substitute, inorganic foods such as those such a synthetic diet might ultimately other, similar laws upon our ill-advised that were developed in Hitler's Reich. I have upon the systems of every man, conclusions-conclusions not formed in am doing considerable research on this woman, and child in this country. the public interest. Toward forestalling 272 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-SENATE JANUARY .. 10 such determinations I must give you all .The synthetic foods that this spokes­ protein-comple.te and incomplete. Meat the facts at my disposal. man referred to consist of a combina­ is a complete, protein food. SYNTHETIC FATS STILL UNFIT FOR HUMANS tion of protein extracts f:rom such diverse NO PROOF SYNT;t-IETIC -FOODS HARMLESS TO MAN I can give authenticated facts, Mr. sources as soybeans, peanuts, wood, ·This statement, regardless of its President, relating to potential, chemi­ wheat, corn, and even · coal. The syn­ source, makes sound sense to me. The cally produced oleomargarine which fol­ thetic milk produced by this group of recurring, blatant fact which unceas­ low the same line as the facts I have sub­ scientists is already being distributed in ingly · continues to disturb me is that mitted concerning new processes in the German rations. everyw}lere I seek information, every manufacture of bread. For example, in .The synthetic meat is actually a mix­ avenue and channel of research I pursue, March of 1949 the Nutrition Division of ture of 50 percent ·ordinary meat and fails to_disclose a single scrap of conclu­ the Food and Agricultural Organization 50 percent vegetable proteins. It is pre­ sive evidence that _these artificially con­ of the United Nations issued a booklet pared in the form of sausage~. such as ceived and artifieially produced foods if on synthetic fats entitled, "Synthetic liyerwurst and sala~i; Those two prod­ cqnsumed ovei· long periods of time Fats, Their Potential Contribution to ucts have . also gone on the market in Germany. There ·was a third synthetic would no.t b·e deleterious to human be­ World Food Requirement." Contained ings. I have discovered innumerable in this booklet is a complete story of the food which they attempted to 'produce: 100-percent vegetable protein, but it references - and stateµients by chemists, development of . synthetic fats to . take a .biochemists, nutriti9pists, doctors, · and the place of organic foods. In tracing · was rejected because it was not thought to be palatable enough. However, the scientists relating to experiments with the possibiltties that might arise, the synthetized, artificially produced foods booklet has this to say about synthetic , spokesman -stated that expe'riments _were continuing. He said-and the,re is a fine on rats, rabbits, and 'other animals. But margarines: analogy to be drawn from this: not.a .single word cant find that uncon­ 'No final conclusion on the nutritional ditionally attests 'to the harmlessness of value of synthetic fats can be drawn at the We can even produce a "roast beef" so these synthetic products to man. present time. The available information that you would not know the difference from emphasized the need for further experimental th_e real thing. · . LA Wl\1A:KERS CANNOT AFFORD TO BE CASUAL work. . SYNTHETIC FOOD "CAPSULES" .A P9S.SIBILITY It is true that several toxicologists and -It would, however, clearly be premature to That, Mr. President, is precisely what nutritionists recently testified before the advocate the large-scale manufacture of the oleomargarine manufacturers are.at­ Food and Drug Administration in sup­ synthetic fats for human consumption, pend­ tempting to do in relation to butter. port of .certain manufacturers' claims ing the collection of more complete and th.at their products were harmless. Bear satisfactory experimental and clinical data. They are trying ·to make oleomargarine look and taste so much like butter that in mind, however, that these· witnesses That is a striking example of the point you would not know the di~erence fr.om w·ere brought there by the manufacturers I am debating here. That is a definite the real thing. Yes, and that is the of the products then under scrutiny. indication of what can happen when paramount evil which this body must nip Y-0u may also recollect that many ·un­ genii of chemistry set to work to substi­ in the bud now, or else be prepared to explainable irregularities-involving the tute their alchemy for orgfl,nic fats and see the dairy cow put out of business deaths of rats, dogs, and other animals oils or any of nature's foodstuffs. Ob­ and our great dairy industry doomed. who · had been fed the substitute f.oods serve their admitted uncertainty as to Then, before too long, we would see syn­ then under discussion-were revealed at the final results of this development. thetic "roast beef," chemical vegetables, these hearings by-the representatives of Their indecisiveness is,patently obvious ersatz steak, bread and butter, all con­ the Food and Drug Administration. One when they say: cocted . in chemical laboratories, and doctor of medicine on the pay roll of the It would, however, cl~arly be premature piped to the dinner tables of the people Atlas Powder Co. t3stified to the effect to advocate the large-scale manufacture of of America. Nor is it impossible to con­ that in the course of experiments quan­ synthetic fats for human consumption. · ceive that in the course of time these tities of the Atlas Co. 's chemicals had been fed to some 60 medical students for Mr. President, I do not wish to make a same test-tube geniuses will develop in- · organic foods synthesized to a point : the period of a month, and that a large nuisance of myself through unnecessary segment of these students reported mani­ repetition, but I must say again that my where perhaps all we shall have to do to be thoroughly nourished, even sati­ festations of diarrhea~ belching pruritis principal concern in this issue is for the itching, and other symptoms. ' When health of the people of America. This ated, will be to gulp a minute capsule, i followed by a short sip ·of water. But read that. testimony, Mr. President the body wil1 agree that thus far all the evi­ thing that impressed me most forcibly­ dence I have presented indicates that I dread to think what would be the effect upon our public health if we had to sub­ and· I know it must have similarly im­ science has only a fragmentar¥ knowl­ p;ressed some of my colleagues in this edge of the effect of these inorganic, syn­ sist on this ·unnatural, man-made chem­ ical diet, from the cradle to the grave. body-was the casual manner in which thetic foods upon the human system. the witness, after having made the ad­ Nevertheless, I contend that if we per­ MEAT INSTITUTE OFFICIAL REPLIES ~.issions I haye just d~scrib~<:f. dispensed mit oleomargariile to masquerade in the In this connection, Mr. President, I with the subJect by simply stating that guise of real creamery butter, by passing should like to read to you a short state­ all the so-called side effects disappeared legislation to legalize the movement of ment made by Wesley Hardenbergh, aiter the first 2 weeks of f ~_eding. yellow oleomargarine in interstate com­ which some people are apt to regard as merce,· we shall be opening the road for biased, since the gentleman is affiliated FOOD LAWS LACK TEETH an interminable stream of these un­ with the American Meat Institute. . I believe most strongly that we would proven, laboratory-conceived, chemically Nevertheless, Mr. Hardenbergh made this be criminally negligent in our sworn duty concocted inorganic foods. statement in reply to the report I have were we to emulate that complacency. Conversely, perhap::; we should adopt as FRAUD LATENT IN SYNTHETIC-FOOD DISTRIBUTION just read to you concerning the develop­ o.ur catechism the s~ atement made by Dr. Let me go back for a moment to the ment of synthetic foods in Germany. Said Mr. Hardenbergh: R. M. Wilder, professor of medicine of German report, referred to previously, the Mayo Clinic, in Rochester, Minn. which appeared in the New York Times. This is another of the long series of dis­ This distinguished medical professor A spokesman, in Germany, in· announc­ coveries as to .how people can get the nutri­ tion of meat from a pill, a capsule, the end made the following comment during a ing the advent of the chemical food sub­ result of ·some chemical process, field er.ops speech· before the National ·Nutrition stitutes which had been developed there grown for farm animals, minute animal life Conference in this .very city, in May of by a group of Allied and German scien­ that swims in the sea, protein derived from 1941: tists, stated: sawdust, a combination of powdered vege­ The machinery for Government regulation · This is potentially the greatest innovation tables, and so on. of foods was devised to prevent the sale of in human feeding since people began to . For example, the flavor of .meat does not spoiled; adulterated," or misbranded foods. cook. This is a big statement, but it is true. come from monosodiumglutamate. This Witli notable exceptions in certain bureaus These synthetic foods can be a boon not prod}lct is supposed to enhance the flavor of of the Department of Agriculture, little at­ only to the people of Germany but to hungry various foods. tention has been given to the nutritive qual­ areas throughout the world. They are cheap For another example, the statement ls ities of human foods. The interest in gen­ and could be useful in the United ' States made that all protein is alike. This emphat­ eral hes been mo!"e in protecting pocketboolts tbo. ically is not ·true. There are two ·kinds of than health. Also unhappily some food leg- i950 CONGRESSIONAL-RECORD-· .. SENATE 273

islation lias discriminated in favor of speCial fr"om·' this·; bUt ·only 'because ~the · amounts ASSEMBLY LINE OF .SYNTHETICS WOULD DISPLACE interest groups with large political influence consumed had been· foo small and the pe­ REAL FOODS to the detriment of the pubUc at large. ·riod of .feeding had been too short. Other­ I do not want this body to lose track DAIRY FARMERS DO NOT SEEK TO RETARD WHITE wise, this attempt to use synthetic edible fats could have _done great harm. of my determined objection to the col­ OLEO TRADE oration of oleomargarine in exact imita­ · Mr. President, it would perhaps be EXPERTS CITE DEFICIENCIES IN OLEO . tion of real · butter. - That unalterable apropos at this ·time to remind this body Some idea of how the scientists, ·nutri­ objection . is founded upon a terrible that the dairy ·farmers are not in the tionists, toxicologists, and blologists re­ dread that national legalization of yel­ least concerned about fair' competition garq the comparative virtues· of butter low oleomargarine would inevitably be with the oleomargarine· industry. · In and present-day oleomargarine may be the forerunner of-an ·interminable as­ fact, the dairy indiistry has no desire to had from se.veral statements which I sembly line of only partially proven syn­ suppress the sale of'oleomargarine ih its have taken from various authoritative thetic foods of every conceivable variety. natural, white: !Orm-tpe most"econom­ sources. T. B. Osborne and L. B. Mendel, Nor do I hesitate to predict here that .if ical forni in which the public can ptir-, in their joint paper •iTfie Influence of we lower .the.legal bars and permit oleo­ chase the product. Consequently it can Butterfat on Growth,'' state in. p~rt: margarine to further disguise itself as be stated here that· the dairy intiustry­ Little has been Eaid in the past of th.e vita­ butter we shall live to see the tragic the farnier·s and those of us wli'o· are sup­ min E content of. butter, 'but it appears to tisurpati-en of our great national store­ porting arid 'cosponsoring the Glllette­ b'e present -in significant quantities. on: a house of natural foods by ingeniously Wiley substitute amehdme'nt-coincide diet in wliich all vitamin-E:.containing sub­ cheinicalized · syntheses of every God­ stances, except butter, were removed, test in our desire to protect the 'pocketbooks . animals contiritied to reproduce 'ana did not given food from fish to fowl. It is with as well as the physical well-beip.g of the. otherwise exhibit symptoms of vitamin. E this potentiality in mind that I beseech people· of America, for it must be' borne deficiency. The removal of