Elsie Gregory MacGill: Engineer, Feminist and Advocate for Social Change

Crystal Sissons, University of , Introduction conducts research on women in engineering, Within the North American context, women's history and the history of science, women engineers are normally seen as technology and engineering. distancing themselves from feminism (Cowan 2000; Oldenziel 2000). American Nora Stanton Abstract Blatch (1883-1971), an engineer and feminist, Elsie Gregory MacGill was a strong advocate is described as the exception, not the norm for social change, and as a pioneering (Oldenziel 2000,12-13). Is this the case in the Canadian engineer and a feminist, her actions Canadian context? Did Canadian women as a social activist during the 1960s and 1970s engineers also largely avoid involvement and were influenced by and reflect this dual identity. association with feminist organizations and Her actions also call into question the activities? Through an analysis of Elsie Gregory assumption that engineering and feminism are MacGill, a Canadian pioneering engineer and an unlikely combination. feminist, this paper will argue that this was not Résumé necessarily the case. Elsie Gregory MacGill était une grande porte- In 1927, Elsie Gregory MacGill was the parole pour le changement social, et en tant qu’ first woman to graduate from the University of ingénieure canadienne pionnière et féministe, in electrical engineering, and in 1929 ses actions d’activiste sociale durant les she became the first woman in North America années 60 et les années 70 ont été influencées to obtain a Masters in aeronautical engineering, et reflètent cette dualité d’identité. Ses actions from the . She began mettent aussi en question la supposition que work in in the 1930s at Fairchild l’ingénierie et le féminisme sont une Aircraft Limited, and just before the Second combinaison improbable. World War she successfully bargained to relocate with a promotion to Chief Aeronautical Engineer at 's plant in Fort W illiam, Ontario (presently , Ontario) (Smith and Wakewich 1999; 2005). She held this position until 1943 when she was dismissed, along with the General Manager of Canadian Car and Foundry, W illiam Soulsby. Much speculation surrounds the rationale for their dismissal, especially considering their subsequent marriage. However, the increasing production challenges at the plant and the war context must also be taken into consideration as it appears they both maintained a professional working relationship.1 MacGill then relocated to Toronto to set up her own practice as an independent consulting engineer (Merritt 1999; Wakewich 2001). After Elsie MacGill settled in Toronto she became highly involved with the Canadian Federation of Business and Professional

48 Atlantis 34.1, 2009 PR www.msvu.ca/atlantis W omen's Clubs (CFBPW C). She was well and lack of policies and education fostering the prepared for public activism as part of her retention of women's records for historical study family's feminist and social reform legacy, (Ainley 1990, 18-19). In comparison, Mary especially that of her mother, Helen Gregory Kinnear's pioneering work on Canadian women MacGill, who was both a suffragist and the first in the professions identifies the important role woman judge appointed in of feminism when considering women's pursuit (MacGill 1981; Prentice et al. 1996, 227-28). of qualifications and subsequent practice as Elsie MacGill's experience and training as an professionals (Kinnear 1995). Recent collective engineer also provided her with the skills of studies on women in the professions have built leadership, time management, large-project on her work in an attempt to better understand co-ordination, and organization. She applied the goals, motives, successes and challenges these skills to her work with the CFBPWC, of professional Canadian women (Heap et al. while at the same time further extending her 2005; Smyth et al. 1999). It is within this context knowledge about Canadian women's feminism that a study of Elsie Gregory MacGill can be and the means to work for legislative change. undertaken. As a result, she was able to rise to the level of To what extent does a feminist case provincial (Ontario) and national president of study of Elsie Gregory MacGill's public life the CFBPWC. Moreover, in 1967, she was enhance the historical record and aid our selected as a Commissioner on the Royal understanding of current realities? To what Commission on the Status of W omen in extent did her engineering affect her feminism, Canada (RCSW), which was established by the and vice versa? I will argue that this study government led by Prime Minister Lester B. allows for insight into the ways an individual can Pearson. work towards social change in the seemingly The Canadian historiography on unrelated areas of engineering and feminist women in science and engineering is small in activism. In order to illustrate how MacGill comparison to similar American scholarship achieved this I will examine how her interest in (Ambrose et al. 1997; Rossiter 1995 & 1982). the status of women influenced her public Ruby Heap noted in a recent special issue of advocacy within engineering, and how her Scientia Canadensis entitled "Women and engineering skills and training influenced her Gender in Canadian Science, Engineering and feminist activism during the 1960s and 1970s. Medicine," that the analysis of women in Specific examples will be drawn from her role engineering is still "largely unexplored" (Heap as national president of the CFBPWC, her 2006a, 10). However, the new growth in studies public support and defence of women in within the field is beginning to alter this trend engineering, and her advocacy related to the (Heap 2006b, 2003; Heap and Scheinberg RCSW. 2005; Millar et al. 2005; Sissons 2008, 2006). Elsie Gregory MacGill's feminist Interest in the life and work of Elsie Gregory consciousness developed during the 1950s MacGill has also received renewed attention. (Bourgeois-Doyle 2008, 222-24; Sissons 2008, New studies have moved beyond analyses of 98-100), and her feminism was acknowledged her pioneering role as a woman engineer to when she was appointed to the RCSW in 1967 further examine her active role as an engineer (Black 1993, 160; Bourgeois-Doyle 2008, and as a feminist (Bourgeoise-Doyle 2008; 224-25, 236; Sissons 2008, 98-100, 142-43).2 Saxberg 1999; Sissons 2008, 2006). MacGill's advocacy for women was tied to her The study of women in engineering mother's feminism. However, as she developed owes much to groundbreaking Canadian her own liberal equal rights agenda, she also studies of women in science and women in the included certain radical aspects, most notably professions. Marianne Gosztonyi Ainley's her public stance during the RCSW on Despite the Odds established the foundations women's right to choice in regards to abortion for the study of women in the sciences. It also (Sissons 2006, 96). Thus, as her feminism identified some of the challenges in assessing evolved, it developed into a unique blend that these women due to the dearth of scholarship was all her own.

