TAXO-ETHNOBOTANICAL SURVEY AND BIOLOGICAL ACTIVITIES OF SELECTED MEDICINAL PLANTS OF DIR KOHISTAN KHYBER PAKHTUNKHWA PAKISTAN

THIS DISSERTATION IS SUBMITTED

AS PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE

DEGREE OF

DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY IN BOTANY

By

ALI HAZRAT

DEPARTMENT OF BOTANY UNIVERSITY OF MALAKAND

II

DECLARATION

I declare that this thesis is my own work and has not been submitted in any form for another degree at any university. Information derived from the published and unpublished literature of other workers has been acknowledged in the text and a list of references is given.

Ali Hazrat

III

CERTIFICATE

Certified that Mr. Ali Hazrat was enrolled for the research program of M. Phil leading to PhD under “HEC Program, Batch-II, Pin No: (042-140493-LS2-309) and University of Malakand Registration No: 2005009000. He has passed the required courses successfully and fulfilled all criteria of Higher Education Commission (HEC) Islamabad for the degree of doctorate. This dissertation entitled “TAXO-ETHNOBOTANICAL SURVEY AND BIOLOGICAL ACTIVITIES OF SELECTED MEDICINAL PLANTS OF DIR KOHISTAN KHYBER PAKHTUNKHWA PAKISTAN” submitted by him is satisfactory and confide for the partial requirement of the award of degree of Doctor of Philosophy.

Furthermore, the thesis was evaluated by two foreign experts Prof. Dr. Daniel Sanchez- Mata Complutense Madrid Departamento de Biologia Vegetal II Madrid (Spain) and Prof. Dr. M. Athar Tariq Department of Food and Agriculture, USA and internal expert Prof. Dr. Siraj-Ud-Din University of Peshawar, Pakistan.

Supervisor: ______

Prof. Dr. Jehandar Shah Ex. Vice Chancellor Malakand University Ex. Vice Chancellor SBB University Sheringal

Co. supervisor: ______

Dr. Mohammad Nisar Assistant Professor Department of Botany University of Malakand

External Examiner: ______

Prof. Dr. Siraj-Ud-Din Department of Botany University of Peshawar

Chairman: ______

Dated: ______

IV

Al-QURAN

(In the name of Allah, the most Beneficent, the most Merciful).

"It is He Who sends down water from the sky, then we have brought forth with it plants of all kinds, and out of it We brought forth green crops, from which We bring forth thick clustered grain. And out of the date palm and its sheaths come forth clusters of dates hanging low and near, and gardens of grapes, olives and pomegranates, each similar (in kind) yet different (in variety and taste). Look at their fruits when they begin to bear, and the ripeness thereof. Verily! In these things there are signs for people who believe." [Al-An’am:Verse 99] ------

“There is no God but Allah and Muhammad is the Messenger of Allah.”

O! My God advance me in knowledge. “Ameen”

V

DEDICATION

THIS THESIS IS DEDICATED TO MY AFFECTIONATE PARENTS, BROTHERS, WIFE, SON AND TO MY HONORABLE TEACHERS, WHOSE POSSIBLE HELP LED ME TO COMPILE THIS PROFOUND RESEARCH TASK

.

VI

The author wishes to acknowledge the Higher Education Commission of Pakistan for financial support through research project Indigenous Ph.D 5000 Program 2004 Batch-II, Pin No: (042-140493-LS2-309)

VII ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS All praises are for Almighty Allah (Jalla Jalalaho), the compassionate, the merciful, the only creator of the universe, the source of knowledge and wisdom, who blessed me with health, thoughts, talented teachers, cooperative friends and opportunity to cross another milestone of my academic carrier well in time. I offer my humblest words of gratitude to the Holy Prophet of mercy, Hazrat Muhammad (S.A.W) the most perfect and dignified who light the candle of Islam and removed all darkness of our life. I am at short for words to express my gratitude and appreciation to my extremely co-operative, loving and profound supervisor Prof. Dr. Jehandar Shah and Co. Supervisor Dr. Muhammad Nisar for their cooperation, kind and fatherly attitude and guidance, timely suggestions and encouragement through out the entire period of my studies. I am thankful to Vice Chancellor Malakand University, for providing me opportunity and all possible research facilities in my research work.

I am highly grateful to Mr. Khan Sher Lecturer department of forestry SBBU, Dr. Fazal Hadi Chairman Department of Botany UOM, Dr. Alam Zeb Assistant Professor UOM, Dr. Waqar Ahmad Associate Professor Department of Pharmacy UOM, Dr. Muhammad Wahab Assistant Professor Swat University, Mr. Qasir Khan Deputy Director Academic UOM, Dr. Siraj-Ud-Din Chairman Department of botany Islamia College University, for their valuable suggestions during the compilation of this research work.

I wish to express my extreme profound appreciation and sincere thanks to Dr. Nasrullah Khan Assistant Professor UOM, Mr. Irfanullah M.phil Scholar Biotechnology University of Malakand and Mr. Abdul Kahliq Jan Assistant Professor Shaheed Benazir Bhutto University Sheringal for helping me in experimental work. I am much impressed by their sympathetic attitude through out the progress of my research work. I also wish to acknowledge my friends especially Mr. Muhammad Israr, Mr. Muhammad Ijaz, Mr. Muhammad Raiz, Mr. Fazali Alam, Mr. Jumma Muhammad, Dr. Saeed–ur-Rahman (MO Timergara Hospital), Ali Gauhar (Subject specialist Botany), Sardarullah (Principal IMST Mardan College) and Muzafar Said advocate for boosting my research confidence. Their unforgettable company never allows me to fell alone. VIII

Some very special cheerful thanks are extended to non research staff of the University Mr.Hayatullah (Assistant Registrar Academic), Mr. Sawed Khan (KPO), Mr. Muhammad Shakil (Computer Expert), Mr. Rahim Bacha (Super; Examination), Mr. Asgar (Accountant) and Mr. Jehangir (Deputy controller of Examination) for their every possible help and moral support.

No acknowledgement would ever adequately express my obligation to my parents, brothers, sisters, my wife (Neelam Hazrat) and son Ali Yazdan Khan and all family members who always wished to see me glittering high on the skies of success. With out their day and night prayers, sacrifices, encouragement and financial support, the present project would have been merry dream.

Ali Hazrat

IX ABSTRACT The study was carried out in Dir Kohistan Valley; district Dir Upper of the Province,

Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan, to explore the flora of Taxo-ethnobotanical potential and

estimation of Antimicrobial activities of selected medicinal plants of the area. It is the first

attempt to document the Taxo-ethnobotanical survey in the selected area. About 458

angiosperm species were recorded, which consists of 98 families and 291 genera. The study

was also extended to the flora of Gymnosperm which is represented by 3 families with 11

species of 8 genera, among them 9 species is indigenous and 2 species were exotic in the

study area. A total of 469 species of both Angiosperms and Gymnosperms were collected.