butter from the this body to ponder carefully and soberly in mind that if we were' to legalize the diet, however, saw the cessation of all repro­ the cataclysmic economic repercussions manufacture and sale of yellow oleomar­ ductive powers. The p'resence of butter in which would unquestionably result from garine, we would be dooming the so­ the diet of persons receiving no other supply the displacement of millions of pounds called poor ·man's . spread. ·This -would of vitamin E, wlien furnished in amounts up of real fish and meat and vegetables and be a virtual , certainty simply because to 10 'percent, assures not only' reasonable success in reproduction, but is followed .by eggs and milk and a legion of other real, when the oleomargarine manufacturers notable success in lactation. basic foods-displacement by artificial, no longer had to compete against their conglomerate mixtures such as those own white product, the · poor man's E. J: Schantz, C. A. Elvehjem, and E. D. produced in Frankfort, Germany. spread-white oleomargine-would dis­ Hart go even farther along this line in CHEMISTS SEiEMINGL Y AS DUBIOUS AS DOCTORS appear from the market. The Gillette­ their collaboration in Dairy Science. · Senators have heard me quote several Wiley s.ubstitute amend~ent also seeks They state: statements ,. by doctors, and even by to protect the public health by ref us- · [There .ls. a] ne~d for butterfat,' if 'repro­ . ing. to sanction a national law which :?uction powe·rs are to remain normal: chemists, whom we cari certainly assume would permit 28 oleomargarine corpora­ would be the least likely· to be prejudiced , , On the other hand, let us observe what in behalf of my contentions concerning tions to imitate exactly an admittedly the same experts have to say on the same . superior product. However, I am not the danger of allowing these man-made subject in relation to oleomargarine. food substitutes to masquerade as real here to· debate whetJ;ler butter is more Schantz, Elvehjem, and Hart write: wholesome or less .wholesome than oleo­ , foods;' Yet these men of chemistry seem­ - The nutritional inferiority of butter sub­ ingly are curiously conservative and fre­ margarine. I repeat, my ultimate con­ stitutes is reflected in their inability_to pro­ .cern and contention is that regardless of mote growth, .or even sustain reproduction quently equivocal and obscure whenever comparative nutritive values, oleomar­ in test animals. A series of animal tests they comment upon their own chemical garine should not be permitted to cam­ placed half the rats on a diet incluqing vege:. creations or those of their colleagues. ·ouft.age itself so perfectly as-butter that table oils, and the other · half received a Henry C. Sherman, professor emer.itus in being permitted legally to do · so, we .diet in which the vegetable oils were re­ of chemistry ~t Columbia University, throw open the legislative flood gates and .placed with butter. The group on.vegetable and a world-wide authority on ersatz allow a deluge of ·experimental, syn­ oils had a lower growth . rate. They also tended to have a lower birth rate, and pro­ foods, speaking of . the development of thetic, possibly harmful·· chemical foods duced unsatisfactory . offspring. A third food substitutes in Germany, had this to to descend up-on the-market places of this group . was. prQ.ced on_ a diet which ,excluded say: ' ·Nation. butter, and their weigbt stumped one-third. '_ There is no doubt that more use can be FURTHER PROOF OF SCIENTISTS' UNCERTAINTY The replacement of mil.k and butter in the made of vegetable proteins whenever there is ABOUT SYNTHETIC FATS ·diet promptly returned · their weight to :sufficient reason for doing so. Soybeans ;:tnd normal. : M:r. Presideht, I shotiid like· to further peanut proteins have very neaTly ·the same ·substantiate"Iny ·claim that the s-cientiSts EVEN A LEGALIZED SYNTHETIC PRODUCE MAY . nutritive quality as ·meat proteins but the 'are exceedingly dubious as to the effects BE HARMFUL mixture would not be allowed to be called -' of synthetic· foods upon human beings. Mr. President, I said I was not here to 'a new form of meat here, and should not be. I should like to quote 'a brief excerpt from debate the comparative nutritive values Those words of a distinguished chem­ a letter signed by Dr. F. H. Rein, of Goet­ of .butter and oleomargarine. That is _ist reflect the reason why extreme cau­ tingen, Germany. Dr. Rein, who is a-sso- true. The comparisons I have just made tion should be the watchword of this . ciated with the Physiological Institute of are not submitted here in an effort to body in approaching the far-reaching the University of Goettingen, writes: prejudice the minds of Members of this issue before us. In the method of hydrogenation· of coal body against oleomargarine as a f o'od, or I venture to say, Mr. President, the according to Fischer-Tropsch for the pur­ ·to imply that oleomargarine· is not a _reason why all reputable scientists ap­ pose of gasoline synthesis, the so-called wholesome product. I have submitted proach the problem of synthetic· foods paraffin-gatsch is obtained as a byprnduct. these comparisons solely in an endeavor to show that some scientists and food ex­ so cautiously is that they are looking to "Gatsch," as refen:f;d to by Dr. Rein, perts harbor grave· doubts concerning the future with the same awe and fear is a byproduct of the carbon monoxide the wholesomeness or harmfulness even as I am-pondering what terrible effect hydrogenation process originated ·in ·of a synthetic produce which already has these synthetic, inorganic foods might Germany under Hitler, which I have al­ the official blessing of our Food and Drug have on the nor:rp.al physical and mental ready commented upon. Administration, and which is being con­ growth .of our future generations. It is possible to obtain fatty acids through sumed this very day by millions of men, Let me call attention to the conclusions oxidation or the paraffin contained therein. women, and children here and abroad. which appeared in a paper in the Journal · T:qese fatty acids wtre e~terified with glycer­ ine and il). this manner_ a "fat" was pro­ Yet. I could ·produce scores of similar of Nutrition, written by R. K. Boutwell, duced, which during the war, to n. small ex­ ·statements which reflect this wavering R. P. Geyer, C. A. Elvehjem, and E. B. tent, was given to the German population indetermination in the scientific and Hart, all of whom are attached to the · and to the German Army as an e.dible fat. near-scientific woflds concerning the .Department of Biochemistry, Co!lege of NeitP,er severe sfoknesses nor death occurred· wholesomeness of oleomargarine. Agriculture, University of Wisconsin. XCVI--18 274 · CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-SENA TE JANUARY 10 On the subject of filled milk, they wlite in prohibit the adulteration of bread or flour we have seen the children of those -coun­ effect, as follows: with synthetic materials of any kind, If tries which have carefully guarded and the vitamin content .is to be raised, it must nurtured their dairy industry--the hap­ These da ta are related directly to the be done by .retaining the original factors, not question of the desirabUity of allowing 'the by adding new ones of unknown effect. py, healt hy ehiidren of Norway, Den­ man ufacture .of .a filled milk which :may be­ mark, Sweden, and Holland. These come the ,sole source of nutrition for the CHINA ALSO DEV£1JOPS SYNTHETIC FOODS youngsters,, like the average child in growing child. The data .make it .apparent Singularly enough, Mr. Prnsident, de­ America, are weil-fed, bright-eyed. that a great responsibility would be thrown spite these grave warnings, the tendency plump-cheek-ed, intelligent,. and -alert. on th0se who believe that such a product as to imitate the world's basic foods is more filled milk .as the sole article of nutrition Mr. President. this is the mafor reason could function adequately in early nutrition. manifest than ever· before, even in dis­ why I say that we cannot afiord to take Unpublished data have shGwn -definitely tant lands. Christopher Rand, a Yale the first step toward tendering the chem­ that filled milks are inferior tG whole milk in graduate who served in the OWI in China ical oorporations of this country unlim­ growth-promoting propertles when fod to du.ring the war and .a,fterward as a cor­ ited license to tamper with nature's young rats. By a filled milk we mean a re.spondent in China ·ror the New York handiwork, :and then to sen the resulting skimmed milk fortified by vegetable oil to Herald Tribune., writing in the May 1949 con<:Gct ~ ons oo the people of this Nation. the same fat level as a whole milk. issue of the Atlantic, .say.s~ I fully realized when I adopted the VEGETABLE on..s AS SUBSTITUTE FOJl BUT111E& It may be, as some experts claim, that milk stand that I ran the risk of having this C:A USE BONE FRAGU..rrY and m.eat are necessitie.s in any hum-an diet, b.ody regard me as a r€aclionary or per­ I could submit endless .scientific data and that their .absence ieaves an intolerable haps as one who seeks to retard the of similar substanre and I assure Sena.­ vaeuum. Indeed, this 'Claim is borne out progress .of sdenee. :But I promise the · by the Chinese themselves for they have tors that reading these scientific com­ taken a seemingly most unlikely objeet, tke Senate it is neither my desire n-0r inten­ ments has given me pause-particularly soybean, and from it have worked out a series tion to plaoe curbs on .chemistry or sci­ all the scientific projections relating w of foods that duplicate, to an -amazing extent ence in their relation to civilization'.s tb.e mental and physical weU-being of tbe w.hat cows ,giv-e us. By griud:io.g soybeans progress. I merely contend that a na­ generati-ons to come, not to mention the in smali, primitive mili:s they make a white ti-on like ours, which can boast of an un­ many doubts expressed concern,ing the fhlid called tou .chang, that tastes 'Somewhat paralleled heritage in natural f.ood re­ virtues of elements which are contained like .milk, that iOdks llk-e it exeept for being sources, which can boast of our rich on tbe :bluish s,ide, and that is .saiOd, sucll as those inspired in time of bones, resulting in their fragility. junk.et, which is.often cured into a brown ~nd of war in Hitler's food-drained Reich, more leathery .substance called tou fu k--an~ to supplan.t foods produced by nature. Substantiating this statement. G. It Either· way it is cooked 1nto soups and stews I predi-ct that many <>f the5e .synthetio Zei:.thr.aus, M. N:eymark, and E . .M. Wid­ as tf it were :meat. It has about the same protein content, and -0! course it is mucm ·conglomerations would not only prove mark, in a comparative investigation of injuri-0us to our public health, but would the influence of butter and margarine Dl.Ql'e in line with the Chinese emphasis on the vegetable kingdom. The poor can .eat wreck the dairy industry .and precipitate on the calcium assimilation of growing it relatively often. It has a religious use a national depression. and full-grown rats in full vitamin sup­ among Chinese Buddhists, w~o .ar.e vege­ Mr. President, I do not propose to lend ply, have this to say~ tarians. Some Buddhist temples operate my support to any legislation which Deealcification of bones, resulting in tb.etr restaurants where the idea is to imitate all would be the means of making people of fragility, may well be a result of a vitamin-.F sorts of meat -disbes with bean curd. The this Nation human guinea pigs for the deficiency since margarine is mferlor to but­ imitati-0n is very ;realistic, and things lik-e ter 'in caicium resorption even on a full diet pork chops and drumsticks are copied ex­ unending experiments of every scientist, of the other vitamins. actly. Bean curd ls even sometimes plckled. bioch.emist_ nutritionist, and synthesist "Until !t becomes a .cheeseU.kie .substanee, who might be inspired to produce a These and the previousiy .submitted called tou fu ju. You can't say it tastes chemical food .substitute~ scientific statements relating to the prin­ Uke R.oquef-ort or L1ederkranz or Camem­ bert, but it is the same general orde.r of SOYBEAN AND COTTO.NSEED OlL PRODUCTS DO Nor cipal ingredients of an already legalized STAND :ro GAIN food product, must certainly impress this 'thing. Some American