Koppal District, Karnataka

GOVERNMENT OF INDIA MINISTRY OF WATER RESOURCES CENTRAL GROUND WATER BOARD

GROUND WATER INFORMATION BOOKLET KOPPAL DISTRICT, KARNATAKA

SOUTH WESTERN REGION BANGALORE DECEMBER 2008

FOREWORD

Ground water contributes to about eighty percent of the drinking water requirements in the rural areas, fifty percent of the urban water requirements and more than fifty percent of the irrigation requirements of the nation. Central Ground Water Board has decided to bring out district level ground water information booklets highlighting the ground water scenario, its resource potential, quality aspects, recharge – discharge relationship, etc., for all the districts of the country. As part of this, Central Ground Water Board, South Western Region, Bangalore, is preparing such booklets for all the 27 districts of Karnataka state, of which six of the districts fall under farmers’ distress category. The Koppal district Ground Water Information Booklet has been prepared based on the information available and data collected from various state and central government organisations by several hydro-scientists of Central Ground Water Board with utmost care and dedication. This booklet has been prepared by Shri K.N.Nagaraja, Scietist-D, under the guidance of Dr. K. Md. Najeeb, Superintending Hydrogeologist, Central Ground Water Board, South Western Region, Bangalore. The figures were prepared by S/Sri. H.P.Jayaprakash, Scientist-C and K.Rajarajan, Assistant Hydrogeologist. The efforts of Report processing section in finalising and bringing out the report in this format are commendable. I take this opportunity to congratulate them for the diligent and careful compilation and observation in the form of this booklet, which will certainly serve as a guiding document for further work and help the planners, administrators, hydrogeologists and engineers to plan the water resources management in a better way in the district.

(T.M.HUNSE) Regional Director

2 KOPPAL DISTRICT AT A GLANCE 1 GENERAL INFORMATIOM STATISTICS

i) Geographical Area 5559 sq.km. ii) No. Of Taluks 4, Koppal, Kushtagi. Gangavati and Yelaburga. No of Hoblis/villages 20/628 iii) Population (as on 2001 census) 1196089, Density 215 persons/sq.km iv) Average Annual Rainfall 572 mm 2 GEOMORPHOLOGY Major Physiographic Units 2 Major Drainages 3 3 LAND USE a) Forest Area (sq.km) 294.51 b) Net Area Sown (sq.km) 3807.00 4 MAJOR SOIL TYPES 1. Black Cotton Soil 2. Red Soil 3. Red Sandy Soil 5 AREA UNDER PRINCIPAL CROPS (as on31.3.06)in ha. Paddy 78803 Jowar 50320 Bajra 94687 Maize 16332 Sugarcane 331 Vegetables 4901 Pulses 29409 Oil seeds 158103 Mulberry 15620 6 IRRIGATION BY DIFFERENT SOURCES (ha) Dug wells 1366 Bore wells 45851 Tanks 355 Canals 47138 Other Sources 0.0 Lift Irrigation 1309 Gross Area Irrigated 96019 No .of Ground Water structures Domestic BW 4985 Piped water supply 299

3 7 NUMBER OF GROUND WATER MONITORING WELLS OF CGWB (As on 31.03.2007) Dug Wells 30 Piezometers 7 10 PREDOMINANT GEOLOGICAL Peninsular gneissic complex FORMATIONS consisting of Granites, Gneisses and Dharwar group consisting of schist’s 11 HYDROGEOLOGY Major Water Bearing Formations Weathered and fractured Granites, Gneisses and schists, Premonsoon Depth to Water Level (2006) 4.5 to 16.50 mbgl Postmonsoon Depth to Water Level (2006) 1.15 to 16.24 mbgl Long Term Water Level Trend (1997-2006)( in Premonsoon 4 Rising trends range m per year) trends between 0.009 and available for 0.352 m/year 14 stations 10 falling trends range between 0.019 and 0.96 m/year Postmonsoon 6 Rising trends range trends between 0.079 and available for 0.367 m/year 22 stations 16 falling trends range between 0.057 and 1.815 m/year 12 GROUND WATER EXPLORATION BY CGWB AS ON MARCH 2007 EW (Depth Range /Discharge range) 19 Depth – 40- 80m Discharge –0.1-7.6 lps? OW(Depth Range /Discharge range) 17 Depth - 11- 80 m

