The Foundation for Research on Human Behavior
1952-1964 f twelve year report The Foundation for Research on Human Behavior
1952-1964 r twelve year report
1141 E. Catherine Street Ann Arbor, Michigan Production Betty Wilier
Lithoprinted By Braun &c Brumfield, Inc. Ann Arbor, Michigan
1 October 1964 ABOUT THIS REPORT
This report is about the activities of the Foundation for Research on Human Behavior during the period from October 1952 through the summer of 1964. During this period of almost twelve years, the Foundation grew from an idea into an institution wholly supported by its member organizations. The report describes the programs that have been developed, and also the changes which have occurred during this period of growth.
The report has been organized to make it primarily a reference for those interested in the Foundation and in particular features of its activity--its philosophy, seminars, publications, research grants, and financing. In addition to the Table of Contents, a name index has been included for the purpose of identifying those persons who have been associated with the program in various ways.
Hollis W. Peter, Ph.D. President Table of Contents
i. Foundation Story 1
II. Seminars and Meetings 10 in. Research Grants 16
IV. Publications 22
V. Research Advisory Committee 57
VI. Financing the Foundation 62
VII. Trustees and Staff 66
VIII. Author-Name Index 70
APPENDIX Organizations Represented at Foundation Seminars and Meetings, 1953-1964 76 I. FOUNDATION STORY
THE FOUNDATION
The Foundation for Research on Human Behavior is a national non-profit corporation, operating exclusively for scientific and educational purposes. It was formed in October 1952, under Act 327, Michigan Corporation Act, and is exempt from Federal income tax under Section 101 (6) of the Internal Revenue Code.
The Foundation has no capital endowment. It receives its basic financial support from membership fees and annual contributions made by business organizations and foundations. The W. K. Kellogg Foundation contributed substantially to the first five years of its program, and some three dozen major business corporations or their foundations have made supporting payments, most of them repeated each year.
The Foundation is located in Ann Arbor, Michigan. It has close working relationships but no administrative connection with the University of Michigan.
OBJECTIVES
The objectives of the Foundation are:
1. To stimulate the practical application of behavioral research findings relevant to business and other organizations.
2. To mobilize increased support for scientific study of human behavior, particularly in the fields of
(a) management and organization, (b) consumer economic behavior, and (c) public communication. 1/
CHANGING PROGRAM
These objectives represent some shift in emphasis from the purpose of the Foundation in its earlier years. When the Foundation was first established, it was hoped that it could become a major source of financial support for behavioral research at a number of academic research centers, with funds from business organizations and other sources channeled through the Foundation for significant research pro• jects and also for core support at these centers. While the Foundation has spent well over a quarter of a million dollars on research projects and in support of several ongoing research programs, this has not represented major financial support for behavioral research over a twelve-year period. During this time, agencies of the Federal Govern• ment and the larger foundations have quite rapidly increased their financial support of behavioral research, while business organizations have also increased their expenditures for such research, both through contracts with academic and commercial research institutions, and within their own growing research organizations. The proposed retailing of selective research grants by the Foundation on behalf of its contri• buting member organizations has taken place, but at a more modest level than was intended.
In contrast, the objective of making behavioral research more usable, and of stimulating practical application of findings, has become of increasing importance. Managers and researchers recognize that not only must good behavioral research be done, but that findings must be transmitted to the people in operating organizations who can use them, and in usable form. ^While there are professional associations for practitioners, as well as for scientists and researchers, there have been and still are very few organizations attemptingj:ct.hridge the com• munication gap which exists between behavioral researchers and potential users of their findings. Researchers write and talk primarily for and with their professional colleagues; managers and other potential users generally move in quite different circles. It was apparent quite early in the Foundation's program that its activities designed to help put behavioral research findings to work were directed to an area of real need--a need which is still far from being met.
The particular program activities in which the Foundation has been engaged are described in other sections of this report. What follows
2 here is a brief statement on "why" behavioral research, its progress and development relative to research in natural science, and on the sequence of steps that lead to effective utilization of behavioral research. The role of the Foundation is to bridge a gap between researchers and practitioners. Describing the gap and the nature of the bridge may help the reader see the relationships which the Foundation has with research institutions on the one hand, and with business and other organizations on the other.
NEED FOR BEHAVIORAL RESEARCH
A generation ago social research was frequently confused with socialism, and the relevance of either social or behavioral science to real life was considered debatable. Today there is more general recognition that keys to the solution of many problems of industrial and community life are provided by greater understanding of why people think and act as they do in particular situations. Research in social and behavioral science has been gradually providing the scientific knowledge necessary for better understanding of human behavior. Such knowledge not only explains why people think and act as they do; it is also the basis for bringing about changes in individual and group behavior. The man in the street knows that research in the physical and life sciences has been responsible for the many dramati technological advances in modern society. It is the greater complexity of society brought about by changes in technology made possible by the physical and biological sciences that is forcing the development and utilization of the social sciences. Fewer people recognize that while research in the behavioral sciences lags somewhat behind, it offers the promise of similar dramatic advances in "people-systems," in productivity and in individual satisfaction.
There appears to be a rough, general relationship between the total investment in research and development and the subsequent useful new knowledge, products, and processes derived from research, whether in the natural or social sciences. Estimates of the National Science Foundation and from other sources indicate that over 15 billion dollars was expended for scientific research in the United States in 1961, or about 3 percent of our gross national product. Of this total, about 650 million dollars or 3 percent of all research expenditures went into social science, while 91 percent was devoted to natural science. It is, therefore, not surprising that major advances in medicine, physics and space technology are more conspicuous than progress in race relations, family planning, the resolution of international conflicts, the elimina• tion of poverty, or other major problems whose solutions require the application of better social knowledge. Nevertheless, improved research techniques and increased efforts in the behavioral sciences now permit many questions about human thought and actions to be answered with increasing confidence and within known errors of measurement.
The Foundation is particularly interested in behavioral research dealing with
(1) management practices and organization theory, (2) consumer behavior, and (3) public communication.
Within these broad subject areas, which are only a fraction of behavioral research, a great deal of useful knowledge has been acquired in recent years which has led to major improvements in the effective• ness of organizations, and to greater individual satisfaction of employees. Answers and guides to action have been provided to many such practical questions as:
What makes a successful work-group? What makes a good leader? What techniques are effective in communicating ideas? How can creativity and productivity be encouraged? How can tensions and wasteful conflict between groups be reduced? How do the attitudes and expectations of consumers and business• men affect business conditions?
The solution to practical problems does not simply call for more behavioral research. There is an equally pressing need to make more rapid, and better, use of existing research findings. Scientific knowledg like any other resource, needs to be processed to a form suitable for particular uses, and available where it is needed.
THE PROCESS OF USING BEHAVIORAL RESEARCH
There appear to be several stages from the production to the pro• cessing, testing and using of new behavioral research findings. 1. Basic Research. The first step, producing new ideas, con• cepts, and theories, comes, of course, from doing basic or pure research. The behavioral researcher performing this function draws on knowledge discovered by his predecessors, uses the scientific methods and procedures developed for his research tasks, and adds his own creativity and research skills. These ingredients of knowledge and skills are acquired through education, training, and experience in his professional discipline.
The modern researcher, however, also needs an opportunity to research, which takes money, equipment, and usually the help of supporting technical and administrative personnel. The selection of problems for research is usually his own, motivated by his curiosity and particular interests, although he may be stimulated by ideas not only from his colleagues, but by needs observed in the outside world. It seems particularly important, however, that the social scientist respond to the felt needs of organizations and of society, rather than depending exclusively on his theoretical predilections. Often the best basic research grows out of attempts to help with practical problems, where the researcher begins with existing practice, works back to theory and more systematic research to test it, and then back again to improved practice.
The behavioral researcher's goal is better understanding of human behavior; his findings become part of the body of scientific knowledge to the extent he has used the scientific method, and thereby avoided his own biases. In this respect, basic research findings are value-free, explaining existing phenomena of behavior with certain probabilities in particular situations, but only suggesting what behavior should be when goals or values are provided by others.
It should not be assumed that the basic researcher is concerned with the practical application of his findings (except as a citizen and a non-scientist). His professional status, and the importance of his work as a creative scientist, come from the judgments of his colleagues and scientific peers. It is usually the responsibility of others to see that new research findings are used to help solve problems. The Foun• dation for Research on Human Behavior does not itself conduct basic research, although it supports some at research institutions. It is interested in basic research only where such research provides a key to solution of practical problems. >
2. Applied Research and Development. The second and third steps toward eventual use of behavioral research knowledge are con• sidered together because both deal with the processing of basic research knowledge so that it can be used outside the laboratory or the field experiment. However, since these two steps, applied research and development, in behavioral science are so inadequately developed, it is almost necessary to refer first to these steps in the physical sciences where they are familiar and accepted. As used in describing the process of research and development in the physical sciences, applied research is the step in which findings from basic research are considered in relation to their various potential uses, but with little regard for cost, practicability or equipment design. From these various possibilities, the development engineers select those which seem most promising in meeting the goals of the organization within the economic or other constraints within which the organization exists.
Development work includes the design of new or improved technology and hardware incorporating the research finding, testing it first on a small scale if possible, and then trying it out on the scale at which it is to be used. Only after this sequence is the research finding considered ready for widespread use.
In the behavioral sciences, the analogous processes of applied research and development are also aimed at achieving some desired goal. The goal is a social objective, a desired kind of human behavior; the process is scientific application of what is known about man in order to achieve the goal most effectively. Using both physical and social knowledge together is, of course, necessary where man and technology are teamed to achieve a goal.
It is in the applied research and development engineering steps that behavioral science has failed to apply the scientific method to the same extent as has physical science. The role of the applied social scientist or social engineer is not at all clear, and too few persons feel responsibility for systematically studying the potential uses of new behavioral research findings and making these possibilities known. Even more serious is the inadequacy of the social engineering concept and function in behavioral science, corresponding to the development engineering function in the physical sciences. Who in business, govern• ment or education has the training as well as the responsibility for designing and testing improved social processes and systems, and using
6 new behavioral knowledge coming from research? All too often, managers, administrators or teachers try to use some promising new finding, but without adequate design work and experimental testing to see how it can be introduced successfully. Behavioral scientists who are trained as basic researchers but not as social engineers may even collaborate by urging the premature application of their findings, apparently unaware that this takes them outside their area of com• petence and represents a violation of the scientific method. The unhappy results of such often well-intentioned efforts to use behavioral research litter the landscape with discarded gimmicks, and have con• tributed to the impression held by many practical men of affairs that social science is too theoretical, fuzzy and less reliable than their own experience.
The Foundation for Research on Human Behavior operates in the applied research stage in this sequence of steps toward research utilization. Knowing something about the kinds of problems faced by organizations for which behavioral research could contribute solutions, the Foundation finds out what relevant research is being done and arranges for discussions of significant findings by the researchers and representatives of organizations concerned with application. From these discussions, usually conducted in seminars, the potential application
c of new research findings A™prgp ^~X~-fL Trr>1ir^^^~^fr^^/^^'^nwpvA-r, undertake the next step, tljj^de^igning anH gnrial ^ri^iTipp.^^g7^^ie-h-J.s necessary to~^~a^e~lis"e~~of jiew^be^La vinr^Tre^ea^eh findings in aparti- cular organizational setting. •
Who then performs this important last step in the application of behavioral knowledge? There are some behavioral scientists who combine professional training in social science with practical experience in business or similar large-scale organizations who perform this social engineering function either as outside consultants to organizations or as staff persons within them. But the question "who is really responsible for the design and testing of improved social systems within an organization?" is still unsatisfactorily answered in many cases.
Moreover, there is a critical difference between the application of new behavioral knowledge in organizations and the application of new findings from physical research. Whatever the technical problems involved in development work in the physical sciences, the behavior of
7 the physical elements to be combined in some new way is predictable and stable, once design and testing has been completed. The purely technological aspects are independent of the organization and the people in it. In the application of new behavioral knowledge, by con• trast, the design and testing of a new policy, system or procedure incorporating findings about human behavior must be carried out in relation to the characteristics of the particular organization and its members, for two reasons:
First, the needs, attitudes and capabilities of the human beings who make up the organization constitute the natural environment within which the change is to take place. Improvements must be planned, designed and tested so they are appropriate to the environment where they are expected to occur.
Secondly, the human beings in the organization are themselves the active ingredients of change as well as its recipients. Applying new behavioral research findings does not mean just doing something different to people; it means changing the conditions in such a way that people are encouraged and are able to act and think differently, in ways that enhance the attainment of individual as well as organizational objectives.
To illustrate--the development engineer can change the shape, position and function of pieces of metal in any way he wants within the physical limits and characteristics of these materials. The social engineer can suggest different job positions, functions and interpersonal relations and performance, but neither he nor management can make these changes work without the active participation of many organi• zational members (including the managers) who must individually change their thinking, attitudes and behavior.
PRACTITIONERS AND MANAGEMENT
We have seen that the output of the basic researcher consists of ideas, concepts and theories which are available as the input to the applied researcher. In turn, the applied researcher relates these new findings to existing knowledge and suggests various ways in which the new scientific findings might have potential practical application. The output from applied research, in effect, makes up an inventory of ideas from which the managers and the developmental engineers select the most promising, as determined by the goals and needs of their organization.
8 The third step consists of incorporating the new scientific finding into a functioning system, technological or social (or combined), and the responsibility of the social engineer includes not only the design but the testing of the new system to assure its feasibility and increased efficiency over previous systems. Only then, ideally, is the new system ready for more widespread use by managers or practitioners.
The fourth step, then, is the application of the new findings on a widespread and continuing basis. In medical practice, this is the stage at which the doctor begins to prescribe a new drug for the treatment of particular ailments among his patients, or uses a new technique for surgery. In industry, this is the stage at which the vice president of manufacturing, for example, takes over the new or redesigned plant, and with his employees produces a new or improved product for sale. The personnel manager shifts to a more effective performance appraisal and review system, or helps introduce a new system of com• pensation more realistically related to employee motivation for high performance. The educator adopts a new curriculum, or the industrial trainer introduces a programed learning course for reading blueprints.
These are examples of end-users within organizations who are in a position to do a better job if the previous steps in research and development have been taken. New techniques or products which are developed through the use of the scientific method either replace or add to techniques and products in the existing repertoire and tool kit of practitioners and managers. These additions may require behavioral changes, but only enhance and supplement the art of the practitioner or manager which is still to a large extent the result of his ability, training and work experience.