cheese fanciers have body with the imperativ·eness of extreme become 'V.ery fond .of It. Actually, I sincerely believe that many caution in reaching a determinatfon on of the deluded pressure groups wh-0 favor In the same article, Mr. Rand .goes on the yellow oleomargarine legislation now tbe vital issue before us. This alone to say: should suffice to convince even the most before us will be the first ones to accuse During the war I was stationed .for .some us of short-sightedness if we permit ship­ cynical among us of the unseen dangers · time in the south China hinterland, and that lie ahead if our judgment in this there I came to realize that dairy cows .have ment in interstate commerce of oleo­ almost no place in Chinese life. The peas­ margarine colored in exact imitation ()f case should err. However, I shall sub­ butter. Yes, the cottonseed-.oil produc­ mit evidence and stiil more evidence to ants around. me made their Uiving by in­ tensive hand farming, rea1ly gardening, on ers and the produ~ers of edible fats and justify my fears in this momentous mat­ small rlce pad.dies. They were constantly oils. as well as soya- and peanut-butter ter and in a solemn endeavor to enlist .having children, -and their whole idea was <>ils, who now stand firmly against those the unanimous support of this body to to feed as many mouths from each paddy as of us who are sponsoring the Gillette­ prevent an ersatz food monopoly on these they could. To this end they lived almost Wiley substitute amendment, and those shores. · entirely on rice, with a sprinkling of vege­ tables and with a few bits of meat on feast of our ·constituents who favor the oleo CANADA LAW PROHIBITS SYNTHETIC .ADULTERA- days. · legislation, wm later turn upon us if we TION OF BREAD pass this yellow oleomargarine bill. As ORGANIC FOODS ESSENTIAL TO CHILD HEALTH Perhaps one the most .specific state­ it is, the Gillette-Wiley substitute ments on the subject at hand was con-. Mr. President, we have all seen news amendment is a_compromise bill which tained in an article by Agnes Fay Mor­ reels of China in which the pathetic, we are accepting in lieu of stronger gan in Science magazine. She writes: prematurely old faces of Chinese chil­ legislation. It removes · all the taxes No food is safe, unless it is free of any dren, their stomachs bloated from an from oleomargarine, and I am in favor kind of synthetic a-dulteration, representing unvarying diet of rice, peer out at us of removing them, but I can assure crude attempts to replace -valuable organic from the screen.. telling us the tragic you that the soybean-oil produ~ers and constituents lost in processing. Wherever story of malnutrition better than any the cottonseed-oil producers are going this h:as been attemptoo, the result has been words I can use here. We have seen to rue the day when they determined found futile, and has proven to be actually pictures of African children and chil­ dangerous. Tests made on dogs with White to line up on tbe oleomargarine side flour fortified with synthetic vitamins dren from New Guinea, half-starved lit­ of this issue. A rude awakening awaits demonstrated that the fortified fl.our kiUed tle gamins, many of them diseased, be• these pawns in the oleomargarine dogs .quiolrnr than the o!d white .fiour, un­ cause they have been subjected to a diet strategy because when the taxes are re­ fortified. That is why Canadian laws now consisting mainly of coconuts. Then, moved, the powerful oleomargarine car- 1950 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-SENATE 275 tel which, as I have pointed out, is· fa­ I would like to explain what is provided revenue loss on an annual basis was thered by Unilever, Ltd., of London, will · in this amendment. computed to be about $628,000,000. The import copra oil which they can produce The language of my amendment is category in which the largest single loE:s at slave-labor prices on their own African identical with that which is sometimes of revenue occurs is admissions. The plantations, and the soybean-oil and cot­ called the Johnson amendment, spon­ admissions tax is primarily a tax on the tonseed-oil producers will then become sored by the Senator from Colorado [Mr. average man when he goes to inexpensive the forgotten men of the oleomargarine JOHNSON], and now pending on the Sen­ places of amusement, such as motion­ industry. - ate Calendar as a part of House bill picture theaters. In my judgment, this PRECEDENT IS POWERFUL IN LAW 3905. In preparing this amendment I tax is particularly objectionable, since it . No, Mr. President, I shall not help to have made no changes whatever from is paid very largely by the poor man and hoist a signal flag for every experimenter the language of the Johnson amendment, not by thJ rich man. in chemical foods and every lobbyist-for even though I have personally been in­ Mr. President, I hope the Senate will · the chemical corporations to pounce terested in several other changes in ex- . not feel that my proposal is merely an upon us and . upon the Pure Food and cise rates. I retained the language· of attempt to load down the oleomargarine Drug Administration with the chalienge: House bill 3905 exactly as it was reported bill with amendments. This question of · "If you permit the oleomargarine pro­ by the Senate Flnance Committee, be­ revising the excise-tax structure has d,ucers to manufacture and self a wholly cause those particular reductions have , been before us for several years, but the-' &ynthetic _product which smells, tastes,. alr~ady been passed on by the Senate Congress has never had a real chance and even looks like real butter, why can. Finance Committee and have received its · to vote on the -question. If my amend­ we not then have equal privilege to pro­ stamp of approval. In voting on my ment should be rejected, there is no_ duce synthetic meats, cheeses, ice creams, amendment when it comes up, there­ guaranty at all that we shall have an­ fore, · Members . of the Senate \7ill ·be other chance to vote .on excise-tax re­ milk and eggs?" ad _infinitum, ad. voting on something which has already· nauseam. . quction at this session of Congress. · Tlie-. been favorably acted on by the com- . leadership has given us-no definite guar- ; CHEMICAL COMPANIES WOULD DUPLICATE • OLEO mittee. · anty that' excise-tax reduction will be PROPAGANDA. IF YELLOW OLEO IS LEGALIZED The changes provided by this amend­ perm'itted to come up for action this · Mr. President, those of us who have ment affect ·admissions, electric-light year. If my amendment is defeated · served on this body for any length of bulbs, furs, jewelry, luggage, toilet prep­ therefore, it is very possible that thes~ time and those of us who have practiced arations, communications, transporta­ burdensome tax rates will continue as at the bar are fully cognizant of the tion of persons, a11d photographic ap­ a part of the tax structure for at least Power of a precedent. Surely we are paratus. In the case of admissions, furs, another yes.r, if not longer. not so naive as to think that the· great most jewelry, and toilet preparations the. Inasmuch ~s b~th the committee bill chemical manufacturing companies of rate would be-reduced from 20 percent to· and the Gillette-Wiley substitute are this Nation and in many countries abroad 10 percent. Watches selling at retail for before us at this time, I am moved to ask are sitting idly by, twiddling their not more than $65, and alarm clocks the Senator from Wisconsin [Mr. thumbs, while this potentially vast new selling for not more than $5, which are WILEY], who has ta~en the lead in pro­ industrial' vista looms in the distance .. now taxed at 10 percent, would continue posing this substitute, whether at this We can be sure that this is not the case. to carry the 10 percent rate. · We would be safe in the assumption that time he will accept my amendment as a The rate on electric-light .bulbs would part of his sul;>stitute? the geniuses of chemistry are, this very be reduced from 20 percent to 5 percent. instant, busily engaged over their test The tax on transportation of persons Mr. WILEY. Mr. President, a few days tubes in their laboratories, developing would be reduced from 15 percent to 10 ago at a conference of some 15 or 16 Sen­ synthetic chemical foods of every variety percent. The rate on local telephone ators who are cosponsors of the bill, the against the day when we of this body charges would be reduced from 15 to 10 other cosponsors not being able to be might make the fatal error of creating percent, and the rates on other types of present, this matter was debated. I per­ the loophole which would open the way communication would be reduced from sonally offered a similar amendment to for their lobbyists and propagandists to their present scale of from 8 to 25 per­ the original bill. The substitute meas­ repeat the performance so skillfully in­ cent to a scale running from 5 to 20 ure affects a tax similar to other excise flicted upon us by the Oleomargarine percent. taxes now imposed, with this difference, Trust. But I do not wish to see this In the case of luggage, the retailers' that when th~ oleo tax was adopted there prognostication proved correct. I be­ excise tax of 20 percent is eliminated never was any promise that it would be lieve this body is sufficiently wise and entirely, and in its place the manufac­ repealed, but when the war excise taxes farseeing to detect and correctly analyze turers' tax of 10 percent is restored. were adopted, . they were adopted with · the profoundly subtle implications in­ The manufacturers' tax applies to fewer the condition and with the promise that volved in the complex problem which we articles than does the present retailers' they would be repealed as soon as the are here to consider today. excise tax. For example, it does not war was over. The war has been over, Mr. President, I have unbounded con­ apply to · ladies' handbags but is re­ and so I feel that in all justice if we are fidence· and faith that my colleagues will stricted only to trunks, valises, traveling going to have an elimination of one ex­ weigh their decision on this measure bags, suitcases, hat boxes for use by cise tax we might as well have a debate without narrow partisanship. But, in travelers, fitted toilet cases, and other in relation to the elimination of all ex­ conclusion, I make this solemn plea: travelers' luggage, and leather and imi­ cise taxes, or a modification thereof. Think and think and think again, and tation-leather brief cases. Therefore I accept as part of the substi­ then think once more before Senators The tax rates on photographic equip­ tute measure the amendment suggested. utilize the power vested in them by the ment have been especially burdensome I modify my amendment accordingly. · people of this Nation to countenance the and have apparently sharply reduced Mr. MAGNUSON. Mr. President, will possible. defilement of our c9untry's nat­ sales and employment in that vital in­ the Senator from Wisconsin yield? ural food supply by the unknown quanti­ dustry. The tax on cameras and camera Mr. WILEY. I yield. ties of chemistry. Think and think still equipment was particularly high-25 Mr. MAGNUSON. As I understand, again before crucifying 2,500,000 dairy percent-and was imposed early in the the Senator is nierely accepting the farmers .and plunging millions of other war for the prim~ry . purpose of dis­ amendment of the Senator from Ne­ Americans into the depths of a depres- couraging civilians from purchasing such braska to become a part of his amend­ . sion merely to gratify the greed of the equipment at a time when the national ment, and to lie on the table . Oleomargarine Trust. defense needed virtually the entire out­ Mr. WILEY. It becomes a part of my Mr. President, yesterday I presented put of the industry. By the terms of amendment, the substitute amendment. an amendment to the pending measure my amendment, the present 25-percent We are not .voting on any amendment. which provided for a fairly broad reduc­ rate on cameras and camera equipment, Mr. MAGNUSON. It becomes a part tion of. the excise-tax structure, particu­ and the 15-percent rate on films, would of the substitute amendment? · larly the rates which were set in the. both be reduced to 10 percent. Mr. WILEY. That is correct. Revenue Act of 1943. For the conven­ Last year when this proposal was un­ The PRESIDING OFFICER. .