www.msvu.ca/atlantis PR Atlantis 34.1, 2009 49 National President of the Canadian maintained as true despite having being Federation of Business and Professional dimissed on multiple occasions. She thus Women's Clubs advocated that the members of the CFBPWC In 1963, during a cross-country tour as should not subscribe to this "wisdom," or allow national president of the CFBPW C, MacGill it to orient their decisions (LAC MG31-K7 Vol 7 focused on the impending impact of automation File 21d, 3). In her view, stereotypical and on Canadian society, and more specifically on discriminatory views towards women in the women. She identified that recent concepts workplace, including beliefs that women were such as "self-serve" and "do-it-yourself" had not mechanically inclined and lacked become commonplace, as well as the mathematical and management abilities, were increased labour-saving technologies in the an impediment to social change. She argued: home which allowed women more freedom from household work (LAC MG31-K7 Vol 7 File What may be more difficult for us as Canadians to see is 21a, 1-2). She also pointed out that as that social attitudes here must change before all-out industrialization continued, so would industrialization becomes possible, and that actually mechanization and further automation (LAC Canada, too, has a "caste" system of a sort. Before our MG31-K7 Vol 7 File 21b,1; LAC MG31-K7 Vol nation can marshall [sic] her full resources of ability and 1 File 10). As a result, the need for trained, skill, Canadian traditional attitudes toward women must skilled, and professional workers with increased change, the present waste of womanpower must cease, technical knowledge would only continue to the reservoir of knowledge, skill and ability in the female rise, and re-training would become a half of our population must be brought into full usefulness. requirement throughout an individual's working (LAC MG31-K7 Vol 7 File 21d, 3-4) life (LAC MG31-K7 Vol 7 File 21d, 1). Work would also change in nature, as there would be Ultimately, despite the challenges fewer jobs requiring brute strength and more posed by technological change and social jobs requiring increased education. Thus, jobs expectations, MacGill put her faith in the formerly labeled as "men's work" would become promise of technology and the potential for accessible to women (LAC MG31-K7 Vol 7 File social reform to work towards an equitable and 21a, 1-2). prosperous future, "It is only habit, custom and MacGill saw the changes in the home complacency that keep us chained to outwor[n] and industry as largely labour-saving and ideas and outmoded institutions. On[c]e we positive. Moreover, they could lead to a new recognize the desirability of change we can conception of family life. She noted: readily find the way to accomplish it" (LAC MG31-K7 Vol 7 File 21c, 5).3 As the 1960s Industrialization is based on technology, and it is the rise came to a close MacGill took an increasingly of technology that - for the first time in human history - is active stand for women in engineering and for freeing humanity from want and grinding toil, and bringing women in Canadian society. closer the age-old dream of abundance and leisure for all. This is an awesome prospect which points to Women in Engineering great changes in our daily life...the only life we know, or As a woman engineer, Elsie Gregory have ever heard of, is one in which most people face MacGill stood out in this highly male-dominated scarcity, and spend most of their lives working. So we profession. In 1967, she argued that more would expect a society in which everyone enjoys women were needed in science and abundance and leisure to be very different from any we engineering to allow for increased equality know. (LAC MG31-K7 Vol 7 File 21c, 2) within the profession, noting "[w]hat is needed to stabilize the position of women in science However, she was realistic and noted and engineering in Canada, is numbers - many, that while the potential for positive change many more women to fill up the ranks of existed it was severely challenged by what John scientists and engineers" (MacGill 1967). Later, Kenneth Galbraith had coined "conventional in 1972, more than 45 years since her wisdom" or, that is, established ideas which are graduation from the in

