Appendix

CHARTER OF THE GERMAN EXPELLEES

Conscious of their responsibility before God and men, conscious of their adherence to the Christian community of the Occident, conscious of their German origin, and realizing the common task of all the nations of Europe, the elected representatives of millions of expellees, having care• fully deliberated and searched their conscience, have resolved to make public a

Solemn Declaration to the German people and to the entire world, in which are de• fined both the duties and the rights which the German expellees consider their basic law, and an absolute indispensable condition for the establishment of a free and united Europe. I. We, the expellees, renounce all thought of revenge and re• taliation. Our resolution is a solemn and sacred one, in memory of the infinite suffering brought upon mankind, particularly during the past decade. 2. We shall support with all our strength every endeavor directed towards the establishment of a united Europe, in which the nations may live in freedom from fear and force. 3. We shall contribute, by hard and indefatigable work, to the reconstruction of Germany and Europe. \Ve have lost our homeland. The homeless are strangers on the face of the earth. Almighty God himself placed men in their native land. To separate man from his native land by force, means to kill his soul. \Ve have suffered and experienced this fate. We therefore, feel competent to demand that the CHARTER OF THE GERMAN EXPELLEES 79

right to our native land be recognized and realized, as one of the basic rights of man, granted to him by the grace of God. We do not, however, wish to stand aside and doomed to inactivity, as long as this right is not realized, but want, rather to strive and toil with every member of our nation in a new spirit of community life, in a manner purified by a spirit of brotherly consideration. For this reason, we claim and demand, today as in the past: 1. Equal rights as citizens, not merely before the law, but also in the hard realities of every day's life. 2. Just and reasonable repartition of the burdens of the last war among the entire German people, and an honest exe• cution of this principle. 3. A sensible integration of all professional groups of ex• pellees into the life of the German people. 4. An active part of the German expellees in the reconstruction of Europe. The nations of the world shall be conscious of their share of the responsibility for the fate of the expellees, who have suffered more than all others from the hardships of our times. The nations shall act according to their Christian duty and conscience. The nations must realize that the fate of the German expellees, just as that of all refugees, is a world problem, the solution of which calls for the highest sense of moral responsibility and the stern necessity of making a tremendous effort. Vve, therefore, call upon all nations and men of good wIll, to join in the mutual task of finding a way out ot guilt, misfortune, suffering, poverty and misery, which will lead us all to a better future. SELECTIVE BIBLIOGRAPHY

Bouman, P. J., Beijer, G., and Oudegeest, J. J., The Retugee Problem in Western Germany, The Hague: Nijhoff, 1950. Socio-demographical. Factual and informative. Boehm, Max Hildebert, "Das Doppelgesicht der deutschen Fliichtlings• frage," in: Merkur, : Jg. 5, 169-181, (1951). Political. Byrnes, James F., SPeaking Frankly, New York: Harper, 1947. Revealing. Treats the background and course of the Potsdam Agreement. DaHin, Alexander, German Rule in Russia, I94I-I94S, London: Mac• millan, 1957. Authoritative. Critical of German conduct. Davidson, Eugene, The Death and Lite at Germany. An Account at the American Occupation, New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1961. Perhaps the most impartial and profound study on post World War II Ger• man problems. Decker, Giinther, "Das Selbstbestimmungsrecht der Nationen," Gottingen: Otto Schwartz, 1955. Legal. On the right of national self-determi• nation. Doms, Julius, Gedanken zum Recht aut die Heimat, Troisdorf: Wegweiser• verlag, 1956. On the right to homeland (and residence). Judicial monograph. Deuerlein, Ernst, Die Einheit Deutschlands, Frankfurt a. M.: Alfred Metz• ner, 1957. Notable German view on the unity of Germany. Dokumentation der Vertreibung der Deutschen aus Ost-1Vlitteleuropa, Schie• der, Theodor, (ed.), Bonn: Bundesministerium fiir Vertriebene, 8 vols., 1956/58. The most monumental documentation on the expulsion of German populations. Documents on the Expulsion of Germans from Eastern-Central Europe, Schieder, Theodor, (ed.), Bonn: Federal Ministry for Expellees, 2 vols., 1956. The abbreviated English language edition of the above. Economic Cooperation Administration (U.S.), The Integration 0/ Refugees into German Life. A report of the ECA Technical Assistance Com• mission on the Integration of the Refugees into the German Republic, Washington: National Planning Assoc., 1951. Also known as the H. Christian Sonne Report. Edding, Friedrich, The Refugees as a Burden, a Stimulus and a Challenge to the West German Economy, The Hague: Nijhoff, 1951. Publications of the Research Group for European Migration Problems IV. Eco• nomic aspects, authoritative. Expellees and Refugees 0/ German Ethnic Origin. Report of a special sub• committee of the Committee on the Judiciary (President Francis E. Walter), Washington: House of Representatives, 1950. SELECTIVE BIBLIOGRAPHY 81