THE ULTIMATE CONSUMER
There is a fifth step in research utilization, one beyond the use made of new findings by practitioners. The ultimate objective of research is to provide a basis of knowledge which permits social, political and economic systems to be more effective in enhancing the personal development, health and satisfaction of individuals. Therefor the justification for this sequence of steps through which new research is put to use does not come from the satisfaction of practitioners or management, but from the service which the application of research promotes in meeting the functional needs of society and its individual members. II. SEMINARS AND MEETINGS
THE PURPOSE OF SEMINARS
The chief mission of the Foundation isto^acilitate the practical ^application of behavioral research by operating management of American .business and other_nrgani gat-inns, - Foundation seminars and conferences, together with their resulting reports, comprise the principal means of fulfilling this mission. The typical Foundation seminar is attended both by business participants and behavioral scientists. The business partici• pants are those who have management responsibilities encompassing the problem areas discussed at the seminar. The behavioral scientists report the research and its meaning; both business participants and researchers explore its implications for practical application to ongoing programs. The research reported is selected for its significance and its newness--often the research is unpublished at the time of the seminar. Emphasis is upon the reseaxcJa^findings and the conclusions that may be drawn from them, but^methodologv/is discussed where it affects the use which can be made of theNf^^idingS';
The high ratio of discussion leaders and resource persons to business participants, about 1 to 5, is a distinguishing feature of the Foundation seminars and conferences. The small size of the seminar group is also characteristic. Limiting the number to about 25 business participants provides informality and an opportunity for intensive discussion crucial for thorough examination of the research,
SEMINARS AND MEETINGS HELD
The Foundation has held 80 seminars and similar meetings to date. Seventy-three were seminars designed to report and discuss new behavioral research; seven were research planning meetings held to ascer• tain the availability of research in emerging problem areas and to identify research needs.
10 SEMINAR PARTICIPATION
Nearly 1,400 different people, representing over 550 different organi• zations, have participated in Foundation seminars and meetings during the Foundation's first twelve years. Of these, 300 people have attended more than one meeting.
Three-hundred and eighty-five different business corporations have been represented at the seminars and meetings, and half of them at two or more. One major business corporation has been represented at 65 of the 80 meetings held.
Ninety different educational and research institutions have been repre• sented in Foundation seminars and meetings by 238 people, 52 of these attending more than once.
Twenty-one different government agencies and 58 other organizations have also participated in these research discussion meetings.
A complete list of organizations represented can be found in the Appendix.
SEMINAR REPORTS
Most of the seminars conducted by the Foundation have resulted in research-reporting publications, as the Foundation believes that published reports of the research, its meaning, and the ways in which the findings can be used, is an integral part of the Foundation's communication function.
The published reports of Foundation meetings are not proceedings or verbatim reports, but are carefully structured writeups focusing on the meaning, the implications, and the possible applications of behavioral research reported and discussed at seminars. Some seminars are limited to representatives from contributing member companies, but most are open to non-member organizations as well.
There have been 47 publications based on Foundation seminars, symposia and research planning meetings. Descriptive information about these seminars and meetings is included in the section on Publications in this report, so they will not be included here.
11 SEMINARS WITHOUT REPORTS
A number of seminars did not lend themselves to reports and are, therefore, not listed in the Publications section. These seminars are described below:
1. Evolving Principles of Modern Management. Three week-long summer seminars were held at Aspen, Colorado, during 1959» I960 and 1961. While oriented to research, these meetings covered a wide range of findings on business organizations and management principles, rather than focusing on a specific problem area such as are typically discussed in two-day seminars. The Aspen seminars were designed to give top management representatives an intensive exposure to the new behavioral research which challenges some traditional management concepts. The newer concepts emerging from recent research add up to what has been variously described as participative or supportive management (Likert), as managerial principles derived from assumptions about people under Theory Y (McGregor), or as "organic" management (Shepard).
Discussion leaders included Mason Haire, University of California; Robert Kahn, University of Michigan; Rensis Likert, University of Michigan; Douglas McGregor, Massachusetts Institute of Technology; and Herbert Shepard, Case Institute of Technology. Some 50 participants attended these three seminars, representing 26 companies and two govern• mental agencies.
No attempt was made to publish reports of these meetings because most of the research discussed had been published elsewhere, in technical articles or books. It is interesting to note, however, that McGregor's book, The Human Side of "Enterprise, was printed in I960, and that draft chapters of Likert's book, New Patterns of Management, were discussed during two Aspen seminars prior to publications in 1961; these two books bring together much of the research and thinking reviewed at the Aspen me etings.
2. Managing Organizational Improvement. Three week-long summer seminars have been held at the Onchiota Conference Center near Tuxedo, New York, in 1962, 1963 and 1964. In a very real sense, these seminars were an outgrowth of the earlier seminar series at Aspen, Colorado. The Aspen seminars on the evolving principles of modern management discussed the substantial research evidence that newer organizational forms and
12 patterns of management were, under certain conditions, more effective than traditional methods of operation. But the available research findings were of less help in designing optimal strategies for bringing about organi• zational improvement. The Onchiota seminars started by tapping the scanty research on organizational change and the experience of change- agents working within organizations or consulting on change problems. Subsequent seminars drew on new empirical studies and a review of actual practice in bringing about organizational improvement. The latest of these seminars, in 1964, was devoted to discussion and analysis of ten case studies of current organizational development programs in American industry, written up for the first time by change-agents in an attempt to link theory and practice.
Publication of seminar reports from the first two seminars on managing organizational improvement was not attempted because integration of the scattered bits of theory and practice did not seem feasible at that time. However, it is expected that a book reporting the case studies dis• cussed at the 1964 seminar and attempting to relate these to the growing body of underlying theory, will be published in 1965 (Dale Zand and Paul Buchanan, Eds. , proposed title, Organizational Development: Theory and Practice).
The three Onchiota seminars drew on the following discussion leaders and resource people: Louis B. Barnes, Harvard University; David G. Bowers, University of Michigan; Paul Buchanan, Standard Oil Company (New Jersey); James W. Cameron, Aluminum Company of Canada, Ltd.; Jan E. Clee, Case Institute of Technology; Gilbert David, Leadership Development Associates, Inc. ; Sheldon A. Davis, Space Technology Laboratories, Inc.; J. J. Hayes, United Airlines; John Paul Jones, Union Carbide Corporation; Robert E. Lee, Enjay Chemical Company; Rensis Likert, University of Michigan; Floyd C. Mann, University of Michigan; Alfred J. Marrow, Harwood Manufacturing Company; Douglas McGregor, Massachusetts Institute of Technology; Robert F. Pearse, Leadership Development Associates, Inc. ; Herbert A. Shepard, Case Institute of Technology; and Charles A. Waters, Prudential Insurance Company of America. Seventy-five participants from 41 companies and three govern• ment agencies attended; many of these were the same persons from organizations previously represented at the Aspen seminars.
3. European Seminars. In 1963, the Foundation organized the programs for three international meetings in Europe, held in June and July in cooperation with different host organizations in France, Switzerland
13 and Great Britain. The first was a two-day seminar on evolving principles of modern management, co-sponsored with Dynamar, a sub• sidiary of British Petroleum and the Foundation's first European member company. This seminar, held outside of Paris, was a brief version of previous Aspen seminars, with Professors Douglas McGregor and Rensis Likert as discussion leaders. Sixteen European business participants attended from five companies.
The second seminar, held in Geneva in cooperation with the International Management Development Institute (Centre d/Etudes Industrielles), was a fine -day component of a four-week management development course attended by 27 business managers from 15 European companies in 12 countries. Drs. Likert, McGregor and Peter presented and discussed behavioral research findings drawn largely from studies of American business organizations.
The Foundation also arranged a one-day conference in London with the British Institute of Management on the changing patterns of management, at which some 275 managers of British firms heard and discussed presen• tations by Drs. Likert, Peter, and A. T. M. "Wilson of Unilever, Ltd.
In July 1964, the Foundation again provided most of the program for a two-day seminar with Dynamar, at which Drs. George Katona and John Lansing reported research on the dynamic aspects of consumer behavior. Twenty-five participants from a half dozen European companies attended this meeting.
These four European seminars and meetings were designed to increase the interest of European businessmen in using behavioral research relevant to organizational problems, and to lay the groundwork for closer collabora• tion between Europeans and Americans doing behavioral research in business organizations.. No reports were published, since selected materials used appear in other publications.
4. Mental Health and the Work Environment. In 1961 the Foundation and the National Institute of Mental Health co-sponsored a seminar discuss• ing recent empirical research dealing with mental health and particular features of the work environment. Discussion leaders included Dr. James G. Miller, Mental Health Research Institute, University of Michigan; Drs. John R. P. French, Floyd Mann and Stanley Seashore from the Institute for Social Research, University of Michigan; Dr. Chris Argyris, Yale Univer• sity; Dr. Arthur Kornhauser, Wayne State University; and Dr. Charlton Price, Menninger Foundation. Eighteen representatives from 14 companies
14 and other institutions participated in the meeting. While much of the research was new at the time and considered useful by participants, a report of the meeting was not published by the Foundation, partly because there seemed no clear organizing concept of theory to build it around and partly because the separate findings reported were soon published in several technical and professional journals.
5. Recent Research on Supervisory and Managerial Behavior. This seminar, held in 1953, reviewed and discussed research on human behavior in industrial organizations and analyzed some of its implications for successful supervision. No report was published for this first Foundation seminar.
RESEARCH PLANNING MEETINGS WITHOUT REPORTS
Four of the seven research planning meetings did not result in publications, but were the basis partly for making several subsequent research grants and also for conducting later seminars; two of these seminars were in the area of organizational behavior and one each in the areas of consumer behavior and public communication. These four research planning meetings were:
Research on Consumer Behavior, July 1955 Research Planning in Public Communication, April 1955 Human Relations in Industry, March 1955 Research on Human Relations in Industry, February 1955 III. RESEARCH GRANTS
Foundation grants for behavioral research are made to behavioral scientists at research and educational institutions across the nation. The purpose of these grants is to mobilize increased support for scientific study of human behavior, particularly in the fields of
(1) management and organization, (2) consumer behavior, and (3) public communications.
Those research projects selected for financial support are those that show particular promise for practical application in these three major problem areas. An increasing amount of support, however, is being given to projects designed to integrate behavioral research findings for more effective utilization.
Typically, the completed research projects are published in professional journals or in commercially published books; the Foundation distributes technical reports only to its contributing member companies. Often the research is reported at Foundation seminars and appears in seminar reports.
Over the past 12 years, the Foundation has made grants totaling $301, 109 to 28 different researchers at 18 different research or academic institutions. Clearly, the principal area in which the grants have been made is in organizational improvement. Fifty-six percent of each research dollar has been allocated for projects in this area, or, in dollar amounts, $169,134.
Two other research areas have been the recipients of the remaining research funds. Eighty-seven thousand five hundred dollars, or 29 percent of the total, has been used to support a long-range program of methodological development of consumer behavior measures and techniques carried on by the Survey Research Center, Institute for Social Research, University of Michigan, under Dr. George Katona1 s direction.
16 The third research area that has received some attention from the Foundation over the past 12 years is the area of mass communication. This area has been a minor one, however, in terms of dollars allocated, having received $44, 475, or 15 percent, of the total research funds.
Following is a complete list of the research projects supported by the Foundation over the past 12 years. The first group is Organizational Improvement, the second is Consumer Behavior, and the third is Mass Communication. Each listing shows the research or academic institution, the principal investigator or investigators, the year and amount of the grant, as well as a brief description of its purposes. Also included is reference to where the research findings have been published.
ORGANIZATIONAL IMPROVEMENT
University of Maryland 1963-64 $ 1,500 James L. Price An integration of research findings on social determinants of organizational effectiveness. Date manuscript will be available has not been established.
Cornell University 1963-64 $ 1,730 Ned A. Rosen and Stephen M. Sales A laboratory investigation of the situational determinants of leadership style. Case history report to be available in late 1964.
Case Institute of Technology 1962-63 $ 5,000 R. Stephen Jenks A case history of a change experiment in an industrial site. Case history report to be available in 1964.
Cornell University 1962-63 $ 1,000 Paul E. Breer A study of task experience as a determinant of attitudes. Task Experience as a Source of Attitudes, Dorsey Press (in press)
Cornell University 1962-63 $10,000 Patricia Cain Smith and Lome M. Kendall Analysis of complex determinants of job satisfaction. Three books to be published in 1964.
17 Indiana University 1962-63 $ 931 Fremont A. Shull Dimensions of bureaucratic role conflict. Final report will be forthcoming in 1964.
Case Institute of Technology 1960-61 $ 8,073 Herbert A. Shepard Study of improvements in headquarters-field relations in large organizations. Managing Intergroup Conflict in Industry, Gulf Publishing Company {in press).
University of Pennsylvania 1960-61 $ 4,000 Victor H. Vroom Analysis and integration of current research and theory on work and motivation. Work and Motivation, John Wiley and Sons, Inc. , 1964.
Cornell University 1959-60 $ 3,385 William F. Whyte An action research program for the personnel man. Action Research for Management, Irwin-Dorsey Press (in press).
University of Oregon 1958-59 $1,000 James L. Price A study of stability mechanisms in formal organizations. "Use of New Knowledge in Organizations," Human Organizations, Fall 1964 (in press).
University of California 1957-58 $24,650 Mason Haire A study of the size, shape and functions of industrial organizations Modern Organization Theory, John Wiley and Sons, Inc. , 1959, and Organization Theory in Industrial Practice, John Wiley and Sons, Inc. , 1962.
Cornell University 1957-58 $ 5,340 Harry C. Triandis and W. Lambert A study of cognitive factors in boss-subordinate communication. "Cognitive Factors in Boss-Subordinate Communication," summary report.
18 University of Michigan 1957-58 $12,000 John R. P. French An experiment on basic leadership skills. "The Effects of Coercive Power and Production Quotas on Conformity" .
Purdue University 1957-58 $15,640 Charles A. Lawshe A study on the effects of role-playing on expressed leadership behavior. "Role-Playing as an Industrial Leadership Training Technique," summary report.
University of Michigan 1957-58 $18,000 Norman R. F. Maier A study of superior-subordinate communication management. Foundation report, "Communication in Organizations: Some New Research Findings," plus several published articles.
Yale University 1957-58 $ 8,000 E. Wight Bakke Integration of research on the interaction between the individual and the organization. "The Human Resources Function," New Haven: Labor and Management Center, Yale, 1958.
Center for Advanced Study in Behavioral Studies 1956-57 $ 1,000 T. M. Newcomb and P. G. Nordlie A study of the influence of competing reference groups on attitude changes in small groups. The Acquaintance Process, Holt, Rinehart and Winston, 1961.
University of Colorado 1956-57 $ 2,000 William A. Scott A study of personal values: how they arise, how they are main• tained, and how they influence behavior. "Empirical Assessment of Values and Idealogies," American Sociological Review, 1959; plus additional published articles. University of Michigan 1955-56 $31, 675 Donald C. Pelz and Robert L. Kahn A study of motivational and social-psychological factors in scientific performance. Foundation report, "Human Factors in Research Administration," plus several published articles.
Yale University 1954-55 $11,000 Chris Argyris and E. Wight Bakke An integration of research on personality and organization. Personality and Organization, Harper and Brothers, 1957.
CONSUMER BEHAVIOR
University of Michigan 1953-64 $87,500 George Katona A long-range program of methodological development of consumer behavior measures and techniques. This support has been not for particular research projects, but to support the Survey Research Center's continuing studies of consumer behavior. Results, as they become available, are reported in the Survey Research Center's quarterly report, "The Outlook for Consumer Behavior."
PUBLIC COMMUNICATION
University of Chicago 1959-60 $ 3,000 Elihu Katz An inventory of social and psychological factors relevant to the diffusion of innovations. The Diffusion of Innovation, Wiley and Sons, Inc. (in preparation).
