Brander.Dissertation.July 13
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The Temple in Jerusalem Idealized and the Historic-Synagogue-Institution: A Study in Synagogue Purposes in an American Context by Kenneth Brander A Dissertation Submitted to the Faculty of The Dorothy F. Schmidt College of Arts and Letters in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy Florida Atlantic University Boca Raton, Florida August 2016 Copyright 2016 by Kenneth Brander ii Acknowledgements Eighteen years ago in the living room of Dr. Nahum and Helen Sarna, I began a conversation with them exploring how a pulpit rabbi of a 550 family member synagogue could continue to grow intellectually and academically. It was Nahum, who, in a determined yet self-effacing manner, urged me to think of pursuing a PhD. Their kindness and willingness to study with me helped to plant a seed that eventually flourished into reality. What better path of intellectual inquiry for a rabbi to pursue than the areas of philosophy and comparative studies. Being exposed to the ideas and ideals of the great (and not so great) philosophers of society has allowed me to reflect upon my own religious beliefs. It changed the way I communicated with my community as well as the values I shared with my family, congregants, students and religious colleagues of all faiths. I am in debt to the faculty of the Schmidt College of Arts and Letters of Florida Atlantic University for this growth opportunity. This journey became more complicated when I was offered the opportunity to become the founding David Mitzner Dean of a new university center, The Center for the Jewish Future, as part of Yeshiva University. This position eventually led to an appointment as one of the Vice Presidents of Yeshiva University. Without the patience of a dissertation committee who graciously helped me negotiate this new and very full time position at Yeshiva University with the demands of the research and writing of a dissertation, I would have been forced to relinquish this goal. The committee was iv sensitive to my professional and communal responsibilities but still demanded intellectual rigor in every aspect of my research and writing. I have always appreciated their disposition and willingness to help. Thank you, Dr. Miriam Sanua-Dalin, for participating in my dissertation committee. Your generosity of spirit and time has helped me to actualize my academic dreams. Dr. David Wolgin, your presence on this committee adds to the rigor of my work. You have a profound understanding of synagogue culture and what is required to create and sustain a successful synagogue enterprise. Your participation in the dissertation committee demanded that my theoretical positions be rooted in realism and that my conclusions “pass the smell test” of one who is both an academic and the president of one of the most entrepreneurial synagogues in North America. Thank you for your constant feedback and support throughout this process. Dr. Jonathan Sarna is the Joseph H. & Belle R. Braun Professor of American Jewish History and Chair of the Hornstein Jewish Professional Leadership Program at Brandeis University, as well as Chief Historian of the new National Museum of American Jewish History in Philadelphia. Your encyclopedic knowledge and complete grasp of American Jewish History helped to insure that any ideas put forth in this dissertation were historically accurate. Additionally, your comments and our conversations helped me to properly contextualize historical facts and rabbinic principles so that creative concepts put forward in my dissertation were articulated with proper historical and phenomenological nuance. I am deeply moved by Dr. Sarna’s willingness to help me complete the objectives that I set with his father. I hope that with the completion of this work, I bring honor to the memory of my mentors, Dr. Nahum and v Helen Sarna. It is with deep appreciation that I express gratitude to their son for his attention and time from his already busy schedule, even as he recovered, thank God, from a serious illness. The academic mentor and teacher who supported me faithfully throughout my dissertation and without whom my studies would have never progressed is the academic advisor of my dissertation, Dr. Alan Berger, the Raddock Family Eminent Scholar Chair for Holocaust Studies at Florida Atlantic University. I am concerned that any comments of gratitude that I articulate will not suffice. Robust thanks cannot encapsulate the support that he has given me. Professor Berger helped me create realistic goals for my doctoral studies, prodded me to get on with the work of my dissertation, and reminded me of the wise proverb of Hillel, “If I am not for myself, who will be for me ...” (Ethics of Our Fathers, 1:14). He had the ability to share his criticism and that of the dissertation committee on the drafts that I