Expellee Press Service, Weekly (in German and English) edited by Der Gottinger Arbeitskreis, Gottingen. Contains current news and data on the German refugee and expellee problem. Expulses et RefugiBs dans I'Allemagne Federale, Paris: Notes et etudes documentaires, Nr. 1989, (1955). Factual. Monograph. Federal Statistical Office, (ed.), Statistical Pocket-Book on Expellees, Wiesbaden: 1953. Feis, Herbert, Between War and Peace, The Potsdam Conference, Princeton University Press, 1960. Scholarly work of which Germany is a part, not the entire. Friedman, Philip, Their Brothers' Keepers, New York: Crown Publishers, 1957. On German war crimes against the Jews. Frings, Paul, Das Internationale FlUchtlingsproblem, I9I9-I950, Frank• furt a. M. : Verlag der Frankfurter Hefte, 1951. Factual. Frumkin, Gregory, Population Changes in Europe since I939. A study of population changes in Europe during and since World War I I as shown by the balance sheet of twenty-four European countries, London: George Allen and Unwin, 1951. Factual, well documented. de Geouffre de la Pradelle, Raymond, Le Probleme de la SilBsis et Ie Droit, Paris: Les Editions Internationales, 1958. Judicial monograph. (The) German Fifth Column in Poland, Polish Ministry of Information (eds.), London: Polish Ministry of Information, 1940. Political. Gottinger Arbeitskreis, (eds.), Deutschlands Ost Problem, Wurzburg: Holzner, 1957. Comprehensive German view by 's foremost experts on all sectors of Germany's "Eastern Problem." Well documented. Bibliography. Grentrup, Theodor, Die Apostolische Konstitution "Exsul Familia" zur Auswander- und Fluchtlingsfrage, Munich: Verlag Christ Unterwegs, 1955/56. Religious, Catholic view. Halecki, Oscar, Borderlands of Western Civilization, New York: Ronald Press, 1952. Historical. Hoffmann, Friedrich, Die Oder-Neisse Linie, Gottingen: Gottinger Ar• beitskreis, 1949. Political. German view. Institut National de la Statistique et des Etudes Economiques, Les Transfers Internationaux de populations, (Etudes et Documents, Serie B-2), Paris: Presses Universitaires de France, 1946. Factual. Integration, International Bulletin of the Association for the Study of the World Refugee Problem, Editor in Chief: Dr. Martin Kornrumpf, Vaduz, Liechtenstein. International Labour Office, International Migration, 1945-1957, Geneva: 1959. Ipsen, Gunther, "The Population of Central and Western Germany," in: R. E. M. P. Bulletin, The Hague: Vol. 3., No.3, 57-91 (1955). Demographical. Jaksch, Wenzel, Europas Weg nach Potsdam, Stuttgart: Deutsche Ver• lags-Anstalt, 1958. Political. View of a distinguished Sudeten-German socialist on the antecedents of the Potsdam Agreement. Karasek-Langer, Alfred, "Die Antwort des Volkes auf die Entgot• tung," in: Christ Unterwegs, Munich: Jg. 5, Nr. 4, 5, 6, (1951). Religious. Kertesz, Stephen, "The Expulsion of the Germans from Hungary," in: The Review of Politics, Vol. 15, No.2. Informative. 82 SELECTIVE BIBLIOGRAPHY

Kirk, Dudley, "Economic and Demographic Development in Western Germany," in: Population Index, Office of Population Research, Princeton University, Vol. 24, No. I, Jan., 1958, pp. 3-21. Informa• tive, authoritative. Klafkowski, Alfons, "The Legal Basis of Oder-Lusatian Nisa Frontier." in: Western Review, July-Aug., pp. 92-106, 1947. Legal. Polish view. Krallert-Sattler, Gertrud, "Bibliographie zum europaischen Fliichtlings• und Zwangswanderungsproblem, 1955-1957," in: Integration, Augs• burg: I, 2, 6, (1954-55-59). Kraus, Herbert, Die Oder-Neisse Linie, Koln-Braunsfeld, R. Miiller, 1959. Political. By (West) Germany's internationally best known legal authority. Kulischer, Eugene M., "Population Changes behind the Iron Curtain," in: Annals of the American Academy of Political Sciences, H 271, 100-- 111 (1950). Kulischer, Eugene M., Europe on the Move. War and Population Changes, I9I7-I947, New York: Columbia University Press, 1948. Informa• tive, penetrating. Kulski, Wladislaw W., "The Lost Opportunity for Russian-Polish Friend• ship," in: Foreign Atjail's, XXV., 1947. Interesting. Kurth, Karl 0., Handbuch del' Presse del' Heimatvertriebenen, Kitzingen: Holzner, 1953. Factual. Kurth, Karl 0., (ed.), Documents of Humanity during the Mass-Expulsion, New York: Harpers, 1955. Impartial treatment of a rather unknown aspect of the German exodus. Laun, Rudolf, Das Recht aut die Heimat, Hannover-Darmstadt: Schroedl, 1951. Judicial. On the right to homeland (and residence). Lemberg, Eugen, Umdenken in del' Verbannung, Bonn: Bundeszentrale fiir Heimatsdienst, 1955. Philosophical. By (West) Germany's possi• bly most outstanding theoretician on the German refugee problem. Lemberg, Eugen, Volker und Volksgruppen im Exit, Munich: Verlag Presseverein . 'Volksbote," 1953. Socio-philosophical. Lemberg, Eugen, Die A usweisung als Schicksal und A ujgabe, Munich: Gans, 1949. Philosophical. Lemberg, Eugen and Edding, Friedrich, (eds.), Die Vertriebenen in West• deutschland, Kiel: Ferdinand Hirt, 1959. Perhaps the most compre• hensive and objective German work on the matter in three volumes. Well documented. Bibliography. Lodgman von Auen, Rudolf, "What are we trying to do? (East German Refugees' Political Aims)," in: Eastern Europe's lVlonitor, Munich, Vol. I, No. 3-4, (1955). Lukaschek, Hans, Die deutschen Heimatvertriebenen als zentrales deutsches Problem, Bonn: Bundesministerium fiir Vertriebene, 1952. Factual. Mc Innis, Edgar; Hiscocks, Richard; Spencer, Robert, The Shaping of Postwar Germany, New York: Praeger, 1960. Coverage of the ex• pellee problem relatively small. Mosley, Philip E., "Czechoslovakia, Poland, Yugoslavia, Observations and Heflections," in: Political Science Quarterly, Vol. LXII, No. I, March 1948. Factual. Mosley, Philip E., "Dismemberment of Germany, The allied nego• tiations from Yalta to Potsdam," in: Foreign A//airs, 1949/50. Authoritative. SELECTIVE BIBLIOGRAPHY 83