Transmissitivity (m 2/day) 0.2 to 900 Storitivity (S) 3.2 X 10 -4 to 5.84 X 10 -4 13 GROUND WATER QUALITY Presence of chemical constituents more than Fluoride. Nitrates and TDS in few permissible limits packets. Type of water Potable to Brakish 14 DYNAMIC GROUND WATER RESOURCES (2004) IN HAM Annual replenishable ground water resource 701.49 Net annual ground draft 337.80 Projected demand for Domestic and Industrial 60.48 use up to 2025 Stage of ground water Development (%) 48.12

4 15 WATER MANAGEMENT TRAINING On 13 th and 14 th November2003 PROGRAMMES ORGANISED WMTP programme was conducted on “Artificial Recharge to Ground Water techniques” at Koppal town. There were about 120 participiants.

16 EFFORTS OF ARTIFICIAL RECHARGE AND - RAINWATER HEAVESTING 17 GROUND WATER CONTROL AND Not Notified REGULATION No of OE Blocks 3 (part) No of Critical Blocks 1 (part) 18 MAJOR GROUND WATER PROBLEMS AND ISSUES Rainfall is erratic, irregular and deficit, Application of traditional farming and irrigation methods, unscientific develop ment of groundwater, Brackishness salinity of groundwater along the major river courses and command area’s ,and nitrate, fluoride problems.

1.0 INTRODUCTION The Koppal district came to existence on 25 th august1997, bifurcated from Raichur district of Karnataka with a geographical area of 5559 sq km, located in the northern part of the state with four taluks namely Koppal, Yelburga Gangavati,and Kustagi. It lies between 15 °09’ 16° 01’ north latitude and 75° 46’ 76° 48’ east longitude. It is known to be a backward district among the northern part of the state and situated in the old Hyderabad Karnataka region. The district has 588 inhabited and 40 uninhabited villages with total population of 1196089, as per 2001 census, with density of 215 persons/sq km and decadal growth of 24.94%. The area falls in the Tugabhadra sub-basin of the Krishna basin. Tugabhadra river flowing in southern boundary in north –easterly direction. Koppal district is surrounded by Bagalokot district in the north, east by Raichur ,south by Bellary and West by Gadag districts. 1.1 Administrative set-up The district for administrative conveninence has been divided in to 4 taluks , namely Gangavathi, Koppal, Kustagi and Yelaburga. These four taluks are divided in to 20 hoblies. these consist of 596 inhabited villages and 41 uninhabited villages, 4 town municipalites. A administrative map is presented as Fig-1. Table-1 Taluk –wise area and population details in Koppal district( as per 2001 census) source:- district at aglance 2005-06 Taluk Area in sq No of No .of Total kms/,no.of inhabited uninhabited population as hoblies villages villages per 2001 census Gangavathi 1328 8 149 9 406334 Koppal 1375 4 144 13 314051 Kushtagi 1366 4 164 13 239331 Yelburga 1490 4 139 5 236373

1.2 Work carried out by CGWB The central ground water board has carried out systematic Hydrogeological surveys Reappraisal Hydro geological surveys and Tunga- Bhadra canal command area surveys during 1976-1979 and ground water exploration, ground water regime monitoring etc. 1.3 Basin and Drainage The district is part of Krishna basin, the main streams draining the area are Maskinala, Ilkal-nadi and Hirenala. These are Ephemaral in nature, these come under Tungabhadra sub-basin. The drainage exhibit dentritic to sub- dentric with drainage density varies from 1.4 to7.0kms/sq.km. A drainage map is presented as Fig-2 1.4 Land use In the district land use is recorded about 69% of the area is net sown during 2005-06 and forest occupied by about5.3% and total land not available for cultivation is about10% area like non agricultural, barren etc, and other un-cultivable land is about 3% details are shown in table-2.