TABLE 11.-Materials used in the manufacture of oleomargarine, United States, by calendar years 1928-48 !In thousands of pounds]

Ingredient 1928 1929 1930 1931 1932 1933 1934 1935 1936 1937

Corn oiL ______------21 159 51 54 341 4 32 1, 238 l, 796 Cottonseed oiL------_ 26, 931 30, 173 27, 448 16, 028 15, 098 17, 997 54, 778 99, 504 108, 106 173, 617 Peanut oiL ------__ ------6, 329 6, 307 5, 787 4, 598 2, 511 2,635 2, 744 4,369 4, 140 2,880 11 2, 255 622 3 7 24 1, 740 14, 261 31, 791 28 37 37 ~~b~;a~~~tl6ie i======·======------28- -- ·------,..------Total domestic vegetable------33, 309 36, 519 35, 686 21, 336 17, 666 20, 980 57, 551 105, 685 127, 745 l======l======l======l======l======l======:l======1======1======I======210, 084 Babassu oiL------,------·- .• ____ ---- ______·- ·------___ -- -- 1, 838 16, 114 14, 607 Coconut oiL------159, 852 185, 507 177, 990 133, 118 123, 219 150, 096 123, 678 174, 315 150, 465 73, 806 Palm oil ______·------1, 169 1, 523 861 2, 428 261 544 66 3 1, 400 1,063 Other vegetable 2_ ------91 1 55 253 ------602 2, 915 7,947 Total foreign vegetable_------161, 112 187, 031 178, 906 135, 799 123, 480 150, 640 123, 744 176, 758 170, 894 97, 423 Lard neutraL __ ----___ ------___ ----____ ------__ 25, 722 22, 628 14, 905 9, 665 9,415 8, 959 7, 486 3, 005 2, 199 1, 748 Oleo oiL ___------______44, 795 48, 226 38, 916 18, 786 12, 453 15, 095 21, 872 18, 227 18, 330 12, 278 Oleo stearin. _ ------5, 658 6, 134 6,024 4,884 3,684 3, 120 3, 478 2,612 3, 550 3, 375 Ofoo stock ______------____ 1,440 1, 168 1, 275 814 470 829 1, 454 2, 390 1, 930 1,318 Other animal 3------2, 627 3, 018 l, 693 331 39 7 11 1 ------Total animaL------80, 242 81, 174 62, 813 34,480 26, 061 28,010 34, 301 26, 335 26, 009 18, 719 Total all fats and oils ______274, 663 304, 724 277, 405 191, 615 167, 207 199, 630 215, 596 308, 678 324, 648 326, 226 Milk (mostly skim)_------93, 493 98, 840 90, 201 61, 519 49, 044 58, 417 61, 903 83, 307 76, 386 72, 846 Vitamin concentrate------Salt and other "conditioning" ingredients'------26, 604 29, 320 27, 640 17, 549 12, 991 14, 806 16, 619 22, 520 21, 386 19, 073 Total miscellaneous __ ------120, 097 128, 160 117, 841 79, 068 62, 035 73, 223 78, 522 105, 827 97, 772 91, 919

Grand totaL __ ------394, 760 432, 884 395, 246 270, 683 229, 242 272, 853 294, 118 414, 505 422, 420 418, 145 See footnotes at end of table. 280 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-SENATE JANUARY 10

TABLE 11.-Materials used in the manufacture of oleomargarine, U'nited States, by calendar years 1928-48-Continued [In thousands of poun4s1

Ingredieµt 1938. 19::!9 1940 1941 1942 1943 1944 1945 1946 1947 1948

Com oil. .. ·------~------566 489 421 627 1, 690 5, 827 11, 480 9, 174 6, 589 6, 651 1, 345 Cottonseed oil.______142, 858 98, 656 115, 946 149, 930 166, 444 252, 109 215, 008 253, 997 222, 814 322, 552 452, 691 Peanut oil______3, 593 2, 445 1, 730 2, 210 920 4, 564 12;295 10, 215 13, 794 17, 500 11, 269 Soybean oiL------39, 885 70,822 87, 103 75, 634 133, 3~6 198, 020 211, 105 206, 642 200, 681 227, 594 252, 7~ Other vegetable•------27 i2 13 12 259 4, 562 1, 644 138 67 130 1~~~~11--~~- 1 ~~~-1-~~~- 1 -~~~- 1 -~~~- 1 -~~~- 1 -~~~- 1 -~~~-1-~~~ 1 -~~- Total domestic vegetable.----- 186, 929 172, 424 205, 213 228, 413 302, 659 465, 082 451, 532 480, 166 443, 945 . 574, 427 718, 050 l======l======l:======l======l======l======l======l======i======1=====:::;=1======Babassu oiL·------11, 547 13, 942 6, 150 946 Coconut oiL------89, 520 38, 519 21, 780 29, 786 Palm oil ______------1 4 4, 991 Other vegetable•------4, 815 473 ------1, 061 1-~~-1--~~- 1·~~~- 1 -~~~- 1 -~~~- 1 -~ Totalforeignvegetable______l======105, 882 l======52,935 :======27,934 l======36,784 l======6,014 l======------l======:======l======14,508 !======21,214 I======5,471 Lard neutral______1, 464 1, 355 5, 100 8, 300 8, 133 10, 694 9, 360 5, 786 2, 058 3, 145 3, l98 Oleo oiL------13, 411 11, 866 14, 332 18, 415 22, 495 17, 236 11, 938 8, 841 2, 545 3, 297 4, 305 Oleo stearine ______:____ 3, 282 3, 067 3, 386 3, 058 2, 919 3, 448 3, 079 2, 510 2, 086 3, 701 3, 012 Oleo stock______1, 532 1, 042 1, 260 1, 919· 3, 940 2, 819 2, 092 1, 304 335 649 364 Other animal'------69 164 296 . . 391 915 220 24· 18 · 826 807 1-~~-1--~~-1 -~~~-1-~~~-1-~~~-1-~~~-1-~~~-1-~~~- 1 -~~~ 1 -~~-.1--~~~ Total animal______19, 689 17, 399 24, 242 · 31 ~ 988 37, 878 35, 112 26, 959 18, 465 7, 042 11, 619 11, 986 1======11======1 ======1 ======1======1======~======1======1======1======1======Total all fats and oils.------312, 5QO 242, 758 257, 389 297, 185 346, 551 500, 194 478, 492 498, 637 465, 495 607, 260 735, 507 1======11 ======1 ======~======1======1 ======1======1 ======1 ======•1 ======1 ======Milk (mostly skim)______73, 169 58, 655 60, 961 67, 323 74, 875 104,389 101, 642 105, 002 96, 046 116, 242 152, 502 Vitamin concentrate______17 14 . 13 .45 88 121 109 120 103 120 138 Salt and other "conditioning" ingre- dients '------18,- 218 13,841 13, 773 . 13, 898" 15, 312 21, 758 21,~74 21, 930 20, 496 25, 893 31, 758 1--~~-1--~~-1~~~ Total miscellaneous...... 91, 404 72, 510 74, 747 81, zoo· 90, 275 126, 268 123, 425 127, 052 116, 645 142, 255 184, 398 Grand total______403, 904 315, 268 332, 136 378, 451 436, 826 626, 462 601, 917 625, 689 582, 140 749, 515 919, 905

1 Includes mustard oil, vegetable stearine, soybean stea~ne~ linseed oil, cottonseed stearine, cottonseed flakes, soya flakes, and soya stearine flakes. •Includes rape oil, rice oil, sesame oil, palm kernel oil, sunnower oil, ouricuri, palm stearine, and palm flakes. 1 Includes beef fat, tallow, whale oil, lard flakes-monostearine. 'Including derivative of glycerin, lecithin, benzoate of soda, color, ostearine, and miscellaneous. Source: Bureau of Agricultural Economics, U. S. Department of Agriculture. Mr. ECTON. Mr. President, I thank Mr. FULBRIGHT. Is the Senator eliminated from the ingredients, but I the senior Senator from Wisconsin for stating of his own know.ledge that those think the other types of oil mentioned his comments, and assure him that I ingredients 'are contained in oleomar- are permissible, although many of them agree with all he has said. We can look garine? · are not commonly used. the world over, and it is almost axiomatic . Mr. WILEY. I did not understand Mr. WILEY. Mr. President, I ask. that that a nation and its people's standard the Senator's question. the RECORD be corrected, because I am of living are in direct ratio to the num­ Mr. FULBRIGHT. Is the Senator sure the Senator realizes that in my ber of dairy cattle owned by that nation saying of his own knowledge, that those haste I failed to refer to the percentage and its people. AB the Senator from are the ingredients of oleomargarine? of primary fats and oils used in the man­ Wisconsin has stated, the dairy herds Mr. WILEY. I am taking them from ufacture of edible products, other than of the country give us many advantages the record. I am not an oleomargarine shortening. I should like to correct the in addition to supplying the spread for producer, if that is what the Senator'a RECORD. This is what goes into oleomar­ our bread-for example, leather for · question implies. garine: making shoes, milk and cream for mak­ . Mr. FULBRIGHT. What is the Sena­ Cottonseed, prime summer yellow; coconut ing cheese. The economy of any com­ tor's authority for the statement? oil, refined; soybean oil, edible; peanut oil, munity is stabilized, in any state or na­ Mr. WILEY. The authority is found refined; babassu; linseed oil, raw; oleo oil; tion, by the dairy industry, and we should in the tables in the RECORD, taken from neutral lard. do nothing by legislation on a national Government records. The source of that information is the level that would even put a sense of fear Mr. FULBRIGHT. Those are tables Bureau of Agrfoultural Economics, in the dairy interests. I do not believe submitted by the butter producers. The United States Department of Agriculture. the Senate is going to do that. Senator knows very well that there is no Mr. FULBRIGHT. Mr. President, I do Mr. WILEY. Mr. President, I wish to fish oil contained in oleomargarine. not agree that those ingredients go into comment briefly on the table which I Mr. AIKEN. Mr. President, will the oleomargarine at all. There are many have placed in the RECORD. Listing the Senator yield? statements in the RECORD. Most of the materials used in the manufacture of Mr. WILEY. I yield. ingredients which the Senator has men­ oleomargarine, we find corn oil, cotton­ Mr. AIKEN. I did not understand the tioned are not used in oleomargarine. seed oil, peanut oil, soybean oil, babassu Senator from Wisconsin to say that What he has read is what could be used; oil, coconut oil, palm oil, lard neutral, those ingredients are used in oleomar­ it is not what i& used. oleo oil, oleo stearin, oleo stock, other Mr. WILEY. If the Senator is such an animal products, such as beef fat, tallow, garine. Mr. FULBRIGHT. That is what I expert, would he mind informing us just mill:.-mostly skim--vitamin concen­ what goes into oleomargarine? trate, salt and other conditioning ingre­ understood him to say. dients, rape oil, rice oil, sesame oil, palm Mr. AIKEN. I understood him to.say Mr. FULBRIGHT. Yes. Cottonseed kernel oil, sunflower oil, ouricuri, palm that those ingredients are permitted to oil, primarily, to the extent of practically stearine, palm flakes, whale oil, lard be used. I think the Senator goes back 60 percent. The next largest ingredient flakes, monostearine, red oil, neat's-foot to the law which permits the manufac­ is soybean oil; the next is skim milk or oil, and miscellaneous soap stock. ture of oleomargarine, and it will be dried skim milk. Skim milk is usually Those ingredients are .printed on the found that fish oil is permitted to be utilized because of the ease in using it. package in very small type, but no one used. The product contains less than 2 percent can take time to read it. Mr. FULBRIGHT. The Senator says of peanut oil and corn oil. The princi­ . Those are the ingredients, Mr. Presl;­ those ingredients are printed on the label pal flavor is milk. · Then there is the dent, which go into the product with of oleomargarine. I ~ay that is no.t true. same flavor which butter manufacturers which the oleomargarine manufacturers It seems to me the least we. can do is not use. - Every · trade magazine advertises would take over the butter market. to try to mislead persons who read this this flavor, and I know the manufac­ Mr. FULBRIGHT. Mr. President, will debate. turers will not keep on advertising it 1f the Senator yield? Mr. AIKEN. I think it ls probable it is not used. Under the law it is not Mr. WILEY. I yield. tl~at castor oil and tung oil could be· supposed to be used. . /