Miiller, Karl Valentin, Die Begabung in der Sozialen Wirklichkeit, Gottin• gen: Vandenhoeck u. Rupprecht, 1951. Socio-philosophical, by one of (West) Germany's foremost sociologists. Myers, Paul F. and Mauldin, Parker, "Assimilation of the Expellees in the Federal Republic of Germany," in: Population Bulletin, Washington: 1952. Factual. Nahm, Peter Paul, Die sozialen, wirtschaftlichen und politischen Wirkungen der Vertreibung auf die Gemeinden der Bundesrepublik, Mannheim: Institut zur Forderung Offentlicher Angelegenheiten, 1954. Soci• ological. Paikert, G. C., "Hungary's National Minority Policies, 1920-1945," in: American Slavic and East European Review, Vol. XII, 1952. Con• siderable emphasis on German minorities and their conduct during World War II. Perlick, Alfons, Ostdeutsche Bibliographie, Troisdorf: Der Wegweiser, 1953. Bibliography. Pfeil, Elizabeth, Der FlUchtling, Hamburg: v. Hugo, 1948. Socio-psycho• logical by one of (West) Germany's noted experts. Platonov, S. F., Ivan Groznyj, Leningrad: 1923. Contains informative parts on population dispersions in early Russia. Proudfoot, Malcolm J., European Refugees, I939-52. A Study in Forced Population Movement, London: Faber and Faber, 1957. Factual. Rabl, Kurt, "Die amerikanische Politik und die sudetendeutsche BevOl• kerung im Jahre 1945," in: Ostdeutsche Wissenschaft, Munich: Bd. 3/4, 224-254, (1957). Political. On American policies concerning the Sudeten Germans in 1945. Reece, Carrol B., "On German Provinces East of the Oder-Neisse Line, and Economic, Historical, Legal and Political Aspects involved," Congressional Record, (Speech of Hon. B. Carrol Reece of Tennessee in the House of Representatives) May 16, 1957. 85th Congress, First Session, Vol. 103, No. 82, pp. 6346-6361. Emphasizes strong German points. "(Le) Retablissement des expulses et des refugies dans la Republique Federale d'Allemagne et en Autriche," in: Revue Internationale du Travail, Geneve: 68, 177-198 (1953). Socio-demographical. Reichling, Gerhard, "Die Heimatvertriebenen im Spiegel der Statistik," in: Schriften fur Sozialpolitik, Berlin: Band 6/III, (1958). Statistical data on German expellees. Reinartz, Hildegard, "Kirchliche Fliichtlingshilfe in Berlin," in: Kirch• liches Monatsblatt f. evangelisch-lutherische Gemeinden in Amerika, Philadelphia: 12; 177-181, (1955). Religious Protestants views. R. E. M. P. Bulletin (of the Research Group for European Migration Problems), Editor: Dr. G. Beijer, The Hague, The Nether• lands. Perhaps the most authoritative scholarly periodical on the matter. Rhode, Gotthold, "Zwangsumsiedelungen in der Geschichte," in: J ahr• buch der Albertus-Universitiitzu Konigsberg/Preussen, Band IV, (1954). Informative. On the forced migrations in history by a noted (West) German expert. Rhode, Gotthold, "VOlker auf dem Wege," in: Schriften des Schleswig• Holsteinischen Geschichtslehrer Verbandes, Neue Folge, Heft I, (1952). On mass migrations with the German exodus as its focus. 84 SELECTIVE BIBLIOGRAPHY