Table-2 showing land utilization in Koppal district 2005-06 (in hectares) Taluk geographical Forest Non Barren Cultivable Net Perma- area agricultural waste Area nent sown pasture Gangavathi 132131 14482 7680 4651 560 78012 7193 Koppal 136755 10779 20401 430 91836 1486 Kustagi 135779 4110 7626 2361 811 104298 3898 Yelburga 147830 80 3163 2825 767 106554 2098 Total 552495 29451 38870 16627 2568 380700 14675

2.0 RAIN FALL AND CLIMATE Koppal district experiences a semi-arid type climate characterised by hot summer and low rainfall. It is cool and pleasant during major part of the year except during the summer months of March to middle of June. The coldest period is December to January minimum temperatures reaches up to 16°C and maximum reaches 45°C during hot summer district characterized by dryness for the major part of the year because of less rainfall there is pleasant monsoon season. The annual normal rain fall is 571.92 mm and normally rain commences from June and continuous up to November. Heavy rainfall during the months of September and October about 65% of which is south west monsoon with normal average rain days of 40 in a year. In general rainfall decreases from west to east the district falls northern median region of state.

3.0 GEOMORPHOLOGY AND SOIL TYPES The district moderately plain with shallow troughs and mounds of granites hills at scattered places in rugged topography .with highest peaks are found at Hanumasagar 728mts,622mts at ginigera, and697mts at benekal. Above mean sea level with average elevation of the district is about 500mts. The main streams draining the district are Maskinala, Hirehalla, Ilkalnadi and their small tributaries which are of ephemeral in nature and joining to Tungabhadra reservoir. The general drainage density varies 1.2-7.0kms/sqk m Soils are the weathering product of parent rock. The district characterized by large stretch of barren plains covered with black soils this may be product of biotitic schists and amphibolite,hornblende. Black cotton soil is seen in schistose terrain and gneissic and granite terrain. Red soil in granites and grey granite area. Nalas are generally filled with loose sand, kanker mixed grey sandy soil is seen.

4.0 GROUND WATER SCENARIO

4.1 Hydrogeology The district is mainly underlain by gneisses, granites and schists. The hard rocks as they do not have any primary porosity however, weathering, fracturing, joints and tectonic features likes folds and faults have secondary porosity and permeability. Which has improved water yielding, capacity of the

7 wells. The main source of recharge is precipitation. Weathered thickness is reported minimum of 1m and maximum of 20mbgl nearer to nalas. In general ground water available in the weathered zone under phreatic condition and under confined to semi-confined conditions in the jointed and fractured formation. Ground water developed through dug wells, dug cum bore wells and bore wells. Dug wells are common, used for irrigation as well as for domestic purposes. Its depth ranges from minimum of 1.7m mbgl to maximum of 15.7m mbgl. Pink granite is more susceptible for weathering than gray granite. So, pink granite is good aquifer than gray granite. In granite gneisses the yield of the wells reported are in the range of 4-100m3/day in dug wells, and in dug cum bore wells it ranges between 28.8-42.3m3 withstanding pumping of 4-5hr/day and the specific capacity ranges between 35.0-240.5m3/day/m. The wells taping schistose formation is poor yielding compared to granite and gneiss formations. The alluvium found along a major nala course as thin lenses with thickness of 6-8m mbgl. The diameter of wells are 3.5 to 5.00m bgl, the specific capacity reported was between 230.4 to 533.0 m3/day/m. the bore wells drilled by formers as well as govt agencies for domestic and irrigation purposes with depth range of 40- 70m and reported yield of bore wells less than 1 lps to 7.6lps. The promising zone is 30-60mbgl. The central ground water board in the district has 33 net work stations, which are being monitored four times in a year ie January, May ( pre monsoon ) August and November (post monsoon). A hydrogeological map is presented as Fig-3

Water levels Pre monsoon depth to water level during 2006 (Fig-4) recorded in the range of minimum of 4.5mts and maximum of 16.50mts .In the district major parts of Koppal,Yelburga,Kushtagi taluks are having depth to water levels in the range of 10-20m. In major parts of Gangavathi taluk depth to water levels recorded in the range of 5-10 m range and a small patch is having 2-5m range. Post monsoon depth to water level during 2006 (Fig-5) range from 1.15m to 16.24m. Study of distribution of percentage of observation of wells during November 2006 show 30.77% having depth to water levels in the range of 5.0-10.0 m bgl, 38.46% wells have recorded water levels in the range of 10.0- 20.0 m bgl. A small patch in Gangavathi taluk is having water levels of less than 2mbgl and a small patch of more than 20m bgl is observed around in Kushtagi and Yelburga taluk.