1950 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-. SENATE 281 Artificial flavor is also used, and a pre- been negotiating with my gdod friend ·Mr. AIKEN. Mr. President, as I servative is used. who is leading the fight for the bill, as understand from the title of the bill, Mr. WILEY. Is any rape oil used? I am leading it for the substitute, there there probably would be no nongermane ~r. FULBRIG~T. No. seems to be no meeting of minds on the amendment, because it is to repeal the Mr. WILEY. Sesame oil? subject. While we might be able to tax on oleomargarine, "and for other Mr. FULBRIGHT. No. reach a vote on the substitute, with the purposes." I do not know why the words Mr. WILEY. Beef fat? amendments which I have accepted and "for other purposes" were put in the Mr. FULBRIGHT. No. which now become a part of the substi­ title, but it seems to me that makes Mr. WILEY. Tallow and whale oil? tute, I have a suspicion that other almost any amendment germane. Mr. FULBRIGHT. No', amendments to the bill will be prop.osed. Mr. FULBRIGHT. I would not at­ Mr. WILEY. Lard? If that be the case, I am sure there will tempt to tell the Senator about it. He Mr. FULBRIGHT. No. Neither are be no agreement as to Closing the debate. has had far longer experience than I gasoline, lubricating oil, or dynamite I hope. we can have a little talk on that have. He-knows as much as I do what is used in the manufacture of oleomarga­ subject tomorrow. meant by an agreement as to germane rine. Mr. AIKEN. Mr. President, I speak amendments. Mr. WILEY. Mr. President, if the de­ only for myself. May I ask \Vhether the · Mr. AIKEN. If the Senator from bate has degenerated into a question of proponents of the bill-and I address ..t\rkans·as would delay a final vote on 'the who is telling the truth, I now ask that the question to the Senator from Arkan­ bill-- the table appearing on page 98 of the sas-would be willing to fix a time, Mr. FULB.RIGHT. It is all .right. to hearings before the Committee ·on Fi- : whether it be .Friday or whatever day misrepresent mal'garine, but to mis­ nance, United States Senate, Eighty-first may be determined upon, when the bill represent the attitude of the proponents Congress, first session, on House bill 2023, and all amendments thereto can be voted of the pending bill I would say is not in be printed in the RECORD. The source upon without further debate. order. We are perfectly willing to vote is the Bureau of Agriculture Economics, Mr. LUCAS. I should be delighted, as on the bill and on the amendments that United States Department of Agricul- · majority leader of the Senate, to enter pertain to the question covered ·by the ture, and the table shows that oleomar­ into that kind of an agreement, and I bill, at any time, tomorrow or the next garine contains substantially the same · will say ·to ·the Senator- from Ver:i;nont day, or the next day, but because there is ingredients I read previously. I ask that : that I certainly hope that may be done. · an incipient :filibuster developing here I my previous statement be stticken from It seems to me· that the remainder of · do not think the Senator should attempt the RECORD and that the.table appearing '. this week should afford sufficient time to put the blame for it on the proponents on page 98 of the hearings be substituted fer the debate. _ · of the bill. therefor. . Mr. AIKEN. The Senator froin . · Mr.· AIKEN. I do not think the Sena­ . Mr. FULBRIGHT. Mr. President, I Arkansas is on the floor. · I wonder if tor from ·Arkansas should infer that object. · he would : agree that we might have a there would be a continuing filibuster if . The PRESIDING OFFICER. Objec­ vote on the bill, without further debate, amendments he does not ·like were pro­ tion is heard. at·a ·specified time. posed. . Mr. WILEY. Then I shall read: · Mr. FULBRIGHT. I should be very . Mr. WILEY. Mr. President, my at­ Corn oil. glad, and have suggested to the Senator . tention was distracted. I wish to have Cottonseed oil. from Wisconsin that we would like to it clearly . understood, and I think the Peanut oil. enter into such an agreement, with the Soybean oil. Senator told me today he understood, ·other vegetable.1 usual provision regarding nongermane .that, so far as I am personally concerned, Babassu oil. amendments. there is no idea of any filibuster, and I Coconut oil. Mr. AIKEN. Oh, Mr. President, I cer­ am certain no one can accuse us of fili­ Palm oil. · tainly would. not care to leave it to the bustering so far. The foreign situation Other vegetable.1 Senator from Arkansas to determine . has been injected through no exertion Lard neutral. what a nqngermane amendment was. on my part. I personally feel it is well Oleo oil. · Mr.· FULBRlGHT. .We had many Oleo stearine. to dispose of one thing at a time, but Oleo stock. agreements of that kin_d at the last ses­ under the rules of the Senate we can Other animal.8 sion. , The Senator is quite aware of the debate anything, but I certainly say that . Milk (mostly skim) . significance of that. It. is not for me to no southern Senator should accuse any Vitamin concentrate. determine--,.-it is for the Parliamentarian northern Senator of filibustering unless Salt and other "conditioning" lngredients.4 to determine. The very simple question he talks at least a month. Mr. LUCAS. Mr. President, I should is that we would not agree to the attach­ Mr. . FULBRIGHT. There is no reason like to inquire of the Senator from Wis­ ing of an FEPC amendment .to the pend­ at all why we southerners should be ac­ consin how long he thinks it will take ing bill, and then agree to have a vote cused of ·participating in a :filibuster. to finish the debate on the oleomarga­ on the bill. We all know that not much progress has rine bill? I ask the question because Mr. WILEY. How about the poll tax? been made in debate, and last Friday we the Senator from Ohio [Mr. TAFT] made Mr. FULBRIGHT. But all the amend­ had to take a recess shortly after 2 that request of me. · ments I know of that have been offered o'clock. Mr. WILEY. I think it is a very rea­ to the pending bill are germane, in· my Mr. LUCAS. Mr. President, I do not sonable request. Approximately 15 Sen­ opinion. I do not know of any that are think that the Senators who are opposed a'tors met a few days ago, and we felt not. There may have been some offered to the margarine bill have attempted up that by next Friday, perhaps, we might in the·1ast few minutes. to this point to filibuster the pending be able to reach a vote on the bill, the Mr. AIKEN. Does the Senator mean question. I am sure the Senators who substitute, and all amendments. I am that he would object to a request for a talked upon the foreign policy were in frank to say that I have my doubts about vote on the bill and all amendments at nowise involved in an attempt to delay it at. this time, because; _while I have some specified time without further a vote upon the bill. debate? Mr. WILEY. I thank the Senator. 1 Includes mustard oil, vegetable stearine, soybean stearine, linseed oil, cottonseed Mr. FULBRIGHT. I would object to That clears the atmosphere. Otherwise stearine, cottonseed flakes, soya flakes, and no agreement, with that one provision, I would have replied to the Senator from soya stearine flakes. which was customary, I think, in -every Arkansas. 2 Includes rape oil, rice oil, sesame oil, unanimous-·consent agreement we had Mr. LUCAS. I was afraid the Senator palm kernel oil, sunflower oil, ouricuri, palm last year. There is nothing new about would say that, but there would prob­ stearine, and palm flakes. · it. I do not have to tell the Senator ably be more heat than light. s Includes beef fat, tallow, whale oil, lard flakes-monostearine. from Vermont what it means. Mr. WILEY. That calls for a reply, 4 Including derivative of glycerin, lecithin, Mr. WILEY. That is the crux of the because if the Senator thinks he is the benzoate of soda, color ostearlne, and mis­ whole difference between us. source of all light in the Senate he had cellaneous. Mr. FULBRIGH'I'. That was true of better go some place. . Source: Bureau of Agricultural Economics, every unanimous-consent agreement I Mr. LUCAS. I regret I made that U.S. Department of Agriculture. know of at the last session. statement, if the Senator feels that way~ 282 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-·SENATE . JANUARY 10 Mr. WILEY.. I am serious about it. Judging the future by the past, the this bill providing for repeal of excise I do not like these facetious digs any­ basing-point program will consume a taxes, because such an amendment does more than the Senator does. considerable amount of .time. not belong on this bill. Tbat is my po­ Mr. LUCAS. I am not yielding any Following the disposition of the pend­ sition. I cannot vote.fqr such an amend­ further to the Senator until I finish, anq ing bill we have other measures which we . ment. If such an amendment should I hope the Senator from Wisconsin will can take up, including an amendment to. be adopted, the first thing we know we try to observe the rules of the Senate, the Hatch Act and the measure propos­ would have excise taxes and margarine because he is one Sznator who con­ ing an amendment to the Constitution taxes all mixed up, and the bill, with stantly chips in when another Senator is relating to equal rights for women. such an. amendment in it, would go back talking, whether the Senator yields to Mr. AIKEN. Does the Senator con­ to the House, and to the House Committee him or not. template taking up the civil-rights leg­ on Agriculture which reported the mar­ What I am trying to do is to move islation fallowing the disposition of the garine bill. I think those who are truly along with the debate, and seek to reach basing-point bill? interested in the repeal of excise taxes some sort of a decision upon the pend­ Mr. LUCAS. I am not sure, but there should hesitate and pause before they ing measure before the week shall ex­ is a possibility that we will take up one vote to place such an amendment on the pire, if we can do so. I do not think of the bills at that time. margarine bill, unless they are more in­ there is reason for any heated words be­ Mr. AIKEN. Does the Senator expect terested in defeating the excise taxes tween any Senators on this question. I a civil-rights measure to be taken up by than they are the margarine taxes, be­ think the debate has gone along in as .the 1st of March. cause, before we get through with the orderly a manner as possible, and my . Mr. LUCAS. I think so; yes. legislation, we might not have either kind only thought was that if we could get a Mr. AIKEN. My reason for asking is of taxes repealed. vote before the week expired the coun­ that many Members of the Senate are Mr. AIKEN. I think the pasition of try would be very happy about it, and we fearful that the only way they may get the majority leader is well taken, and I could move on with other business. Aft~ a chance to vote on the civil-rights leg­ believe that a rider to a bill is justified er all, this is a pretty important year, as islation would be by way of amendment only in the event that it appears improb­ I said the other day, and if we become to some other bill. able that any other opportunity will be involved in long discussions upon ex­ Mr. LUCAS. I can assure the Sen­ afforded to vote on the subject of the traneous matters we may be in session ator that he will get a chance to vote on rider. this year longer than some of us would some phase of civil rights legislation be­ Mr. LUCAS. I think there is some like to be. Nevertheless, we have a pro­ fore the session closes. The poll tax justification for that position. gram to carry out, and we are going to . bill is still sleeping quietly in the Com­ Mr. AIKEN. Does the Senator from try to carry it out irrespective of the mittee on Rules and Administration. I Illinois feel sure that the Senate will have amount of time it entails. have appealed to my good friend, the an opportunity to vote on the repeal of Mr. AIKEN. Mr. President, will the Senator from Arizona [Mr. HAYDEN], excise taxes in the near future? Senator yield? who is chairman of that committee, to Mr. LUCAS . .I will answer the Sena­ Mr. LUCAS. I yield to the Senator try to bring the bill out of the commit• tor in this way: The able Senator from . from Vermont. tee, but so far I have been unsuccessful. Vermont knows that there is a bill on Mr. AIKEN. Speaking only as one The antilynching bill is pending on the the calendar at the present time whi,ch Member of the Senate, from a dairy Senate calendar, and the FEPC bill is deals with excise taxes. As I recall, the State, who likes to do things differently pending on the Senate calendar. Inso­ House of Representatives has passed that from some of the Senators from the other far as I am personally concerned, I con.. , bill, H. R. 3905. That bill went to States, I should be very glad to agree to sider the economic question involved in the Finance Committee, and the distin­ a vote on the bill and all amendments the FEPC legislation far more important guished Senator from Colorado [Mr. thereto at a specified time, preferably than either the political or the social JOHNSON] attached an amendment to not later than Friday. questions involved in the other two bills. that revenue measure providing for re­ Mr. LUCAS. I thank the Senator for I have discussed the matter with the peal of the excise taxes. As I recall he his statement, but I believe that if the Policy Committee, and it is my intention did not propose to repeal them com­ Senator will examine the unanimous­ as majority leader to take up the FEPC . pletely, but I think it was proposed that consent agreements of the past session, . bill at some time in the near future, but about 50 percent of the excise taxes he will find they have always been ac­ the exact date I cannot say. should be repealed. That bill is on the companied with the provision referred to Mr. AIKEN. I thank the Senator calendar, and in the event we do not by the Senator from Arkansas. That has from Illinois, the majority leader. I am get an opportunity from the .House of been done primarily on the suggestion sure he is sincere in his assertion that Representatives to debate and repeal of the Senators from the South, because he is going to bring up that bill. the excise