Rhode, Gotthold, Die Ostgebiete des Deutschen Reiches, Wiirzberg: Holz• ner, 1956. Authoritative German view on the (lost) eastern German territories. Rhode, Gotthold and Wagner, Wolfgang, (eds.), Quellen zur Entstehung der Oder-Neisse Linie, Stuttgart: Brentano Verlag, 1956. On the genesis of the Oder-Neisse Line. Interesting. Rogge, Heinrich, "Das Recht auf die Heimat und seine Theorie," in: Integration, Augsburg: Nr. 3, 143-154, (1955). On the right to the homeland. Judicial. Rogge, Heinrich, "Das Fliichtlingsproblem als internationale Rechts• frage," in: Internationales Recht und Diplomatie, Hamburg: Bd. 2, (1958). Legal. On the refugee problem's place in international law. Schechtman, Joseph B., European Population Transfers, I939-I945, New York: Oxford University Press, 1946. Socio-political. Critical of Germany. Schieder, Theodor, (ed.), see Dokumentation der Vertreibung der Deut• schen aus Ost-Mitteleuropa. Schwarz, Leo W., Refugees in Germany Today, New York: Twayne Publishers, 1952. Factual. Skubiszewski, Krzystof, "La frontiere polono-allemande en droit inter• national," in: Revue Generale de Droit International Public, 61., 1957. Legal. Polish view. Sladek, Paulus, "Die religiose Lage der Heimatvertriebenen," in: Stim• men der Zeit, Freiburg: Bd. 143,425-433, (1948/49). On the religious aspect of the German exodus. Catholic view. Sladek, Paulus, "Kirche, Fliichtlingsnot und Soziale Frage," in: Frank• furter Hefte, Heft 10, Oct. (1947). On the needs of the refugees. Re• ligious and sociological. Sonne, H. Christian, see Economic Cooperation Administration (U.S.). Stoessinger, John G., The Refugee and the World Community, Minneapolis: Univ. of Minnesota Press, 1948. Socio-political. Informative. Stojkovie, Ljubiea and Martie, Milo~, National Minorities in Yugoslavia, Belgrade: "Yugoslavija," 1952. Political. Yugoslav view. Szaz, Zoltan, Michael, Germany's Eastern Frontiers, Chicago: Regnery, 1960. Informative, well documented. Szulc, Stefan, "Demographic changes in Poland, War and Post-War," in: Population Index, Princeton University, Jan. 1947, pp. 3-18. Polish view. Taft, Donald and Robbins, Richard, International Migrations. The Immi• grant in the Modern World, New York: Ronald. 1955. Factual. United States Department of State, Potsdam Papers, collection of papers and documents concerning the Potsdam Conference. Vernant, Jacques, The Refugee in the post-War World, London: Allen and Unwin, 1953. Authoritative. Wagner, Wolfgang, The Genesis of the Oder-Neisse Line, Stuttgart: Bren• tano Verlag, 1957. Interesting. Wojciechowski, Z., (ed.), Poland's Place in Europe, Poznan: Polska, 1947. Politico-historical. Polish view. Zachodnia Agencija Prasowa, Basic In/ormation about Poland's Western Territories, Warsaw: Z. A. Prasowa, 1957. Political monograph. Polish view. PO&~World. Wo..r 'U Bou..nd.o.rles. of Ge~mo.r'\~

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- Oele". Ne\",~e L,"'e eso.... '" clOo.."'.... be.' tween Po\ .... na.. Q.nQ u.. -:.. Ft.. A lA.~t"'0.. s. Arrivals of German expellees in West Germany (sec next page) KEY TO MAP ON PRECEDING PAGE

Arrivals of German expellees in West Germany until the end of 1950 1. Pomerania...... 891,000 2. East Prussia ...... 1,347,000 3. East Brandenburg ...... 131,000 4. Silesia...... 2,053,000 Total from the erstwhile German Eastern provinces ...... 4,423,000 5. Danzig ...... 225,000 6. Memel Territory ...... 48,000 7. Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania. 59,000 8. Poland...... 410,000 9. Soviet Union...... 51,000 10. Czechoslovakia ...... 1,912,000 11. Rumania...... 149,000 12. Hungary ...... 178,000 13. Yugoslavia ...... 148,000 14. Other European states and overseas ...... 274,000 Total from foreign countries ...... 3,454,000 Total expellees ...... 7,877,000 Refugees and Migrants in West Germany from: 15. (Soviet Zone) and East Berlin until the end of 1950 ...... 1,555,000 Expellee Arrivals in East Germany (Soviet Zone) and East Berlin until the end of 1950 approx. 4,000,000

Source: "Wegweiser fur Heimatvertriebene," Wirtschaftsdienst Verlag und Druckerei G.m.b.H., Frankfurt/Main 1957. TABLE I. Volume of German populations in territories now under Soviet and Polish 1urisdiction and German settlements abroad at the end of World War II but before the exodus Territory German War casualties popu- Population Natural Losses of Civilian lations at in May, increase the armed losses War's end 1939 to the forces by air (Column end of raids 1+2-3 -4) I. Eastern Terri- 2 3 4 5 tories of the Ger- man Empire East Prussia 2,473,000 124,600 210,000 2,000 2,385,600 East Pomerania 1,883,700 70,800 125,000 8,000 1,821,500 East Brandenburg 642,000 14,000 41,000 500 614,500 Silesia 4,576,500 185,400 280,000 1,000 4,480,900 Total: 9,575,200 394,800 656,000 11,500 9,302,500 II. German Settle- ments (Ethnic Ger- mans) abroad Baltic states and Memel Territory 249,500 5,600 15,000 240,100 Danzig 380,000 21,700 22,000 379,700 Poland 1,371,000 30,000 108,000 1,293,000 Czechoslovakia 3,477,000 149,700 180,000 3,446,700 Hungary 623,000 10,000 32,000 601,000 Yugoslavia 536,800 13,000 40,000 509,800 Rumania 786,000 34,000 35,000 785,000 Total: 7,423,300 264,000 432.000 7,255,300 Grand Total (1+11) 16,998,500 658,800 1,088.000 11,500 16,557,800