The ethnobotanical study identified that these species are for 46 different uses. The major

uses of 144 plant species were calculated. Among them 94 plants were used as medicine;

50 fodder; 35 fuel wood, wild fruits and hay fodder, 20 species each, 19 pot herb; 18 fence,

furniture and utensils, 11 species each, shade tree, ornamental, hedge plant and agricultural

tools, 10 species each, 9 soil binder, construction, packing/ roping and poison, 7 species

each, wind break, spice/flavoring agent, 6 species each, dye and fish poison 4 species each, bee attractants, smoking medicine, stick/handles, cushion plant, miswak, green pesticide, graveyard things, Incense/perfume and beverage 3 species each, wood carving, fishing checks, snuff ash, dry fruits, timber, soil reclamation and soil fertilizer 2 species each, torch wood, Ink, paper, granary/basketry, beads, resin, root stock, charcoal and brooms 01 species each of herbs, shrubs and trees in nature. The part used data shows that mostly the whole plant, leaves, fruit, roots and stem were in common use. After the extensive ethnobotanical survey, 25 plants were selected for anti-bacterial investigation, due to the

reason that the local people commonly used these plants for various ailments. Out of 25

selected plants 13 showed anti-bacterial activity, while the remaining 12 were inactive X against bacteria. There are some high valued medicinal plants species like Taxus wallichiana, Aconitum heterophyllum, Pinus gerardiana, Betula utilis and some other ethnobotanically important plants species which are near to extinction, because of various types of risk. It is required to conserve their germplasm in the area, to protect these valuable plants.

XI

TABLE OF CONTENTS Title I Declaration II Certificate III Al-Quran IV Dedication V Acknowledgements VII Abstract IX Contents XI List of tables XVI List of figures XVII List of plates XVII CONTENTS Title Page # CHAPTER-1 INTRODUCTION 1.1 Name and location 1 1.2 Boundary of the research area 1 1.3 Area 1 1.4 Climate 1 1.5 Water supply 2 1.6 Forest 3 1.7 Agriculture 3 1.7.1 Crops season 4 1.7.2 Vegetables 4 1.8 People and their languages 4 1.9 Research topic introduction 5 1.10 Literature Rivew 8 1.11 Biological activities 11 1.12 Aims and objectives of the study 13

XII

CHAPTER- 2 MATERIALS AND METHODS 2 Materials and methods 14 2.1 Plane of work 14 2.2 Area exploration 14 2.3 Data collection 14 2.4 Photography 14 2.5 Collection and preparation of herbarium specimen 15 2.6 Anti-microbial activities 15 2.6.1 Isolation of crude extract 15 2.6.2 Antibacterial assays 15 2.6.3 Materials 16 2.6.4 Procedure 16 2.7 Data analysis 17 CHAPTER-3 RESULTS 3 Results 18 3.1 Diversity of gymnosperms and angiosperms 18 3.2 Taxonomic description of gymnosperms 47 3.2.1 Pinaceae 47 3.2.2 Cupressaceae 49 3.2.3 Taxaceae 50 3.3 Taxonomic description of angiosperms 51 3.3.1 Hamamelidaceae 51 3.3.2 Oxalidaceae 51 3.3.3 Thymelaeaceae 51 3.3.4 Juglandaceae 52 3.3.5 Meliaceae 52 3.3.6 Apiaceae 53 3.3.7 Linaceae 58 3.3.8 Platanaceae 58 3.3.9 Grossulariaceae 59 XIII

3.3.10 Hypericaceae 59 3.3.11 Datiscaceae 61 3.3.12 Mimosaceae 62 3.3.13 Sapindaceae 63 3.3.14 Portulacaceae 63 3.3.15 Polygalaceae 64 3.3.16 Dioscoraceae 64 3.3.17 Caesalpiniaceae 65 3.3.18 Brassicaceae 66 3.3.19 Buddlejaceae 73 3.3.20 Podophyllaceae 73 3.3.21 Oleaceae 74 3.3.22 Papaveraceae 75 3.3.23 Plantaginaceae 77 3.3.24 Buxaceae 79 3.3.25 Morinaceae 80 3.3.26 Alismataceae 80 3.3.27 Amaranthaceae 81 3.3.28 Fumariaceae 85 3.3.29 Zygophyllaceae 87 3.3.30 Verbenaceae 87 3.3.31 Lythraceae 89 3.3.32 Hippocastanaceae 89 3.3.33 Alliaceae 89 3.3.34 Commelinaceae 90 3.3.35 Araliaceae 91 3.3.36 Berberidaceae 91 3.3.37 Cornaceae 92 3.3.38 Myrsinaceae 92 3.3.39 Aceraceae 93 3.3.40 Dipsacaceae 93 XIV

3.3.41 Betulaceae 94 3.3.42 Fabaceae 95 3.3.43 Valerianaceae 104 3.3.44 Punicaceae 105 3.3.45 Fagaceae 105 3.3.46 Saxifragaceae 106 3.3.47 Celastraceae 107 3.3.48 Nyctaginaceae 107 3.3.49 Ebenaceae 108 3.3.50 Araceae 108 3.3.51 Paeoniaceae 110 3.3.52 Sambucaceae 110 3.3.53 Colchicaceae 110 3.3.54 Convolvulaceae 111 3.3.55 Malvaceae 112 3.3.56 Rutaceae 113 3.3.57 Balsaminaceae 115 3.3.58 Amaryllidaceae 117 3.3.59 Urticaceae 117 3.3.60 Rhamnaceae 118 3.3.61 Poaceae 121 3.3.62 Vitaceae 129 3.3.63 Apocynaceae 130 3.3.64 Geraniaceae 131 3.3.65 Asclepiadaceae 133 3.3.66 Anacardiaceaes 134 3.3.67 Cucurbitaceae 135 3.3.68 Primulaceae 138 3.3.69 Simarubaceae 139 3.3.70 Sapotaceae 139 3.3.71 Orchidaceae 140 XV

3.3.72 Violaceae 141 3.3.73 Solanaceae 143 3.3.74 Ulmaceae 147 3.3.75 Moraceae 149 3.3.76 Euphorbiaceae 152 3.3.77 Caprifoliaceae 158 3.3.78 Caryophyllaceae 160 3.3.79 Acanthaceae 161 3.3.80 Cuscutaceae 162 3.3.81 Rubiaceae 163 3.3.82 Boraginaceae 164 3.3.83 Lamiaceae 168 3.3.84 Ranunculaceae 180 3.3.85 Iridaceae 196 3.3.86 Salicaceae 198 3.3.87 Chenopodiaceae 201 3.3.88 Polygonaceae 203 3.3.89 Asteraceae 207 3.3.90 Asphodelaceae 221 3.3.91 Hyacinthaceae 222 3.3.92 Liliaceae 222 3.3.93 Rosaceae 226 3.3.94 Asparagaceae 240 3.3.95 Scrophulariaceae 241 3.3.96 Cactaceae 245 3.3.97 Myrtaceae 246 3.4 Ethnobotany 248 3.5 Results antimicrobial activity 257 CHAPTER- 4 DISCUSSION 4 Discussion 334 4.1 Conclusion 342 XVI

