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A Zooarchaeological Analysis of Vertebrate Remains from Chota- Tanasi, a Historic Cherokee Village in East Tennessee

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A Zooarchaeological Analysis of Vertebrate Remains from Chota- Tanasi, a Historic Cherokee Village in East Tennessee University of Tennessee, Knoxville TRACE: Tennessee Research and Creative Exchange Masters Theses Graduate School 8-1976 A Zooarchaeological Analysis of Vertebrate Remains From Chota- Tanasi, A Historic Cherokee Village in East Tennessee Arthur E. Bogan University of Tennessee - Knoxville Follow this and additional works at: https://trace.tennessee.edu/utk_gradthes Part of the Anthropology Commons Recommended Citation Bogan, Arthur E., "A Zooarchaeological Analysis of Vertebrate Remains From Chota-Tanasi, A Historic Cherokee Village in East Tennessee. " Master's Thesis, University of Tennessee, 1976. https://trace.tennessee.edu/utk_gradthes/3536 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the Graduate School at TRACE: Tennessee Research and Creative Exchange. It has been accepted for inclusion in Masters Theses by an authorized administrator of TRACE: Tennessee Research and Creative Exchange. For more information, please contact [email protected]. To the Graduate Council: I am submitting herewith a thesis written by Arthur E. Bogan entitled "A Zooarchaeological Analysis of Vertebrate Remains From Chota-Tanasi, A Historic Cherokee Village in East Tennessee." I have examined the final electronic copy of this thesis for form and content and recommend that it be accepted in partial fulfillment of the equirr ements for the degree of Master of Arts, with a major in Anthropology. Paul W. Parmalee, Major Professor We have read this thesis and recommend its acceptance: David A. Etnier, Gerald F. Schroedl Accepted for the Council: Carolyn R. Hodges Vice Provost and Dean of the Graduate School (Original signatures are on file with official studentecor r ds.) To the Graduate Council : I am submitting herewi th a thesis written by Arthur E. Bogan entitl ed 11A Zooarchaeol ogical Analysis of Vertebrate Remains from Chota­ Tanasi, a Historic Cherokee Village in East Tennessee . .. I recommend that it be accepted in partial ful fi llment of the requi rements for the degree of Master of Arts , with a major in Anthropology. Paul W. Parmalee, Major Professor We have read this thesis and nd its acceptance: '1. � r.,� I Accepted for the Council : Graduate Studies and Research { A ZOOARCHAEOLOGICAL ANALYSIS OF VERTEBRATE REMAINS FROM CHOTA-TANAS I, A HISTORIC CHEROKEE VILLAGE IN EAST TENNESSEE A Thesis Presented for the Master of Arts Degree The University of Tennessee , Knoxville Arthur E. Bogan August 1976 1287923 r ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I would like to acknowl edge the assistanre and encouragement from many peopl e. Dr. Al fred Guthe , Director , M\:Clung Museum, Uni versity of Tennessee, made faunal materials ar1d excavation records from Chota-Tanasi available to me for study. The National Park Service , Tennessee Valley Authority and the Cherokee Historical Association financed the Chota excavations from 1969 to 1974. I wi sh to express my gratitude for the continuing assistance , gu idance, and ·encouragement of Drs . Paul W. Parmal ee , Gerald Schroedl , and David A. Etnier , and especial ly to Dr. Parmalee for assi stance with bone identification probl ems. I would like to express my appreication to Dr. John Rehder, Department of Geography , University of Tennessee , for his contribution of the ERTS-1 Band 7 negative print of the East Tennessee Association. Thanks are also due. to Dr. William M. Bass , Head , Department of Anthropol ogy , University of Tennessee, for assistance with identification of human skeletal fragments . I want to express appreciation to Victor Hood for the photography and George Fielder, Jr. , for ideas and encouragement. The U.S. Department of Agriculture , Soil Survey Office, Madisonvi lle, Tennessee , is thanked ·for al lowing me access to the unpubl ished soil survey of Monroe County. I would like to thank Mrs . Laura King for her informative comments on the role of animals in Cherokee culture . Mrs . Dottie Fielder is acknowledged for typ ing the manuscript and continued patience during the editing of the paper. Mrs . Terry Faul kner is sincerely thanked for drafting the figures . Special appreciati on is extended to Cindy Busse for editorial assistance . ; i ABSTRACT This study invol ves the examination and analysis of a faunal sample from the historic Overhill Cherokee village of Chota-Tanasi (40MR2-40MR62) , Monroe County , Tennessee. A total of 33,385 pieces of bone was examined in an effort to determine which animal s were utilized by the Cherokee and the probable importance of each species in the Cherokee diet. Analyses of this material showed that deer , bear , and turkey were the most important animals contributing to the meat diet. Ethnographic and historic sources suggest that the introduction of trade guns may have led to increased expl oitation of the bear. Availabl e data indicate that bison and el k were rarely included in the Cherokee diet. Although larger mammals provided