National Education Association 1957-58 $ 3, 575 J. R. Gibb and Ronald Lippitt A study of theory communication in a human relations laboratory. "A Study of Communication of Theory in a Human Relations Laboratory," summary report.
20 New York University 1957-58 $13,100 Stuart W. Cook A study of attitudes and social relations of foreign students in the United States. • Attitudes and Social Relations of Foreign Students in the United States, University of Minnesota Press, 1963.
University of Michigan 1956-57 $13,800 Robert Zajonc A study of the cognitive fate of messages. "The Resolution of Cognitive Conflict Under Uncertainty," Human Relations, 1961.
Iowa State College 1955-56 $ 3,410 George M. Beal and Everett M. Rogers A study of relevant communication networks and reference group influence on the adoption of farm and home practices. "The Scientist as a Referent in Communication of New Technology, Public Opinion Quarterly, 1958, plus additional articles and paper;
Massachusetts Institute of Technology 1955-56 $ 5,000 Ithiel de Sola Pool A study of imaginary communication as a problem in public communication. "Newsmen's Fantasies Audiences, and Newswriting," Public Opinion Quarterly, 1959.
University of Missouri 1955-56 $ 6,000 Herbert F. Lionberger and C. E. Lively A study of the influence of television on motivating farm practice changes. Foundation report, "The Adoption of New Products: Process and Influence," plus several published articles. IV. PUBLICATIONS
Publication and dissemination of new research findings have always been essential activities of the Foundation. From the first, the Foundation has sought to make the results of research reported at seminars, and findings from research grants, available to leaders in business, government and other organizations. This is done through its books and reports which, in non-technical terms, summarize and integrate current research findings and their application.
KINDS OF PUBLICATIONS
From July 1, 1954 to June 30, 1964, eight books and thirty-nine reports were published by or for the Foundation. These publications are primarily of research findings reported and discussed at seminars and other Foundation-sponsored meetings by leading social scientists and prominent businessmen. The social scientists (discussion leaders) are carefully selected. They are people who have done important research on the problem considered and who know what other work is being done in the field. They check the reports for accuracy and interpretation before they are published. Titles of books and reports issued by the Foundation are listed on pages 24 to 39.
Journal articles, books, and theses written by researchers who have received support from the Foundation, and selected publications by Trustees and staff members, totaled more than one-hundred during this same period. A listing of these publications is given on pages 40 to 55, alphabetically by author.
DISTRIBUTION OF PUBLICATIONS
Research Advisory Committee members, other designated individuals from companies contributing to the Foundation's program, seminar participants and Trustees receive complimentary copies of new reports and books as soon as they are published. A publication announcement is
22 sent to each person on the Foundation's mailing list which includes any one who has participated in a Foundation meeting or been invited to participate, any one who has ordered a Foundation publication, or any one who has asked to be put on our mailing list or has expressed interest in the Foundation's activities. The general public is notified of new publications by direct mail.
Distribution of Foundation publications is encouraged by news releases announcing new publications, by wide distribution of review copies, and by use of report materials by other authors and by the press. During 1963-64, for example, some two dozen writers received permission to reprint or excerpt from Foundation-published reports and books.
Management Center/Europe, located in Brussels, Belgium, is acting as our sales representative to expand distribution in Europe.
REVIEWS OF PUBLICATIONS
Publications are widely reviewed and are often featured in news stories or in journals. The professional journal, Industrial Medicine and Surgery, used the report, The Worker in the New Industrial Environment, almost in its entirety as a feature article in their June 1963 issue. Nation's Business has also featured articles based on our reports.
Foundation publications are also read and reviewed abroad. Two books, published by John Wiley 8c Sons, Inc. , and edited by Mason Haire, have been translated into foreign languages. Modern Organi- zation Theory and Organization Theory in Industrial Practice have been published in Japanese and the latter, also in Italian. A Japanese publishing firm has also expressed interest in purchasing the trans• lation rights to Power and Conflict in Organizations, edited by Robert L. Kahn and Elise Boulding, published for the Foundation by Basic Books, Inc.
A list of journals and other publications that have frequently reviewed, listed or abstracted Foundation publications can be found on page 56.
Reports and books published during the past twelve years are described on the following pages.
23 Part 1
FOUNDATION REPORTS
These soft-cover reports, available from the Foundation, are listed by title within broad subject matter groups. However, brief descriptions of contents are included, as reports are difficult to classify by subject, and titles not always fully descriptive.
The name of the Author (or Editor) is followed by the names of discussion leaders whose materials make up the report. These discussion leaders are shown as Authors where their names appear as section or chapter Authors in the publication; they are shown as Contributors where their presentations have been integrated into the publication without personal chapter identification. Management and Organization
Training
COMMUNICATION IN ORGANIZATIONS Some New Research Findings
Carol Ludington--Editor Robert A. Bolda, Eugene Burnstein, John Hooven, Charles H. Lawshe, Norman R. F. Maier, William Read, Harry C. Triandis and Robert Zajonc--Chapter Authors
Research findings are summarized relating to breakdowns in com• munication, and misunderstandings between boss and subordinates about the subordinate's job; the effect of uncertainty on the acceptance of new information; and role-playing as a training technique to increase an executive's sensitivity.
1959 $3.00
PLANNING AND TRAINING FOR EFFECTIVE LEADERSHIP
Stanley E. Seashore--Editor John R, P. French, Robert L. Kahn, Charles H. Lawshe, Rensis Likert, Floyd Mann and Stanley Seashore--Chapter Authors
Presents an analysis of leadership practices and principles as they apply to different practical leadership situations, and to approaches and methods that may be used in developing skilled leaders.
1956 $2.00
25 PROGRAMMED LEARNING
Evolving Principles and Industrial Applications
Jerome P. Lysaught--Editor James S. Bruce, Robert Glaser, John L. Hughes, Arthur Lumsdaine, W. J. McNamara, Jerome P. Lysaught, Thomas H. Miller and B. F. Skinner--Chapter Authors Presents the experience of Eastman Kodak and International Business Machines Corporation in the development of programmed instruction for their internal training needs; also the "state of the arts" with respect to learning theory and principles of programming. Contains a listing of programs, programmers and manufacturers of teaching devices.
1961 $3. 00
TRAINING FOREIGN NATIONALS IN THE UNITED STATES
Simon Lesser and Hollis W. Peter--Authors Bingham Dai, M. Brewster Smith, John Bennett and Ronald Lippitt-- Contributors
Describes factors before, during and subsequent to training which affect the success of individuals in these training programs.
1956 $2.00
TRAINING IN HUMAN RELATIONS
Stanley E. Seashore--Author Lee Bradford, John R. P. French, Charles Hedrick, S. F. Leahy, Jarold Niven, Floyd Mann, Robert Schwab and Wendell Wood-- Contributors.
Four contrasting approaches to human relations training are reported and discussed; special features of each are analyzed and their common theoretical basis summarized.
1955 $2.00
26 ASSESSING MANAGERIAL POTENTIAL
Edward F. 0'Day--Author Robert E. Barmeier, Jon Bentz, John K. Hemphill, Edwin R. Henry, Robert L. Kahn, Rensis Likert, Milton Mandell, Allyn Munger, D. A. Peterson, S. Rains Wallace and Lewis B. Ward — Contributors
Reviews the available experience and research on the critical characteristics of successful and unsuccessful executives, compares different techniques of measuring performance, evaluation and pre• diction, and discusses problems of obtaining useful criteria and measuring the validity of selection instruments.
1958 $3.00
CREATIVITY AND CONFORMITY A Problem for Organizations
Carol Ludington--Editor Frank Barron, Dorwin Cartwright and Richard Crutchfield--Contributors
Describes some personality traits of creative people and the tests used to measure them; discusses the nature of conformity pressures existing in groups, and how they can be modified to release creativity.
1958 $3.00
PERFORMANCE APPRAISAL AND REVIEW
Dale Wyatt--Author Rensis Likert, Norman R. F. Maier, Douglas McGregor — Contributors
This report examines some of the pitfalls and morale-damaging aspects of conventional performance appraisal programs; discusses modifications which have had success in several companies.
1958 $2.00
27 PERFORMANCE APPRAISALS Effects on Employees and Their Performance
Alvin Zander--Editor John R. P. French, Emanuel Kay, Herbert Meyer, Alvin Zander- Chapter Authors
Discusses recent research findings in General Electric and elsewhere on
--the relation between different kinds of performance appraisals and actual job performance, --the effects of threats to self-esteem, --the effects of various degrees of participation by employees in appraisals and in mutual goal-setting.
1963 $3.00
Organizational Improvement
AN ACTION RESEARCH PROGRAM FOR ORGANIZATION IMPROVEMENT In Esso Standard Oil Company
Barbara Peek—Editor Robert Blake, Murray Horwitz, R. Katzell and Herbert A. Shepard-- Chapter Authors
Reports three management programs for organizational develop• ment and their underlying theories, and describes laboratory procedu experiments and action research used.
1960 $3.00 APPLYING MODERN MANAGEMENT PRINCIPLES TO SALES ORGANIZATIONS
David Bowers--Editor Rensis Likert, Stanley Seashore, Charles A. Waters and David Bowers--Chapter Authors
Three hitherto unpublished research studies are reported showing what organizational characteristics and management principles are associated with the more successful, as contrasted with the less successful sales organizations of three major companies selling different products. One section describes a program applying these new concepts.
1963 $3.00
ASSESSING ORGANIZATION PERFORMANCE With Behavioral Measurements
Stanley E. Seashore--Author Paul Buchanan, Richard Dunnington, Donald Grant, Richard Harris, Harry Kolb and Herbert Meyer — Contributors
Reports and discusses different perspectives and approaches to behavioral assessment by seven discussants from as many different organizations --their views on programs for measuring the attitudes, morale and behavior of employees and of management people.
1964 $3.00
HUMAN FACTORS IN RESEARCH ADMINISTRATION
Hollis W. Peter--Author Donald C. Pelz, David R. Saunders and Herbert A. Shepard— Contributors
Discusses individual characteristics important to scientific per• formance; special motivations and interests of scientific personnel; ways to form and maintain productive scientific work-groups.
1956 $2.00
29 LEADERSHIP PATTERNS AND ORGANIZATIONAL EFFECTIVENESS
Stanley E. Seashore--Author Samuel P. Hayes, John K. Hemphill, Robert L. Kahn, Rensis Likert, Alfred J. Marrow, Douglas M. McGregor, William F. Whyte, and Alvin C. Zander — Contributors
Reports conditions under which participative leadership methods can be effective, the values and hazards of incentive plans for securing increased productivity, and how a leader can achieve balance between conflicting organizational objectives.
1955 $2.00
MANAGING MAJOR CHANGE IN ORGANIZATIONS
Floyd Mann and Frank Neff--Authcfrs John R. P. French, Robert Koch, Paul R. Lawrence, Floyd Mann and Charles R. Walker— Contributors Reports and analyzes four case studies of major organizational changes, caused by technological developments or the desire for decentralization. Useful concepts, necessary sequences, successful techniques and general principles regarding the management of organizational changes are reviewed. 1961 $3.00
Special Problems
CONFLICT MANAGEMENT IN ORGANIZATIONS
Elise Boulding--Editor Kenneth Boulding, Robert L. Kahn, Daniel Katz, R. Nevitt Sanford, Herbert Shepard and Donald Wolfe—Chapter Authors Discusses research on the management of conflict at the individual, group and organizational level, to show how conflict in business organizations can be made creative and useful rather than destructive.
1962 $3.00
30 POLITICAL ISSUES AND BUSINESS IN 1964
Govert W. van den Bosch--Editor Angus Campbell, Philip E. Converse, James W. Prothro, Thomas R. Reid, Louis Harris — Chapter Authors
The goal of this publication is to broaden the businessman's under• standing of some of the important political facts of life, current issues, and prospective developments as revealed by scientific research into political behavior of the American electorate. This knowledge should help to provide an objective basis on which American business can either plan to affect, or adapt to, the outcome of the 1964 presidential election.
1964 $3.00
VOTING RESEARCH AND THE BUSINESSMAN IN POLITICS
Donald Stokes--Author Angus Campbell, Louis Harris, V. O. Key, Warren E. Miller, David B. Truman--Contributors
Examines research and public voting behavior which has implications for political activity by businessmen, including the influence of organized labor; nature of party loyalties; political effects of inflation and unemployment.
I960 $3.00
THE WORKER IN THE NEW INDUSTRIAL ENVIRONMENT
Arnold Tannenbaum--Editor Solomon Barkin, Gerald Gurin, Frederick Herzberg, Eugene Jacobson, Robert L. Kahn, Floyd C. Mann, Otto Pragan, Lawrence Rogin, Hjalmar Rosen, Ross Stagner and Arnold Tannenbaum--Chapter Authors
Discusses research of particular relevance to the understanding of the social psychological problems of blue-collar, white-collar and technical workers in an increasingly complex, automated industrial environment. _ ,
1962 $3.00
31 Consumer Behavior and Public Communication
ADOPTION OF NEW PRODUCTS: Process and Influence
Carol Ludington--Author George M. Beal, Herbert F. Lionberger, Theodore M. Newcomb and Everett M. Rogers—Contributors
Describes research on the adoption process (the diffusion of innovation) in rural communities, the stages and kinds of change involved, the several adopter categories (e.g., innovators) and their characteristics, the influence of different reference groups and the importance of various personal and mass media information sources.
1959 $3.00
THE CONSUMER AND THE NEW BUSINESS CYCLE
Hollis W. Peter--Editor Martin Gainsbrugh, George Katona and Eva Mueller--Chapter Authors
Reviews the Survey Research Center's November 1959 survey of consumer attitudes and inclinations to buy and evaluates the changing nature of the business cycle, with emphasis on the role of the consumer.
1960 $2.00
CONSUMER BEHAVIOR IN 1961
Sven Lundstedt--Editor William F. Butler, George Katona, Vernon Ldppitt, Ruth P. Mack and Eva Mueller--Chapter Authors
Presents findings on consumer attitudes and inclinations to buy based on the Survey Research Center survey in previous months and methodological issues and problems related to economic forecasting.
1961 $1.00
32 CONVENIENCE GOODS PURCHASING: Needed Research
Carol Ludington--Author Steuart H. Britt, Ross Cunningham, Samuel P. Hayes, George Katona and Rensis Likert--Contributors
Outlines questions which need to be answered through research, questions about brand loyalty, adoption of new products, reference group influence, evaluation of advertising.
1958 $2.00
DYNAMIC ASPECTS OF CONSUMER BEHAVIOR
Charles Lininger--Editor Godfrey Briefs, Robert Eggert, Max Kaplan, George Katona, John Lansing and Robinson B. Newcomb--Chapter Authors
Selected studies of consumer behavior which deal with dynamic aspects of the consumer sector during the remainder of the 1960's on topics including--the changing population and its impact on durables purchases, developing auto customer profiles, consumer characteristics associated with residential location, forecasting housing markets, and long-range changes in consumer attitudes.
