IP Addresses: A critical resource for Asia-Pacific development

China Inet 2000, Beijing, 6-9 June 2000

Paul Wilson Director General, APNIC

A S I A P A C I F I C N E T W O R K I N F O R M A T I O N C E N T R E IP Addresses: A critical resource

!Introducing APNIC ! Regional Internet Registry (RIR) for the Asia-Pacific region !IP Address Management ! History, policies and procedures !Asia-Pacific Infrastructure Trends ! Growth in infrastructure deployment as reflected by Internet resource consumption ! Transition to IPv6

A S I A P A C I F I C N E T W O R K I N F O R M A T I O N C E N T R E IP Addresses: A critical resource

!Introducing APNIC ! Regional Internet Registry (RIR) for the Asia-Pacific region !IP Address Management ! History, policies and procedures !Asia-Pacific Infrastructure Trends ! Growth in infrastructure deployment as reflected by Internet resource consumption ! Transition to IPv6

A S I A P A C I F I C N E T W O R K I N F O R M A T I O N C E N T R E What is APNIC?

!Regional Internet (Address) Registry !Regional authority for IP address distribution !Membership-based, non-profit, impartial and independent organisation !Established 1993, Tokyo, !Under authority of IANA !Relocated in 1998 to , !Undergoing rapid growth and development !In line with Asian economic recovery...

A S I A P A C I F I C N E T W O R K I N F O R M A T I O N C E N T R E Since January 1999...

!APNIC membership ! Increased 105% - from 246 to 505 !APNIC staff ! Increased 160% - from 8 to 21 !Service activity ! Processed over 25,000 tickets !Total allocations ! Increased 63% - from 1.6 to 2.6 x /8

A S I A P A C I F I C N E T W O R K I N F O R M A T I O N C E N T R E Where is APNIC?

RIPE NCC ARIN

APNIC

A S I A P A C I F I C N E T W O R K I N F O R M A T I O N C E N T R E What does APNIC do?

!Internet resource management ! IP address allocation and assignment ! AS number assignments !Resource registration ! Authoritative registration server: !DNS management ! Reverse domains: in-addr.arpa ! Not: Conventional DNS registration

A S I A P A C I F I C N E T W O R K I N F O R M A T I O N C E N T R E What does APNIC do?

!Training courses ! Launched in 1999 ! Subsidised for APNIC members !Representation and coordination ! Regional representation at Internet meetings ! Coordination with RIRs, IANA, ICANN etc !Information dissemination ! APNIC meetings, Web site, mailing lists ! Reports and statistics (increasingly)

A S I A P A C I F I C N E T W O R K I N F O R M A T I O N C E N T R E How does APNIC look?

- APNIC Membership - (505 members*)

- Executive Council - (7 members)

- Director General -

Member Services Tech Services Business Documentation Manager Manager Manager Manager

Hostmaster Sys Admin Accountant Webmaster Hostmaster Jr Sys Adm M'Ship Officer Hostmaster Programmer Assistant Hostmaster Programmer Hostmaster Programmer Training Mgr DB Admin * 1 June 2000

A S I A P A C I F I C N E T W O R K I N F O R M A T I O N C E N T R E Who are APNIC members?

!Membership is Open ! Large and small ISPs, multinational organisations, National Internet Registries ! Requirements: Membership agreement Location in the AP region !Benefits of Membership ! Resource allocation and registration ! Free attendance and voting at APNIC meetings ! NOT: Automatic or easier address allocation

A S I A P A C I F I C N E T W O R K I N F O R M A T I O N C E N T R E How many APNIC members?

Very Large 500 Large Medium 400 Small 300

200

100

0 Oct-96 Oct-97 Oct-98 Oct-99 Jun-96 Feb-97 Jun-97 Feb-98 Jun-98 Feb-99 Jun-99 Feb-00

A S I A P A C I F I C N E T W O R K I N F O R M A T I O N C E N T R E Where are APNIC members?

PH TW TH SG MY 5% 4% PK IN 6% 4% 2% 2% 10% JP Other 2% 10% HK CN 19% 3% NZ AP 4% AU 4% 25%

A S I A P A C I F I C N E T W O R K I N F O R M A T I O N C E N T R E Where are APNIC members?

1/06/2000

1/1/2000 AU HK IN PH 1/1/1999 TW AP SG TH 1/1/1998 ID CN NZ JP Other 1/1/1997

0 100 200 300 400 500 600

A S I A P A C I F I C N E T W O R K I N F O R M A T I O N C E N T R E What is the APNIC model?