Source: Statistisches J ahrbuch fur die Bundesrepublik Deutschland, I96o, Statisti- sches Bundesamt (Federal Office for Statistics), Wiesbaden, p. 79

TABLE II. Comparative breakdown by age groups 01 expellees and remainder 01 the population in W. Germany, September I950 (Not including W. Berlin) Age groups Expellees Rest of population Total Absolute Absolute Absolute figures Per- figures Per- figures Per- (thousands) cen- (thousands) cen- (thousands) cen- tages tages tages 0-15 1,966.0 25.0 9,270.0 23.3 11,237.0 23.6 15-21 733.6 9.3 3,464,9 8.7 4,198.4 8.8 21-25 529.0 6.7 2,324.2 5.8 2,853.2 6.0 25-35 1,138.3 14.5 4,885.5 12.3 6,023.8 12.6 35-45 1,223.2 15.5 6,236.8 15.7 7,460.0 15.6 45-65 1,716.0 21.8 9,783.0 24.5 11,499.4 24.1 65 and above 569.9 7.2 3,854.0 9.7 4,423.9 9.3 Total .... 7,876.2 100.0 39,819.5 100.0 47,695.7 100.0 0-·45 ..... 5.590.3 71.0 26.182.2 65.8 31.772.4 66.6 TABLE III. Percentage 0/ males to females in the various age groups (ex• pellees and remainder 0/ population) in West Germany, September, I950 (Not including West Berlin)

Age groups Expellees Rest of Total population 0-15 ...... 104.4 104.3 104.3 15-21 ...... 103.9 103.1 103.2 21-25 ...... 102.5 103.1 103.2 25-35 ...... 81.9 72.9 74.5 35-45 ..... · .. 84.6 78.4 79.4 45-55 ...... 78.9 83.3 82.6 65 and above 69.3 84.0 81.9 Total...... 89.0 88.0 88.2

T ABLE IV. Comparative birth and infant mortality rates (expellees and population as a whole) in West Germany, I950-56

-~- --~------Number of births per Infant mortality per thousand thousand inhabitants live births Year Expellees Population a~ Expellees Population as a whole a whole 1950 ...... 17.0 16.2 37 55 1951 ...... 18.1 15.8 39 53 1952 ...... 18.1 15.7 36 48 1953 ...... 17.8 15.5 36 46 1954 ...... 18.0 15.7 35 43 1955 ...... 17.7 15.7 34 42 1956 ...... 17.9 16.2 31 39

Source: International Labour Office, InterncJtional Migration, 1945·-I957, Ge• neva: 1959, pp. 26. 27. 28 TABLE V. German expellees and immigrants in the states (Lander) of the Federal Republic (West Germany) and West Berlin at the end of the first ten years after the Potsdam Agreement. Status: October, I955

Resident Expellees 1 Immigrants 2 Expellees and State population Number % of Number % of Immigrants total col. 1 col. 1 Number % of col. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Schleswig-Holstein 2,284,400 626,300 27.4 132,900 5.8 759,200 33.2 Hamburg 1,772,400 184,200 10.4 124,300 7.0 308,500 17.4 Lower Saxony 6,551,400 1,677,100 25.6 426,000 6.5 2,103,100 32.1 Bremen 633,800 79,600 12.5 37,900 6.0 117,500 18.5 N. Rhine Westphalia 14.776,600 2,050,800 13.9 801,800 5.4 2,852,600 19.3 Hessia 4,561,000 807,000 17.7 271,200 5.9 1,078,200 23.6 Rhenis Palatinate 3,295,800 259,600 7.9 128,800 3.9 388,400 11.8 Baden Wiirttemberg 7,117,100 1,192,400 16.8 320,800 4.5 1,513,200 21.3 9,169,500 1,830,500 20.0 296,000 3.2 2,126,500 23.2 Federal Territory total 50,162,000 8,707,600 17.3 2,539,600 5.1 11,247,200 22.4 West Berlin 2,196,000 159,400 7.3 134,500 6.1 293,900 13.4

1 Expellees are such persons who dwelt on September I, 1939 in the Eastern German Provinces (according to the frontiers of December 31, 1937) which are now under Polish or U.S.S.R. administration, or (as ethnic minorities) in foreign countries. This includes their children born after 1939, but no foreigners and stateless persons. 2 Immigrants are such persous who dwelt on September I, 1939 in Berlin, the Soviet Zone (East Germany) or the territory of the Saare. This includes their children born after 1939, but no foreigners and stateless persons. In West Berlin only such persons who dwelt in 1939 in the Soviet Zone or the territory of the Saare.

Source: Statistisches Bundesamt (Federal Office for Statistics), \Viesbaden.

TABLE Vl. Percenta{{e oj expellees in the Lander of the Federal Republic of Germany in September, 1950 before the redistribution.