1963 $3. 00
GROUP INFLUENCE IN MARKETING AND PUBLIC RELATIONS
Francis Bourne--Author Charles Y. Glock, H. H. Kelley, Rensis Likert, Ithiel de Sola Pool, Everett M. Rogers and Samuel A. Stouffer--Contributors
Research from sociology, political science, labor relations, social psychology and marketing, is reported on the concept of reference group influence and its many practical implications.
1956 $2.00
33 THE OUTLOOK ON CONSUMER BEHAVIOR
Charles A. Lininger--Editor George Katona, David Gillogly, Irwin Friend and Eva Mueller — Chapter Authors
The report is concerned with recent research on consumer attitudes and expectations, with special emphasis on housing, savings and common stock ownership.
1964 $3.00
PROJECTIVE TECHNIQUES IN CONSUMER MOTIVATION RESEARCH
I. A. Morrissett — Author Steuart H. Britt, Burleigh Gardner,"Charles Y. Glock, A. Shepard and Rensis Likert —Contributors A panel discussion tells what projective techniques are and how they are useful in research on consumer motivation.
1955 $ .25
PSYCHOLOGICAL RESEARCH ON CONSUMER BEHAVIOR
Sven Lundstedt--Editor George Brown, Ross Cunningham, George Katona, Lawrence Klein and Eva Mueller — Chapter Authors
A report of the late 1961 Survey Research Center survey of consumer attitudes and inclinations to buy; and the relation of consumer survey methods to other economic forecasting models.
1962 $2.00
TRENDS IN CONSUMER BEHAVIOR: The Next Ten Years Hollis W. Peter—Author Ruth P. Mack, James N. Morgan, Samuel A. Stouffer and Conrad Taeuber--Contributors Examines trends in population, labor force, age distribution, family composition, suburban growth, productivity, and other important factors which will shape the markets of the next ten years.
1958 $3.00 Out of Print
o
Title Year Consumer Optimism Weakening 1957
Ike's Illness and Economic Expectations 1956
Plans, Expectations and Business Forecasting 1954
Prospects for 1959: Consumer Expectations and Business Capital Appropriations 1959
Psychological Surveys and Spending Decisions 1955
Psychological Surveys in Business Forecasting 1954
Research on Human Relations in Organizations 1956
Signposts to Turning Points 1958
Social Science and Management Problems 1957
Spring Survey—Slump Ahead? 1956
35 Part 2
BOOKS
Commercially published books (hard cover) resulting from Foundation seminars and symposia are listed alphabetically by book title in this section. Like the preceding section, the name of the editor is followed by the names of discussion leaders whose materials make up the book. A brief description of each book is also included.
These books may be ordered direct from the publisher cited or through a bookstore, but are not distributed by the Foundation. THE CORPORATION AND ITS PUBLICS
New York: John Wiley & Sons, Inc. , 1963, 195 pp. $5.50
Edited by John W. Riley. Chapter authors include: Kenneth Boulding, Robert O. Carlson, Reuben Cohen, Kingsley Davis, Helen Dinerman, Herbert H. Hyman, Robert S. Lee, Marguerite F. Levy, J. W. Riley and Gerhart D. Wiebe.
The corporate image is perceived as the organizational counterpart of the self-image, and this book clarifies the implications of this. It offers new perspectives on the modern corporation by treating the corporate image as a construct around which its identity is developed.
MANAGING INTERGROUP CONFLICT IN INDUSTRY
Houston: Gulf Publishing Co. , 1964. $5. 50
Robert R. Blake, Jane S. Mouton and Herbert A. Shepard--Authors
One of the most important managerial skills in industry today is the ability to successfully manage and resolve conflicts between groups which must work together. This includes management and union, sales and production, staff and line, headquarters and field, supervisor and subordinate, etc. In this book, the authors clearly show that there are nine possible methods for dealing with conflict and explain these methods and how they can play havoc within industry. They also recognize that there is a far better problem-solving approach which not only resolves conflicts, but also creates a climate which will work toward recognition of potential problem areas and improved creativity and innovation.
MODERN ORGANIZATION THEORY
New York: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 1959, 324 pp. $7.75 Tokyo: Charles E. Tuttle Company, 1961
Edited by Mason Haire. Chapter authors include: Chris Argyris, E. Wight Bakke, Dorwin Cartwright, Richard M. Cyert, Robert Dubin, Mason Haire, Rensis Likert, James G. March, Jacob Marschak, Anatol Rapoport and William F. Whyte.
Theories of organizational behavior, from considerations of the conflicts between personalities and organizations, to biological models of social organization and the cost of decentralization are presented in this book.
37 ORGANIZATION THEORY IN INDUSTRIAL PRACTICE
New York: John Wiley Sc Sons, Inc., 1962, 173 pp. $5.75
Edited by Mason Haire. Chapter authors include: Carlos Efferson, Hugh Estes, Glenn Gilman, Mason Haire, Robert C. Hood, W. M. Jarman, John P. Jones, Harry D. Kolb, Kilburn LeCompte, Lewis E. Lloyd, E. F. Scoutten and Ben H. Willingham.
This book is a collection of contemporary approaches to current problems of industrial organizations—problems such as decentralization, staff role, change, and authority.
POWER AND CONFLICT IN ORGANIZATIONS
New York: Basic Books, Inc. , 19o**4, 173 pp. $5.50
Edited by Robert L. Kahn and Elise Boulding. Contributors include: Kenneth E. Boulding, Abraham Kaplan, Daniel Katz, R. Nevitt Sanford, John R. P. French, Murray Horwitz, Herbert A. Shepard, Donald Wolfe and Robert Kahn.
Drawing on recent theoretical advances and research findings from small-group and laboratory experiments, from field studies of organi• zations, and from broader studies of power in society, the social scientists listed above, explore the related problems of power and conflict. To their presentations are added the contributions and practical suggestions of some of the fifty corporation executives who participated in the two seminars on which the book is based.
PROGRAMED LEARNING A Critical Evaluation
Chicago: Educational Methods, Inc., 1964, 238 pp. $7.50
Edited by John L. Hughes. Chapter authors and commentators include: H. O. Holt, James S. Bruce, Lawrence H. O'Donnell, J. L. Hughes, Richard J. Morse, James Deese, Robert M. Gagne, Robert Glaser and Walter McNamara. Combines five complete reports of classic research studies in the field of programed learning. Following each, a group of the country's leading authorities on programed learning evaluate each study and discuss its implications for the future theory and practice of this new educational technology.
38 SOME APPLICATIONS OF BEHAVIOURAL RESEARCH
Paris: UNESCO, 1957, 333 pp. $3.25 Copies available from UNESCO Publications Center, 801 Third Avenue, New York, New York
Edited by Samuel P. Hayes and Rensis Likert. Chapter authors include: Stanley Seashore, Rensis Likert, Francis Bourne, Hollis W. Peter, I. A. Morrissett, Samuel P. Hayes, Simon Lesser
This book is based on a series of research seminars held by the Foundation where both scientists and administrators met to try to obtain a better understanding of each other's problems, methods and achievements. Its scope is indicated by the chapter headings:
-Behavioural Research: A Guide for Effective Action -Administrative Leadership and Organizational Effectiveness -Training of Leaders for Effective Human Relations -Human Factors in Research Administration -Training Foreign Nationals in the United States -Group Influence in Marketing and Public Relations -Psychological Surveys in Business Forecasting -Relating Behavioural Research to the Problems of Organizations
Reprints of these chapters are available from the Foundation for $1.00 each.
USING SOCIAL SCIENCE KNOWLEDGE IN BUSINESS AND INDUSTRY
Homewood, 111.: Richard D. Irwin, Inc., 1963, 87 pp. $4.50
Edited by Ruth Leeds and Thomasina Smith. Contributors include: John P. Jones, Paul Lazarsfeld, Floyd Mann, Herbert A. Shepard and Goodwin Watson
The book analyzes factors which underly the application of social science knowledge in industry including establishing a stable working relationship between the social scientist and the businessman, some general contributions that social science can make to industry, limitations of social science and the developmental problems that must be taken account of before application is made.
39 Part 3
OTHER REPORTS
This section lists journal articles, books, and theses written by (1) researchers who have received support from the Foundation, and (2) selected publications by Trustees and staff members. They are listed alphabetically by author.
Copies may be obtained from the publisher, bookstore or libraries, but are not generally distributed by the Foundation.
40 Argyris, Chris The Individual and Organization: Some Problems of Mutual Adjustment. Administrative Science Quarterly, 1957, 2 (1), pp. 1-11.
The Individual and Organizational Structure: Recent Research Findings in Human Relations Research. Personnel Practice and Policy: The Changing Picture, AMA's Personnel Series, No. 168, pp. 3-11.
New Approach to Employee Relations. Nation's Business, January 1957.
Organization and the Human Being. Product Engineering, December 30, 1957.
Personality and Organization. Hospital Administration, Winter I960, 5, (1).
Personality and Organization. New York: Harper, 1957.
Some Propositions About Human Behavior in Organizations. Symposium on Preventive and Social Psychiatry, 15-17, April 1957, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Washington, D. C. , pp. 209-230.
Understanding Human Behavior in Organizations: One Viewpoint. Paper presented at the Foundation's symposium on Modern Organization Theory. Published in Mason Haire (Ed.), Modern Organization Theory. New York: Wiley, 1959.
Argyris, Chris, Rensis Likert, J. March and Herbert Shepard. Management Implications of Recent Social Science Research-- A Symposium. Personnel Administration, May-June 1958, 21, (3), pp. 5-14.
Bakke, E. Wight Concept of the Social Organization. Paper presented at the Foundation's symposium on Modern Organization Theory. Published in Mason Haire (Ed.), Modern Organization Theory, New York: Wiley, 1959.
41
0 Functions of Management. Chapter 8 in E. M. Hugh-Jones (Ed.), Human Relations and Modern Management. Amsterdam: North Holland, 1958.
The Human Resources Function. New Haven: Labor and Management Center, Yale, 1958.
A Norwegian Contribution to Management Development. Bergen, Norway: Norwegian School of Economics and Business Administra• tion, 1959.
Organizational Factors Influencing Productivity. Paper presented at the East-West Conference on Productivity sponsored by the International Economic Association, Lake Como, Italy, September 1961.
Status, Rank, and Role. Paper presented at the American Psychological Association meeting in Chicago, September I960.
Beal, George M. Information Sources in the Decision-Making Process: Stage of Adoption Analyzed by Adopter Categories. Paper presented at the Rural Sociological Society, Pullman, Washington, August 1958.
Beal, George M. and J. M. Bohlen Dealer and Farm Attitudes and Actions Related to Fertilizer. Paper presented at the Midwest Regional Meeting of the National Plant Food Institute, February 1958.
The Diffusion Process. Special Report No. 18, Agricultural Extension Service, Iowa State College, 1957.
The Use of Projectives in Field Research. Paper presented at the seminars for cooperators in the TVA Agricultural Economics Research Activities, March 1958.
Beal, George M. and Everett M. Rogers An Approach to Measure Reference Group Influences in the Adoption of Farm Practices. Paper presented at the Rural Sociological Society, August 1957.
42 The Communication Process in the Purchase of New Products: An Application of Reference Group Theory. Paper presented at the American Association for Public Opinion Research Conference, Chicago, May 1958.
The Importance of Personal Influence in the Adoption of Technological Change. Social Forces, 1958, 36 (4), pp. 329-335.
Projective Techniques in Interviewing Farmers. Journal of Marketing, 1958, 23 (2), pp. 177-179.
Projective Techniques and Rural Respondents. Rural Sociology, 1959, 24 (2), pp. 178-182.
Reference Group Influences in the Adoption of Agricultural Technology. Ames, Iowa: Iowa State College, Department of Economics and Sociology, 1958.
The Scientist as a Referent in Communication of New Technology. Public Opinion Quarterly, 1958, 22 (4), pp. 555-563.
Bellows, Everett H. Administrative Arrangements and Policy Objectives. Advanced Management, March 1957.
The Assistant to Top Management. Advanced Management, August 1956.
Find Indispensable Man--Then Fire Him. Nation's Business, December I960.
Bolda, R. A. and C. H. Lawshe
The Use of Training Case Responses in Management Training Evaluation. Educational & Psychological Measurement, 1959, 19, pp. 549-556.
Cartwright, Dorwin Achieving Change in People: Some Applications of Group Dynamics Theory. Human Relations, 1951, 4, pp. 381-392.
43 The Potential Contribution of Graph Theory to Organization Theory. In Mason Haire (Ed.), Modern Organization Theory. New York: Wiley, 1959, pp. 254-271.
Some Principles of Mass Persuasion: Selected Findings of Research on the Sale of U. S. War Bonds. Human Relations, 1949, 2, pp. 253-267.
Studies in Social Power. (Ed.) Ann Arbor, Mich.: Institute for Social Research, 1959, pp. 1-14.
Cartwright, Dorwin and Alvin Zander Group Dynamics: Research and Theory. Second Edition. Evanston: Row, Peterson and Co. , I960.
Cook, Stuart W. Social Relations Between Foreign Students and Americans: Some Determinants and Some Consequences. Paper presented at the meeting of the American Psychological Association, September 1959.
Cook, Stuart W. , C. Selltiz, J. R. Christ and J. Havel. Attitudes and Social Relations of Foreign Students in the United States. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1963.
Cook, Stuart W. and C. Selltiz. Factors Influencing Attitudes of Foreign Students Toward the Host Country. Journal of Social Issues, Vol. 18, (1), pp. 7-23.
Hayes, Samuel P. Behavioural Management Science. Management Science, 1955, 1, pp. 177-179.
The Business Cycle: Psychological Approaches. Political Science Quarterly, 1948, 58, pp. 82-98, and (in condensed form) Dun's Review, February 1948.
Commercial Surveys as an Aid in the Determination of Public Policy: An Example Involving Liquor Distribution. Journal of Marketing, 1948, 12, pp. 475-482. A Critique with Proposals, on U. S. Overseas Development Operations. International Development Review, I960, 2, No. 1, pp. 26-30.
Foreign Technical Assistance in Economic Development in a Newly Independent Country: Some Observations in Indonesia. Economic Development and Cultural Change, 1952, No. 1, pp. 73-80.
Personality and Culture Problems of Point Four. In The Progress of Underdeveloped Areas, edited by Bert F. Hoselitz. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1952, pp. 203-229.
Some Psychological Problems of Economics. Psychological Bulletin, 1950, 47, pp. 289-330.
Katona, George Attitude Change: Instability of Response and Acquisition of Experience. Psychological Monographs, 1958, 72 (10), pp. 1-39.
Changes in Consumer Expectations and Their Origin. Paper presented at the Conference on the Quality and Economic Signi• ficance of Anticipations Data of the National Bureau of Economic Research, November 1957.
Federal Reserve Board Committee Reports on Consumer Expectations and Saving Statistics. Review of Economics and Statistics, 1957, 39 (1), pp. 40-45.
Fifteen Years of Experience with Measurement of Consumer Expectations. 1962 Proceedings of Business and Economic Statistics Section. Washington, D. C. : American Statistical Association, pp. 169-180.
How Consumers Rule the U. S. Economy. Think, September 1962, pp. 2-5.