Long term water level trends Premonsoon long term water level trends for the period between 1997-2006 is available for 14 National hydrograph stations in the district. At 4 stations the rising water level trends range between 0.009 and 0.352 m/year. In remaining 10 hydrograph stations falling trends range between 0.019 and 0.96 m/year. Postmonsoon long term water level trends are available for 22 national hydrograph stations (1997-2006), of which 6 have rising trends, range between 0.079 and 0.367 m/year. Remaining 16 falling trends range between 0.057 and 1.815 m/year.

4.2 Results of ground water exploration CGWB has drilled 19 exploratory and 17 observation wells so far under its ground water exploration programme. The depth range of these wells range between 11.00 to 80.00 m and discharge of the wells ranges between 0.01 to 7.6 lps. The storitivity of the aquifers encountered ranges between 3.2 X 10 -4 and 5.6 X 10 -4 and transmissivity values ranges between 0.2 and 900 m 2 per day. 4.3 Ground Water Resources As per the 1997 GEMS methodology ground water resources estimated as on march 31 st 2004 are presented in Table-3A and Table-3B. Table-3A Taluk Recharge Recharge Recharge Recharge Annual Net G.W. from from rainfall from from replinhable availability rainfall during other other G.W during nonmonsoon source source .resource monsoon (ham) during during (ham) monsoon non season monsoon season Gangavathi 4124 12554 780 11680 29132 28649 Koppal 5626 4648 945 3954 15174 14684 Kushtagi 3411 3375 894 3542 11225 10919 Yelburga 7091 4451 1057 3894 16495 15897

Table-3B Taluk Irrigation Domestic Total Projected G.W. categarisation of area draft in & G.W.d draft for availabili in % based on stage ham Industrial raft domestic & ty for of development draft in ham industrial irrigation in ham draft for in ham year 2025 in ham Safe Safe semicritical Critical Over exploited Gangavathi 5732 663 6393 1145 22677 43 57 Koppal 9337 594 9932 1005 6180 28 72 Kushtagi 3787 656 4253 739 6833 58 27 15 Yelburga 12544 467 13202 1134 5448 12 5 - 83

From the above table it can be concluded that major parts of Koppal, Gangavathi and Yelaburga are coming under over exploited category. A map showing categorisation of areas as per ground water utilisation is presented as Fig-6

9 5.0 GROUND WATER DEVELOPMENT As on 31.3.2006 in the district total of 33526 I.P Sets are present consuming 62.60 lakh units/year. Talukwise net area irrigated in the district during 2005-06 is presented in the table-4. During the period in general about 49% of irrigated area is irrigated by source of ground water through wells and bore wells. Table -4 showing net area irrigated in Koppal district 2005-06 in hectares Taluk Canals Tanks Wells Borewells Lift Other Total irrigation source Gangavathi 41278 0 0 6370 0 0 47648 Koppal 5860 105 566 18478 1309 0 26318 Kushtagi 0 150 0 8326 0 0 8476 Yelburga 0 100 800 12677 0 0 13577 District total 47138 355 1366 45851 1309 0 96019

Drinking water system In the district except Yelburga town in all other taluk head quarters drinking water requirement is met by surface water. At Yeburga town and at other rural areas drinking and domestic water supply is met through borewells. total of 4985 borewells are drilled for rural drinking water supply out of this 299 are used for piped water supply schemes, 687 are used for mini water supply schemes.

