Introduction to Unit 20 01

Subjunctive and Optative Moods Formation Subjunctive and Optative Introduction

• AGE Unit 20: Subjunctive and Optative • You have already learned three moods of Greek verbs: the indicative, infinitive, and the imperative. • The indicative mood conveys actual historical events in the present, past or future. • The infinitive mood is used as a verbal noun, so it is not necessary to indicate the person and number of the verb. • The conveys a command for someone to perform the action of the verb. Subjunctive and Optative Introduction

• AGE Unit 20: Subjunctive and Optative • This Unit presents the last two moods: the Subjunctive and Optative. • We begin here with how to form these moods. • In Unit 20 02, we will see how to use these moods. Introduction Subjunctive Mood Introduction

The Subjunctive Mood • The subjunctive mood primarily refers to hypothetical actions in the present or future, that is, in the same time covered by the primary tenses of verbs. • The subjunctive occurs only in the present, and tenses. Since the subjunctive mood always refers to hypothetical events, it NEVER has an augment (which indicates historical events in the past). Subjunctive Mood Formation Subjunctive Mood Formation

The Subjunctive Mood • ALL verbs in Greek use exactly the same personal endings to mark the subjunctive mood. • As a primary mood, the subjunctive always uses primary endings. • These primary personal endings are those of –ω verbs, but with the lengthened • ο ➔ ω, ε ➔ η Subjunctive Mood Formation

• Review: The Master List of Endings • Posted in Sakai is a “Master List of Endings: Verbs,” where you can see the overall scheme of verb endings. • On the second page you can see the single set of endings for all subjunctive mood verbs.

Subjunctive Mood Active Subjunctive Mood Active Voice

Building a Greek verb • Personal endings for subjunctive verbs are those of –ω verbs, but with the thematic vowel lengthened. For the active voice, the endings are: ! • -ω ➔ -ω = I -ομεν ➔ -ωμεν = we • -εις ➔ -ῃς = you -ετε ➔ -ητε = y’all • -ει ➔ -ῃ = (s)he, it - ουσι ➔ -ωσι = they Subjunctive Mood εἰμί

Building a Greek verb • Notice that these endings are also the present active subjunctive of εἰμί: ! ὦ ὦμεν ᾖς ἦτε ᾖ ὦσι ! • The present subjunctive of εἰμί is not enclitic. • Note also that for each number and person, the accents and breathing marks are identical. Subjunctive Mood Middle Voice Subjunctive Mood Middle Voice

Building a Greek verb • Personal endings for subjunctive verbs are those of –ω verbs, but with the thematic vowel lengthened. For the middle voice, the endings are: ! • -ομαι ➔ -ωμαι = I -ομεθα ➔ -ωμεθα = we • *-εσαι ➔ *-ησαι ➔ -ῃ = you -εσθε ➔ -ησθε = y’all • -εται ➔ -ηται = (s)he, it -ονται ➔ -ωνται = they Subjunctive Mood Tenses Subjunctive Mood Tenses

The Subjunctive Mood • As you can see, ALL verbs in the subjunctive are essentially -ω verbs and thematic. • Recall that this also happens to all verbs in the indicative future. • The tense of the subjunctive is indicated not by any additional markers or endings, but only by the tense stem. • For the subjunctive, we need only know the present, aorist and perfect tense stems. Subjunctive Mood Tenses

The Subjunctive Mood • To see how to form the subjunctive in these three tenses, let’s take a look at three examples: ! • λύω, λύσω, ἔλυσα, λέλυκα • λαμβάνω, λήψομαι, ἔλαβον, εἴληφα • δείκνυμι, δείξω, ἔδειξα, δέδειχα Subjunctive Mood Tenses

The Subjunctive Mood • Let’s begin with this verb: ! • λύω, λύσω, ἔλυσα, λέλυκα • present tense stem: λυ- • aorist tense stem: λυσ- • perfect tense stem: λελυκ- Subjunctive Mood The Present, Subjunctive, Active of λύω (GPH p. 71)