La Psychologie de la Recession. Economie Appliquee, Presses Universitaires de France, July-September 1959, Special Issue, pp. 449-468.
45 The Powerful Consumer. Psychological Studies of the American Economy. New York: McGraw-Hill, I960, 278 pp.
The Predictive Value of Data on Consumer Attitudes. In L. H. Clark (Ed.), Consumer Behavior, Vol. II, New York University Press, 1955.
The Psychology of the Recession. American Psychologist, January 1959, 14, pp. 135-143.
The Relationship Between Psychology and Economics. In Sigmund Koch (Ed.), Psychology: A Study of a Science, Vol. 6, McGraw- Hill, 1963, pp. 639-676.
Katona, George and Eva Mueller Consumer Expectations: 1953-1956. Ann Arbor, Mich.: Institute for Social Research, University of Michigan, June 1956.
The Function of Expectational and Motivational Data. Proceedings of the Business and Economic Statistics Section of the American Statistical Association, August I960, pp. 267-274.
Katona, George, C. A. Lininger and R. F. Kosobud 1962 Survey of Consumer Finances. Ann Arbor, Mich.: Survey Research Center, 1963, 265 pp., 125 tables, 3 charts.
Katona, George, C. A. Lininger and Eva Mueller 1963 Survey of Consumer Finances. Ann Arbor, Mich.: Survey Research Center, 1964, 250 pp., 110 tables, 7 charts.
Katz, Elihu The Characteristics of Innovations and the Concept of Compatibility. Paper read at Conference on Comprehensive Planning of Agriculture in Developing Countries, Rehovoth, Israel, August 1963. Repro• duced in part in Development Research Digest (National Planning Association, Washington, D.C), Vol. 2, No. 4, April 1964.
Communication Research and the Image of Society: Convergence of Two Traditions. American Journal of Sociology, I960, 65, pp. 435-440.
Notes on the Unit of Adoption in Diffusion Research. Sociological Inquiry, Vol. 32, No. 1, Winter 1962.
46 The Social Itinerary of Technical Change: Two Studies on the Diffusion of Innovation. Human Organization, Vol. 20, No. 2, Summer 1961. Reprinted in Wilbur Schramm, (Ed.), Studies of Innovation and Communication to the Public, Stanford, Calif. : Institute for Communication Research, 1962.
Katz, Elihu, Martin L. Levin and Herbert Hamilton Traditions of Research on the Diffusion of Innovation. American Sociological Review, Vol. 28, No. 2, April 1963. Reprinted in part in Ekistics, (Athens, Greece), Vol. 16, No. 93, August, 1963.
Lawshe, C. H. , R. A. Bolda and R. L. Brune How Trainees Feel About Role-Playing. Factory Management &c Maintenance, 1958, 8 A-75 (abstract).
Role-Playing as an Industrial Leadership Training Technique. Summary report of research supported by the Foundation. Purdue University, September 1958.
Studies in Management Training Evaluation: I. Scaling Responses to Human Relations Training Cases. Journal of Applied Psychology, 1958, 42 (35).
The Use of Training Case Responses in Management Training Evaluation. Educational & Psychological Measurement, 1959, 19, pp. 549-556.
What Supervisors Say About Role-Playing. Journal of the American Society of Training Directors, 1958, 12 (8), pp. 3-7.
Likert, Rensis Motivational Approach to Management Development. Harvard Business Review, 1959, 37 (4), pp. 75-82.
New Patterns of Management. New York: McGraw-Hill, 1961.
Likert, Rensis and Stanley E. Seashore Making Cost Control Work. Harvard Business Review, 1963, 41 (6), pp. 96-108.
47 Lionberger, Herbert F. Legitimation of Decisions to Adopt Farm Practices and Purchase Farm Supplies in Two Missouri Farm Communities: Ozark and Prairie. (Columbia: Missouri Agricultural Experiment Station Research Bulletin 826, April 1963.)
Overlap Dispersion of Special Functions in Adoption Decisions of Farm Operators in Two Missouri Counties. Paper presented at the Annual Meeting of the Rural Sociological Society, Washington, D.C, August 1962.
Lionberger, Herbert F. , R. R. Campbell and J. S. Holik A Method of Measuring the Diffusion Potential of Interpersonal Communicative Networks. Paper presented at the Rural Sociological Society Meeting, August I960, University Park, Penn s ylvania.
Lionberger, Herbert F. and Rex R. Campbell Potential of Interpersonal Networks for Message Transfer from Outside Information Sources: A Study of Two Missouri Communities. (Columbia: Missouri Agricultural Experiment Station Research Bulletin 846, September 1963.)
Lundstedt, Sven An Introduction to Some Evolving Problems in Cross-Cultural Research. Journal of Social Issues, 1963, 19, 3, 1-9
Human Factors in Cross-Cultural Adjustment. Journal of Social Issues, 1963, 19, 3. (Issue Ed. )
The Interpersonal Dimension in International Technical Assistance: Statement of a Problem. Mental Hygiene, 1961, 45, 3.
Maier, Norman R. F. , and L. R. Hoffman Overcoming Superior-Subordinate Communication Problems in Management: A Statistical Research Project. American Manage• ment Association Research Study 52, 1961.
Maier, Norman R. F. , L. R. Hoffman, J. G. Hooven and W. H. Read Communication Problems in Superior-Subordinate Relationships. Published by the American Management Association, July I960.
48 Maier, Norman R. F. , L. R. Hoffman and "W. H. Read Superior-Subordinate Communication: The Relative Effectiveness of Managers who Held Their Subordinates' Positions. Personnel Psychology, 1963, 16, pp. 1-12.
McGregor, Douglas Getting Effective Leadership in the Industrial Organization. Journal of Consulting Psychology, March-April, 1944.
The Human Side of Enterprise. McGraw-Hill Book Co. , Inc. , New York, I960.
New Concepts of Management. The Technology Review, February 1961.
Mueller, Eva Comments on "A Dynamic Element in Consumption." In L. H. Clark (Ed.), Consumer Behavior: Research on Consumer Reactions. Vol. III. New York: Harper, 1958, pp. 442-443.
Consumer Attitudes: Their Influence and Forecasting Value. National Bureau of Economic Research, Conference on the Quality and Economic Significance of Anticipations Data, Princeton University Press, I960.
Consumer Reactions to Inflation. Quarterly Journal of Economics, 1959, 73 (2), pp. 246-262.
The Desire for Innovations in Household Goods. In L. H. Clark (Ed.) Consumer Behavior: Research on Consumer Reactions. Vol. ILL New York: Harper, 1958, pp. 13-37.
Newcomb, Theodore M. The Acquaintance Process. Holt, Rinehart & "Winston, 1961.
The Cognition of Persons as Cognizers. In Renato Tagiuri and L. Petrullo (Eds.), Personal Perception and Interpersonal Behavior. Stanford; Stanford University Press, 1958, pp. 179-190.
49 Communication Behavior. In Roland Young (Ed.), Approaches to the Study of Politics. Evanston: Northwestern University Press, 1958, pp. 244-265.
Individual Systems of Orientation. In Sigmund Koch (Ed.), Psychology: A Study of a Science, Study I, Conceptual and Systematic, Vol. III. New York: McGraw-Hill, 1959.
Stabilities Underlying Changes in Interpersonal Attraction. Journal of Abnormal Social Psychology, 1963, 66, pp. 376-386.
The Study of Consensus. In R. K. Merton (Ed.), Sociology Today. New York: Basic Books, Inc. , 1959.
Nordlie, P. G. A Longitudinal Study of Interpersonal Attraction in a Natural Group Setting. Unpublished doctoral dissertation. University of Michigan, 1958.
O'Day, Edward F. Advanced Slide Rule: Log Log Scales. La Mesa, California: J. Ravin Publications, 1963.
Pelz, Donald C. Interaction and Attitudes Between Scientists and Auziliary Staff: I. Viewpoint of Staff. Administrative Science Quarterly, Dec. 1959, 4, (3), pp. 321-336.
Interaction and Attitudes Between Scientists and Auxiliary Staff: II. Viewpoint of Scientists. Administrative Science Quarterly, March I960, 4, pp. 410-425.
Motivation of the Engineering and Research Specialist. Improving Managerial Performance, AMA General Management Series No. 186, 1957, pp. 25-46.
Social Factors in the Motivation of Engineers and Scientists. School Science & Mathematics, 1958, 58, pp. 417-429.
Some Social Factors Related to Performance in a Research Organi• zation. Administrative Science Quarterly, December 1956, 1 (3), pp. 310-325.
50 Variables to be Measured in Scientific Personnel. Institute for Social Research, University of Michigan, April 1958, 27 pp. Mimeo.
Pelz, Donald C. , G. Mellinger and H. Baumgartel
Interpersonal Factors in Research. Part II. Leadership and Group Factors in Scientists' Performance and Motivation. Ann Arbor, Mich. : Institute for Social Research, University of Michigan, 1957.
Peter, Hollis W. Guidelines in the Process of Change. Chapter in International Cooperation and Problems of Transfer and Adaptation. Volume X of Science, Technology, and Development, U. S. Papers Prepared for the United Nations Conference on the Application of Science and Technology for the Benefit of the Less Developed Areas. Government Printing Office, Washington, D. C. , 1962.
Using Technical and Social Knowledge in Economic Development. Unpublished Ph.D. dissertation, I960, University of Michigan.
Using U. S. Training in the Philippines: A Follow-up Survey of Participants. International Cooperation Administration and the Institute for Social Research, University of Michigan, 1959.
Peter, Hollis and E. R. Henry Measuring Successful Performance Overseas. International Development Review, October 1961, Vol. Ill, No. 3, and with modifications, reprinted as Steps to Better Selection and Training for Overseas Jobs, Personnel, Jan. /Feb. , 1962.
Pool, Ithiel de Sola Public Opinion and Elections. NEA Journal, September 1957, pp. 380-383.
Pool, Ithiel de Sola and I. Shulman Newsmen's Fantasies, Audiences, and News writing. Public Opinion Quarterly, 1959, 23 (2), pp. 145-158. Price, James L. The Impact of Governing Boards on Organizational Effectiveness and Morale. Administrative Science Quarterly, December, 1963, pp. 362-378.
State Bureaucracy: A Comparative Study of Two State Government Wildlife Management Agencies. Unpublished doctoral dissertation. Columbia University, 1962.
Use of New Knowledge in Organization. Human Organization, Fall 1964, Vol. No. 23, No. 3, pp. 224-234.
Read, William H. Upward Communication in Industrial Hierarchies. Human Relations, Vol. 15, No. 1, 1962.
Schmiedeskamp, J. W. Reinterviews by Telephone. Journal of Marketing, January 1962, 27, pp. 28-32.
Scott, William A. Attitude Change by Response Reinforcement: Replication and Extension. Sociometry, 1959, 22, pp. 328-335.
Dognitive Consistency, Response Reinforcement, and Attitude Change. Sociometry, 1959, 22, pp. 219-229.
Empirical Assessment of Values and Ideologies. American Sociological Review, 1959, 24, pp. 299-310.
Seashore, C. , R. Lippitt and J. Gibb A Study of Communication of Theory in a Human Relations Laboratory. Ann Arbor, Michigan: Foundation for Research on Human Behavior, March 1962. Mimeo.
Smith, Patricia C. , E. A. Locke, L. M. Kendall, C. L. Hulin and Anne M. Miller Convergent and Discriminant Validity for Areas and Rating Methods of Job Satisfaction. Journal of Applied Psychology, 1964, 48. Smith, Patricia C. and Charles L. Hulin Sex Differences in Job Satisfaction. Journal of Applied Psychology, 1964, 48, pp. 88-92.
Triandis, Harry C. Categories of Thought of Managers, Clerks, and Workers About Jobs and People in an Industry. Journal of Applied Psychology, 1959, 43, pp. 338-344.
Categories of Thought in Communication and Job Satisfaction in Industry. Unpublished doctoral thesis, Cornell University, 1958.
Cognitive Similarity and Communication in a Dyad. Human Relations, I960, 13, pp. 175-183.
Cognitive Similarity and Interpersonal Communication in Industry. Journal of Applied Psychology, 1959, 43, pp. 321-326.
A Comparative Factorial Analysis of Job Semantic Structures of Managers and Workers. Journal of Applied Psychology, I960, 44, pp. 297-302.
Differential Perception of Certain Jobs and People by Managers, Clerks, and Workers in Industry. Journal of Applied Psychology, 1959, 43, pp. 221-225.
Getting Through to Your Boss--A Research Report on Cognitive Similarity, Communication and Interpersonal Attraction. Personnel Administration, 1961, 24, pp. 11-17.
Vroom, Victor Work and Motivation. New York: John Wiley & Sons, Inc. , 1964, 331 pages, $6.95.
West, Stewart S. Class-Origin of Scientists. Sociometry, 1961, 24, pp. 251-269.
The Ideology of Academic Scientists. Institute of Radio Engineers, Transactions in Engineering Management, June I960, pp. 54-62.
Sibling Configurations of Scientists. American Journal of Sociology, September I960, 66, pp. 268-274.
53 Whyte, William F. Human Relations in the Restaurant Industry. New York: McGraw- Hill Book Co. , 1948.
Men at Work. Homewood, 111.: Irwin-Dorsey, 1961.
Money and Motivation. New York: Harper fk Bros. , 1955.
Pattern for Industrial Peace. New York: Harper & Bros. , 1951.
Whyte, William F. and Lawrence K. Williams Supervisory Leadership: An International Comparison. (Council for International Progress on Management, 1963, Symposium B3, Paper No. B3c).
Worthy, James C. Big Business and Free Men. New York: Harper & Bros. , 1959.
Zajonc, Robert and E. Burnstein The Resolution of Cognitive Conflict Under Uncertainty. Human Relations, 1961, 14, pp. 113-119.
54 Forthcoming
Bakke, E. Wight Organizational Theory. (In preparation.)
Breer, Paul E. and E. A. Locke Task Experience as a Source of Attitudes. Dorsey Press. (In press.)
Katz, Elihu The Diffusion of Innovation. New York: Wiley & Sons. (In preparation.)
Whyte, William F. and Edith Lentz Hamilton (with the collaboration of Meredith Wiley) Action Research for Management. Homewood, 111. : Irwin-Dors Press. To be published January 1, 1964. Journals and Other Publications
Journals and other publications that have reviewed, listed, or abstracted from Foundation reports:
Advertiser's Digest Looking Ahead American Salesman American Sociological Review Management Science Association Management Marketing Digest Marketing Information Guide Consumer Affairs Bulletin Monthly Labor Review Contemporary Psychology National Civic Review Dartnell Publications National Industrial Conference Board Publications Economics Library Selections Nation's Business List Ergonomics (The) Executive Personnel Executive Book Review Personnel Administration Personnel Management Abstracts Personnel Practice Bulletin Factory Personnel Psychology Frontiers in Management Prentice-Hall Publications Psychological Abstracts Hospital Administration Public Administration Review Human Relations Training News Public Personnel Review Public Relations Review Industrial and Labor Relations Review Industrial Medicine 8c Surgery- Research Reports Industrial Relations News Issues &c Ideas Social Science Reporter Supervision Joint Reference Library Journal of the Amer. Soc. of Vertical File Index Training Directors Vocational Guidance Quarterly Journalism Quarterly
56 V. RESEARCH ADVISORY COMMITTEE
The Research Advisory Committee (RAC) is made up of businessmen from member companies, and a few non-contributing companies, who are particularly interested in one or more of the three subject fields of the Foundation's program:
Division I (Leadership, Management and Organization) Division II (Economic and Consumer Behavior) Division III (Public Communication)
RAC membership is intended to provide a close working relationship and liaison between the Foundation and its member companies, and it is a means for developing cooperation with business members. RAC members are encouraged to participate actively in the Foundation program, and are expected to:
1. Advise on seminar programs of interest to contributors. 2. Advise on areas of needed research of interest to contributors, and on specific proposals. 3. Help develop interest in their own company and in other companies in the Foundation's program, and occasionally assist the staff in making new contacts. 4. Advise on other activities such as fund-raising and making the program more useful to contributing companies.