!Self-regulatory consensus model Membership ! OPEN Mailing list subscription Policy forum ! All are welcome to APNIC Meetings! !Policy making ! Membership reviews and approves on policy !Policy implementation ! Secretariat and Membership

A S I A P A C I F I C N E T W O R K I N F O R M A T I O N C E N T R E RIR Operational Structure

IANA/ICANN Marina del Rey, CA, US

APNIC ARIN RIPE-NCC Brisbane, Australia Reston, VA, USAmsterdam, The Netherlands

LIR NIR LIR ISP ISP ISP LIR LIR LIR

LIR LIR ISP ISP

A S I A P A C I F I C N E T W O R K I N F O R M A T I O N C E N T R E ICANN Structure Chart

.

. . AFRINIC?

LACNIC?

Advisory Committees Task Forces

Root Server System Government In de pe n dent Re vie w Membe rship Advisory Committee Advisory Committee Advisory Committee ... Implementation Task Force ... A S I A P A C I F I C N E T W O R K I N F O R M A T I O N C E N T R E IP Addresses: A critical resource

!Introducing APNIC ! Regional Internet Registry (RIR) for the Asia-Pacific region !IP Address Management ! History, policies and procedures !Asia-Pacific Infrastructure Trends ! Growth in infrastructure deployment as reflected by Internet resource consumption ! Transition to IPv6

A S I A P A C I F I C N E T W O R K I N F O R M A T I O N C E N T R E What are IP Addresses anyway?

!IPv4: 32-bit numeric address !e.g. 203.37.255.97 !4 billion available (though much less in practice) !IPv6: 128-bit hexadecimal address !e.g. 3ffe:0200:: !16 billion billion avail (much much less in practice) !Public infrastructure addresses ! Every device must have an IP address ! Every globally-reachable address is unique

A S I A P A C I F I C N E T W O R K I N F O R M A T I O N C E N T R E IP Addresses: Overview

202.112.3.65 203.37.255.97 4 data

“From” address “To” address Version Contents (32 bits) (32 bits)

An Internet Packet (IPv4)

A S I A P A C I F I C N E T W O R K I N F O R M A T I O N C E N T R E Classful Address Architecture

!Each IP address has two parts ! “network” address ! “host” address !Initially, only 256 networks !Then, network “classes” introduced: ! Class A (128 networks x 16M hosts) ! Class B (16,384 x 65K hosts) ! Class C (2M x 256 hosts)

A S I A P A C I F I C N E T W O R K I N F O R M A T I O N C E N T R E Classful Address Architecture

Class A: 128 networks x 16M hosts (50% of all address space) A (7 bits) Host address (24 bits) 0

Class B: 16K networks x 64K hosts (25%) B (14 bits) Host (16 bits) 10

Class C: 2M networks x 256 hosts (12.5%) C (21 bits) Host (8 bits) 110

A S I A P A C I F I C N E T W O R K I N F O R M A T I O N C E N T R E Classful Address Architecture

!By end of 1992, several problems !Internet address depletion ! “Generous” allocation policy ! Many addresses allocated but unused !Growing routing table ! Routers overloaded ! Increasing instability of routing structure

A S I A P A C I F I C N E T W O R K I N F O R M A T I O N C E N T R E Global Routing Table: ’88 - ’92 9000 8000 7000 6000 5000 4000 3000 2000 1000 0

88 l- 9 Ju 8 Nov-88 9 Mar- -8 Jul-89 ov r-90 A S I A P A C I F I C N E T WN O R K I N aF O R M A T I O N C E N 9T0 R E M 91 Jul-90 r- 91 Nov- l- 2 Ma Ju -9 Nov-91 r Ma Jul-92 v-92 No Global Routing Table Projection 40000

35000

30000

25000

20000

15000

10000

5000

0

88 l- Ju n-89 Ja 90 Jul-89 n-90 l- 91 Ja u 2 A S I A P A C I F I C N EJ T W O R K I N F O R M A T I O N9 C E N T R E Jan- - 92 Jul-91 n 93 Ja Jul- Jan- n-94 5 Jul-93 9 5 Ja Jul-94 Jan- Jul-9 Classless Address Architecture

!CIDR: Classless Inter-Domain Routing ! Proposed as “supernetting” in 1992 (RFC1367) ! Finalised and deployed from 1993 (RFC1519) !Much higher utilisation through variable- length network address: !/10 = 10-bit network + 22-bit host (4M-2 hosts) !/19 = 13-bit host (8192-2 hosts) !/26 = 4-bit host (16-2 hosts) !Higher routing efficiency through aggregation

A S I A P A C I F I C N E T W O R K I N F O R M A T I O N C E N T R E Classless Address Architecture