5 References 343 6 Appendix-I 362 LIST OF TABLES Table Title Page# 1. Monthly temperature, relative humidity and mean rainfall at Dir 2 Kohistan 2. Total area covered (in acres) by forests in Dir Kohistan 3

3. Check list of 3 families of gymnosperm plants collected from Dir 19 Kohistan Valley 4. Check list of 98 families of angiosperm plants distributed in Dir 20 Kohistan Valley 5. Check list of some economically important plants of Dir Kohistan 249 Valley 6. Key of plant uses 252

7. Plants in use for abdominal pain 253

8. Plants in use as tonic 253

9. Plants in use for diarrhea 254

10. Plants in use as blood purifier 254

11. Plants in use as expectorant 254

12. Plants in use as antispasmodic 255

13. Plants in use as emollient 255

14. Plants in use for jaundice 256

15. Plants used for antimicrobial activities 257

16. Antibacterial activities of fractions (R1-R25) against Escherichia coli 259

17. Antibacterial activities of fractions (R1-R25) against Bacillus subtilis 260

18. Antibacterial activity of fractions (R1-R25) against Bacillus cereus 261

19. Antibacterial activity of fractions (R1-R25) against Staphylococcus 262 aureus 20. Antibacterial activity of fractions (R1-R25) against Pseudomonas 263 aeruginosa XVII

21. Antibacterial activity of fractions (R1-R25) against Salmonella typhi 264

LIST OF PLATES S/No Title Page 1. Photo gallery 265 LIST OF FIGURES Figure Title Page 1. Location Map of the Area XVIII 2. Land cover Map of the area XIX 3. Percentages of other uses of plants 252

XVIII

Existing Landuse/Landcover Map of DKP N

Charot %U

%U Charot Kashkin %U

Kumrat

%U Torkana Kumrat

%U Kalkot Badgowai %U Thal

Thal %U %U Ashrait Guridok %U %U Ja ndra i

Shergah Kellay Serai %U %U %U Sham a Banda Sar Banda %U %U Bar Kelay Keshuri Dand Babuzo Payeen %U Kalkot Ja z Ba nda Jaz Banda %U %U

Ja z Dan d Barikot Sheetak Shar Ka to A wa r %U %U %U %U %U Pe tao Ka ter %U Atairkun %U %U Patrak %U Jabrai Miana %U %U Dad Banr Suna %U %U %U Jitkot %U Shandoor Dand Shahor Patrak Damburkon Kar Banda %U %U Kuz D ok Shor %U %U Sheringal T ang is ar Ba la %U Shahoor %U Ganshal Ja tkul Ganshal L E G E N D %U %U Doro %U Project Boundary Road Dunrh Banj Sar %U Metalled Sheringal %U Un metalled Paths

%U Achar La nd us es Donr %U Forest Agriculture %U Range Lands Rondesh Scale 1:275 000 Shrubs and Bush 3 036 Glacier And Snow Habitations Waterbodies Kilometers

FIG. 01 LOCATION MAP OF THE AREA

XIX

FIG. 02 LANDS COVER MAP OF THE AREA CHAPTER 01 INTRODUCTION

INTRODUCTION The Study of the concerned research work was done in Dir Kohistan, which is located in District Dir Upper. The District Dir Upper is part of Malakand Division Khyber Pukhtunkhwa (KPK), Pakistan (Fig.1). The Total area of the District Dir Upper is 3,699 Square Kilometers. It lies between 350-04’ to 350-46’ North latitudes and 710-32’ to 720-22’ East longitudes. District Dir Upper is bounded on the North and North West by District Chitral, on the South by Lower Dir District, on the west by Afghanistan and on the east District Swat (DCR, 1998). 1.1 Name and Location Literally “Kohistan” is a Persian word which means a place of mountains. The Kohistan under focus is generally called as Dir Kohistan. Dir Kohistan Valley covers 140,351 acres Area most of which is dense by the coniferous forests. It is situated in between 350- 9΄ to 350-47΄north latitude and in between 710-52΄ to 720-22΄west longitude in the northern position of the watershed of Panjkora river (DCR, 1998). 1.2 Boundaries of the research area Dir Kohistan is bounded by the Hindukush (Hindu Raj) range on the North, on the North West by the Torwal and Gabral range, On the East by Dodbah Sarghar, while on the South by Btarai Ghar. Different territories are adjoining with Dir Kohistan. These are Chitral on the north as well, on the West, Swat Kohistan and Upper Swat on the East, and Painda khel and Dir on the South (FDC, 1998). From this Mountainous Range of Dir Kohistan the origin of River Panjkora emerges which flows down stream. Panjkora is a word meaning five streams or tributaries. It is the name given with because it is formed of the five tributaries adjoining with it at different places like the stream of Duo Janga at Kumrat, Jandrai Nala, Gwaldai Nala, Dog Dara Khuar and finally at Chukyatan the stream of lowari and Barawal. 1.3 Area The total area of Dir Kohistan is 4, 12,570 acres i.e., 645 squares miles, of this, an area of 1, 40,351 acres covered with coniferous forests (FDC, 1998). 1.4 Climate The altitude of this area (Dir Kohistan) ranges from 1600 meter to 6000 meter above the sea level. This huge difference in altitude produces drastic climatic changes in this region. The

1 CHAPTER 01 INTRODUCTION

winter season is very cold and as a result a large numbers of people dwelling in the upper parts migrate to lower areas along with their live stocks. These migrants return back on the onset of spring i.e. March and April. The coldest months are December, January and February during which snow falls are occur frequently. The valleys remain under snow cover for about four months or more. The snow starts melting in April, May, June, July and August, which are the hottest months of the year while during September and October, the climate is very pleasant. The meteorological data obtained from nearest recording station at Dir in table 01. The data shows that the minimum temperature is experienced in January which is 3 °C and maximum in June which rises up to 32.3 °C. The rainfall increases in monsoon whereas comparatively fewer rain fall are received in autumn (Wahab et al., 2010). Table1. Monthly temperature, relative humidity and mean rainfall at Dir Kohistan Temperature (0C) Month Mean Daily Relative Humidity (%) Mean rainfall in millimeter Max. Min. January 11.0 3.3 87 113.3 February 13.0 1.3 87 174.56 March 14.7 1.8 85 165.86 April 21.3 4.5 77 89.05 May 27.8 11.0 62 56.26 June 32.7 13 57 148.75 July 32.0 12.4 54 160.79 August 31.6 15.5 77 81.54 September 30.2 17.6 81 53.93 October 30.3 13.3 75 50.92 November 23.0 7.6 72 92.55 December 12.8 0.5 69 140.57 (DCR, 2010). 1.5 Water Supply The major and permanent source for the entire valley is River Panjkora and its tributaries. The rainfall in the summer season and snowfall in the months of winter is another source of water. The snow melts in the summer and flows downward to River Panjkora. This is further supplemented by springs, which are mainly used for drinking purposes (FDC, 1998).