In return, RAC members receive all reports, announcements and materials in their areas of interest distributed by the Foundation, selected reports on new ideas and research developments from other sources, and occasional requested assistance on company problems. Contacts between RAC members and the Foundation are by personal staff visits , correspondence, telephone, seminars and meetings of the Divisional groups of the RAC.
The names of RAC members are listed by company on the reverse side of first sheets of Foundation stationery, and in all Foundation
57 reports and Newsletters. Membership and additions or changes are noted in the Foundation Newsletter.
RAC Division I is the largest of the three, with 36 members, 29 from 27 contributing companies* (including 14 persons also in other divisions) and 7 members from currently non-contributing companies. Four contributing companies have not yet selected formal RAC representatives in any of the divisions.
RAC Division II has 27 members, 23 from 21 contributing companies (including 9 men who are also in other divisions), and 4 members from non-contributing companies.
RAC Division III has 28 members, 25 from 22 contributing com• panies (including 14 men in other divisions), and 3 members from non-contributing companies.
^Several companies have two RAC members sharing representation in more than one division.
58 Research Advisory Committee Members 1958 - 1964
ALUMINUM CO. OF AMERICA DETROIT EDISON COMPANY * Arthur M. Doty *S. F. Leahy *John Fleming *Eldred H. Scott Otis C. McCreery *R. Kenneth Smith, Jr. DOW CHEMICAL COMPANY Edward M. Strauss * L. E. Lloyd * F. C. Peterson ANSUL CHEMICAL COMPANY * Arthur Smith, Jr. *C. F. Abendschein Robert C. Hepple DYNAMAR Morris Neuville #K. G. van Pachelbel * William R. Rinelli E. D. Schlutter EASTMAN KODAK COMPANY * Ray Twining * Thomas H. Miller Thomas F. Robertson BELL TELEPHONE CO. OF * Kenneth G. Stuart PENNSYLVANIA * Kilburn LeCompte FEDERATED DEPARTMENT * John C. Mott ' STORES, INC. George H. Ruschhaupt Herbert Landsman Myron S. Silbert CHAMPION PAPERS, INC. A. S. Anderson FORD MOTOR COMPANY * Charles L. Kluss *C. Hoyt Anderson *George H. Brown CONTINENTAL OIL COMPANY Joseph Crumlish * Henry Corey John J. DeMott Robert G. James Karlton Pierce *John Post * Robert W. Smuts * Harold S. Skinner
CORNING GLASS WORKS GENERAL ELECTRIC COMPANY * LeRoy Amylon Joseph M. Bertotti * Richard H. Andrews Horace J. DePodwin * James H. Bierer * L. L. Ferguson James M. Brown John B. McKitterick
^Current members of the Research Advisory Committee
59 GENESCO MARATHON OIL COMPANY * Candler Butler (Formerly The Ohio Oil Company) John D. Staley George K. Barrett *Matt S. Wigginton N. G. Dumbros *M. S. Hauser THE GILLETTE COMPANY * James D. Parriott, Jr. Robert S. Perry THE MAYTAG COMPANY THE B. F. GOODRICH CO. Louis C. McAnly, Jr. Edward R. Bartley E. F. Scoutten * Arthur K. Brintnall Karl O. Nygaard MEREDITH PUBLISHING CO. * Frank Furbush HUMBLE OIL AND REFINING CO. *J. T. Miller (Formerly Esso Standard Oil Co.) Robert P. Ferguson * Harry D. Kolb MONSANTO CHEMICAL CO. B. F. Meglaughlin Elbert W. Burr Shea Smith, III INLAND STEEL COMPANY * Frank H. Cassell MOORE CORPORATION, LTD. Richard M. Ralston * Lloyd J. M. Skeaff * "William E. Rothfelder OLIN MATHIESON CHEMICAL INTERNATIONAL BUSINESS CORP. MACHINES CORP. * Richard J. Grunewald W. R. Graves * David L. Holzman THE PITTSBURGH PLATE GLASS D. B. Miller COMPANY *R. A. Whitehorne * William Carpenter * Donald J. Sherbondy INTERNATIONAL PIPE AND *Turrell Uleman CERAMICS CORP. * James B. Welch THE PROCTOR AND GAMBLE CO. * William G. Mollenkopf ELI LILLY AND COMPANY John C. Hanson * Robert M. Kraft SCOTT PAPER COMPANY E. G. Mauck * Philip E. Coleman * William C. Murphy Gordon A. Hughes *H. M. Wisely *J. S. Baker Middleton
*Current members of the Research visory Committee
60 SEARS, ROBUCK, AND CO. SUN OIL COMPANY Robert E. Barmeier *James S. Cross R. C. Hiller, Jr. *J. Harold Perrine *Franklyn Waltman SOCONY-MOBIL OIL COMPANY Fred B. Korsmeyer UNION CARBIDE CORPORATION Carroll Brown * John Paul Jones STANDARD OIL CO. (Indiana) D. Campbell UNITED PARCEL SERVICE J. Howell Turner * Charles W. L. Foreman Donald S. Warning UNITED STATES STEEL STANDARD OIL CO. (New Jersey) FOUNDATION, INC. * Robert W. Adams * Fred Armstrong * Robert O. Carlson *W. Homer Turner Edwin R. Henry * Harry Laurent WESTINGHOUSE ELECTRIC STANDARD OIL CO. (Ohio) CORPORATION R. H. Collacott * Harold G. Crook * R. B . Finkle Charles N. Fry * Henry C. George W. W. Morris O. A. Ohmann D. J. Morrison
^Current members of the Research Advisory Committee
61 VI. FINANCING THE FOUNDATION
During the months preceding the formal organization of the Foundation, many individuals gave freely of their time for needed advice and suggestions. The interest and support of Dr. Edwin Henry, of the Standard Oil Company (New Jersey) led to the enrollment of that company during October 1952, as the first contributing member of the Foundation. It has contributed annually to the support of the Foun• dation since its beginning.
Articles of Incorporation were signed by the Trustees of the Foundation in October 1952, and in March 1953, the Foundation was certified by the Michigan Corporation and Securities Commission as a non-profit educational foundation. In December 1953, the Foundation was exempted from Federal Income Tax under the provisions of Section 101(6) of the Internal Revenue Code.
In March 1953, discussions were initiated with the "W". K. Kellogg Foundation. These discussions concerned ways in which the Kellogg Foundation might be of assistance in activating the program of the new Foundation for Research on Human Behavior. In June 1953, the Kellogg Foundation made a three-year commitment of $206,000 for the purpose of underwriting the major costs of establishing the Foundation. This generous grant was increased to a total of $282,500 over a five- year period, assuring the growth and vigor of the Foundation during its formative years while it was developing its program and eventual self- support from contributing business organizations.
The Foundation has had 49 contributing member companies and company foundations of which 31 are currently supporting its program. Twenty-two companies have contributed for five years or more. Table 1 is a listing of these companies and foundations that have pro• vided financial support through grants, contributions and membership fees.
Half of the organizations supporting the Foundation are themselves company foundations, reflecting the view that the Foundation's program is significant as a scientific and educational venture aiding business
62 and industry in general as well as social science research. Those members which provide corporate support through their contribution committees or from departmental budgets either do not have a company foundation or feel that direct benefits warrant such business expenditures. Most member companies, almost by definition, have special interest in, and the ability to make use of behavioral research.
The Foundation does not have a fixed scale of contributions or membership fees. Contributions range from $1,000 to $10,000 annually, depending on the degree of interest in the three fields of our program activity, the size of the contributing company, and a com• parison with what other companies are contributing. Member companies and foundations usually expect to support the Foundation's program for several years at least, as it is recognized that a useful working relationship of benefit to the company is difficult to establish with a "one-shot" support grant.
Total receipts in the twelve years of the Foundations operation (through the fiscal year ended June 1964) were $1,254,000. Of this, $726,000 has come from business contributions; $282,500 came from the "W. K. Kellogg Foundation whose five-year grant terminated some years ago. The Foundation has been operating since 1957-58 on support by business organizations, and from supplementary income from seminars and sale of publications.
About one-third of the Foundation's annual expenditures, which range from $100,000 to $120,000, goes into seminars and other meetings; about 15 percent goes into Foundation reports and publications, and approximately one-fourth is used for research grants. The remain• ing one-fourth is for services to contributing companies and other organizations, donor development and administration. During the twelve years of our program, we have spent almost $300,000 in research grants. About two-thirds of this has gone into studies of leadership, management, organization theory, creativity, etc. , and one-third for research on understanding consumer behavior and public communication. During this period, the Foundation has also been responsible for stimulating research contracts between business contributors and research institutions, in amounts exceeding our own research grants. Table 2 gives the total receipts and disbursements, for the twelve-year period through fiscal year 1963-64.
63 Table 1
COMPANIES AND FOUNDATIONS PROVIDING FINANCIAL SUPPORT THROUGH GRANTS, CONTRIBUTIONS AND MEMBERSHIP FEES
*# Alcoa Foundation *#Eli Lilly & Company *# Anonymous Donors (3) * # Marathon Oil Company *#Ansul Chemical Company * Maytag Foundation *Bell Telephone of Pennsylvania ##E. T. Meredith Foundation Champion Paper Foundation * Michigan Bell Telephone Co. ## Continental Oil Company Monsanto Chemical Trust * Corning Glass Works Foundation * Moore Corporation Crown-Zellerbach Foundation * Olin Mathieson Chemical * Detroit Edison Company Corporation Dow Chemical Company *# Pittsburgh Plate Glass * Dynamar Foundation *# Eastman Kodak Company *# Procter & Gamble Foundation Federated Department Stores, * Scott Paper Company Inc. Sears , Roebuck and Company ## Ford Motor Company Fund Socony Mobil Oil Company *# General Electric Foundation * # Sohio Foundation General Foods Corporation Standard Accident Insurance *GENESCO Company * The Gillette Company Standard Oil Foundation B. F. Goodrich Company (Indiana) John Hancock Mutual Life *# Standard Oil Co. (New Jersey) Insurance *# Sun Oil Company Inland Steel Company * Thompson Ramo Wooldridge, *# International Business Machines Inc. Corporation ## Tremco Manufacturing Company * International Pipe fk Ceramics *# Union Carbide Corporation Corporation *# United States Steel Foundation W. K. Kellogg Foundation Westinghouse Electric Corp.
*Current contributors # Companies contributing five years or more.
64 Table 2
TOTAL RECEIPTS AND DISBURSEMENTS TWELVE-YEAR PERIOD THROUGH FISCAL YEAR 1963-64
Fiscal Total Disbursements Year Receipts* Total Res earch Other**
1952-53 $ 6,500 $ 412 $ - $ 412
1953-54 90,013 67,958 5,000 62,958
1954-55 138,323 105,179 15,000 90,179
1955-56 142,130 122,916 52,475 70,441
1956-57 120,404 104,716 30,000 74,716
1957-58 108,592 157,677 81,555 76,122
1958-59 105,845 114,985 35,900 79,085
1959-60 120,908 106,765 22,235 84,530
1960-61 84,724 96,529 14,536 81,993
1961-62 113,680 89,044 5,000 84,044
1962-63 110,963 105,920 21,406 84,514
1963-64 111,588 116,367 12,592 103,775
Totals $1,253,670 $1, 188,468 $295,699 $892,769
*W. K. Kellogg Foundation grant (1953-58) $ 282,500 Company contributions, grants, & membership fees- . 726,140 Seminar fees 168,316 Sale of publications & royalties 59,796 Interest on investments and misc 16, 918 $1,253,670
*#Seminars, publications, donor services and development, administration, etc.
65 TRUSTEES
EVERETT HOLLIS BELLOWS
Everett Bellows is Vice President for Corporate Services of the Olin Mathieson Chemical Corporation. He served in the Federal Government for a number of years, and is currently a consultant to the United States Department of State. Mr. Bellows graduated from the George Washington University in 19*9, Phi Betta Kappa, and received his Master of Arts Degree in 1941, and is a member of the Cosmos Club, Washington, D.C.
ANGUS CAMPBELL
Angus Campbell is Director of the Survey Research Center, and Professor of Psychology and Sociology at the University of Michigan. He is the author with others of several books and numerous articles on the American electorate, including The American Voter. He has been a member for several years of the Social Science Research Council Committee on Political Behavior. Dr. Campbell was one of the incorporators of the Foundation and is currently Treasurer of our Board of Trustees.
DORWIN P. CARTWRIGHT
Dorwin Cartwright is Professor of Psychology and Research Coordinator of the Research Center for Group Dynamics at the University of Michigan. He was formerly Associate Professor of Psychology and Director of the Research Center for Group Dynamics at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. From 1942 to 1945, he was Study Director and Research Director for the Division of Program Survey, United States Department of Agriculture. Dr. Cartwright received his A.B. from Swarthmore College in 1934, his M.A. in 1938; and his Ph.D. from Harvard University in 1940. He is the author of many publications and is editor of Studies in Social Power.
STUART W. COOK
Stuart Cook is Professor of Psychology at the University of Colorado. He was formerly head of the Graduate Psychology Department at New York University, and earlier head of the Bureau of Psychological Services at the University of Minnesota. He is co-author of Research Methods in Social Relations and editor of Psychological Research in Radar Observer Training and Human Relations in Interracial Housing. Professor Cook received his A.B. from the University of Richmond in 1934, his M.A. in 1935; and his Ph.D. from the University of Minnesota in 1938. CHARLES W. L. FOREMAN
Charles Foreman is Vice President of the United Parcel Service and is an active member of the American Management Association, being one of the principal lecturers in their advanced management and presidents' programs. He is also active in the National Industrial Conference Board, and is on their Council on Development, Education and Training and their Council on Organization Planning.
MASON HAIRE
Mason Haire is Professor of Psychology at the University of California, Berkeley — a position he has held since 1949. He is the author of Psychology in Management, and has edited several other books in the social sciences including Modern Organization Theory (Wiley, 1959). He has acted as con• sultant to the U. S. Air Force, the U. S. Navy, the State Department, and the European Productivity Agency. Dr. Haire studied at Swarthmore College (A.B.) and at Harvard University (M.A. and Ph.D. in Psychology).