6.0 GROUND WATER QUALITY As per hydrochemical data of N.H.S of May 2003 in the district E.C.values range from 730-2870 micro mhos /cm at 25°c is recorded. Chloride is in the range of 43 to639 mg/l and floride in the range of 0.6 to 2.7 mg/l as based on the Bureau of Indian standerads recommendations for drinking water the water E.C having less than 750 micro mhos/cm at 25°C is desirable and unsuitable more than3000 micro mhos/cm at 25°C.The concentration of fluoride is distributed in the district in the range of 1.0 to1.5 mg/l up to maximum of 2.7 mg/l. The desirable limits for drinking purposes is less than 1 ppm. The concentration beyond 1 ppm is unsuitable, noticed as pockets in Gangavathi and Kushtagi taluks. A ground water quality map is presented as Fig-7

7.0 GROUND WATER CONSERVARION The soil and moisture conservation works on water shed basis are being executed under different centrally sponsored ,state sector and district sector schemes .The important schemes are; (1)National watershed Development project for rain fed areas. (2)River valley project. (3)Desert development programmed (4)special component plan (5)Sumpurna gramina rojgar yojana/EAS.

Koppal district with geographical area of 552495 ha. Out of this 296151 ha is under rain-fed agriculture. As on 31-03-2002 about 112217 Ha

10 developed on various watershed schemes details of taluk wise development as well as scheme wise in Ha is given in table-5.

Table –5 Different watershed development schemes in progress in the district. Name of Gangavathi Koppal Kustagi Yelburga Total area No. of the covered water- schemes shed SCP 164 141 138 138 581 - EAS 427 1532 1345 1611 4915 20 DDP - 3253 3309 3205 9767 87 NWDPRA - 5679 2527 9618 17824 5 RVP - 19609 6156 39552 63317 52 others - - 13813 - 1318 1 Total 591 30214 27288 54124 112217 165

8.0 AWARENESS AND TRAINING ACTIVITY Training programme on ground water management was organised at J.H.Patel Auditorium, Zilla Panchayat office, Koppal During 13/11/2003 and 14/11/2003. Thirty trainees from various state government departments, NGOs, Educational Institutions from Koppal district participated in the training programme Officers of CGWB, SWR, presented seven lecture topics on the theme. Field visit to roof top harvesting site was arranged in Koppal town, Visit was also arranged to the construction site of Ashraya Housing Scheme being executed by Government of Karnataka and rooftop rainwater harvesting scheme finalised as part of field demonstration.

9.0 RECOMMENDATIONS 1) There is no scope for future ground water development in overexploited areas. the density of observation wells may be increased, water conservation measures may be adopted in larger scale, and microlevel ground water studies may be carried out. 2) The ground water resources may be reassessed to give the more recent picture. 3) In the safe areas there is scope for ground water development in Gangavathi taluk 43% area is safe,10261 borewells are feasible, 4514 borewell are feasible in kushtagi taluk and 748 borewells are feasible in Yelburga taluk these bore wells are feasible with a annual draft of 1.1ham/well this may be taken up in a phased manner with annual growth rate of 5% in number. 4) The bore wells may be constructed up to a depth of 70m, and top weathered zone may be sealed with blank casing pipe to avoid well collapse. 5) For construction of bore wells remote sensing and other techniques may be used to minimize failures and expected yields are obtained which can irrigate a minimum 1.5 ha/well.

11 6) Attempts can be made to locate suitable sites for borewell construction, adjacent to canal/distributary, so that wherever bad quality water is encountered it can be mixed with good quality canal water and supplied for irrigation. This may help to supply more water at the tail end of the canal command area. 7) Where the quality of ground water is unsuitable (poor quality) for irrigation use proper leaching arrangements to avoid salt accumulation and water logging by improving the drainage system. 8) The spacing in between two borewells may be kept about 300m to avoid mutual interferences. This may reduce up to 150m in canal/tank command areas. 9) The 1 st phase of C.G.W.B. ground water exploration is completed for the depth of less than100m, it is necessary to identify the deep aquifers beyond 100m. 10) In O.E.areas, in areas with deep water levels and areas with poor quality ground water for artificial recharge with desilted surface water body like tanks etc and rain water may be used through dry dug wells using dug well recharge method. 11) In the district probable roof top rainwater to be harvested in the unit area is about1.827m3, it may be used for artificial recharge, with suitable structure.