2 CHAPTER 01 INTRODUCTION

1.6 Forest The Forests of Dir Kohistan valley can be broadly described under the following major types and the total area covered given below in table: 02. 1. Shrub oak forests 2. Pure deodar forests 3. Mixed deodar, kail, fir and spruce forests 4. Mixed fir and spruce forests 5. Alpine pastures The shrub and oak forests are covering the lower areas ranging from 1600 to 1800 meter. These are under heavy pressure of cutting which are primarily used for fuel purposes. The coniferous forests grow at altitude ranging from 3000 to 6000 meter which is the tree limit. Above the tree limit alpine pastures are covering the whole area. Generally the elevation above the tree limit is devoid of tree growth. Total area covered (in acres) by forests in Dir Kohistan are given below. (DCR, 2010, Wahab et al., 2010). Table 2. Total area covered (in acres) by forests in Dir Kohistan Forest Type Area covered in Acres Percentage Pure deodar forests 517 0.13 Mixed fir and spruce forests 1325 0.35 Mixed deodar, kail, fir and spruce forests 136277 35.98 Shrub oak forests 11917 3.15 Alpine pasture 226387 59.78 Total 100.00 1.7 Agriculture There is scarcity of land, yet 30-35% of the total population of Dir Kohistan practices agriculture in the areas where the land is available. The local farmers use various techniques and chemical fertilizers with the addition of cattle dung on a large scale to get more and more yield from the tiny tracts of soil. The clear and opened forest lands are used for agriculture purposes. Often the dwellers cut the forest and use the land for agriculture purposes. That is why the forest is degrading day by day due to over cutting of forest. The narrow farms and lands, where the plough can not be used are tilled by mattocks. Due to high slope the farmers construct breast walls. The advantages

3 CHAPTER 01 INTRODUCTION

of these walls are to protect the fertility of the soil on one hand and hinder erosion on the other hand. In spite of this hard work of farming, the poor peasants cannot get adequate yields. They routinely migrate to large cities for earning their livelihood (Jan et al., 2010). 1.7.1 Crops season Only Kharif crops are grown in the upper areas of Dir Kohistan while both Kharif and Rabbi Crops are grown in the lower areas of the valley and along the bank side of the river where the land is available. The major crops of Kharif are Maize (Zea mays) and that of Rabbi are Wheat (Triticum species) and Barley (Hordeum vulgare). Wheat and maize are the staple food all over the area. Wheat cannot be grown in some mountainous areas because of low temperature and greater snowfall. (Jan et al., 2010). 1.7.2 Vegetables Most of the population of Dir Kohistan grows various kinds of vegetables such as Potato (Solanum tuberosum), Onion (Allium cepa) and Pumpkin (Cucurbita maxima), Okra (Abelmoscus esculentus), Tori (Lufa aegyptiaca) and Lycopersicon esculentum (Tomato) 1.8 People and their languages Majority of the people of Dir Kohistan are called Kohistanis. The Kohistanis are the main land owner and stack holders of the forest areas. They seldom migrate along with their families to the lower areas of the country. All Kohistanis are believed to be of the same ethnic origin and live in Thal, Lamuti, Kalkot, Patrak etc. The populations of Kohistanis are estimated to be 60,000 to 70,000 in Dir Kohistan and Swat Kohistan (Hamayun, 2005). Kohistani language is spoken in the valley along with other languages like Pushto, Panjabi mixed with Pushto etc. Kohistani is one of about two dozen languages that are spoken in the mountain areas of northern Pakistan (DCR, 1998). Gujar is another ethnic group of Dir Kohistan. They also inhibit in their own lands. The population of Gujars in Dir Kohistan and adjacent localities of Gabral Swat ranges are of few thousands only. They speak their own language Gujri. Gujars spent summer season in upper areas of the Valley while in winter most of them migrate to lower areas of the country along with their families and livestock (DCR, 1998).

4 CHAPTER 01 INTRODUCTION

1.9 RESEARCH TOPIC INTRODUCTION Forest is the main and most important natural resource for maintaining life in both Hindukush and Himalayan ranges (Habibullah, 2010). Although the basic use of these forests are to maintain biodiversity, watershed protection, supply of timber, non-wood forest products, grazing land for domestic animals and environmental protection but the people of this area also depend on the forest for fuel, medicine, live stock rearing and building construction (Khan et al., 2010b). These different types of forests are scattered in both dry and moist parts of the valley. This area has a sub tropical dry temperate forest and also forms an altitudinal belt extended from 975 m to 3000 m altitudinal elevation above the sea level and is of immense importance for the environmental conservation and sustainable development. Topographically District Dir is comprised of high mountains peaks and a number of small and large valleys. The variable topography of the area support luxuriant vegetation ranging from sub-tropical to alpine regions having moist and dry temperate forest types (Champion et al., 1965). These moist and dry temperate areas have a majority of coniferous plants and a number of broad leaved species. The coniferous species are Pinus wallichiana, Pinus roxburghii, Cedrus deodara, Pinus gerardiana, Abies pindrow, Picea smithiana, Taxus wallichiana and Juniperus excelsa etc. while the broad leaved species are Quercus baloot, Olea ferruginea, Ficus palmata, Quercus dilatata and Quercus incana etc. Annual herbs and shrubs with medicinal properties are also associated with these coniferous forests which contribute to the overall diversity of the ecoregion (Habibullah, 2010). Man is dependent on plants since ancient time to care for various ailments and disorders. This interaction of men and plants led to the establishment of conventional knowledge of plant, especially allopathic medicine. (Ahmed et al., 2006). The literature disclosed that more than 12,000 plant species of medicinal value are being used worldwide. It has been reported that about 75 to 90% of population in developing countries depends only on plants as a source of traditional uses (Din, 2006). Even in the developed countries like USA the value of plant based drugs is estimated to be $43000 million (Baig, 2005). The term “Ethno botany” was first suggested by Harshberger (1896) as the use of plants by native peoples (Cotton, 1996). Several workers have explained the indigenous uses of plants prior to introducing of the term “ethnobotany”. The literature survey revealed that Linnaeus in