SAMUEL P. HAYES
Samuel Hayes, former Director of the Foundation, is currently President of the Foreign Policy Association. Dr. Hayes was Professor of Economics at the University of Michigan, and before coming to Ann Arbor was with the Mutual Security Agency where he has been Chief of the U.S. Special Technical and Economic Mission to Indonesia and later Assistant Director of the Agency in charge of Far East programs. He previously served in the Department of State, as Special Assistant to the Assistant Secretary for Economic Affairs, Deputy Chief of the United States Survey Mission to South East Asia and the Director of the Program Planning and Advisory Staff of the Technical Cooperation Administration.
RENSIS LIKERT
Rensis Likert is the Chairman of the Board of Trustees and was one of the incorporators of the Foundation. Dr. Likert is Director of the Institute for Social Research and Professor of Psychology and Sociology at the University of Michigan. He received his Ph.D. from Columbia University and has been Director of Research of the Life Insurance Agency Management Association, and Head of the Division of Program Surveys in the U. S. Department of Agriculture. Dr. Likert is a pioneer in the psychological measurement field and author of many publications including the book New Patterns of Manage• ment. DOUGLAS MCGREGOR
Douglas McGregor is Professor in the School of Industrial Management of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. He was formerly President of Antioch College and a tutor of social psychology at Harvard University. He is an author of many publications, including the well known book, The Human Side of Kr/icrpriM'. He is also a consultant on organizational change to several large industries. Dr. McGregor received his A.B. from Wayne University in 1932, his LL. D. in 1949; and his A.M. from Harvard in 1933 and his Ph. D. in 1935.
DAVID B. TRUMAN
David Truman is Dean of Columbia College, Columbia University, where he was formerly chairman of the Department of Public Law and Government. Before going to Columbia he served on the faculties of Harvard and Cornell Universities. He was formerly a deputy division chief of the U.S. Strategic Bombing Survey in the Pacific and has served as foreign broadcast analyst for the FCC. He is the author of The Government Process and The Con• gressional Party among many other publications on American political behavior and public opinion.
WILLIAM F. WHYTE
William Whyte is Professor in the School of Industrial and Labor Relations at Cornell University and is also director of the Social Science Research Center there. Before joining the Cornell faculty he was associated with the University of Oklahoma and the University of Chicago. He is the author of Street Corner Society and numerous other publications on the social sciences. Dr. Whyte received his A.B. from Swarthmore College in 1946, and his Ph.D. from the University of Chicago in 1943.
BEN H. WILLINGHAM
Ben Willingham is President of GENESCO, a position he has held since 1958. He is a member of the Board of Directors of Tiffany and Company of New York City, and the Hoving Corporation. He is also active as Director of the Third National Bank of Nashville and as a member of the American Society of Sales Executives and other associations. Mr. Willingham is an alumnus of Vanderbilt University.
Hollis W. Peter, President of the Foundation, is also a member of the Trustees. AND STAFF
HOLLIS W. PETER
Hollis Peter has been with the Foundation since 1954, becoming President in I960. Prior to joining the Foundation, he had served with the National Resources Planning Board, the Department of Agriculture, and in the Department of State where he was Director of the Technical Cooperation Service in Lebanon, Associate Director of the Program Planning and Advisory Staff in the Technical Cooperation Administration (Point IV), and a staff member in the Office of Intelli• gence Research.
Dr. Peter's recent activities have included heading social research projects in the Philippines and Peru for the University of Michigan and the Agency for International Development; membership in the U. S. Delegation to the United Nations Conference on the Application of Science and Technology; and consultation to A. I. D.'s research office.
He received his Ph.D. in economics from the University of Michigan in I960, and is the author of several Foundation research reports and technical publications. Currently he is a member of the Board of Advisors to AIESEC (Association Internationale des Etudiants en Sciences Economiques et Comme rciales) and an editorial consultant to the International Development Review.
JOHN A. MYERS. JR.
—• Jack Myers became the Vice President of the Foundation in 1963. He received his Ph.D. in Psychology from the State University of Iowa in I ^ 1 1950 and spent the year 1962-6 J in post-doctoral study at the University of Michigan under a Carnegie Corporation grant. He currently serves both as an administrative and research consultant to the Menninger Foundation, Topeka, Kansas.
Prior to his coming to Michigan, Dr. Myers was head of the firm, Myers and Associates, Psychological Consultants to Management, in Topeka, Kansas; this firm was begun in 1 95 5. He has been, on a part-time basis, Vice President of Harding Glass Industries, Inc. , and Senior Vice President and Head, Division of Personnel and Research, Capitol Federal Savings and Loan Association, in Topeka, Kansas. Earlier in his career he was Head of the Department of Psychology, Washburn University, Topeka, Kansas, and Head of the Department of Psychology at Willamette University, Salem, Oregon.
OTHER STAFF MEMBERS
Mrs. Dorothy Bell - Secretary to the President
Miss Jean McCartney - Secretary to the Vice President
Miss Joyce Johnson - Secretary
Mrs. Lena Behnke - Publications
69 VIII. AUTHOR-NAME INDEX
This index gives the names of authors and editors, and also of discussion leaders whose presentations at seminars are included in the reports listed in this booklet. The numbers following the names indicate the pages of the booklet where these names will be found.
ARGYRIS, Chris BOULDING, Kenneth 14, 20, 37, 41 30, 37, 38 BOURNE, Francis 33, 39 BAKKE, E. Wight BOWERS, David G. 19, 20, 37, 41, 55 13, 29 BARKIN, Solomon BRADFORD, Lee 31 26 BARMEIER, Robert E. BREER, Paul E. 27 17, 55 BARNES, Louis B. BRIEFS, Godfrey 13 33 BARRON, Frank BRITT, Steuart H. 27 33, 34 BAUMGARTEL, H. BROWN, George 51 34 BEAL, George M. BRUCE, James S. 21, 32, 42 26, 38 BELLOWS, Everett H. BRUNE, R. L. 43 47 BENNETT, John BUCHANAN, Paul 26 13, 29 BENTZ, Jon BURNSTEIN, Eugene 27 25, 54 BLAKE, Robert R. BUTLER, William F. 28, 37 32 BOHLEN, J. M. 42 BOLDA, Robert A. CAMERON, James W. 25, 43, 47 13 BOULDING, Elise CAMPBELL, Angus 23, 30, 38 31 CAMPBELL, R. R. EGGERT, Robert 48 33 CARLSON, Robert O. ESTES, Hugh 37 38 CARTWRIGHT, Dorwin 27, 37, 43, 44 CHRIST, J. R. FRENCH, John R. P. 44 14, 19, 25, 26, 28, 30, CLEE, Jan E. FRIEND, Irwin 13 34 COHEN, Reuben 37 CONVERSE, Philip E. GAGNE, Robert M. 31 38 COOK, Stuart W. GAINSBRUGH, Martin 21, 44 32 CRUTCHFIELD, Richard GARDNER, Burleigh 27 34 CUNNINGHAM, Ross GIBB, J. R. 33, 34 20, 52 CYERT, Richard M. GILLOGLY, David 37 34 GILMAN, Glenn 38 DAI, Bingham GLASER, Robert 26 26, 38 DAVID, Gilbert GLOCK, Charles Y. 13 33, 34 DAVIS, Kings ley GRANT, Donald 37 29 DAVIS, Sheldon A. GURIN, Gerald 13 31 DEESE, James 38 DINERMAN, Helen HAIRE, Mason 37 12, 18, 23, 37, 38 DUBIN, Robert HAMILTON, Edith Lentz 37 55 DUNNINGTON, Richard HAMILTON, Herbert 29 47 HARRIS, Louis 31 EFFERSON, Carlos HARRIS, Richard 38 29 HAVEL, J. KAHN, Robert L. 44 12, 20, 23, 25, 27, HAYES, J. J. KAPLAN, Abraham 13 38 HAYES, Samuel P. KAPLAN, Max 30, 33, 39, 44 33 HEDRICK, Charles KATONA, George 26 14, 16, 20, 32, 33, HEMPHILL, John K. KATZ, Daniel 27, 30 30, 38 HENRY, Edwin R. KATZ, Elihu 27, 51 20, 46, 47, 55 HERZBERG, Frederick KATZELL, R. 31 28 HOFFMAN, L. R. KAY, Emanuel 48, 49 28 HOLEK, J. S. KELLEY, H. H. 48 33 HOLT, H. O. KENDALL, Lome M. 38 17, 52 HOOD, Robert C. KEY, V.O. 38 31 HOOVEN, John KLEIN, Lawrence 25, 48 34 HORWITZ, Murray KOCH, Robert 28, 38 30 HUGHES, John L. KOLB, Harry D. 26, 38 29, 38 HULIN, C. L. KORNHAUSER, Arthur 52, 53 14 HYMAN, Herbert H. KOSOBUD, R. F. 37 46
JACOBSON, Eugene LAMBERT, W. 31 18 J ARM AN, W. M. LANSING, John 38 14, 33 JENKS, R. Stephen LAWRENCE, Paul R. 17 30 JONES, John Paul LAWSHE, Charles A. 13, 38, 39 19 LAWSHE, C. H. MACK, Ruth P. 25, 43, 47 32, 34 LAZARSFELD, Paul MAIER, Norman R. F. 39 19, 25, 27, 48, 49 LEAHY, S.F. MANDELL, Milton 26 27 LeCOMPTE, Kilburn MANN, Floyd C. 38 13, 14, 25, 26, 30 31, 39 LEE, Robert E. MARCH, James G. 13, 37 37, 41 LEEDS, Ruth MARROW, Alfred J. 39 13, 30 LESSER, Simon MARSCHAK, Jacob 26, 39 37 LEVIN, Martin L. McGREGOR, Douglas 47 12, 13, 14, 27, 30, 49 LEVY, Marguerite F. McNAMARA, W. J. 37 26, 38 LIKERT, Rensis MEYER, Herbert 12, 13, 14, 25, 27, 29, 30, 28, 29 33, 34, 37, 39, 41, 47 MELLINGER, G. LININGER, Charles A. 51 33, 34, 46 MILLER, Anne M. LIONBERGER, Herbert F. 52 21, 32, 48 MILLER, James G. LIPPITT, Ronald 14 20, 26, 52 MILLER, Thomas H. LIPPITT, Vernon 26 32 MILLER, Warren E. LIVELY, C. E. 31, 34 21 MORGAN, James N. LLOYD, Lewis E. 34 38 MORRISSETT, I. A. LOCKE, E. A. 34, 39 52, 55 MORSE, Richard J. LUDINGTON, Carol 38 25, 27, 32, 33 MOUTON, Jane S. LUMSDAINE, Arthur 37 26 MUELLER, Eva LUNDSTEDT, Sven 32, 34, 46, 49 32, 34, 48 MUNGER, Allyn LYSAUGHT, Jerome P. 27 26 NEFF, Frank REID, Thomas R. 30 31 NEWCOMB, Robinson B. RILEY, John W. 33 37 NEWCOMB, T. M. ROGERS, Everett M. 19, 32, 49 21, 32, 33, 42 NIVEN, Jarold ROGIN, Lawrence 26 31 NORDUE, P. G. ROSEN, Hjalmar 19, 50 31 ROSEN, Ned A. 17 O'DAY, Edward F. 27, 50 O'DONNE LL, Lawrence H. SALES, Stephen M. 38 17 SANFORD, R. Nevitt 30, 38 PEARSE, Robert F. SAUNDERS, David R. 13 29 PECK, Barbara SCHMIEDESKAMP, J. W. 28 52 PELZ, Donald C. SCHWAB, Robert 20, 29, 50, 51 26 PETER, Hollis W. SCOTT, William A. 14, 26, 29, 32, 34, 39, 51 19, 52 PETERSON, D. A. SCOUTTEN, E. F. 27 38 POOL, Ithiel de Sola SEASHORE, C. 21, 33, 51 52 PR AG AN, Otto SEASHORE, Stanley 31 14, 25, 26, 29, 30, 39, 47 PRICE, Charlton SELLTIZ, C. 14 44 PRICE, James L. SHEPARD, A. 17, 18, 52 34 PROXHRO, James W. SHEPARD, Herbert A. 31 12, 13, 18, 28, 29, 30, 37, 38, 39, 41 SHU LL, Fremont A. RAPOPORT, Anatol 18 37 SHULMAN, I. READ, William 51 25, 48, 49, 52
74 SKINNER, B. F. WARD, Lewis B. 26 27 SMITH, Brewster M. WATERS, Charles A. 26 13, 29 SMITH, Patricia Cain WATSON, Goodwin 17, 52, 53 39 SMITH, Thomasina WEST, Stewart S. 39 53 STAGNER, Ross WHYTE, William F. 31 18, 30, 37, 54, 55 STOKES, Donald WIEBE, Gerhart D. 31 37 STOUFFER, Samuel A. WILEY, Meredith 33, 34 55 WILLIAMS, Lawrence K. 54 TAEUBER, Conrad WILLINGHAM, Ben H. 34 38 TANNENBAUM, Arnold WILSON, A. T. M. 31 14 TRIANDIS, Harry C. WOLFE, Donald 18, 25, 53 30, 38 TRUMAN, David B. WOOD, Wendell 31 26 WORTHY, James C. 54 van den BOSCH, Govert W. WYATT, Dale 31 27 VROOM, Victor H. 18, 53 ZAJONC, Robert 21, 25, 54 WALKER, Charles R. ZAND, Dale 30 13 WALLACE, S. Rains ZANDER, Alvin C. 27 28, 30, 44 Organizations Represented at Foundation Seminars and Meetings 1953-1964
AB Svenska Flaktfabriken (Stockholm) Bank of America A. E. I. (Woolwich), Ltd. Basic Economics Corporation AFL-CIO Basic Systems, Inc. AMP, Inc. Bataafre Internationale Petroleum Abraham & Straus Bell St Howell Company Administrative Staff College (England) Bell Telephone Company of Canada Advance Linen Services, Ltd. Bell Telephone Company of Pennsylvania Advertising Age Bell Telephone Laboratories Aerojet-General International Corporation Birr ell, James, Ltd. Airborne Industries, Ltd. Blaw Knox, Ltd. "Alcan" Aluminio Iberico S. A. (Madrid) Blue Cross Association Alcan Industries, Ltd. (London) Boeing Company Alcan International, Ltd. Bohn Aluminum & Brass Corporation Alcan S. A. (Zurich) Booz, Allen 8* Hamilton Alliance Manufacturing Company Boston University Aluminio do Brasil S. A. Bourne Management, Ltd. Aluminum Limited (Canada) S. A. (Paris) Bowater Italia S. p. A. (Genoa) Aluminum Limited Sales, Inc. Brealey, W. and Company Aluminium Wire and Cable Company, Ltd. Bristol College of Science & Technology Aluminum Company of America (England) Aluminum Company of Canada, Ltd. British Admiralty American Can Company British Aluminium Company, Ltd. American Cyanamid Company British Institute of Management American Enka Corporation British Nylon Spinners, Ltd. American Management Association British Overseas Airways Corporation American Telephone & Telegraph Company British Petroleum Company, Ltd. Amherst College British Piston Ring Company, Ltd. Amsterdam, University of British Railways Angus, George Company, Ltd. British Ropes, Ltd. Anheuser-Busch, Inc. Brookings Institution Ansul Chemical Company Brown Brothers Harriman and Company Antioch College Bryant, C. and Son, Ltd. Apple ton-Century-Crofts, Inc. Building Service Employees International Arabian American Oil Company Union Argus Cameras, Inc. Burnett, Leo Company, Inc. Armco Steel Corporation Business Week Armour and Company Armstrong Cork Company C. I. T. Financial Corporation Ashridge College Cadbury Brothers, Ltd. Aspen Institute of Humanistic Studies California Research Corporation Associated Colleges of Illinois, Inc. California Texas Oil Company Associated Industrial Consultants, Ltd. California, University of Association Francaise pour l'Accroissement Cambooker New Holdings, Ltd. de la Productivite Campbell -Ewald Company Averys, Ltd. Canadian Civil Service Commission Awrey Bakeries Canadian Industries, Ltd. Carbide & Carbon Chemicals Company
B. M. C. Service, Ltd. (England) Carborundum Company, Ltd. B. M. C. Staff College (England) Carnegie Institute of Technology B. T.-R. Industries, Ltd. Case Institute of Technology Babcock and Wilcox, Ltd. Caterpillar Tractor Company Bailey L. W. and Partners, Ltd. Central Electricity Generating Board (England)