Land Total population Of these Percentage of expellees expellees in 1,000

~'--~~'-~- Schleswig- Holstei n 2,566 827 32.2 Hamburg 1,621 122 7,5 Lower Saxonv 6,779 1,836 27.0 Bremen 569 51 9.0 )<. Rhine We'tphalia 13,277 1,360 10.3 Hessia 4,346 724 16.7 Rhenish Palatinate 3,049 169 5.6 Baden \Viirttember~ 6,487 884 13.7 Bavaria 9,219 1.926 20.9 Federal Territory 47.913 7.899 16.5 Same after the redistribution, April, 1956

Land Total population Of these Percentage of expellees expellees in 1,000 Schleswig-Holstein 2,274,5 620,7 27.3 Hamburg 1,785,9 189,9 10.6 Lower Saxony 6,547,7 1,673,5 25.5 Bremen 643,6 83,2 12.9 ~. Rhine WestphaJia 14,917,2 2,105,6 14.1 Hessia 4,587,3 815,0 17.8 Rhenish Palatinate 3,313,0 264,5 8.0 Baden Wurttemberg 7,182,5 1,216,9 16,9 Bavaria 9,185,6 1,829,4 19.9 Federal Territory 50,437,3 8,798,7 17.4 Source: Federal Ministry for Expellees, Bonn.

TABLE V II. Homeless foreigners and other non-German refugees in West Germany and West Berlin Status: July I, I955

of these foreigners 1 of these col. 2 of these col. 2 State Resident Total Homeless Homeless population foreigner and foreigner and total other non-Ger- other non-Ger- man refugees 2 man refugees in camps, homes and similar quarters % of % of % of Number col. 1 Number col. 2 Number col. 2 2 3 4 5 6 7 Schleswig-Holstein 2,290,300 12,517 0.5 6,836 54.6 2,913 42.6 Hamburg 1,763,900 20,352 1.2 8,572 42.1 1,877 21.9 Lower Saxony 6,552,000 43,439 0.7 25,180 58.0 10,681 42.4 Bremen 628,800 4,493 0.7 1,739 38.7 70 4.0 N. Rhine Westphalia 14,693,200 147,266 1.0 52,700 35.8 4,381 8.3 Hessia 4,544,000 32,183 0.7 14,329 44.5 470 3.3 Rhenish Palatinate 3,284,000 23,920 0.7 11,544 48.3 Wiirttemberg 7,077,300 66,764 0.9 28,577 42.8 5,311 18.6 Bavaria 9,161,300 120,386 1.3 67,286 55.9 3,484 5.2 Federal Territory 49,994,700 471,320 0.9 216,763 46.0 29,187 13.5 West Berlin 2,195,200 18,221 0.8 6,593 36.2 39 0.6 TOTAL 52,189,900 489,541 0.9 223,356 45.6 29,226 13.1

1 Foreigners resident and registered with the police. 2 It is not yet possible to lay down statistically the legal significance of homeless foreigners and non-German refugees. Therefore all persons with the following nation• alities were provisionally included in this category: Bulgaria, Yugoslavia, Poland (including Ukranians from Poland), Rumania, Czechoslovakia, Hungary, Soviet Union (including Ukranians from the Soviet Union), previous Baltic states (Esthonia, Latvia and Lithuania) and all stateless persons. As all these numbers are certainly higher than the total number of persons legally belonging to the two categories such numbers must be regarded as maximum figures. Source: Federal Office for Statistics, Wiesbaden and calculations of the Federal Ministry for Expellees, Bonn. TABLE VIII. Emigration from the Federal Republic of Germany, I949-I954 (During the latter years some 40% of all emigrants from the Federal Republic were always expellees and refugees)

Those desiring to emigrate Those actually emigrated (including families) (including families) 1949 not computed estimated 15,000 without displaced persons 1950 122,067 35,000 1951 418,863 61,000 1952 384,911 59,000" " 1953 440,320 60,933 of these 16,007 expellees 2,965 foreigners and stateless persons 1954 312,508 61,614" 18,954 expellees 2,285 immigrants 3,616 foreigners, state• less and other persons Of the total of 61,614 emigrapts (in 1954) 31,469 were male and 30,145 female; of these 15,719 children under 16 years of age of both sexes. Destination of the emigrants Country Total of of these Germans Expellees Immigrants Foreigners, stateless persons and others European countries 696 182 34 365 America 1 42,082 14,521 1,453 3,131 Australia 14,101 4,013 773 105 Africa 1,077 222 25 7 Further countries outside Europe 42 16 TOTAL 57,998 18,954 2,285 3,616

1 United States 16,050; 4,571 701; 1,831 Canada 24,922; 9,360 691; 957 Brazil 875; 352 37; 287 Argentina 235; 90 11; 5 Source: Federal Ministry for Expellees, Care and Help, Bonn: 1956, pp. 26, 27

TABLE IX. The level of employment of expellees as contrasted with that 0/ the rest of the population in the Federal Republic of Germany, I950-I957

Employment Expellees (%) Rest of population (% ) 1950 1957 1950 1957 Independents...... 5.2 6.2 16.5 14.6 Helping family members ...... 1.8 2.8 16.7 11.9 Civil servants and regular soldiers 3.7 5.6 4.0 4.5 Employees...... 14.3 17.3 16.3 17.7 Labor, apprentices ...... 75.0 68.1 46.5 51.3 Source: E. Lemberg, Fr. Edding, eds., Die Vertriebenen in Westdeutschland, F. Hirt in Kiel, 1959, p. 165 TABLE X. The level oj unemployment oj expellees and oj the total population oj the Federal Republic oj Germany, I949-I957

Share in Year Unemployment (%) Total population (%) 1949 34.5 16.2 1950 31.4 16.6 1951 30.4 16.8 1952 29.6 16.9 1953 27.6 17.1 1954 26.1 17.2 1955 25.2 17.4 1956 23.1 17.7 1957 21.5 18.0

Source: Federal Ministry for Expellees, Bonn, 1958

TABLE XI. Changes in Germany's jood production as related to territorial changes between I9I3-I949.