5 CHAPTER 01 INTRODUCTION

1732 was the pioneer botanist who explored the indigenous uses of plants. His approach towards the indigenous uses of plants was only the interviewing of local people and maintaining the record in his dairy for further research work. According to Harshberger, (1896) a planning was also being devised for the practice of ethnobotanists in twentieth century. Minor changes in the importance have seen through the analysis of recent definitions “ethnobotany is considered to cover all studies which concern with the mutual association between plants and conventional peoples” (Cotton, 1996).The old definitions of ethnobotany is limited to the field of study that of how old people used plants. But in modern knowledge Botanists, Explorers and other people who travel the globe see a plant, recognize it, then categorize and give proper name to the plant according to ICBN for the purposes of scientific work. This resulted many monographs on the cultural group uses of plants. The main focus in such monographs is varied depending upon the specific interest of the person undertaking the study. These initial efforts of ethnobotany are considered as the articulation of colonial economies, thoughts and scheme (Clement, 1998). It is notable that ethnobotany is “focusing on the use of plants by people and the association of plants and people”. Recently several workers like (Balick and Cox 1996; Ford, 1994; Turner, 1995; Cotton, 1996) defined ethnobotany just to use the plants by focusing on the relationship between people and plants. Though, no conformity is present whether the discipline should be focused on all people or some (Cotton, 1996; Cox and Balick, 1996). But neither of the scientists provided a clear argument as to why ethnobotany should be restricted to traditional and indigenous peoples. There is a close association of ethnobotany with other field of Sciences like botany it is the finding of plants to help fight against illness. Botany and medicines have always had close ties. All types of drugs have been derived from various parts of plant. Pharmacognosy is one of the most important sciences of medicinal and toxic products plant sources. In the past pharmacologists researching drugs were required to understand the natural plant world. Physicians were educated in plant medication. In the passage of time the modern medicine and drug research advanced, chemically synthesized drugs replaced plants as the source of most medicinal for a large quantity of drug through industries. Although research in plant sources continued and plants were still used as the basis for some drug development, the dominant interest was shifted to the laboratory (Aljabre, 2005).

6 CHAPTER 01 INTRODUCTION

The herbal drugs are in a good position right from primitive time to the present. The plants pharmacology is as old as man himself. In Pakistan and India first record of plant medicine were compiled in Rig Veda between 4500-1600 BC and Ayurveda between 2500-600 BC. This system derived from Greek medicine, which was first adopted by Arabs and then spread to India and Europe. Approximately 80% population of the world depends on local remedy for health care (Ahmad, 1999). In China, ethnobotany was shown as a science in 1970, the knowledge of ethnobotany was deep-rooted in Chinese culture can be traced back to ancient times in China history (Pie, 2002). Three traditional system of medicine, namely Ayurveda, Siddha and Unani present in India and Pakistan are distinguished. Ethnomedicine is a type of research in an area that deals with medicines derived from plants, animals or minerals and used in for the treatment of different ailments based on indigenous pharmacopia, tradition and of herbal magic. The ethnobotany plays an important role in the natural conservation, culture and in particular, the biological diversity and the diversity of traditional human cultures in the world. In real sense the conservation and biodiversity is linked with one another. The traditional system of knowledge is thousands of years old it not only for medicine and food but also involve strategies for sustainable utilization of plant resources. Ethnobotany as a budding science and vital role in plants improvement and products. The understanding and knowledge of medicinal plants has become an important subject in different parts of the world (Stewart, 1982). The ethnobotanical investigations among ethnic provided new baseline information to the ethnobotanists (Nasir et al., 1971). This baseline information can be utilized in order to improve the economy of the tribal by conducting systematic exploration of forest products (FDC, 1998). In this connection the establishment of pharmaceutical industries especially of herbal drugs is desirable. The present project was carrying out in order to evaluate the ethnobotanical uses of vegetation including herbs, shrubs and trees. Dir Kohistan has a diverse habitat for medicinal plants. However, no extensive study has been undertaken so far to examine the ethnobotanical uses. Similarly some additional information like antimicrobial activities and Taxonomic status has been totally ignored. This chapter describes a brief account of the ethnobotanical work carried out in Pakistan.

7 CHAPTER 01 INTRODUCTION

1.10 LITERATURE RIVEW The ethnobotanical study in Pakistan is still at pioneer stage. In the beginning the ethnobotanical studies carried out in Pakistan were mostly observational and most of the information was carried out by interviewing the local inhabitants. In this prospect Ibrar and Khan, (2000) conducted ethnobotanical studies in Margalla Hill National Park. They reported that the local inhabitants in and around the National Park are dependent on herbal plants since time immemorial. Many plant species were reported which were using by the local inhabitant for different ailments. A similar approach was used by Mujtaba and Khan, (2001) and documented the ethnomedicinal folk recipes that used to cure different disorders in their study area. They approached the knowledgeable people including Hakims, old women and old men who are consider the primary user of medicinal plants. Their work was systematic and helpful in terms of exploration of different plant species used in folk recipes. Addition was made by Rahman et al., (2002) by summarizing the available literature on antidiabetic activities of 343 plant species and described the pharmacological activities of some extracts. Irshad and Buth, (2002) conducted a detailed study of an ancient medical system of the world while Shinwari and Gilani, (2003) focused on plant resources for their conventional uses under in-situ and ex-situ conservation, training of the community regarding collection of medicinal plants and their marketing. They highlighted the ethnobotanical uses of 33 plant species which were being used by the local communities for various diseases. Their study also exposed the suitability of Ephedra gerardiana and Bunium persicum for cultivation in Vitro in order to obtain immediate profits in future. The extreme north area of the country has rich flora and cultural diversity. However, the ethnobotanical information’s regarding these floras in these areas are scanty. Though some fragmentary information’s are available like Qureshi et al., (2005) presented the ethnobotanical uses of different medicinal plants of District Gilgit and adjacent areas, Saqib and Sultan, (2005) conducted a detail ethnobotanical survey in Palas valley, and attempted to sum up the preexisting ethnobotanical information. They collected 139 ethnobotanically important plant species belonging to 72 families. Similarly, Abid et al., (2005) worked on medicinal plants that constituted an excellent source of traditional and modern medicines. Muhammad and Mushtaq, (2005) worked out on ethnobotanical studies of Galliyat area and gathered information about the indigenous ethnobotanical data of 40 plant species belonging to 37 genera of 26 families.