76 Centre d'Etudes Industrielles (Switzerland) Duke University Centre de Recherches et d'Etudes de Dun & Bradstreet, Inc. Dynamique Sociale (France) Dun's Review Si Modern Industry Champion PaperB, Inc. duPont de Nemours St Company Charm Step Shoes, Inc. Dynamar (France) Chase Manhattan Bank Chase National Bank of New York East Midlands Housing Association (England) Chatwood-Milner, Ltd. (England) Eastern Gas St Fuel Associates Chemstrand Corporation Eastman Kodak Company Chicago, University of Economic Commission for Europe Chicopee Mills, Inc. Educational Testing Service Children's Hospital Educational TV St Radio Center Chloride Batteries, Ltd. Edwards High Vacuum, Ltd. Chrysler Corporation Electricity Council (England) Chu rch Peace Union Elgin National Watch Company Cincinnati Gas St Electric Company Emerson Consultants, Ltd. Cincinnati Milling Machine Emsco Steel Products Company Cincinnati, University of Enjay Chemical Company City of London College (England) Equitable Life Assurance Society Cleveland Electric Illuminating Company Esso Petroleum Company, Ltd. (England) Cleveland Twist Drill Company Ethyl Corporation College of Advanced Technology (England)
College of Technology (England) Fairbanks, Morse St Company Colorado Interstate Gas Company Federal Reserve Bank of Chicago Columbia Broadcasting System Federated Department Stores, Inc. Columbia-Southern Chemical Corporation Fidelity- Philadelphia Trust Company Columbia University Fifty-Third Union Trust Company Commonwealth Life Insurance Company Firestone Tire Si Rubber Company Communications Workers of America First National Bank of Boston Cong ress of Industrial Organization (CIO) Fisons Fertilizers, Ltd. Consolidated Edison Company Foote, Cone and Belding Continental Can Company, Inc. Ford Foundation Continental Oil Company Ford International Cope, Allman and Company, Ltd. (England) Ford Motor Company Cornell University Ford Motor Company, Ltd. Corning Community College Ford-Werke A. G. Corning Glass Works Foreign Operations Administration Costain, Richard (Projects), Ltd. Foreign Policy Association Courtaulda, Ltd. Fo rmfit Company Cox of Watford, Ltd. Furniture Industry Research Association Cranfield Work Study School (England) Crown Zellerbach Corporation Curtis Publishing Company G. E. C. (Telecommunications), Ltd. (England) Daily Mirror - London Gardner Board St Carton Company Dale, Ernest Associates Gene ral Cable Corpo ration Dawbarn Brothers, Inc. General Electric Company De La Rue Company, Ltd. General Foods Corporation Debenham, A. I. S. (London) General Mills, Inc. Deere and Company General Motors Corporation Delhi, University of General Post Office (England) Demerara Bauxite Company, Ltd. General Shoe Company Detroit Board of Commerce General Telephone Company of California Detroit Edison Company General Telephone St Electronic Corporation Dobeekmun Company GENESCO Dodge Manufacturing Corporation Gillette Company Dominion Tar 5t Chemical Company, Ltd. Gills Cables, Ltd. Donnelley, R. R. & Sons Company Goodrich, B. F. Company Dow Chemical Company Goodyear Tire & Rubber Company
77 Graybar Electric Company Iraq Petroleum Company, LLu. Gulf Oil Corporation Irving Trust Company Island Creek Coal Sales Company H. M. Dockyard (England) Haden, G. N. , and Sons, Ltd. Jewel Tea Company Hamilton College John Hancock Mutual Life Insurance Company Hamilton 81 Company Johns Hopkins University Hansen Glove Corporation Johnson, S. C. and Son,, Inc.
r Harris, Louis and Associates, Inc. Jones, John Price Company Harris-Intertype, Ltd. Harvard University K. and L. Steelfounders & Engineers, Ltd. Harvey, G. A. and Company, Ltd, Kearney, A. T. & Company Harwood Manufacturing Company Kellogg Company Heekin Can Company Kellogg, W. K. Foundation Henkel & Cie Kimberly-Clark, Ltd. He rcule s Powde r Company King-Seeley Corporation Hilger and Watts, Ltd. Kingston College of Further Education Hoover, Ltd. (England) Hostes 6 Food Products Kingston College of Technology (England) Hotel Corporation of America Klein, Schanzlin & Becker A. G. (Germany) Hudson, J. L. Company Kodak-Pathe Human Resources Research Office Koppers Company, Inc. Humble Oil and Refining Company K roge r Company Hydro-Electric Power Commission of Canada Hymatic Engineering Company, Ltd. Laing, John and Son, Ltd. Lazarus, F i R 8i Company Ideal -Standard, Ltd. Leadership Development Associates Illinois, University of Leicester College of Technology Imperial Chemical Industries, Ltd. Lever Brothers Company Imperial Oil, Ltd. Lever Brothers, Ltd, Imperial Tobacco Company of Canada Libbey-Owens-Ford Glass Company Imperial Tobacco Company, Ltd. Life Insurance Agency Management Assn. (Great Britain and Ireland) Life Magazine Industrial Administration, Ltd. Lilly, Eli & Company Industrial and Commercial Finance Corp. Lilly, Eli International (England) Lilly, Eli Laboratoires Industrial Research Institute, Inc. Lockheed Aircraft Corporation Industrial Tectonics, Inc. London School of Economics (England) Inland Steel Company Lucas, Joseph Group Research Centre Institut pour l'Etude des Marches en France (England) et a l'Etranger (France) Lunkenheimer Company Institute Universitaire de Hautes Etudes Lyons, J. and Company, Ltd. Internationales lnstituto di Amministrazione Industriale Macy, R. H. , Inc. International Association of Machinists Management Selection, Ltd. (Scotland) International Bank Manchester University (England) International Brotherhood of Electric Workers Marathon Oil Company International Business Machines S. A. E. Marconi1 s Wireless Telegraph Company, Ltd. (Madrid) Maremont, Arnold, Inc. IBM World Trade Corporation Marine National Exchange Bank of Milwaukee International Business Machines Corporation Market Research Corporation of America Inte rnational Chemical Wo rke rs Union Marketing Science Institute International Computers and Tabulators, Ltd. Mars, Ltd. International Education, Institute of Marshall Field & Company International Harvester Company Martech Consultants, Ltd. (England) International Ladies' Garment Workers Union Martins the Cleaners (England) International Minerals & Chemical Corporation Massachusetts Institute of Technology International Research Associates Massey-Ferguson (U.K.), Ltd. Iowa State College Masury-Young Company
78 Matthews W rightson and Company, Ltd. Newcomb, Gillogly and Associates Mawdsley's Ltd. Norsk Aluminum Company (Oslo) Maytag Company North American Aviation, Inc. McGraw-Hill Publishing Company Northampton College of Advanced Technology McLean, John and Sons, Ltd. (England) Menninger Clinic North Carolina, University of Merck and Company, Inc. Northwestern Banco rpo ration Meredith Publishing Company Northwestern Mutual Life Insurance Company Merrell, William S. Company Northwestern University Merrill Lynch, Pierce, Fenner & Smith Norwich Union Insurance Societies Metropolitan Life Insurance Company Meyers, Perry, Inc. O. T. M. A. (England) Michigan Bell Telephone Company Ohio Bell Telephone Company Michigan Hospital Service Ohio State University Michigan State University Oil Well Engineering Company, Ltd. Michigan, University of Olin Mathieson Chemical Corporation Midlands Electricity Board Omaha National Bank Miles Laboratories, Inc. Operations Coordinating Board Ministry of Health, London (England) Opinion Research Corporation Ministry of Labour - London (England) Oregon, University of Minnesota Mining fit Manufacturing Company Organization for Economic Cooperation and Minnesota, University of Development (O. E. C. D. ) Missouri, University of Owen Organisation (England) Mobil Oil Company Owens-Illinois Glass Company Monsanto Chemical Company Montgomery Heating &t Air Conditioning Co. Packard Motor Car Company Moog Servo controls, Inc. Paraffined Carton Association Moore Corporation, Ltd. Paris, University of (France) Morlock Washer Company, Ltd. Parke, Davis and Company Motorola, Inc. Peat, Marwick, Mitchell and Company Mouget, Thomas and Company, Ltd. Pennsylvania, University of Mountain States Telephone St Telegraph Co. Peoples Gas Light 5; Coke Company Perkins, F. Ltd..
Nash-Kelvinator Corporation Personnel Research and Development Corp. National Association of Manufacturers Peterborough Technical College (England) National Association of Mutual Savings Banks Peters, Writer and Chris ten sen Corporation National Association of Real Estate Boards Petfoods, Ltd. National Benzole Company, Ltd. Philips Electrical Industries, Ltd. National Bureau of Economic Research Philips, N. V. Gloeilampenfabrieken National Cash Register Company Pilkington Brothers, Ltd. National City Bank of New York Pillsbury Company National Coal Board (England) Pittsburgh Plate Glass Company National Consumer Finance Association Pittsburgh, University of National Council of Applied Economic Research Plessey Company, Ltd. National Education Association Pneumo Lift Systems, Ltd. National 4 - H Club Foundation Princeton University National Industrial Conference Board Procter and Gamble Company National Lead Company Procter and Gamble Company, Ltd. National League of Insured Savings Associations Prudential Insurance Company of America National Planning Association Psychological Corporation National Project in Agricultural Communications Public Service Electric St Gas Company National Science Foundation Purdue University National Training Laboratories Pure Oil Company Nation's Business Netherland Economics Institute R. E. M. E. Officer's School (England) New Jersey Zinc Company Radio Corporation of America New Trier Township High School Rayment, Gordon and Company, Ltd. New York Central System Raymond Corporation, The New Yo rk University Reckitt and Sons, Ltd.
79 Recordak Corporation Steel Company of Wales, Ltd. Reed, Albert E, and Company, Ltd. Steelcraft Manufacturing Company Reliance Telephone Company, Ltd. Sterling Coated Materials, Ltd. Renault, Inc. Stewarts and Lloyds, Ltd. Republic Aviation Corporation Stoddart and Hansford, Ltd. Research Institute of America Stromberg Carlson Company Research and Marketing, Ltd. (England) Sun Oil Company Retail Clerks International Association Swarthmore College Reynolds, R. J. Tobacco Company Swift fit Company Rio Tinto Zinc Corporation, Ltd. Swissair Robertson and Woodcock, Ltd. Sylvania Electric Products, Inc. Rochester Institute of Technology System Development Corporation Rochester, University of Rockefeller Brothers Fund Tobaco Bolivar, Ltd. Roper, Elmo and Associates Tavistock Institute of Human Relations Rowan, James A. and Associates Teachers Insurance and Annuity Association Royal Air Force of America Royal Arsenal Cooperative Society, Ltd. Technicair S. A. Royal College of Science fit Technology Texas Company Rudge, Fred Associates Texas Instruments, Inc. Rutgers University Textile Workers Union of America Thomas, Richard and Baldwins, Ltd. Savings Bank Trust Company Thompson, J. Walter Company Sawbrook Steel Castings Company Thompson Ramo Wooldridge, Inc. Schweizerische Aluminium A. G. (Zurich) Thurrock Technical College (England) Schwitzer, Peter J., Inc. Time, Inc. Scott Paper Company Tool Steel Gear and Pinion Company Scudder, Stevens fit Clark Trans-Canada Air Lines Searle, G. D. St Company Tremco Manufacturing Company Sears, Roebuck fit Company Tudor Graphic, Ltd. Serck, Ltd, Turner, C. Osmond, Ltd. Shell Chemical Company, Ltd. Shell International Petroleum Co. , Ltd. U. K. Optical Holdings, Ltd. Shell-Mex and B. P., Ltd. Ultra Electronics, Ltd. Shell Oil Company Unbrako Socket Screw Company, Ltd. Shepherd Group, Ltd. (England) Unilever Shillito1 s Union Carbide Corporation SIGMA, Ltd. United Airlines Simon Engineering, Ltd. United Auto Workers Sinclair Oil Corporation United Automobile, Aircraft & Agricultural Smith, A. O. Corporation Implement Workers of America Social Science Research Council United Breweries, Ltd. Socie.te Francaise des Pet roles BP United Kingdom Atomic Energy Authority Socony Mobil Oil Company United Parcel Service So cony- Vacuum Oil Company United Rubber, Cork, Linoleum and Plastic Sohio Petroleum Company Worker of America South Western Electricity Board (England) United States Government Southern Gas Board (England) Agriculture, Department of Space Technology Laboratories, Inc. Air Force Personnel & Training Sports Illustrated Research Center Standard Accident Insurance Company Army, Department of Standard Oil Company (Indiana) Civil Service Commission Standard Oil Company (New Jersey) Commerce, Department of Standard Oil Company (Ohio) Congress of the United States Standard Oil Development Company Council of Economic Advisors Standard Pressed Steel Company Federal Reserve System Standard Telephones and Cables, Ltd. Health, Education fit Welfare, Depart• Standard-Vacuum Oil Company ment of Stanford University Interior, Department of
80 United States Government (continued) Washington Steel Company National Institutes of Health Watford College of Technology (Englan National Institute of Mental Health Wayne State University) Navy, Department o£ West Virginia Pulp & Paper Company Naval Ordnance Test Station Western Electric Company State, Department of Western Reserve University Treasury Department Westinghouse Electric Corporation Veterans Administration Weyerhaeuser Company United States Rubber Company Whirlpool Corporation United States Steel Corporation White, R. F. and Son, Ltd. University College of South Wales and Wickman, Ltd. Monmouthshire Williamson Heater Company Uppsala, University of Wolvercote Paper Mill Upjohn Company Wyandotte Chemicals Corporation Urwick, Orr & Partners, Ltd. Xerox Corporation Van den Berghs, Ltd. Vick Chemical Company Yale University