• λύω • λύωμεν • λύῃς • λύητε • λύῃ • λύωσι(ν) Subjunctive Mood The Aorist, Subjunctive, Active of λύω (GPH p. 79)

• λύσω • λύσωμεν • λύσῃς • λύσητε • λύσῃ • λύσωσι(ν) Subjunctive Mood The Perfect, Subjunctive, Active of λύω (GPH p. 92)

• λελύκω • λελύκωμεν • λελύκῃς • λελύκητε • λελύκῃ • λελύκωσι(ν) Subjunctive Mood The Present, Subjunctive, Middle of λύω (GPH p. 71)

• λύωμαι • λυώμεθα • λύῃ • λύησθε • λύηται • λύωνται Subjunctive Mood The Aorist, Subjunctive, Middle of λύω (GPH p. 71)

• λύσωμαι • λυσώμεθα • λύσῃ • λύσησθε • λύσηται • λύσωνται Subjunctive Mood Periphrastic Forms

The Subjunctive Mood • In the perfect tense, the forms of the subjunctive mood proved difficult for Greeks to say. • Sometimes in the active voice, and always in the middle voice, Greek used periphrastic forms; that is, they used the perfect participle (perfect active participle if perfect active subjunctive, and middle if perfect middle) followed by the subjunctive form of εἰμί: • active: λελύκῃ (or λελυκὼς ᾖ) • middle: λελυμένος ᾖ (never λελυ- + -ηται) Subjunctive Mood The Perfect, Subjunctive, Middle of λύω (GPH p. 92)

• λελυμένος ὦ • λελυμένοι ὦμεν • λελυμένος ᾖς • λελυμένοι ἦτε • λελυμένος ᾖ • λελυμένοι ὦσι Subjunctive Mood Tenses

The Subjunctive Mood • Now let’s take a look at this verb, in the active voice. ! • λαμβάνω, λήψομαι, ἔλαβον, εἴληφα • present tense stem: λαμβαν- • aorist tense stem: λαβ- • perfect tense stem: εἰληφ- Subjunctive Mood The Present, Subjunctive, Active of λαμβάνω

• λαμβάνω • λαμβάνωμεν • λαμβάνῃς • λαμβάνητε • λαμβάνῃ • λαμβάνωσι(ν) Subjunctive Mood The Aorist, Subjunctive, Active of λαμβάνω

• λάβω • λάβωμεν • λάβῃς • λάβητε • λάβῃ • λάβωσι(ν) Subjunctive Mood The Perfect, Subjunctive, Active of λαμβάνω

• εἰλήφω • εἰλήφωμεν • εἰλήφῃς • εἰλήφητε • εἰλήφῃ • εἰλήφωσι(ν) Subjunctive Mood Tenses

The Subjunctive Mood • Now let’s take a look at this verb, in the active voice. ! • δείκνυμι, δείξω, ἔδειξα, δέδειχα • present tense stem: δεικνυ- • aorist tense stem: δειξ- • perfect tense stem: δεδειχ- Subjunctive Mood The Present, Subjunctive, Active of δείκνυμι

• δεικνύω • δεικνύωμεν • δεικνύῃς • δεικνύητε • δεικνύῃ • δεικνύωσι(ν) Subjunctive Mood The Aorist, Subjunctive, Active of δείκνυμι

• δείξω • δείξωμεν • δείξῃς • δείξητε • δείξῃ • δείξωσι(ν) Subjunctive Mood The Perfect, Subjunctive, Active of δείκνυμι

• δεδείχω • δεδείχωμεν • δεδείχῃς • δεδείχητε • δεδείχῃ • δεδείχωσι(ν) Optative Mood Introduction Optative Mood Introduction

The Optative Mood • The optative mood primarily refers to hypothetical actions in the past, that is, in the same time covered by the secondary tenses of verbs. • As with the subjunctive, the optative occurs only in the present, aorist and perfect tenses. Since the optative mood always refers to hypothetical events, it NEVER has an augment (which indicates historical events in the past). • In very rare and specific circumstances, it is possible to create a future tense of the optative. Optative Mood Formation Optative Mood Formation