8 CHAPTER 01 INTRODUCTION

Furthermore, Iqbal and Hamayun, (2005) and Hamayun et al., (2005) focused on the ethnobotanical studies of Malam Jabba, Utror and Gabral areas that are located in Pakistan Hindukush region. The main aims of this work are to explore the area ethnobotanically. These workers reported 187 plant species belonging to 75 families from Malam Jabba and 176 species from Utror and Gabral respectively. It is worth to mention that this area is gifted with diverse and unique flora due to proximity of great Himalayas and Karakorum. The local inhabitants in this area are mostly poor, illiterate and depend upon plant resources for their domestic needs. Addition was also made by Hamayun (2005) by exploring the swat Kohistan which is near station to the above mentioned areas. Mushtaq et al., (2005) reported the ethnomedicinal uses of 37 plant species belonging to 23 families of angiosperms. These indigenous plants were used as traditional phytotherapies for the control and treatment of diabetes mellitus. On the other hand Muhammad et al., (2005) worked on the ethnomedicinal systematic exploration of medicinal plants of tribal area of Samahni valley. They discussed various ethnobotanical aspects of plants in their inventory. An extensive survey of medicinal plants was conducted by Muhammad et al., (2006) concentrated on District Swat Hindukush range of Pakistan. They explored the folk knowledge, conservation status and traditional techniques for harvesting of important economically medicinal plants of the area. Ibrar et al., (2007) collected 97 plant species from District Shangla, Ranyal Hills and discussed their local ethnobotanical importance and financial implication for the local communities. Hussain et al., (2007) categorized 111 species of 46 families into dicot (98 species), monocot (11 species) gymnosperms (2 species) in order to evaluate their traditional uses as fodder, medicine, firewood, vegetables and fencing. Suggestions were made for further studies and possible management of natural resources in order to measure the availability of traditionally important medicinal and forage plants. The early study of Abdul and Abro (2007) revealed that National Parks are diverse habitat for different plants species, which are ethnobotanically important. Khirthar National Park of Pakistan which was explored by the above mentioned workers ethnobotanically and reported 50 species of plants which have a significant role in traditional health care system and miscellaneous uses. Salt Range and the adjoining areas located in district Karak was studied by Sultan et al., (2007). They worked on Medicinal plants of salt range belonging to 18 families found in District Karak and its surrounding area has been reported with their ethnomedicinal

9 CHAPTER 01 INTRODUCTION

importance. The exploratory work of Hazrat et al., (2007) revealed that the Timergara valley has 44 plant species out of which 13 plants are diuretic, 14 astringent, 4 tonic, 2 expectorant, 10 stimulant, 6 anthalmintic, 9 antispasmodic, 7 purgative, 5 emollients, 6 laxative, 3 antidyspepsia, 8 antidiarrheal and 2 carminative. Muhammad (2008) reported the ethno medicinal details of the selected plants in Poonch valley Azad Jammu and Kashmir. Jan et al., (2008) worked on the traditional uses of 34 plant species belonging to 26 families in district Dir. They documented certain species which are used for the treatment of diarrhea and dysentery. Ullah et al., (2009). Listed 132 species belonging to 65 families out of which 61 families were angiosperms, 5 Dicot and 7 monocot, 3 families of Pteridophytes and one gymnosperm. Similarly, Muhammad et al., (2009) carried out traditional uses a total of 52 plant species belonging to 45 genera and 30 families that were used by the local communities of District Lakki Marwat for various purposes. Ali and Qaiser (2009) collected information regarding the indigenous uses of 83 medicinal plants in Chitral Valley. Their results disclosed that root and fleshy parts are important for recipes. They suggested that initiative should be taken for conservation of plant resources especially of medicinal plants in Chitral. Jan et al., (2009) added the ethnobotanical information of 04 families of gymnosperms with 11 species from Dir Valleys. Gilani and Tariq, (2009) collect information related to the flora of Northern region and a bit documented record of the important plants. Jan et al., (2009) worked on the local uses, medicinal uses of 25 species belonging to 21 genera of Asteraceae. They reported that Dir has diverse habitats for the growth of various high valued medicinal plants. Which are used as diuretic, painkiller, carminative, febrifuges, anti-inflammatory, aphrodisiac, anthelmintic, cardio tonic, tonic, stomachache, dyspepsia, cough, jaundice, leprosy, asthma, vomiting and ulcers etc. On the other hand Attaullah et al., (2010) and Muhammad (2010) gather ethnobotanical information on different plants in District Bannu and Buner respectively. They reported that both the areas have diverse flora and high ethnobotanical potential. Mohammad et al., (2010), Arshad et al., (2010) studied the traditional uses of economically important medicinal plants of Musakhel and Abbotabad District respectively. They collected a first-hand information on various aspects of Ethnobotany like wounds healing etc of various plants species from tribal communities. However, Ashraf et al., (2010) focused on the ecological conditions and ethnobotanical importance of genus Artemisia from northern areas of Pakistan. Hazrat et al., (2009) worked on the ethnobotanical uses of some important species of

10 CHAPTER 01 INTRODUCTION

Ushai Valley, Similarly Jan et al., (2010) focused on the traditional medicinal uses of weeds from Dir upper. Recently, Khan et al., (2011) discussed the ethnobotanical uses of 31 herbs, shrubs and trees species from Gole National Park Chitral. They reported that Artemisia brevifolia, Rosa webbiana and Artemisia maritime are predominated species and suitable for harvesting while Ferula anthrax and Ephedra gerardiana are vulnerable to harvesting. 1.11 BIOLOGICAL ACTIVITIES In Pakistan the antimicrobial activity is still at pioneer stage therefore, a constant need for new and useful therapeutic agents and also achievable antimicrobial activities, for this purpose mostly by using crude aqueous or alcohol extracts. In this connection, Ahmad et al., (2009) study the antimicrobial activities of some species of Boraginaceae of Hilly area of Malakand University. The primary health care products that are socially acceptable and scientifically valuable, for all human being are studied by (Shandesh et al., 2009). Additional work was conducted by Masood et al., (2001) worked on the phytochemical isolation of compound from the whole plant of Anemone obtusiloba the plant body crushed and then used for isolation, the compound isolated was obtusilobinin and obtusilobin, Two new saponins, have been isolated from the ethanolic extract of Anemone obtusiloba of Ranunculaceae. Raza et al., (2001) crushed out the dried roots of Delphinium denudatum the extract obtained was used as a folk remedy for the treatment of epilepsy. The other workers also highlight the same method of activities like Gilani et al., (2001) worked on Nigella sativa seeds for the healing of a variety of diseases including asthma, diarrhea, spasmolytic and bronchodilator activities were also found. Similarly the work of Abdul et al., (2005) also emphasized upon the sensitivity of the crude extracts of Clerodendrum inerme against some of the human pathogenic bacteria. Five plant extracts (Petrol, Benzene, Methanol, Ethyl acetate and Aqueous) under six different concentrations (500μg/ml, 1mg/ml, 2mg/ml, 5mg/ml, 10mg/ml and 15mg/ml) were tested by disk diffusion method. It this regard Abdel and Aly, (2005) reported that Nigella sativa and Syzygium aromaticum oil are used for the treatment of inflammatory diseases and have antioxidant properties. Taous et al., (2005) carried out the methanolic extract derived from the whole plants of Paeonia emodi for various in vitro biological activities including antifungal, antibacterial and insecticidal. Shaheen et al., (2005) collected the aerial parts of Aconitum leave and were tested for anti-inflammatory, antioxidant activity. Similarly the leaf of Aloe vera antimicrobial activities were tested by

11 CHAPTER 01 INTRODUCTION

(Agarry et al., 2005). The medicinal plants pectoral guide of Pakistan was written and published by Shinwari et al., (2006) highlight 466 medicinal plants in their book. The antiparasitic activity of Nigella sativa was reported by (Ayaz et al., 2007). Some workers focused on the chemical constituents of Geranium wallichianum and test for the antioxidant potential (Mohammad et al., 2009). Some navel work was presented by Noor et al., (2010) studied the Methanolic extracts of various medicinal plants like Thuja occidentalis, Vernonia anthelmintica, Dryopteris chrysocom and Trachyspermum ammi all were tested In vitro for their antibacterial and antifungal activities and indicated that has potent activity against all microorganisms. Abalaka et al., (2010) studied the antimicrobial effects of ethanolic extracts of leaves of two species of genus Ziziphus jujube, Ziziphus nummularia were determined against six bacteria and fungi and show strong inhibitory concentration.