50 Atlantis 34.1, 2009 PR www.msvu.ca/atlantis 1927, she took it upon herself to compile a list Women favour jobs that do not involve certain duties of of women engineers registered with the which some are, unfortunately, characteristic of Association of Professional Engineers of engineering, such as design, risk projects, travel, field or Ontario (APEO). Her efforts revealed that there shop work, physically and mentally demanding tasks, were 72 women, including herself, out of 31,000 supervisory functions and major responsibilities. registered members (LAC MG31-K7 Vol 23 File (Rimrott 1970) 10). These numbers help account for many Upon reading the article, MacGill first of MacGill's actions during this period. She was thought that it was a spoof (LAC MG31-K7 Vol determined to increase the number of women 24 File 13a). She then realized that she needed in engineering and promote their full to respond by sending a letter to the journal. participation in the profession. For example, She clearly condemned the sex-typing of she served as a role model and mentor to new occupations in her letter stating: women students in engineering at the University of Toronto and worked to assist them financially I agree that in the "team" concept of today's activities through a bursary in her name with the there is ample room for talents other than the creative CFBPWC. ones...of the professional engineer - but dont [sic] let's MacGill struggled as well to dispel single out women as special candidates for the supportive prevailing assumptions about women in role of engineering aide. To subject a new occupation to engineering. In 1970, she took a public stand traditional sex-typing would, in my mind, be a retrograde on behalf of women engineers in response to step indeed. an article published by University of Toronto professor of engineering, Dr. F.P.J. Rimrott, in Furthermore, she pointed out that the existing the Canadian Aeronautics and Space Journal. stereotypes were products of culture and Rimrott called for the creation of an education tradition, not biology: program to train women as "engineering aides." He argued that, "A serious lack of adequately We are all aware that differences in the educational trained women in engineering offices on one motivation of girls and boys are more likely to be rooted in hand and a surfeit of gifted young women in our culture and in their upbringing than in their nature or search of acceptable professional careers on biological characteristics. In the past our society typed the other call for the introduction of a degree certain occupations as being more appropriate to one sex course for Engineering Aides at universities, a than the other, and in many fields this trad[i]tion lingers on step which would benefit young women, the engineering profession and the national despite economic and technological changes. economy in general" (Rimrott 1970). Consequently, the selection of an occupation today often He clung to several stereotypes continues to be more a m[a]tter of what that individual has concerning women's interests and abilities in learned to consider appropriate than of what that engineering arguing, individual would really prefer to do. This may explain why fewer men than women enter nursing, and why fewere If women are to participate more actively in the shaping of [sic] women than men enter engineering. our future, those areas within the wide spectrum of (LAC MG31-K7 Vol 17 File 13a) engineering must be found and singled out which appeal to women and where they stand a good chance of She thus urged engineers to work to competing successfully with men. Engineering means ameliorate the situation, and not contribute to primarily design and synthesis, areas which are the retention of sex-typed beliefs, stating: "To presumably the realm of men. Let us not argue this point my mind we in the engineering profession here. But there are other aspects of engineering, such as would serve Canada better by bending our energies toward reducing rather than analysis, experimentation, communication and augmenting sex-typing in our field" (LAC documentation, phases of work where women are known MG31-K7 Vol 17 File 13a). MacGill's concerns to find appealing assignments. were well founded; female engineering aides had been trained in the United States during the