The Optative Mood • Like the subjunctive, ALL verbs in the optative mood use the personal endings of –ω verbs. • For the active first person singular ending, however, the optative uses -μι. • As a secondary mood, the optative uses secondary endings. Optative Mood Formation

The Optative Mood • To mark the optative mood, an -ι- is inserted between the thematic vowel and the personal ending. • Inserting this -ι- means that the thematic vowel does not degrade from ο to ε, as it does elsewhere. • As a result, the thematic vowel remains an ο throughout all persons and numbers. Optative Mood Active Voice Optative Mood Active Voice

Building a Greek verb • As a secondary mood, the optative uses secondary endings. • To mark the optative mood, an -ι- is inserted between the thematic vowel and the personal ending in the active voice: ! • -ον ➔ -οιμι = I -ομεν ➔ -οιμεν = we • -ες ➔ -οις = you -ετε ➔ -οιτε = y’all • -ε ➔ -οι = (s)he, it -ον ➔ -οιεν = they Optative Mood First Aorist Active Endings

Building a Greek verb • In the first (weak) aorist, the -σα- marker replaces the thematic vowel -ο- in the active voice: ! • -οιμι ➔ -σαιμι = I -ομεν ➔ -σαιμεν = we • -οις ➔ -σαις = you -οιτε ➔ -σαιτε = y’all • -οι ➔ -σαι or -σειε = (s)he, it -οιεν ➔ -σαιεν or -σειαν = they Optative Mood Middle Voice Optative Mood Middle Voice

Building a Greek verb • As a secondary mood, the optative uses secondary endings. • To mark the optative mood, an -ι- is inserted between the thematic vowel and the personal ending in the middle voice: ! • -ομην ➔ -οιμην = I -ομεθα ➔ -οιμεθα = we • *-εσο ➔ *-οισο ➔ -οιο = you -εσθε ➔ -οισθε = y’all • -ετο ➔ -οιτο = (s)he, it - οντο ➔ -οιντο = they Optative Mood First Aorist Middle Endings

Building a Greek verb • Likewise, in the first (weak) aorist, the -σα- marker replaces the thematic vowel -ο- in the middle voice: ! • -οιμην ➔ -σαιμην = I -οιμεθα ➔ -σαιμεθα = we • -οιο ➔ -σαιο = you -οισθε ➔ -σαισθε = y’all • -οιτο ➔ -σαιτο = (s)he, it -οντο ➔ -σαιντο = they Optative Mood Formation

The Optative Mood • Τhe importance of inserted -ι- as a marker of the optative mood is also reflected in the fact that -οι and -αι at the end of optative forms are long diphthongs (not short as they are everywhere else). • While the basic marker of optative mood is the inserted -ι-, for clarity and pronunciation Greek words sometimes expanded this marker to -ιη- (or shortened to -ιε-). This happens most notably in contract verbs and –μι verbs. Optative Mood εἰμί

Building a Greek verb • Note, for example, that the present optative of εἰμί generally uses -ιη- as its optative marker, and regular –μι secondary endings: ! • εἴην εἴημεν or εἶμεν • εἴης εἴητε or εἶτε • εἴη εἴησαν or εἶεν Optative Mood Tenses

The Optative Mood • As you can see, ALL verbs in the optative are essentially -ω verbs and thematic. • Recall that this also happens to all verbs in the subjunctive and in the indicative future. • The tense of the optative is indicated not by any additional markers or endings, but by the tense stem. • For the optative, we need for now to know only the present, aorist and perfect tense stems. Optative Mood Tenses

The Optative Mood • To see how to form the subjunctive in these three tenses, let’s take a look at three examples: ! • λύω, λύσω, ἔλυσα, λέλυκα • λαμβάνω, λήψομαι, ἔλαβον, εἴληφα • δείκνυμι, δείξω, ἔδειξα, δέδειχα Optative Mood Tenses