12 CHAPTER 01 INTRODUCTION

1.12 AIMS AND OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY As the name indicates the prime objective of the work is to study the Taxo-ethnobotanical status of the plants present in the study area of Dir Kohistan. The need for the study can be explained by the literature sited for this purpose. The literature study shows that some fragmentary work has been done about the Taxo-ethnobotanical survey and anti-microbial activities of medicinal plants of other parts but this area is still virgin and needs explanatory and elaborate study. It is also worth mentioning that the said region has a great potential for the indigenous knowledge of the flora. The traditional societies are degenerating with the passage of time. It was therefore necessary to elaborate plant resources and preserve traditional knowledge. The aims and objectives of the present study were outlined below. 1. Exploration, collection, identification, botanical description of the local flora of Dir Kohistan valley. 2. To find out the ethnobotanical study of the selected medicinal plants. 3. Antibacterial activities of the crude extract of the selected medicinal plants.

13 CHAPTER 02 MATERIALS AND METHODS

MATERIALS AND METHODS 2.1 Plane of work For the present work literature survey was conducted during April 2006 to January 2007 while exploration for the study of Taxo-ethnobotany was done during February to September 2008-2010. Further Anti-microbial activities of the selected plants were carried out in the laboratory Department of Botany University of Malakand and HEJ research lab Karachi University. The project was completed in two phases. In the first phase field trips for the data collection were arranged while in the second phase documentation of the data was done. 2.2 Area Exploration The field exploration includes observation, guided walks and interviews to obtain the data regarding the current research project. Several exploratory trips were arranged to the un-explored area of Dir kohistan for the purpose to document the Taxo-ethnobotanical knowledge and floral diversity of plants in the valley i.e. Dog Dara, Gwaldai, Jaz Banda, Sheringal, Shahoor etc. 2.3 Data Collection Several visits were arranged to different villages/sites to collect data for the folk uses of the plants growing in the close vicinity of the stack holders of the research area. During visits local communities/stack holders were interviewed and questionnaires were distributed. Due to illiteracy they were asked questions and the reply was then incorporated in the questioners. GPS (Global Position System) was also used for the finding the elevation of various sites during data collection. The questionnaires of the study is given in (Appendix-I) at the end of this dissertation. 2.4 Photography The pictures of selected plants were taken during flowering seasons. The camera was used is Hp-6 mega pixel digital. The pictures were arranged family wise. The picture were modified in ACDC 8.0 version software and arranged accordingly. Voucher numbers were given to all collected specimens and given to the pictures in the table for easy access in future. The plants of different families were arranged in the (Table: 03-04). According to the flora of Pakistan published pamphlet (Ali & Qaiser, 1995, Stewart, 1972)

14 CHAPTER 02 MATERIALS AND METHODS

2.5 Collection and Preparation of Herbarium Specimen Collection of the field is a simple procedure. It needs only a careful handling of the selected specimens. The different equipments used for field collection were Digger, pruning knife, polythene bags, field note books, plant presser and folders. After complete collection and pressing each and every specimen was poisoned with the help of Naphthalene powder, mercuric chloride and carbolic soap to protect it from the infection of insects, fungi, and other microorganisms. After poisoning, each specimen was mounted on the herbarium sheet of the standard size of 11 ½ by 16 ½ inches. Each specimen was then labeled according to the available information and was preserved in the herbarium of University of Malakand for future use. 2.6 Anti-Microbial Activities The term biological/anti microbial activities means to describe the beneficial or ill effects of a drug on living organisms. For this purpose some of the plants (25 in numbers) were taken and tested for finding their antibacterial activity. The detail information of the part used are hereby given in (Table-16). Procedure for crude extraction, isolation, microbes, selection and its activities are given below. 2.6.1 Isolation of Crude Extract Each part of the plant like root, Stem, Leaf and flower was dried in shade. The part taken was subsequently grinded into pieces with the help of grinder under aseptic condition. 200gm grinded part of each sample was soaked in commercial/analytical grade aqueous methanol (3x 1L) for 48 hrs at 34Co / room temperature, for maximum extraction. After 48 hrs samples soaked in methanol were filtered with nylone cloths with fine pores for the removal of the debris and isolation of extract. This filtration was further repeated by using filter paper to obtain the best particles of the extract. The filtrate obtained from each sample was further process to vacuum evaporator for further concentration of the filtrate at 40 °C. Then all fractions are concentrated and transferred to glass vials with a screw cap. These were then labeled accordingly. 2.6.2 Antibacterial Assays For Antibacterial Assays Agar well diffusion method was used for the screening of extract.

15 CHAPTER 02 MATERIALS AND METHODS

2.6.3 Materials The organisms used for anti-microbial activities were (Staphylococcus aureus, Echerichia coli, Salmonella typhi, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Bacillus subtilus, Shigella flexenari). Other required material were Nutrient Broth, Petri dishes (14 cm), Micropipette (100 µl), Sterile metallic borer (6 mm), DMSO (Dimethyl sulphoxide), Incubator, Standard antibiotic (Ciprofloxacin) and Test sample (Crude extract). 2.6.4 Procedure 1) For the preparation of nutrient broth, 0.8gms of nutrient broth and 100mL distilled water were taken. The broth was dissolved and dispensed (approx 3 ml nutrient broths) in screw-capped test tubes. It was then autoclaved at 121°C for 15 min and refrigerated subsequently. 2) Cruds extract doses range from 3.1 mg/mL of DMSO (Dimethyl sulphoxide) was taken. 3) The single colony of bacterial culture was inoculated in nutrient broth at 34°C for 25 hrs. 4) Spongy agar tube was taken, melted and cooled up to 40°C, and then 10 µl of fresh bacterial culture was added and It was shaken well. 5) The bacterial culture was then fallen on to the nutrient agar containing plate. 6) The plate was stirred to make even distribution of the culture, allowed solidifying the lawn. 8) Sterile borers were used for making 6 mm-diameters well and then the wells were marked with sample code. 9) According to the bacterial culture. 100μL of sample was added in respective agar well plate. 10) The other wells were supplemented with DMSO and standard antibacterial drug serving as positive and negative control. 11) The plates were then incubated at 30°C for time duration of 24 hrs. Next day the result was noted in terms of zone of inhibition in mm.