/10: 4M hosts 10 bits Host address (22 bits)

/19: 8190 hosts 19 bits Host (13 bits)

/26: 14 hosts 26 bits Host (6 bits)

A S I A P A C I F I C N E T W O R K I N F O R M A T I O N C E N T R E Routing Table Growth: ’88 - 2000

A S I A P A C I F I C N E T W O R K I N F O R M A T I O N C E N T R E Routing Table Health Report

!Currently 80,000 entries ! Linear growth: 10,000 routes per year ! Fluctuation: + 500 routes per month !“Swamp” Space ! 55,000 routes ! Legacy of classful addressing ! Former class C blocks: 192/8 - 209/8 !Prefix distribution ! 45,000 routes are /24 (56% of total)

A S I A P A C I F I C N E T W O R K I N F O R M A T I O N C E N T R E Routing Table Route Distribution

210/8

207/8

204/8

201/8

198/8

195/8

192/8

0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000 7000

A S I A P A C I F I C N E T W O R K I N F O R M A T I O N C E N T R E Routing Table Prefix Distribution

May-00 <16 16 Mar-00 17 18 Jan-00 19 20 Nov-99 21 22 23 Sep-99 24 >24 Jul-99

0 20000 40000 60000 80000 100000

A S I A P A C I F I C N E T W O R K I N F O R M A T I O N C E N T R E CIDR and the RIR system

!With CIDR came increasing focus on ongoing efficient usage of address space ! Usage-based request process ! Provider-based addressing !Consequently, more administrative management required to meet goals ! RIRs were in fact proposed in the same set of documents as CIDR itself! !RFCs 1338, 1366, 1367, 1466, 1467

A S I A P A C I F I C N E T W O R K I N F O R M A T I O N C E N T R E IP Addresses: A critical resource

!Introducing APNIC ! Regional Internet Registry (RIR) for the Asia-Pacific region !IP Address Management ! History, policies and procedures !Asia-Pacific Infrastructure Trends ! Growth in infrastructure deployment as reflected by Internet resource consumption ! Transition to IPv6

A S I A P A C I F I C N E T W O R K I N F O R M A T I O N C E N T R E AP Internet User Population

100 90

80 Australia 70 60 50 Korea 40 30 20 Other 10 0 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004

Source: Morgan Stanley Dean Witter

A S I A P A C I F I C N E T W O R K I N F O R M A T I O N C E N T R E IPv4 Address Space Usage

!Consumption rate (3 years) ! 590,000 IPv4/month (0.42 x /8 p.a.) ! 22 ASN/month (264 p.a.) !Consumption rate (1999) ! 807,000 IPv4/month (0.58 x /8 p.a.) ! 27 ASN/month (324 p.a.) !Consumption rate (last 6 months) ! 1,499,051 IPv4/month (1.07 x /8 p.a.) ! 49 ASN/month (590 p.a.)

A S I A P A C I F I C N E T W O R K I N F O R M A T I O N C E N T R E IPv4 Address Space Usage

40,000,000

211/8 30,000,000 210/8 203/8 20,000,000 202/8 61/8 10,000,000

0 Jan-96 Jan-97 Jan-98 Jan-99 Jan-00 Sep-96 Sep-97 Sep-98 Sep-99 May-96 May-97 May-98 May-99 May-00

A S I A P A C I F I C N E T W O R K I N F O R M A T I O N C E N T R E 100,000,000 IPv4 Address Space Usage

80,000,000

60,000,000

40,000,000

20,000,000

0 Jul-01 Jul-00 Jul-99 Jul-98 Jul-97 Jul-96 Jan-02 Jan-01 Jan-00 Jan-99 Jan-98 Jan-97 Jan-96

A S I A P A C I F I C N E T W O R K I N F O R M A T I O N C E N T R E IPv4 Allocations - Distribution

AP 1% AU MY CN 13% 1% NZ PH 20% TW 1% 1% 7% TH 1% ID 1% Other SG 14% 1% OTHER 1% KR 21% IN HK JP 2% 3% 26%

A S I A P A C I F I C N E T W O R K I N F O R M A T I O N C E N T R E IPv4 Allocations - Distribution

1/06/2000

1/01/2000 JP KR CN AU 1/01/1999 TW HK IN TH 1/01/1998 NZ SG MY AP OTHER 1/01/1997

0 10000000 20000000 30000000 40000000 50000000

A S I A P A C I F I C N E T W O R K I N F O R M A T I O N C E N T R E IPv4 Allocations - China 9,000,000