The Optative Mood • Let’s begin with this verb: ! • λύω, λύσω, ἔλυσα, λέλυκα • present tense stem: λυ- • aorist tense stem: λυσ- • perfect tense stem: λελυκ- Optative Mood The Present, Subjunctive, Active of λύω (GPH p. 72)

• λύοιμι • λύοιμεν • λύοις • λύοιτε • λύοι • λύοιεν Subjunctive Mood The Aorist, Subjunctive, Active of λύω (GPH p. 80)

• λύσαιμι • λύσαιμεν • λύσαις • λύσαιτε • λύσαι • λύσαιεν or λύσειαν Subjunctive Mood The Perfect, Subjunctive, Active of λύω (GPH p. 92)

• λελύκοιμι • λελύκοιμεν • λελύκοις • λελύκοιτε • λελύκοι • λελύκοιεν Optative Mood The Present, Optative, Middle of λύω (GPH p. 72)

• λυοίμην • λυοίμεθα • λύοιο • λύοισθε • λύοιτο • λύοιντο Subjunctive Mood The Aorist, Subjunctive, Middle of λύω (GPH p. 80)

• λυσαίμην • λυσαίμεθα • λύσαιο • λύσαισθε • λύσαιτο • λύσαιντο Optative Mood Periphrastic Forms

The Optative Mood • In the perfect tense, as with the subjunctive, the forms of the optative mood proved difficult for Greeks to say. • Sometimes in the active voice, and always in the middle voice, Greek used periphrastic forms; that is, they used the perfect participle (perfect active participle if perfect active optative, and middle if perfect middle) followed by the optative form of εἰμί: • active: λελύκοι (or λελυκὼς εἴη) • middle: λελυμένος εἴη (never λελυ- + -ι- + -το) Optative Mood The Perfect, Optative, Middle of λύω (GPH p. 93)

• λελυμένος εἴην • λελυμένοι εἴημεν • λελυμένος εἴης • λελυμένοι εἴητε • λελυμένος εἴη • λελυμένοι εἴησαν Optative Mood Tenses

The Optative Mood • Now let’s take a look at this verb, in the active voice. ! • λαμβάνω, λήψομαι, ἔλαβον, εἴληφα • present tense stem: λαμβαν- • aorist tense stem: λαβ- • perfect tense stem: εἰληφ- Optative Mood The Present, Optative, Active of λαμβάνω

• λαμβάνοιμι • λαμβάνοιμεν • λαμβάνοις • λαμβάνοιτε • λαμβάνοι • λαμβάνοιεν Optative Mood The Aorist, Optative, Active of λαμβάνω

• λάβοιμι • λάβοιμεν • λάβοις • λάβοιτε • λάβοι • λάβοιεν Subjunctive Mood The Perfect, Subjunctive, Active of λαμβάνω

• εἰλήφοιμι • εἰλήφοιμεν • εἰλήφοις • εἰλήφοιτε • εἰλήφοι • εἰλήφοιεν Subjunctive Mood Tenses

The Subjunctive Mood • Now let’s take a look at this verb, in the active voice. ! • δείκνυμι, δείξω, ἔδειξα, δέδειχα • present tense stem: δεικνυ- • aorist tense stem: δειξ- • perfect tense stem: δεδειχ- Optative Mood The Present, Optative, Active of δείκνυμι

• δεικνύοιμι • δεικνύοιμεν • δεικνύοις • δεικνύοιτε • δεικνύοι • δεικνύοιεν Optative Mood The Aorist, Optative, Active of δείκνυμι

• δείξοιμι • δείξοιμεν • δείξοις • δείξοιτε • δείξοι • δείξοιεν Optative Mood The Perfect, Optative, Active of δείκνυμι

• δεδείχοιμι • δεδείχοιμεν • δεδείχοις • δεδείχοιτε • δεδείχοι • δεδείχοιεν