www.msvu.ca/atlantis PR Atlantis 34.1, 2009 51 Second World War. These were subordinate time, MacGill recalled that she did not find and temporary positions which offered women academia overtly discriminatory when she was few managerial opportunities. In fact, once the a student. In the end, when the debate was war ended, these "aides" were for the most part held, MacGill elaborated on her belief that let go, with the men returning to their former sex-typing was embedded in societal attitudes employment (Bix 2004; Oldenziel 2000, 25-30). and beliefs. Ultimately, she argued, In his response to MacGill, Mr. H.C. Luttman, the journal's managing editor, The traditional attitud[e]s about the kind of work for indicated that he had received other letters and women not only restricts their occupational choices, but it that the journal wanted to publish them all as influences their expectations and hence the find [sic] of the article had provoked an intense debate training they look for. Where a job is sex-typed for men, (LAC MG31-K7 Vol 17 File 13b). As a result, the girl who is interested in that kind of work, is often The American Society of Mechanical Engineers discouraged from entering the field by the stories told her decided to stage a public debate on the issue. of the difficulties she will have getting a job, and the kind Ironically, the society held the debate about of ridicule she has to put up with. "Women in Engineering" on 18 March 1971, at (LAC MG31-K7 Vol 24 File 13c) its dinner meeting and Ladies Night (LAC MG31-K7 Vol 24 File 13b). Moderated by MacGill pressed universities and Richard J. Needham of the Globe & Mail, it colleges, as well as the Department of included both MacGill and Dr. Rimrott. To add Manpower, to target those companies whose balance to the discussion the panel also job descriptions were sex-typed either for included Miss Beryl Lake - Head of Guidance women or men. She also strongly urged the for William Lyon Mackenzie Collegiate Institute, engineering profession to offer support to and Dr. P.A. Lapp, author of Ring of Iron: A women colleagues, especially when family Study of Engineering Education in Ontario. responsibilities required them to take a leave In preparation for the debate MacGill from their professional duties (LAC MG31-K7 wrote detailed notes on the issue. She planned Vol 24 File 13a). MacGill's comments were well to expose glaring problems fostering women's received by the audience and by the American inequality, but noted: "I can not [sic] look at this Society of Mechanical Engineers. occasion as a confrontation, or a chance to win By the 1970s, some Canadian women a black belt for women in engineering." She engineers decided to form their own further wrote that the article exposed deeper organization. With few women practising societal problems noting: "Traditional attitudes engineering in Canada, a national Canadian about the kind of work that women should do, organization was needed to increase or can do, restricts their occupational networking and support amongst women alternatives. These attitudes affect not only the professionals and to encourage other women to expectations of girls & hence their training...but engage in engineering. Such an organization also the kind of employment that is open to could also serve as a place for women to seek women." Indeed, she reflected that society still mentors and role models such as Elsie Gregory "persists in regarding the role of women as MacGill. secondary & supportive, to that of men..." which The new organization, known as in turn, served to discourage women from Women in Science and Engineering (WISE) pursuing the path to professional engineering (LAC MG31-K7 Vol 24 File 16b), was originally (LAC MG31-K7 Vol 24 File 13c). set up by ten women engineers at Ontario MacGill also tried to understand the Hydro in 1977, who looked to organizations source of Rimrott's arguments. She wondered such as the American Society of Women if his academic position was at play: "Maybe the Engineers (SWE) for their model. The founding difference in Prof Rimrotts [sic] point of view & president, Claudette Lassonde, wrote to mine is that he is in academic life and work MacGill on 19 February 1979 and outlined the while I am in practicing engineering, design and goals and needs of the organization, stating: construction...theory vs practice." At the same