taxes in what I consider an of their intense interest in the civil-rights Mr. LUCAS. I thank the Senator orderly way, we will then, before we · program. I think the Senator will find from Vermont for' his last statement, and :finish, take up the bill which is now that almost universally, in every unan,'l' I assure him I would not make this state­ on the calendar, dealing with the re­ imous-consent agreement, it was pro­ ment on the :floor of the Senate if I did peal of the tax on the importation of vided that only amendments that. were not know that that was going to be copper, as well as· the -repeal of other germane could be voted on. done. Furthermore, I sincerely hope excise taxes, and through that measure, , Mr. AIKEN. Personally, I think civii­ that in the debate on the margarine bill I will say to the Senator from Vermont, rights legislation is probably as impor­ we will keep all extraneous matters from we would then be in a position to discuss · tant as the removal of the oleomargarine cluttering up what seems to me a per­ with the Committee on Ways and Means tax. fectly good issue; We have our agree.:. · of the House the question of the repeal Mr. LUCAS. I think it is more impor­ ments and disagreements upon this very of excise taxes. Otherwise, we would tant. important question, but from the time I · be dealing with the Committee on Agri­ Mr. AIKEN. May I ask the Senator have been a Member of the Congress, culture if the excise tax repeal were tied when he expects to call up the civil­ the past 15 years, I have taken a very onto the margarine bill. But I again · rights legislation? decided view about attaching immaterial assure the Senator from Vermont that Mr. LUCAS. I cannot say exactly to and irrelevant amendments ·to a meas­ we will also take up that bill before we the Senator when we are going to call it ure before the Congress. I have voted finish the session, if we do not get the up. We have a program that is sched­ against them, even though I favored proper kind of an excise-tax repeal bill uled for the next 2 weeks, approximately. many of them if they could be debated from the House of Representatives, from It all depends, in great measure, on how on their merits in the regular way, that which it should come in the beginning, far we go in the debate with respect to is, if they came to the Senate through as the Senator well knows. the measure now pending before · the the proper committees and were called · Mr. AIKEN. I thank the Senator from Senate. The Senator understands that up as individual propositions and de­ Illinois, but it seems to me to be a little on the 20th of this month the basing­ bated. unusual to take up the matter of repeal­ point bill will automatically come before I am in favor of repeal of certain excise ing a single excise tax, such as the excise the Senate. I hope that will not take taxes, perhaps of all of them. But I can · tax on oleomargarine, without consider­ too much time, but one cannot tell. not vote for an amendment attached to ation of all the other excise taxes. I am 1950 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-SENATE 283 sure that is the reason why apprehension the day, to feel that way about me, but I have no intention, I will say to the is raised in the minds of some, that if the words speak louder than actions at times. majority le::i,der and to my colleagues, of pending measure is passed, they might Now, talking about excise taxes, the ·being a party to what I consider· to be · not have an opportunity to vote on the Senator has brought up a very nice ques­ beneath-the-table conniving or strategy repeal of the other excise taxes. I will tion. The facts will demonstrate that to kill this oleo bill. As one participant accept the word of the Senator from from about 10 percent· of all the oleo, in the debate, I happen to believe thE1,t Illinois on that matter. and that is all that is colored, the Gov-· the Senator from Arkansas and those as­ Mr. LUCAS. The apprehension of ernment collects a tax of $17,000,000. If sociated with him are going· to lose this the Senator from Vermont is under-· the Government wants a source of rev­ fight if we can simply vote the bill up or standable, but it is not well-founded. I enue-and the Government certainly down. think the Senator will agree with me does want sources of revenue-it could · I hope that my friend the Senator that it is not, after my explanation as place a 10-cent tax on the whole 1,000,- from Wisconsin will reconsider his posi­ to what we expect to do. 000,000 pounds of oleo made now. That tion, or at least I hope he will be kind Furthermore, with respect to the mar­ would result in more than $100,000,000 enough to take us into his confidence . . garine tax I will say that was a regula­ of additional tax. Instead of. that, the After all, I am one of the cosponsors of tory tax, rather than a revenue-raising oleo interests, sensing that there might the substitute amendment. I believe I tax. It is in a little different category. be, as the Senator from Georgia now should have been consulted.· I believe It is really not an excise tax from that suggests, a reevaluation of the whole tax the Senator from Iowa [Mr. GrLLKTTE] standpoint. It was passed as a regula­ program, have injected this thing on such shouldnave been consulted. Possibly he tory measure many years ago, and from a basis that the consumer has felt he was; I do not know as to that. But if he that angle it stands in a different c~assi­ has been seriously impacted. was not consulted he should be consulted fication and category from all the excise I think it might be a pretty good thing, - before we make these rather hasty deci­ taxes which were imposed during the· Mr. President, if some method were· sions. So long as I have had the assur- · war for the purpose of raising revem1e, evolved by which the whole measure · ance from the chairman of the Finance - only. That is another reason why, in· could go over until after election, so that Committee, I wish to state now that in my opinion, a proposal to repeal the ex­ the people could really get an under­ my considered judgment we are going to . cise taxes, should not be attached by standing of what is involved, and the have a chance to vote on the repeal of way of amendment to this bill. proper committees could investigate the excise taxes. I want to vote on the re­ Mr. AIKEN. Of course, a tax origi­ significant revenue question which is also peal of excise taxes, for which I stand, nally imposed as a regulatory tax, the involved here. and for which I shall work as a separate margarine tax,. has recently become a I thank the distinguished majority item of legislation. Likewise, I say it is · fairly important revenue tax. At the leader. my desire to vote on civil-rights legisla­ present time it is yielding about $17,000,- Mr. HUMPHRRY. Mr. President, will . tion as a separate item of legislation. - 000 annual income. the Senator yield? I stated my position on this subject Mr. LUCAS. It is yielding sixteen or Mr. LUCAS. I yield to the Senator pretty frankly in the Democratic caucus. seventeen million doll~rs annual income. from Minnesota. I sort of feel bad that we should have The Senator is correct about that. It Mr. HUMPHREY. Since the junior gotten ourselves into this sort of a pre­ has more or less shifted from a regula­ Senator from Minnesota is a cosponsor dicament. I wish to say to the Senator tory to a revenue tax. But in the first of the Wiley substitute, I want my posi­ from Wisconsin that I do not think we · instance it was passed as a regulatory tion to be perfectly clear. I understand strengthen our case before the American tax. that on the ftoor this afternoon the Sen­ people by being willing to accept a dozen Mr. WILEY. Mr. President, will the ator from Wisconsin accepted an amend­ or more amendments, or even one Senator yield? ment to our substitute which provides amendment, from the ftoor that may not Mr. LUCAS. I yield to my friend for the repeal of excise taxes. Am I cor­ be particularly germane to the subject. from Wisconsin. rectly informed as to that? We are talking now with reference to a · Mr. WILEY. Oh, the Senator from Mr. LUCAS. I so understood. bill which authorizes the shipment in Illinois does not know how I love to hear Mr. WILEY. Mr. President, will the interstate commerce of a commodity him say that, after having previously said Senator yield? Mr. LUCAS. I yield. which we say is trying to misrepresent that I "chip in." itself. Now, I think we are trying to mis­ Mr. LUCAS. The Senator was chip­ Mr. WILEY. I accepted the amend­ represent ourselves if we are willing to ping in-- ment.which had already been adopted by the appropriate committee; that is, the accept amendments which have no place Mr. WILEY. Now we see how the upon this bill. While I intend to vote Senator from Illinois is chipping in. The so-called Johnson amendment to the copper measure, and which was sub­ for the substitute and intend to work Senator is using a poker term, and is not for the substitute, I do not intend to let playing cricket now. mitted by the Senator from Nebraska [Mr. BUTLER], and which has become, by my conscience be stultified by accepting Mr. LUCAS. Just a moment. I have amendments which I do not believe are the ftoor. . my acceptance, a part of the substitute measure. germane or worthy of being attached to Mr. WILEY. Mr. President, who has the pending legislation. the ftoor? The Senator from Illinois Mr. HUMPHREY. Mr. President, will the Senator from Illinois yield further? Mr. WILEY. Mr. President, will the yielded to me. Senator yield? The PRESIDING OFFICER. The Mr. LUCAS. I yield. Senator from Illinois has the ftoor, and Mr. HUMPHREY. I want my position Mr. LUCAS. I will yield in one mo­ yielded to the Senator from Wisconsin with reference to this legislation to be - ment. I should like to reply to my col­ for a statement. perfectly clear. I entered into co­ league from Minnesota. The Senator Mr. WILEY. I thank the Chair. sponsorship of the substitute amend­ from Minnesota, in a very forcible and Mr. LUCAS. I yielded for a question. ment because of my belief in the justice clear-cut way, has presented the issue If the Senator wants to make a of our position. I have not entered into with respect to nongermane amend­ speech-- any understanding that I will be a party ments, and I wish to commend him for Mr. WILEY. No; I will say just a to conglomerate amendments attached taking the position he has taken. I word, and then we will depart in peace. either to the main bill or to the substi­ thinl~ he is absolutely correct in his po­ Mr. LUCAS. Well-- tute. It is my considered belief that sition and in his premise and conclusion Mr. WILEY. Does not the Senator neither the civil-rights bill nor the ex­ in regard to all nongermane amendments want us to depart in peace? Does . the cise-tax amendments ought to be a part to the pending legislation. In view of Senator want peace or want war? of this debate or of this legislative pro­ his vital interest in the dairy industry Mr. LUCAS. Mr. President, I love the posal. I believe that those of us who are of his State, and in view of the cause he Senator from Wisconsin, and I do not cosponsoring the amendment in the na­ represents in connection with this meas­ want any war with him. ture of a substitute are doing a disservice ure, I think the position he takes is high­ Mr. WILEY. Mr. President, I love to to our cause, to the validity of our posi­ ly commendable. hear the Senator say such things. It is tion, if we attempt to block this legisla­ Now I yield to the Senator from Wis­ very lovely of him, toward the close of · tion by what I call a parliamentary trick. consin. 