8,000,000

7,000,000

6,000,000

5,000,000 jitong-cn 4,000,000 cnnic-cn chinanet-cn 3,000,000 cernet-cn

2,000,000

1,000,000

0 Jan-00 Jan-99 Jan-98 Jan-97 Jan-96 May- 99 Sep-99 May- 98 Sep-98 May- 97 Sep-97 May- 96 Sep-96

A S I A P A C I F I C N E T W O R K I N F O R M A T I O N C E N T R E Predicting the Future

!IP addresses mirror Internet growth ! Represent deployed infrastructure ! APNIC can provide objective, factual info !Need more analysis of data and trends ! Allocation patterns per country over time ! Correlation of IP addresses with... !Population, GDP, etc ! Comparison with other regions

A S I A P A C I F I C N E T W O R K I N F O R M A T I O N C E N T R E IP usage & GDP per Head

0.0000 0.0500 0.1000 0.1500 0.2000 0.2500 0.3000 0.3500

Australia China

Hong Kong India IP/head Japan GDP/head (*)

Singapore

Sri LankaA S I A P A C I F I C N E T W O R K I N F O R M A T I O N C E N T R E GDP per Head & IP usage per GDP

0 5000 10000 15000 20000 25000 30000 35000

Australia China

Hong Kong India Indonesia GDP per head Japan IP/GDP (*) Malaysia Mongolia Nepal Philippines

Singapore

Sri LankaA S I A P A C I F I C N E T W O R K I N F O R M A T I O N C E N T R E Thailand Potential Growth: CN,IN,ID

25

20

15 IN ID 10 CN IPv4 TotalIPv4 (/8) 5

0 0.01 0.02 0.04 0.08 0.16 IPv4 Addresses per Head

A S I A P A C I F I C N E T W O R K I N F O R M A T I O N C E N T R E IP Addresses: A critical resource

!Introducing APNIC ! Regional Internet Registry (RIR) for the Asia-Pacific region !IP Address Management ! History, policies and procedures !Asia-Pacific Infrastructure Trends ! Growth in infrastructure deployment as reflected by Internet resource consumption ! Transition to IPv6

A S I A P A C I F I C N E T W O R K I N F O R M A T I O N C E N T R E IPv6 Allocations - Background

!1998: Request from IAB for RIRs to develop IPv6 allocation service !1999: Joint RIR IPv6 policy document released (May) !“subTLA” allocations now underway !Allocations to date: !APNIC: 12 !ARIN: 5 !RIPE NCC: 17

A S I A P A C I F I C N E T W O R K I N F O R M A T I O N C E N T R E IPv6 Allocations - Distribution

Date Organisation Economy 13/08/99 WIDE Project JP 27/08/99 National University of Singapore SG 16/09/99 Connect.com.au AU 22/09/99 NTT JP 6/10/99 Korea Research and Education Network KR 27/10/99 JENS JP 24/11/99 Electronics and Telecomms Research Institute KR 8/02/00 Chunghwa Telecom TW 8/03/00 Internet Initiative Japan JP 14/03/00 IMNET JP 26/04/00 CERNET CN 2/05/00 Infoweb JP

A S I A P A C I F I C N E T W O R K I N F O R M A T I O N C E N T R E Critical Future Development

!Drivers for IPv6 deployment... !New services for users? No. !New users for ISPs? No. !New ISPs for vendors? No. !Conclusion: IPv6 not required by existing ISPs for several, or many, years !However, transition will take many years !New ISP services expected to drive IPv6 !i.e. Mobile phones (primarily 3G) !other devices (appliances, e-commerce etc)

A S I A P A C I F I C N E T W O R K I N F O R M A T I O N C E N T R E Conclusion: Participating in APNIC

Meetings Mailing Lists etc

A S I A P A C I F I C N E T W O R K I N F O R M A T I O N C E N T R E APNIC Participation

!APNIC mailing lists !apnic-talk, apnic-members, apnic-announce !sig-routing, sig-policy, sig-dns etc !APNIC web site !http://www.apnic.net !documents, minutes, archives, forms, tools !APNIC Meetings !Held twice per year (once with APRICOT) !Open to all

A S I A P A C I F I C N E T W O R K I N F O R M A T I O N C E N T R E APNIC Meeting October 2000

!Second APNIC meeting in 2000 !New meeting format !3 day meeting !Policy and Technical Tracks !SIGs and Plenary sessions !Wed 25 to Fri 27 October 2000 !Novotel, Brisbane, Australia !see http://www.apnic.net !All welcome!!!

A S I A P A C I F I C N E T W O R K I N F O R M A T I O N C E N T R E Thank you!

Paul Wilson [email protected]

http://www.apnic.net

A S I A P A C I F I C N E T W O R K I N F O R M A T I O N C E N T R E