52 Atlantis 34.1, 2009 PR www.msvu.ca/atlantis We believe that such an organization can encourage It is possible that the effects of this Commission will reach young women to go into these fields and also increase our further than people think. When considering the status of self-confidence in trying to achieve both at the educational women, it is important to realize that for both men and level and in the industry. We also hope that we will be women technology is rapidly changing the existing able to raise the awareness of the Canadian private Canadian patterns of employment, full-time and part-time industry to the presence of very qualified engineers who work - and leisure, too - and the social and economic happen to be women. But we are a very small group, values upon which status is based. Insight gained there having only approximately 45 members. We need a lot of could drastically change Canada's social philosophy. moral support and some role models to look up to. (LAC MG31-K7 Vol 5 File 25) (LAC MG31-K7 Vol 24 File 16a) Well into the 1970s, MacGill carried the Lassonde reminded MacGill that she cause of the RCSW and urged women in the was "the Number One Canadian woman fields of science and engineering to consider engineer to look up to," and hoped that she the importance of advocating for social change would consider coming to speak with them as she had done herself. Speaking to the about her experiences and also offer advice to graduates of the St. Lawrence College of Arts the group. MacGill responded positively, and and Applied Science, in Kingston, Ontario on 31 arranged to speak to the group for about an May 1975, MacGill challenged the next hour and a half on 23 April 1979 (LAC generation to continue this important work MG31-K7 Vol 24 File 16a). The need for WISE stating: was proven through its expansion, including local chapters in Ottawa, Sarnia, Kingston, I take for granted that you will advance your particular Newfoundland and New Brunswick. It also discipline, and I hope that you see it as more than attracted some members internationally. In something that gains you a livelihood. I think that with addition to chapters reserved for professional your training you are well placed to promote social goals, women, others were set up at universities, to open opportunities for everyone and to free people specifically for women pursuing studies in from the stultifying attitudes and practices that hamper science and engineering (PEO 1999). their development. All of us, be we nine years old or fifty-five, have The Royal Commission on the Status of a stake in the future because we live in it. You who are Women, 1967-1970 young have the greatest stake for you have the longest Previous scholarship on Elsie Gregory time there HOW WILL YOU USE YOUR EXTRA TIME?4 MacGill's role as a Commissioner on the Royal (LAC MG31-K7 Vol 21 File 10) Commission on the Status of W omen in Canada (RCSW) has argued that her training MacGill continued to promote a positive as an engineer informed her actions as a view of the relationship between women and feminist (Sissons 2006). For instance, she technology, but she also warned that since approached the Commission with the technologies produced rapid social change, organizational skills of an engineer and constant vigilance was key with respect to the presented her arguments in a logical and protection of women's rights. In an address to scientific manner through the use of tables and the University of Manitoba Student's Union, on hypotheses (Sissons 2006, 83-90). MacGill also 17 October 1972 she challenged her audience continued to be faithful to the views she had by asking: expressed as national president of the Canadian Federation of Business and But is the need for change generally accepted? Well, it Professional Women's Clubs (CFBPWC). She had better be - for rapid change is all about us. Atomic thus maintained her concern about the impact energy, antibiotics, electronic controls, television, of technology on both women and men, and computers, jet flight, moon landings, space explorations, had high expectations for the Commission satellite communications have all become commonplace noting: within the last thirty years. These new technologies bring new solutions to problems, and bring new problems, and