284 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-· SENATE, JANUARY 10 Mr. WILEY. Mr. President, again I Mr. LUCAS. No; ivrelevant amend­ . Mr. LUCAS. Mr. President, I should wonder who is indulging in parliamen­ ments. like to make one other statement, and tary tricks. We had a conference in my · Mr. WILEY. Well, some· might call then I shall conclude. office. The Senator from Minnesota was them relevant. Under the parliamentary situation, invited to be present; he was on the But the point is that Senators will not any Senator has a right to move to strike committee. At that conference, in view be able to obtain a vote which will satisfy any portion of the substitute amend­ of the vote taken last year, by which the the people of the United States if they ment, as it has been modified from time proponents of oleomargarine on the floor follow along the line suggested by the to time by the Senator from Wisconsin. of the Senate enabled oleomargarine to Senator from Minnesota, for Senators I think I am .correct in that statement. take over the butter market which for­ then will vote in relation to the oleo­ So when the time comes no doubt a mo­ merly existed in the Army and the Navy; margarine propositi-0n; and when that tion will be made to strike from the sub­ in view of the fact that, under the bill as occurs, Senators will find themselves stitute the amendment dealing with the introduced, the Government will be de;: confronted with the other amendments repeal of excise tax.es, and then we can prived of the income from the tax on ole­ which have been suggested, but which have a straight vote, either up or down, omargarine; in view of the fact that the many Senators do not want. Already on the question of whether we wish to committee had already reported a bill they are being suggested. They are not include such an amendment. for the removal of present excise taxes; attached to my substitute. The only I am sorry the junior Senator from in view of the fact that the President of amendments attached to my substitute Minnesota has just left the Chamber. the United Stlirtes was to send a message are the one providing for the repeal of Mr. MAGNUSON. Mr. President, will to Congress in regard to excise taxes; ex.cise taxes and the amendment relat• the Senator yield? and in view of the fact that everyone ing to the advertisement requirement; Mr. LUCAS. I yield. seemed to be in favor of removing the and everyone seems to agree that they Mr. MAGNUSON. I wish to concur excise taxes, it was decided that the are proper. Those two are the only ories in what the Senator from Minnesota has Johnson-Butler amendment should be whieh are attached to my substitute. said. I was in the Chamber this after­ incorporated in my substitute amend­ Mr. HUMPHREY. Mr. President, will noon when the Senator from Wisconsin ment. the Senator yield? accepted·the so-:ealled excise-tax-repeal Now all at once we find that some per­ Mr. LUCAS. I yield. amendment. sons throw out a smokescreen, saying, Mr. HUMPHREY. I merely wish to I also am one of the sponsors of the "Do not remove the excise taxes.'' They clarify the record in respect to what so-called Wiley-Gillette amendment. make that statement in an effort to de­ may be an interpretation of the remarks We accepted the excise-tax-repeal prive other Senators of an opportunity to made by the Senator from Wisconsin. amendment merely for purposes of vote definitely on the question of whether The junior Senator from Minnesota printing. . It lies on the d~k. millions of farmers should be deprived did not participate in a conference in But, knowing that a motion would ~ of their livelihood. Mr; President; we which he ever agreed to the acceptance made-if not .made by .any other Sep.­ want a show-down on that issue. If it is of excise-tax-repeal amendments. ator, I myself would make it, as one o.f perfectly all right to deprive millions of Mr. WILEY. I agree to that. the sponsors of the original - amend .. farmers of their livelihood, to get rid of . Mr. HUMPHREY. ·I was invited to the ment-to separate the two. or to strik~ 36 percent of the production of beef in conference, but I did not agree to· that. the latter one, as th~ majority leader has this country, and to deprive the Govern­ I merely want it made clear that, inso­ suggested, no objection was made to ae­ ment of the income it has previously ob­ far as my position is concerned, l . feel cepting it now. Of course, objection tained from oleomargarine, then I say it that by that agreement we are not could have been made by one of the is perfectly legitimate-and that was the strengthening the moral or · ethical as­ sponsors; but then another amendment consensus of opinion of those who at­ pects of our case. I entered this debate could pave been proposed. , So objection tended the meeting-that we should at­ in the belief that the argument we were then wowd have served no practical tach this amendment to the substitute, putting up and the.case we were present­ legislative purpose. not to the bill. - ing were sound and strong and morally Of course,. like the Senator from Min­ As I told the distinguished Senator defensible, and I still believe they ·are. I nesota, i think this addition seriously who is sponsoring the bill, this is a way still believe that what I stated on the weakens the position of those of us who to demonstrate effectively to the people floor of the Senate this afternoon is the have sincerely believed in the approach of the United States that they can get issue in this case; namely, the issue of of the amendment submitted by the Sen­ what they want, to wit, removal of the mon-0poly versus small business or the atqr from Wisconsin and the Senator oleomargarine tax, in respect to which free-economy issue. I am prepared to from Iowa.' I wish to associate myself $6,000,000 has been spent to propagan­ defend that issue and to fight out the with them, having been on the floor of dize the people. It is one way to make it battle along that line. the Senate this· afternoon when the possible for colored oleomargarine to be Certainly I do not wis4 to usurp the acceptance of the excise-tax-.repeal sold, except in interstate commerce or prerogatives of the majority sponsor .or amendment occurred. In fact, there in the States where the sale of colored cos:r;onsor of the proposed legislation, were practically no Senators hare at oleomargarine is prohibited; and it is who, along with the Senator from Iowa that time but the two of us, I believe. one way, more than any other, whereby [Mr. GILLETTE], has presented it to the and the Senator from Nebraska and the ·we can demonstrate to the small mer­ Senate; and I do not wish to say that Senator who was presiding over the Sen­ chants, to the fur industry, and to others they do not have a right to accept ate. That was the situation when the who have been hit by the wartime· ex­ amendments. I merely say it would have acceptance occurred, as I recall. cise taxes, that we mean business. lf been nice if the 25 cosponsors could have : Mr. W~LEY. Mr: President, will the we consolidate our forces and bring to­ been · together on this matter, and if it Senator yield? gether all those who are in favor of re­ had been possible to see whether all of us Mr. LUCAS. I yield. moving the wartime excise taxes, then were of a like mind. Mr. WILEY. I am glad the Senator we can win. I know the Senator from Wisconsin from Washington has made the state- I say to my good friend, the Senator would not expect me to be bound by his ment he just made. ' from Minnesota, that when he vote,s decision, and I shall reserve the right to I say again that every Senator who is against the substitute, with or without form my own judgment when the vote a cosponsor of the amendment was attaching to it the amendment respect­ comes. . notified, or his office was notified, and ing excise taxes, he will find that we do However, I do accept the statement he came to the conference, and we agreed not :lave it in the bag; he will find that made by the majority leader and the upon this procedure, just as the Demo­ the oleo interests will once more have put statement made by the chairman of the cratic conference agreed on their pro­ us in the hole. Finance Committee that we shall have a cedure, as is evidenced by 'the positions A few minutes ago, before the Senator chance to vote for the repeal of excise taken by · two o'f the Senators who are from Minnesota returned to the Cham­ taxes. We ought to repeal them and we now present. They agreed on their pro­ ber, we were requested to enter into a shall hold the majority leader and chair­ cedure. They have demonstrated today stipulation to the effect that relevant man of the Finance Committee to the that they are holding the front; and they amendments could not be attached.. statements they have made. Will destroy the benefits which should 1950 CONGRESSIONAL- RE.CORD--SENATE 285 accrue to the farmers by: this bill, .if they - RECESS Richard D. Coleman, November 21, 1949. continue in this way. We have showed ·Mr. LUCAS. - I move -that the Senate J_ohi;i T. Cl:_?.ambei:s: olr., November 23, 1949. them how to win. The Senator from stand in recess until 12 o'clock noon to­ Robert L. Harris,. Jr., November 23, 1949. Minnesota says a great moral right and Frank A. Bell, Jr., November 30, 1949. morrow. Ralph J. Black, December 2, 1949. great equities are involved. Certainly The motion was agreed to; and (at 5 Edward R. Williams, December 2, 1949. they are. However, his farmers do not o'clock and 38 minutes p. m.) the Senate James D. Mickle, December 5, 1949. mean anything to him if he can see the took a recess until tomorrow, Wednes­ Eugene T. Jensen, December 5, 1949. issue in the way he indicates. day, January 11, 1950, at 12 o'clock To be scientist (equivalent to the Army On the other hand, I agree with the meridian. rank of major), effective date indicated: Senator_from Washington that when I ·William M. Upholt, December 2, 1949. accepted the amendment, that did-not · NOMINATIONS preclude any . Senator from having a - To be sanitarian (equivalent to the Army .Executive nominations re,ceived by the rank of major), effective date indicated: right to move to strike what I accepted. Daniel E. O'Keefe, December 30, 1949. Consequently, we have a clear under­ Senate January 10 (legislative day of January 4), 1950: To be senior assistant sanitarians (equiva­ standing. lent to the Army rank of captain), effe.ctive But let it also -be clear that our good ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL COUNCIL OF THE UNITED dates indicated: - Democratic friends are lining up in ac­ NATIONS Mrs. Olive Remington Goldman, of Illinois, Samuel M. Rogers, November 15, 1949. cordance with their conference, as re­ Joseph L. Minkin, November 15, 1949. parted recently in the newspapers; and to be the representative of the {!nited States of America on the Commission on the Status Richard F. Clapp, November 16, 1949. it is very clear that the farmers of the of Women of the Economic and Social Coun­ Assistant surgeons to be senior. assistant United States will now know whom to cil of the United Nations for a term of 3 surgeons (equivalent to tlie Army rank of hold liable, if and when we get a chance . years. captain), effective November 8; 1949: to vote on the original bill. UNITED STATES ATTORNEY Robert Hanan David H. Solomon But if certain other amendments, Bernard J. Flynn, of Maryland, to be Charles W. Whitmore Albert L. Patrick which I have not agreed should be at­ United States attorney for the district of John V. Osborne Herman · H. Gray tached to my amendment, are attached - Erp.est V. deMoss Sidney Ketyer Maryland. He is now serving in this office · John H. Waite to the original bill, some of our Demo­ under an appointment which expired May cratic friends will be on the other side of 4, 194~. Nurse officers to be senior nurse officers (equivalent to the Army rank of lieutenant the fence in not agreeing to those UNITED STATES PUBLIC HEALTH SERVICE amendments. colonel), effective December 11, 1949: The following-named candidates for pro­ Donna Pearce Lydia M. Zetzsche That is the situation in a nutshell, Mr. motion in the Regular Corps of the Public Helen Bean Margaret G. Arnstein President. Perhaps after getting this Health Service: diseussion off our chests, tomorrow we Senior assistant nurse officers to be nurse Surgeon to be senior surgeon (equivalent officers (equivalent to the Army rank of can talk a little more rationally, and to the Army rank of lieutenant colonel): major), effective November 8, 1949: ascertain whether there is a basis for Curtis G. Southard Marjorie W. Spaulding Mary A. Rice compromise, so that we can get some bill Senior assistant sanitary engineer to be Walborg S. Wayne Gertrude L. Anderson which will properly take care of the oleo­ sanitary engineer (equivalent to the Army Esther KaUfman M. Lois McMinn· · margarine situation and- also the tax rank of major) : Catherine M. Sullivan Anne M. Leffingwell situation for the benefit of the country. Sheldon L. Lang Margaret E. Willhoit M. Dolores Howley Gladys C. Guydes Helen N. Buzan Mr. MAGNUSON. Mr. President, will Assistant nurse officers to be senior assis­ the Senator yield? Emijean Snedegar · K. Barbara Dormin tant nurse officers (equivalent to the Army Edith M. Hettema Mr. WILEY. I yield. rank of captain): Junior assistant nurse