submitted. The criticism was always followed with sagacious advice on how to move forward and deal with the revisions that had been suggested. Over the course of years that I worked on my dissertation with Professor Berger he guided me in all aspects of its writing including how to position both primary and secondary sources to prove historical facts and articulate new perspectives. He has always been available by phone or in person, and I know that I am truly blessed to have been influenced by such a caring scholar and incredible mensch. My colleague at Yeshiva University, University Professor and Senior Scholar of Yeshiva University Center for the Jewish Future, Rabbi Dr. Jacob J Schacter, has always been willing to read a draft and edit any of my works for publication. His help with my dissertation by commenting on both style and substance gave me the support to move vi forward. I am also thankful to my assistant, Ms. Marilyn Wechsler who has helped me with this goal. She assisted in many ways including typing drafts of the chapters, tracking down specific books from libraries around the world and clearing my schedule that I could have the peace of mind to complete this task. Thank you, Rabbi David Eckstein, who as a Mitzner presidential fellow at Yeshiva University assisted me on numerous occasions with research and the copying of primary sources. Thank you President Richard M. Joel and Vice President Rabbi Josh Joseph for urging me on to complete this work. Yeshiva University’s Mendel Gottesman Library and its special collection of Hebraica and Judaica was immensely helpful. The library’s collection of material from the Harlem/West Side Institutional Synagogue is a treasure trove, unmatched anywhere in the world. Furthermore, the professional staff’s willingness to help secure material from other libraries and research centers added to the richness of my dissertation and to veracity of ideas that I wished to posit regarding definitions of a successful synagogue. Thank you Ms. Shulamith Berger, Curator of Special Collections and Hebraica-Judaica and Ms. Deena Schwimmer, library archivist, for the time you allowed me to peruse through the library’s collection. My entire second chapter would not have been possible without the manuscript collection of the American Jewish Historical Society. Their willingness to allow me to study rare, one of a kind documents and review 200 years of synagogue minutes from America’s first synagogue, Shearith Israel, the Spanish and Portuguese Synagogue was critical to the formation of my thesis and the writing of this dissertation. vii A special mention is reserved for my friend, teacher and mentor Stewart Harris, of blessed memory. Navigating the politics of the rabbinate and the priorities of a community, seeking to become effective in an academic institution like Yeshiva University which is also the center of the Modern Orthodox movement were challenges I faced. Stewart’s guidance, caring and clarity of vision helped me steer past obstacles. He gave me permission to appreciate my talents. He encouraged me to find time for myself, my academic pursuits, and my family. Thank you Stewart for all the time you gave to me. Your presence was a precious gift in my life. Yet it is my family who has served as the greatest support for me to finish my PhD. To my children Tuvia and Miriam, Yoni and Yehudit Tehilla, Yosef and Yitzchak thank you for your understanding and support in helping me to complete this dissertation. Whether it was your playful jabs across the Shabbat table suggesting who among you would graduate college or graduate school (including Yitzchak, the fifth grader) before I finished my PhD (and some of you did precede this publication with graduations), the sensitivity to allow me quiet time to advance my work even during our family vacations, and the encouragement, which each of you in your own way provided, when the research and composition process seemed unending, has meant more to me than you will ever know. You are all amazing and I love you. Last and most precious is the selfless dedication of my soulmate and wife, Ruchie. When I began the doctoral degree, began attending classes and preparing for comprehensive exams, we had five young children. This meant that after her full day of work professionally, Ruchie could only look forward to a fuller day of work at home. Her superb editing skills insured that the many papers that I submitted during my course work viii were properly punctuated and clearly revised. Over the course of the past decade, our vacation time was often just a pretext for me to find a hide away or a library to research and write leaving her to run the family activities. The late nights that I would sit in my office writing or spend time at the YU library until it closed were never met with anything but encouragement and sleeping on the couch to wait until I came home.