www.msvu.ca/atlantis PR Atlantis 34.1, 2009 53 these can produce further social changes. Because of this economic spheres." The monetary award could the Commission stressed the point that its Report and its be bestowed upon a Canadian university to Recommendations were only a beginning, from which a advance studies in the disciplines of start could be mad[e]. engineering and applied science, women's (LAC MG31-K7 Volume 21 File 9, 11) studies, and methods of education pertaining to these disciplines, or to provide educational Her views were clearly echoed in the training at the post-graduate level for the 6 RCSW Report, which argued that "Action that is recipient (LAC R/E 2007-0703 Vol 1. File appropriate today may become obsolete; new EGMMF: Honorary Selection). A sculpture by approaches may be needed. Moreover there is Canadian artist Maryon Kantaroff was a need to keep a continuing watch in order that presented along with the monetary award. The women's rights and freedoms are respected" sculpture itself symbolized MacGill's life, with (RCSW Report 1970, 387). one section representing the "flowing creativity MacGill's overall faith in technology and and logical structured thought and action" and the potential it held for improving women's role the other "representing the ancient female and place in society was shared by other relationship of wise grandmother, mother and women engineers during this period, including daughter." Parallel ridges linked the two 7 the American Nora Stanton Blatch, who sections to one another (LAC R/E 2007-0703 believed that technological changes in the Volume 1. File EGMMF: 1986 Selection United States were ultimately linked to positive CMTTEE). political change (Oldenziel 2000, 12; 17-18). MacGill's example is reflective of her Like MacGill, Blatch was also a third-generation training as an engineer, which influenced her feminist; her mother, Harriot S. Blatch views and arguments as a feminist in relation to (1856-1940), and her grandmother, Elizabeth her presidency with the CFBPWC, and her Cady Stanton (1815-1902), were both work as a Commissioner on the RCSW. In both prominent American feminists, and she felt that these positions she advocated that technology technology fostered women's political and could make positive contributions to society and social advancement (Oldenziel 2000, 18). This had the potential to revolutionize the lives of positive view of science and technology would women for the better. She also urged her eventually be contested both in Canada and the colleagues and the next generation to engage United States, with the emergence of a feminist with the issues surrounding technological critique of science in the 1970s (Fox Keller change and take the necessary steps for 1995; Harding 1986; Heap 2003, 53). positive social change. At the same time, her feminism led to her leadership and active Conclusion defence of women in the engineering Elsie Gregory MacGill died at age 75, profession where she served as an advocate on 4 November 1980 in Cambridge, and mentor. To this end she worked to increase Massachusetts while visiting her sister, Helen the number of women in engineering, used her MacGill Hughes, and brother-in-law, Everett feminist connections to provide financial Hughes.5 She was remembered most support to young women students, defended appropriately by the creation of the Elsie women's abilities as engineers, and aided new Gregory MacGill Memorial Foundation in 1984, organizations established to assist women in established jointly by her engineering and the engineering profession. feminist colleagues - a testimony to the strong A case study of Elsie Gregory MacGill connections she had established with the two enhances the historical record by providing new groups. The award of five thousand dollars was insights on the role of Canadian women to be given "to a person of exceptional engineers. Additional research is necessary to achievement, who may direct it toward determine if other women acted in similar ways improving the physical environment and/or to MacGill. Ultimately, her example challenges equality of opportunity for women, men and the existing view that women engineers in North disabled persons in legal, educational, social or America remained aloof from feminism and

54 Atlantis 34.1, 2009 PR www.msvu.ca/atlantis demonstrates one way that engineering and Ambrose, S., K. Dunkle, B. Lazarus, I. Nair and feminism can be merged to effect social D. Harkus, eds. Journeys of Women in Science change. and Engineering: No Universal Constants. Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 1997. Acknowledgements I would like to express my thanks to SSHRC Arscott, J. "Twenty-Five Years and Sixty-Five and OGS for the funding that made the Minutes After the Royal Commission on the research for this paper possible, to Ruby Heap Status of W omen," International Journal of for advice and comments on earlier versions of Canadian Studies (Spring 1995): 11-32. this paper, to the anonymous reviewers of Atlantis for their helpful suggestions, to Teva Bix, A. Inventing Ourselves Out of Jobs? Vidal for his careful editorial review and America's Debate Over Technological encouragement, and to my family for their Unemployment 1929-1981. Baltimore: The ongoing support. Johns Hopkins University Press, 2000.

Endnotes _____. "From "Engineeresses" to "Girl 1. Richard Bourgeois-Doyle discusses this topic Engineers" to "Good Engineers": A History of at length (Bourgeois-Doyle 2008). To date, I Women's U.S. Engineering Education," NWSA have not been able to locate specific Journal 16.1 (Spring 2004): 27-49. documentation outlining the exact reason for their dismissal. Black, N. "The Canadian Women's Movement: 2. For additional studies on the RCSW see: The Second Wave," Changing Patterns: (Arscott 1995; Morris 1982) Women in Canada, S. Burt, L. Code and L. 3. For an in depth study of mechanization and Dorney, eds., Toronto: McClelland & Stewart automation in the American context see: (Bix Inc., 1993, pp. 151-76. 2000). 4. Emphasis MacGill. Bourgeois-Doyle, R. Her Daughter the 5. MacGill had been suffering from a cough and Engineer: The Life of Elsie Gregory MacGill. had resisted consulting a doctor. During her National Research Council Biography Series. visit she was hospitalized and later passed Ottawa: NRC Monograph Publishing Program, away - personal interview with MacGill's 2008. step-daughter Ann Soulsby (Soulsby 2006). Helen MacGill Hughes and Everett Hughes Cowan, R. "Foreword," Crossing Boundaries, were both known sociologists and trained at the Building Bridges: Comparing the History of Chicago School of Sociology with sociologist Women Engineers, 1870s-1990s, A. Canel, R. Robert Park (Hughes 1977). Oldenziel and K. Zachmann, eds. Amsterdam: 6. The first recipients of the award were: Harwood Academic Publishers, 2000, pp. Professor Jeanne Lapointe, Laval University xiii-xvi. (1986), Professor , University of Toronto (1987), and Professor Dormer Ellis, Fox Keller, E. Reflections on Gender and Ontario Institute for Studies in Education Science. 10th Anniversary Edition. Reprint (1988). 1985. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1995. 7. In 1995, it was transferred to the University of Toronto's Faculty of Arts and Science to Harding, S. The Science Question in Feminism. oversee and administer. London: Cornell University Press, 1986.