The Hitlerite expansion of Germany between 1938-1944 are omitted be• cause of its temporary character

1. 1913 The German Empire Population ...... 67 millions Food producing area. . . .. 1281 acres per 100 inhabitants Degree of self-sufficiency ...... 80 per cent

II. 1922 Post-World War I Germany with a loss of 12,355,700 acres of food-producing area Population ...... 61.9 millions Food producing area. . . .. 1131 acres per 100 inhabitants Degree of self-sufficiency ...... 75 per cent

III. 1949 Post-World War II Germanies (West and East) with a further loss of 17,643,960 acres of food producing area (exclusively in the eastern provinces) Population ...... 68.8 millions Food producing area ..... , 741 acres per 100 inhabitants o Degree of self-sufficiency ...... 61 per cent Compiled from The Germall East. Karl Pagel, ed., K. Lemmer Verlag, Berlin: 1954, p. 135 TABLE XII. Religious beliefs of the population in West Germany Status: September. I950

Population

of which Religious beliefs Total Expellees Refugees and Immigrants Evangelical Church in Germany 23,877,672 4,076,144 1,176,826 Free Evangelical Com- munities 481,122 92,051 17,808 Roman Catholic Church 21,576,179 3,572,392 249,633 "Free Catholic" Churches and other religions 75,557 13,483 1,942 Jewish Religious Com- munities 17,116 4,035 552 Free Religious Communities and Free Thinkers 1,526,177 119,268 99,142 Persons with no religious belief 142,849 17,297 9,172

TOTAL 47,695,672 7,894,670 1.555,075

Source: Office for Church Statistics. Hanover INDEX

Africa, 48 Dachau, 46 Alsace-Lorrain, 16 Dallin, Alexander, 15 Anti-Semitism, 31,72 Danzig, 2, 21 Arab States, 30 Davidson, Eugene, 10, 24, 45, 46 Asia, 1 Dobrudsa, 16 Asiatic-Russia, 15 Doms, Julius, 45 Atlantic Charter, 50,74 East Berlin, 62 Attlee, Clement, 8, 20 East Galicia, 16 Australia, 5 East Volhynia, 16 Australian Red Cross, 23 Economic Club, New York, 24 Austria, 3, 5, 21, 24, 57, 58 Edding, F., 80 Austrian-Hungarian Monarchy, 9, 41, Eichmann, Adolf, 71 45,46 Emigration, 62 Avignon,46 England, see United Kingdom Baden-Wurttemberg, 22 Esthonians (people), 55 Baltic States, 2, 16 European Coal and Steel Community, Bavaria, 22, 41 54, 61 Beijer, Gunther, 4 European Economic Community, Belgium, 5, 44 54 Benes, Eduard, 10, 11, 17, 19 European Council, 54 Berlin, 75 Expellee Charter, 62 ff, 78 ff Berlin Conference, 1945,8, 12, 18, 19, Expellee Press Service, Gottingen, 28 43 'Export pressure', 32, 33 Bessarabia, 15, 16 Feis, Herbert, 12, 19 Black Sea Territory, 16 France, 24, 29, 44 Bolshevik Revolution, 1917, 52 Frank, Hans, 45 Bolzano, 58 Frederic the Great, 8 Bonn, 31, 59, 72, 75 French National Assembly, 46 Bouman, P. J., 4 Geneva Agreement, 1949, 50 Bremen, 22 Genocide (Convention), 50 Bukovina, 15, 16 'German-Europeanism', 54, 56, 60 Bulgaria, 16, 17, 30, 59 German Miracle 34, 74, 139 Byrnes, James, F., 20 'Ghetto spirit', 56 Canada, 5 Greece, 30, 44 Catholics (German), 40 ff Greek civil war, 30 Cholm Territory, 16 Greiser, Arthur, 45 Churchill, Winston, 18, 19, 20 Hague Rules (of Land Warfare), 44, 50 Convention for the Protection of Hamburg, 22 Human Rights and Fundamental Hegel (Ger. philos.), 38 Freedoms, 1950, 49 Heimaten (Homeland), 7,27,50ff,68ff Convention on the Prevention and Hesse, 22 Punishment of the Crime of Geno• Hitler, 8, 9, 10, 11, 15, 16, 20, 21, 34, cide, 1946, 50. 44,45,47,50,51,71 ff Corridor (Polish), 21 Hopkins, Harry, 10 Council of Europe, Strasbourg, 23, 49 Hull, Cordell, 10 Crimean War, 1855, 46 Hungary,2,8,9,17,53,59 Czechoslovakia, 2, 7, 8, 9, 10, 17, 19, Incorporated Provinces (Poland), 16 21, 44, 48, 57, 59 Industrialization, 36, 56 96 INDEX