officer to be assist­ Mr. MAGNUSON. The Senator is, of Mary E. McGovern Joan M. Norkunas ant· nurse officer (equ,ivalent to the Army course, expounding his views with re­ Patricia B. Geiser M. Elizabeth Leeds rank of ), effective date indi­ spect to an analysis of what the practical The following-named candidates for ap­ cated: legislative procedure should be. I am pointment and promotion in the Regular Marion E. O'Neil, N-cvember 8, 1949. just as wholeheartedly for the substitute Corps of the Public Health Service: {The above-named officers were appointed amendment as the Senator is. I think To be senior surgeon (equivalent to the during the last recess of the Senate.) if we put forward the amendment just Army rank of lieutenant colonel), e~ective as it is, relating only to the oleomargarine date indicated: IN THE AIR FORCE Edward T. Thompson, December 30, 1949. The following-named officers for appoint­ and butter controversy, the Senator will ment in the to the get more votes from both sides of the To be senior assistant surgeons ( equiva­ grades indicated, under the provisions of aisle than he will by resorting to legisla­ lent to the Army rank of captain), effective title V of the Officer Personnel Act of 1947, tive maneuvering in an attempt to at­ dates indicated: with dates of rank to be as established under tach the excise taxes or the civil-rights Edward A. Beeman, December 30, 1949. the provisions of the afore-mentioned title: amendments, because there are many of Leon Levintow, December 30, 1949. DeArmond Moore, December 30, 1949. To be major generals us who sincerely favor the original Gerald D. Barton, December 31, 1949. Maj. Gen. Fred sidney Borum, 45A {briga­ amendment. We are cosponsors. We dier general, U.S. Air Force), Air Force of the would ·not vote for it with those things To be assistant surgeons (equivalent to United States. the Army rank of first lieutenant), effective Maj. Gen. John Edwin Upston, 49A (briga­ attached. I think those of us who are dates indicated: sincere in trying to do what the Senator dier general, U. S. Air Force), Air Force of Norman Tarr, November 16, 1949. the United States. from Wisconson I know wants done had John J. Walsh, December 30, 1949. Maj. Gen. Laurence Carbee Craigie, 61A better search ourselves. Senators had To be senior assistant sanitary engineers (brigadier general, U.S. Air Force), Air Force better search themselves as to the legis­ (equivalent to the Army rank of capt ain), of the United States. lative procedure, because the quicker we effective dates indicated: Maj. Gen. David Myron Schlatter, 62A vote this . bill up or down the quicker Ray Raneri, December 7, 1949. (brigadier general, U. S. Air Force) , Air will the whole thing be determined. We Keith S. Krause, December 8, 1949. Force of the United States. should not clutter it up with all these J ames H. Crawford, December 9, 1949. Maj. Gen. Otto Paul Weyland, 63A (briga­ other amendments. I grant that the ex­ Joseph H. Coffey, December 14, 1949. dier general, U. S. Air Force), Air Force ot Ernest C. Tsivoglou, Dacember 15; l!H9. the United States. cise taxes are a proper subject of legis­ Maj. Gen. Robert Wells Harper, 53A (briga­ lation, but they are not germane to the Charles R. Bowman, December 15, 1949. To be assistant sanitary engineers (equiva- adier general, U. S. Air Force) , Air Force of issue now before the Senate. The Sen­ lent to the Army rank of first lieutenant), the United States. ator from Wisconsin knows that to be effective dates indicated: . Maj. Gen. Richard Emmel Nugent, 57A so. The same thing is true of other (brigadier general, U.S. Air Force), Air Force· Ronald G. Macomber, November 21, 1949. of the United States. amendments. I hope the Senator will Donald A. Pecsok, November 21, 1949. be persuaded even to vote with us when Maj. Gen. Earl Walter Barnes, 67A {briga­ To be junior assistant sanitary engineers dier general, U.S. Air Force), Air Force of the we move to separate the excise-tax pro­ (equivalent to the Army rank of second lieu­ United States. posal from his amendment. tenant), effective dates indicated: Maj. Gen. Charles Pearre Cabell, 70A (brig­ . !'.1:r. WILEY. I cannot accede to the Paul W. Eastman, Jr., November 18, 1949. adier eeneral, U. S. Air Force) , Air Force oi'. Senator's argument. David H. Howells, November 21, 1949. the United States. • 286 CONGRESSIONAL -RECORD-SENATE JANUARY· 11 Maj. Gen. Charles Bertoddy Stone IlI, 66A .The following-named officers for tempo­ selfish ends. Give us the wisdom that (brigadier general, U. S. Air Force), Air rary appointment in the Air Force of the comes from contemplation of Thee and Force of the United States. United States under the provisions of sec­ from introspective thought and love of Maj. Gen. Laurence Sherman Kuter, 89A tion 515, Officer Personnel Act of 1947: Thy Son. Guide us, use us, give us (brigadier general, U.S. Air Force), Air Force To be major generals of the United States. courage. In Christ's ·name· we pray. Maj. Gen. Joseph Hampton Atkinson, 90A Brig. Gen. Hugo Peoples Rush, 75A, United Amen. States Air Force. (brigadier general, U.S. Air Force), Air Force ATTENDANCE OF A SENATOR of the United States. Brig. Gen. Charles Edwin Thomas, Jr., Maj. Gen. Gordon Philip Saville, 48A (brig­ 192A (colonel, U. S. Air Force), Air Force of KARL E. MUNDT, a Senator from the adier general, U. S. Air Force), Air Force of the United States. State of South Dakota, appeared in his the United States. Brig. Gen. Frank Alton Armstrong, Jr., 209A (colonel, U. s. Air Force), Air Force of seat today. To be brigadier generals the United States. THE JOURNAL Brig. Gen. Warren Rice Carter, 181A (colo­ Brig. Gen. August Walter Kissner, 386A On request of Mr. LucAs, and by unani­ nel, U.S. Air Force), Air Force of the United (colonel, U. S. Air Force), Air Force of the mous consent; the reading of the Journal States. United States. Brig. Ge:e.. Thomas Herbert Chapman, 189A Brig. Gen. Archie Jordan Old, Jr., 605A of the proceedings of Tuesday, January (colonel, U. S. Air Force), Air Force of the (colonel, U. S. Air Force). Air Force of the 10, 1950, was dispensed with. United States. United States. ~SAGES FROM THE PRESIDENT Brig. Gen. Charles Edwin Thomas, Jr., 192A (colonel, U. S. Air Force) , Air Force of the To be brigadier generals Messages in writing from the Presi­ United States. . Col. Joseph Henry Davidson, 121A, United dent of the United States submitting Maj. Gen. Francis Leroy Ankenbrandt, Jr., States Air Force. nominations were communicated to the 267A (colonel, U. S. Air Force), Air Force of Col. Edward Holmes Underhill, 421A, Senate by Mr. Miller, one of his sec­ the United States. United States Air Force. retaries. Maj. Gen. Morris Robert Nelson, 277A Col. Albert Boyd, 424A, United States Air (colonel, U. S. Air Force), Air Force of the Force. CALL OF THE ROLL United States. Col. Kingston Eric Tibbetts, 436A, United · Mr. LUCAS. I suggest the absence of Maj. Gen. Kenneth Perry McNaughton, States Air Force. a quorum. 278A (colonel, U. S. Air Force), Air Force of Col. Frederick Rodgers Dent, ·Jr., 444A, The PRESIDENT pro tempore. The the United States. · ' United States Air Force. Brig. Gen. Elmer Joseph Rogers, Jr., 294A Col. Stuart· Phillips Wright, 510A, United clerk will call the roll. (colonel, U. S. Air Force), Air Force· of the · States Air Force. The roll was called, and the following United States. · -col. Mark Edward Bradley, Jr., 552A, United Senators answered to .their names: Brig. Gen; Clarence Shortridge Irvine, 296A States Air Force. Aiken Hayden Morse (colonel, U. S. Air Force), Air Force of the Col. Robert Edward Lee Eaton, 594A, United Anderson Hendrickson Mundt United States. States Air Force. Brewster Hickenlooper Myers Brig. Gen. George Robert Acheson, 335A Col. Sydney Dwight Grubbs, Jr., 660A, Bricker Hill Neely United States Air Force. · Bridges Holland O'Conor (colonel, u. S. Air Force), Ai~ Force of the Butler Humphrey O'Mahoney United States. Col. Phillips Walter Smith, 897A, United Byrd Hunt Robertson Brig. Gen. George Warren Mundy, 358A States Air Force. Cain Ives Russell (colonel, U. S. Air Force), Air Force of the AIR NATIONAL GUARD OF THE UNITED STATES Capehart Jenner Saltonstall United States. Chapman Johnson, Tex. Schoeppel Brig. Gen. Roscoe Charles Wilson, 360A The officers named herein for appointment Connally Johnston, S. C. Smith, Maine in the ·Air National Guard of the United Cordon Kefauver Smith, N. J. (colonel, U. S. Air Force), Air Force of the Darby United States. States of the Air Force of the United Statee Kem Sparkman under the provisions of ·section 38 of the Donnell Kilgore Stennis Maj. Gen. Walter E~win Todd, 361A (colo­ Douglas• Knowland Taft nel, U.S. Air Force), Air Force of the United National Defense Act as amended: Downey Langer . Taylor States. · · To be brigadier generals Dworshak Leahy Thomas, Okla. Eastland Maj. Gen. Bryant Le Maire Boatner, 362A Brig. Gen. Chester Andrew Charles, Lehman Thomas, Utah (colonel, U. S. Air Force) , Air Force of the Ecton Lodge Thye A0132773, New Jersey Air National Guard, to Ellender Long Tobey United States. date froin October 19, 1949. . Ferguson Lucas Tydings Maj. Gen. Samuel Robert Brentnall, 864A Brig. Gen. Clyde Henry Mitchell, A0263935, Flanders McCarran Vandenberii (colonel, U. S. Air Force), Air Force of the New York Air National Guard, to date from Frear McCarthy Watkins United States. - October 19, 1949. Fulbright McFarland Wherry Maj. Gen. Frank Fort Everest, 366A (colo­ George McKellar Wiley nei, U.S. Air Force), Air Force of the Unitea .Brig. Gen. Oliver Hart Stout, A0120652, Glllette McMahon Wllliama Indiana Air National Guard, to date from States. Graham Magnuson Young October 19, 1949. Green Martin Maj. Gen. William Henry Tunner, 874A Gurney Maybank (colonel, U. S. Air Force), Air Force of the - Brig. Gen. James Lawton Riley, A0426156, United States. Georgia Air National Guard, to date from Mr. LUCAS. I announce that the Brig. Gen. August Walter Kissner, 386A Decem'ber 15, 1949. Senator from Connecticut [Mr. BENTON], (colonel, U. S. Air Force), Air Force of the the Senator from North Carolina [Mr. United States. Maj. Gen. Emmett O'Donnell, Jr., 387A HOEY], and the Senator from Montana (colonel, U. S. Air force), Air Force of the SENATE [Mr. MURRAY] are absent on public · United States. · business. Brig. Gen. William Maurice Morgan, 439A WEDNESDAY, JANUARY 11, 1950 The Senator from New Mexico [Mr. (colonel, U. S. Air Force), Air Force of the CHAVEZ] and the Senator from Oklahoma United States. [Mr. KERR] are absent on official business Maj. Gen. William Evans Hall, 460A (Legislative day of Wednesday, January (colonel, U. S. Air Force) , Air Force of the 4, 1950) as members of a subcommittee of the United States. Committee on Public Works, holding Maj. Gen. Frederic Harrison Smith, Jr., The Senate met at 12 o'clock meridian, hearings on various fiood-control and 461A (colonel, U. S. Air Force), Air Force on the expiration of the recess. public-works projects in the State of New of the United States. . Rev. Alvin C. Murray, minister, First Mexico. Maj. Gen. William Fulton McKee, 467A Methodist Church, Berryville, Ark., of­ The Senator from Colorado [Mr. (colonel, U. S. Air Force) , Air Force of the fered the following prayer: JOHNSON] and the Senator from Ken­ United States. Maj. Gen. Richard Clark Lindsay, 476A Our eternal and ever-present Father, tucky [Mr. WITHERS] are absent on offi­ (colonel, U. S. Air Force), Air Force of the God, we are always conscious of Thy cial business. United States. goodness in the interest of our affairs. The Senator from Arkansas [Mr. Mc­ Maj. Gen. Thomas Sarsfield Power, 481A, We thank Thee that Thy hand has been CLELLAN] is absent by leave of the Senate (colonel, U. S. Air Force), Air Force of the seen using mysterious ways Thy wonders on o:fficfal business as a member of a sub­ Un.ited States. Maj. Gen. Donald Leander Putt, 494A to perform in the history and the life committee of the Committee on Public (colonel, U. S. Air Force), Air Force of the of man. We pray that Thou shalt work Works, holding hearings on various United States. through us to accomplish Thy ends, that fiood-controi and public-works projects Brig. Gen. Alfred August Kessler, Jr., 216A we might achieve noble purposes in all in the State of New Mexico. (colonel, U. S. Air Force), Air Force of the our endeavors. Give us grace to examine . The Senator from Florida [Mr. PEP­ United States. our motives rather than simply to seek PJi:Rl is absent by leav-e of the Senate.