the bul k of the meat utilized , fish, amphibians, reptiles , and birds were important supplemental sources. The introduction of European domestic stock and how it may have altered or replaced the use of native species were also investigated . Domestic animal bones from the site include horse, pig, chicken, and probably cow. Since very few bones of these animals were found , domestic species may have only been infrequently used by the Cherokee. The Chota faunal sample thus fa iled to show extensive use of domestic animals in the middle and late eighteenth century; this is in contrast to historically documented evidence. Animals represented in the faunal sample also were evaluated in terms of their cultural role in the Cherokee belief system, which includes myths, sacred formulas, magic, remedies, and cures. iii TABLE OF CONTENTS CHAPTER PAGE I. GENERAL SETTING 1 Introduction . • . • . 1 Physiography of East Tennessee • . 5 Pleistocene History of East Tennessee and the Blue Ridge Province .... 8 Genera l Ecology . • . .....••. 9 II. BACKGROUND AND HISTORY 17 Hi story of Chota-Ta nasi . • . 17 History of Archaeological Excavations at Chota-Tanasi . • . • . 18 Previous Faunal Studies in the Area . • . • . 24 Methodology • . • . • . • 25 Minimum Number of Individuals . 29 III . THE ROLE OF ANIMALS IN CHEROKEE CULTURE 32 Yearly Schedule of Activities . 40 Hunting . • . ..• 43 Fishing .....•.•. 45 IV. ANIMALS IDENTIFIED FROM THE FAUNAL SAMPLE: ACCOUNTS OF SPECIES 48 Fish .. • . 66 Amphibians 71 Reptiles 72 Birds . 75 Mammals .• 77 V. DISCUSSION 98 Butchering Patterns . 98 Pathology and Anomaly •. 105 Bone Tools and Artifacts 109 Acculturation ...... 116 Surrmary and Concl usions ..... 123 Recommendations for Future Research 124 iv v CHAPTER PAGE REFERENCES CITED 127 APPENDIX 138 VITA. 156 LIST OF TABLES TABLE PAGE I. Excavations at Chota-Tanasi 23 II. Tabulation of Animals Utilized in Cherokee Diet, Subsistence, and Decoration . 35 III. Animals Mentioned in Relation to Cherokee Dances . 37 IV. Animals Recorded in Cherokee Myths and Legends .. 38 V. An imals Associated with Cherokee Disease and Medicine . 41 VI. Total Bone Pieces Arranged by Class of Vertebrates . 49 VII. Tabulation of Data Based on Vertebrate Rema ins from Chota-Tanasi •........ .... 50 VIII. Archaeological Distribution of Bones from 40MR2 58 IX. Distribution of Bilne from 40MR62 by Excavation Unit 67 X. Age Distribution of Deer Based on Mandibles from Chota-Tanasi . 84 XI. Measurements of Elements of Two Chota Dogs Compared with Those of Mississippian Dogs Presented by Haag (1946) . • . 91 XII. Position of Butchering Cuts on Deer Astragali from Chota . • . 103 vi LIST OF FIGURES FIGURES PAGE 1. ERTS-I Band 7 negative print (No. 1354-15431-7) of East Tennessee Association showing the location of Chota and the major physiographic provinces . 2 2. Location of historic Cherokee villages and Euro­ american military posts , Littl e Tennessee River Va 11ey • • . • • • . • • • • • . • . • . 3 3. Topographic map of the river terrace on which Chota is located .••....•.......... 7 4. Location of archaeological excavations at Chota- Tanasi • . • . 20 5. Dog burial 1, Feature 112, Chota ( 40MR2) 90 6. Dog burial 2, Feature 170, Chota (40MR2) 90 7. Butchering cuts (white-tailed deer). A. Left calcaneum with butchering cuts across the proxi­ mal lateral edge. B. Frontal illustrating the removal of antl ers by cutting wi th a steel tool . C. First phalan9es with several deep cut marks (skinning cuts?). D. Proximal left ulna with the nead removed by a steel tool , with a cut across the shaft. E. Atl as vertebra showing butchering cuts across the anterior ventral margin .... 101 8. A. Distal right bear humerus exhibiting an entipi­ condyl ar foramen. B. Right mandible of white­ tailed deer showing a missing second premol ar with reabsorbed alveolus. C. Mandible of whi te­ tai led deer with a missing first premolar ... 107 9. A. Burned bear metapodial showing excess bone growth possibly resulting from an old trauma , as wel l as tooth marks. B. Cow/bison lower left tooth exhibiting hypercementosis. C. Proximal right chicken tibia­ tarsus , broken and fused in altered position . D. Right chicken tibiotarsus with extra bone spur and bowing of the shaft . • • . , . 108 10. A-C. Small antler "drifts" or pins. D. Antler beam cut and modified as handle for iron tool. E. Modi­ fied antler tine. F. Modified antler ti ne with portion of the beam still attached . 110 vii viii FIGURE PAGE 11. A section of white-tailed deer antler which had been sectioned in half in a curving manner .•. 112 12. A. Fragment of a European bone trade comb. B. Frag­ ment of a possible Cherokee comb. C. "Bangle" made from a mammal long bone fragment, undecorated . D. Antler "peach pit." E. "Bangle" fragment with incised decoration . F. Posterior portion of the plastron of a box turtle, drilled for possible use as a turtle shell rattle . 113 13. A. Bone tube fragment with notched decoration {40MR62). B. Bone tube fragment wi th two types of notching {1939 excavations). C. Bone tube fragment {left humerus shaft , cf. white-tailed deer, 40MR62). D. Bone tube fragment (1939 excavations) burned and highly pol ished . E.
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