International Convention on Oberlaender, Theodor. 66 Refugees, 25 Oder-Neisse line. 3, 7. 10. 12. 13. 18, Institute for Empiric Sociology Ger• 64 ff. 75 many, 66 Office of War Information. Washing- Institute for Self-Help and Social ton. 73 Research of Cologne, 28 Osthilfe (Germany). 13 IRO, 23 Ostpolitik (Germany), 13, 15 Israel, 30, 72 Oudegeest. J. J .• 4 Italy,5,9,16,24,55,58 Paikert. G. C .• 11 Ivan III (Russ. Tsar), 11 Pan-Slavism. 12. 13 Izvestija (Soviet newsp.), 12 Paris (Peace of. 1856),46 Japan, 8, 20 Peuckert. Wil-Erich. 40 Jerusalem, 71 Platonov. S. F .• 12 Jews, 12, 16, 21, 44, 52, 72 Poland. 2, 4. 7. 8. 9. 10. 12, 13. 14, 16, Jewish Claim Conference, 72 17. 18 ff. 44, 59. 65, 75 Kelsen, Hans, 49 Polish intelligentsia. 4 Kohn, Hans, 12, 13 Polish Peasant Party. 10 Kraus, Herbert, 46, 62 Potsdam Agreement. 1945. 3. 7. 8 ff. Krecker, L., 38 42 ff. 51 ff, 59 ff. 62. 74. 76 Kremlin, 11, 14, 30 Proudfoot, Malcolm. J., 35 Kulischer, Eugene, 10, 12, 15, 16, 21, Protestants (German), 40 ff 74 Rabl, Kurt, 19. 44 Kurth, Karl, 0., 4 Red Army (Soviet). I, 4, 6, 7, 12. 17 Land Refugee Administration, 22 Red Cross (Interntl). 3 Langer, William (U.S. Sen.), 73 Rehs. Reinhold. 63 Laun, Rudolf, 48 Reign of Terror (France), 51 Lemberg. Eugen. 27. 38. 51, 53, 64 Rhineland-Palatinate. 22 Lets (people). 55 Rhode, Gotthold. 11. 12, 16, 53, 55 Lidice (in Czechoslovakia), 10 Roosevelt, F. D., 10, 19. 20 London Nine Power Declaration, 44 Rumania. 2, 17. 59 Lower Saxony. 22 Sasse, H. G .• 3. 12. 15 Lublin Committee, 10 Schieder, Theodor. 4, 7 Lukaschek. Hans. 23 Schleswig-Holstein, 22 Luxembourg, 44 Second Reich (Germany). 13. 34 Luxembourg Agreement. 1953. 72 Silesia, 66 Manteufel-Szoge. Baron, Georg, 50 Slavs. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15.20. 64 Marshall Plan, 23, 24, 35. 61 South Tyrol, 16.55.58 Memel Territory, 2 Soviet Bloc. 14 Menzel, Eberhard, 47 'Soviet folk', 55, 57 Middelmann, Werner, 3. 25. 26. 27 Soviet sphere. 58 Migrations, European and inter-Euro- Soviet Union. 8 ff. 16, 20. 44. 53, 55, pean,37 59,61 Mikolajczyk, Stanislaw, 10 S.S. (Sturm Staffell, 15 Minc, Hilary, 10 Stalin, Joseph. 8, 10. 11. 12. 14, 19,20 Moldavia. 46 Strauss, Franz Joseph, 24 Morgenthau Plan, 35 Stresemann. Gustav, 54 Moscow, 9, 11, 71 Sudeten Free State, 70 Muller. Karl Valentin. 66, 67. 68 Sudeten Germans, 9. 17, 19,21,35.38, Munich Agreement, 1938, 9 47,48.57.70 Nahm. Peter Paul. 40 Swedish Red Cross. 23 National (ethnic) minorities, 54 ff Szaz. Zoitan, M. 13, 19 Netherlands (The). 5, 44 Teheran Conference, 1943, 8, 19, 20 New York Times, 72 'Times' (The, London), 30 North Atlantic Treaty Organization, Third International, 14 31 Third Reich (Germany), 4, 8, 10, 31, N orth-Rhine-Westfalia, 22 48,54, 71, Nonvay,44 Transylvanian Saxons, 3 ~uremberg Tribunal, 44 ff Truman, Harry S., 8, 19, 20 INDEX 97

Turkey, 30, 46 Versailles, 8 Ukranians,4, 12 Volhynia (Poland), 16 UNESCO,48 (ethnic Germans). 2. United Kingdom,S, 7, 8,21,44,60 II, IS, 16,38,51,55 United Nations, 20, 47, 48, 49, 50, 61, Wagner. Wolfgang, 12, 19 63 Wallachia (Rumania). 46 United Nations' Charter, 50, 74 Warthegau (Poland). 45 United States,S, 7, 8 ff, 21, 23, 24, 28, Welles, Sumner. 10 29,32,44,46,60,61 West German Statistical State Office, UNRRA,23 29 Universal Declaration of Human Westphalia (Treaty of, 1648). 45 Rights, 49 Wilson, Woodrow, 46 'Untermenschen' (subhumans), 15 Wright, Quincy. 48 Urbanization, 36, 56, 69 Yalta Conference. 1945, 8. 10. 19, U.S. News and World Report, 19, 20 20, 59 USSR, see Soviet Vnion Yugoslavia, 2, 16, 17, 44, 59 Vatican, 23 Zachodnia Agencija Prasowa, 13