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www.msvu.ca/atlantis PR Atlantis 34.1, 2009 55 M. Stuart, eds., Toronto: SUMACH Press, LAC MG31-K7 Volume 17 File 13: Association 2003, pp. 49-67. of Consulting Engineers: Reports and Correspondence, 1949, 1964-1975. _____. "Introduction: Women and Gender in a. Letter to Mr. Luttman of CASI Journal, 1970. Canadian Science, Engineering, Medicine," b. Letter from Mr. Luttman to MacGill, 1970. Scientia Canadensis 29.2 (2006a): 3-15a. LAC MG31-K7 Volume 21 File 9: Miscellaneous _____. "'The Only Girl in Such a Big Class': Speeches by E.G. MacGill 1954-1975. "Equal W omen Students at the University of Toronto's Opportunities for Women" University of Faculty of Applied Science and Engineering Manitoba Students' Union, 17 October 1972. during the 1920s and 1930s," Scientia Canadensis 29. 2 (2006b): 45-73b. LAC MG31-K7 Volume 21 File 10: Miscellaneous Speeches by E.G. MacGill, _____, W. Millar and E. Smyth eds. Learning to 1936-1977. "Technology Women's Lib: Our Practice: Professional Education in Historical Challenging Future," 3-4, 10-11. and Contemporary Perspective. Ottawa: University of Ottawa Press, 2005. LAC MG31-K7 Volume 23 File 10: Society of Women Engineers: Correspondence and _____ and E. Scheinberg. "'Just One of the Newsletters, 1952-1978. Gang': Women at the University of Toronto's Faculty of Applied Science and Engineering, LAC MG31-K7 Volume 24 File 13: Women 1939-50," Learning to Practice: Professional Engineers: Miscellaneous Notes and Education in Historical and Contemporary Publications, n.d., 1971-1980. Perspective, R. Heap, W. Millar and E. Smyth, a. Notes for MacGill's Response, February 1971. eds., Ottawa: University of Ottawa Press, 2005, b. Letter to MacGill from AMEC, 3 March, 1971. pp. 189-211. c. MacGill's February 1971 notes.

Hughes, H. "Wasp/Woman/Sociologist," LAC MG31-K7 Volume 24 File 16: W omen in Society (July/August 1977): 69-80. Science and Engineering (W ISE): a. Newsletters, 1978-1980. Letter to MacGill from Kinnear, M. In Subordination: Professional Claudette Lassonde, President of WISE - 19 February Women 1870-1970. Montreal: McGill-Queen's 1979. University Press, 1995. b. WISE Brochure

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LAC MG31-K7 Volume 7 File 21: Speeches MacGill, E. "Opportunities for W omen Scientists Given by E.G. MacGill to C.F.B.P.W.C., and Engineers," The Business and Professional 1958-1964, 1975. Women, Special Centennial Edition XXX.7 a. "The Changing Patterns of Women's Employment" (July-August, 1967): 21-22. b. "Spotlight on Women Who Work" c. "Viewing Change as Opportunity" _____. My Mother the Judge: A Biography of d. "But Who Will Take the Wheel?- The Driver's Wheel?" Judge Helen Gregory MacGill. Reprint 1955. Toronto: PMA Books, 1981.

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