16 CHAPTER 02 MATERIALS AND METHODS

Criteria # Zone of inhibition Activity result 1 01 No activity 2 9-12 mm Non significant 3 13-15 mm Low activity 4 16-18 mm Good activity 5 >18 mm Significant activity

2.7 Data Analysis The informations obtained during field survey were analyzed and documented. The plants collected were properly pressed, preserved and documented in comparison with the available literature and already preserved specimens. The ethnobotanical data was arranged and confirmed through the existing available data. The ethnobotanical inventory includes scientific names, vernacular name, family and description. Thus the local people perception regarding plants resources, their use and analysis of some selected medicinal plants for anti-microbial activities of the selected flora was also documented.

17 CHAPTER 03 RESULTS

RESULTS

3.1 DIVERSITY OF GYMNOSPERMS AND ANGIOSPERMS The study area is lush green with a variety of species, belonging to Angiosperm, Gymnosperm and other groups of plants. The Medicinal plants are much more common. People everywhere in the area are familiar with its cultivation, usage and any toxic effect. Due to this reason the Valley was explored for the first time and all the available data of plants were documented. Detail of the collected plants is given in the table 03-04. The Gymnosperm is represented by 11 species belonging to 8 genera and 03 families while the Angiosperm is represented by 458 species belonging to 291 genera and 98 families. Family Asteraceae is the leading one with 45 species followed by Ranunculaceae 33, Rosaceae 30, Fabaceae 27, Lamiaceae 25, Poaceae 20, Apiaceae 17, Brassicaceae 16 and Scrophulariaceae with 10 species. The family Asteraceae has members in all most all parts of the valley which shows its wide ecological amplitude.

18 CHAPTER 03 RESULTS

Table: 03 Check list of 3 families of Gymnosperm plants collected from Dir Kohistan Valley 182. PINACEAE S.No Voucher.No Botanical Name Vernacular Name Research Area 1 55 Abies pindrow Royle Partal Kumrat, Dogdara 2 80 Cedrus deodara (Roxb. ex D. Don) G.Don Diyar Sheringal, Sunderae, Lamutai, Janus candio, Dogdara 3 99 Picea smithiana (Wall.) Boiss. Kachhal Kumrat, Sheringal, Dogdara 4 15 Pinus roxburghii Sargent Nakhtar Dogdara, Sheringal, Sunderae, Lamutai, Janus candio 5 40 Pinus wallichiana A.B. Jackson Sraf Sheringal, Dogdara, Sunderae, Lamutai, Janus candio 6 28 Pinus gerardiana Wall. ex. Lamb Chalgoza Janus kando, Dogdara, Sunderae, Lamutai, Janus candio, 184. CUPRESSACEAE S.No Voucher.No Botanical Name Vernacular Name Research Area 1 506 Thuja orientalis L. Sarva Cultivated 2 598 Cupressus sempervirens L. Saro Cultivated 3 77 Juniperus communis L. Butyara Kumrat, Dogdara, Sunderae, Lamutai 4 1004 Juniperus excelsa M. Bieb Botyara Kumrat,badar kanay, Badgoay. 185. TAXACEAE S.No Voucher.No Botanical Name Vernacular Name Research Area 1 85 Taxus wallichiana Zucc. Belanzai Shahoor, Dogdara, Sunderae, Lamutai, Janus candio

19 CHAPTER 03 RESULTS

Table: 04 Check list of 98 families of Angiosperm plants distributed in Dir Kohistan Valley 2. HAMAMELIDACEAE S.No Voucher.No Botanical Name Vernacular Name Research Area 1 561 Parrotiopsis jacquemontiana (Dcne.) Rehder Beranj Common 4. OXALIDACEAE S.No Voucher.No Botanical Name Vernacular Name Research Area 1 977 Oxalis corniculata L. Threwakay Common 12. THYMELAEACEAE S. No Voucher.No Botanical Name Vernacular Name Research Area 1. 967 Daphne mucronata Royle Leghonae Sia sheringal, Dogdara, Janus candio 14. JUGLANDACEAE S. No Voucher.No Botanical Name Vernacular Name Research Area 1 937 Juglans regia L. Ghoze Common (wild/cultivated) 17. MELIACEAE S.No Voucher.No Botanical Name Vernacular Name Research Area 1 947 Melia azedarach L. Tora Bakayna Common in lower parts of the valley Shandai 20. APIACEAE S.No Voucher.No Botanical Name Vernacular Name Research Area 1 564 Anethum graveolens L. Sowah Dogdara, Sunderae, Lamutai, Janus candio 2 897 Angelica archangelica L. Var. himalaica Derae pana Kumrat, Dogdara, Sunderae, Lamutai, Janus (Clarke) candio 3 907 Angelica glauca Edgew. Kathmana Kumrat, dojanga, Dogdara 4 996 Bupleurum falcatum L. Nil Dogdara, Sheringal, Sunderae, Lamutai, Janus candio 5 887 Bupleurum longicaule Wall. Ex DC. Nil Sheringal, Dogdara, Sheringal, Lamutai, Janus candio 6 986 Carum carvi L. Sperkai Kumrat, Smang 7 566 Chaerophyllum reflexum Lindl. Nil Guldae, Dogdara, Sunderae, Lamutai, Janus candio 8 567 Coriandrum sativum L. Dania Cultivated 9 946 Eryngium coeruleum M-Bieb. Tha Manzari Common Mangwal 10 568 Foeniculum vulgare Mill. Kagah Cutivated 11 926 Pimpinella acuminata (Edgew.) Nil Thall, Dogdara, Sheringal 12 1007 Pleurospermum candollei (DC.) Nil Jaz banda

20 CHAPTER 03 RESULTS

13 906 Scandix pectin-veneris L. Shana butaey Common 14 896 Torilis japonica (Houtt.) DC. Shankaey Shahoor, Dogdara, Sheringal, Sunderae, Lamutai, Janus candio 15 570 Torilis leptophylla (L.) Reichb. f. Shankaey Janus, Dogdara, Sheringal, Sunderae, Lamutai 16 886 Torilis nodosa (L.) Gaertn. Shankaey Kumrat, Dogdara, Sheringal, Sunderae, Lamutai, Janus candio 17 876 Trachyspermum ammi (L.) Sprague Sperkai Kumrat, Dogdara, Sheringal, Sunderae 21. LINACEAE S.No Voucher.No Botanical Name Vernacular Name Research Area 1 972 Reinwardtia trigyna (Roxb.) Planch. Nil Kumrat, Dogdara, Sheringal, Sunderae, Lamutai, Janus candio 23. PLATANACEAE S.No Voucher.No Botanical Name Vernacular Name Research Area 1 964 Platanus orientalis L. Chinar Common in lower and middle parts of the valley 27. GROSSULARIACEAE S. No Voucher.No Botanical Name Vernacular Name Research Area 1. 963 Ribes alpestre Dcne. Kag Dakh Thall, Dogdara, Sheringal, Sunderae 2. 578 Ribes orientale Desf. Nil Kumrat, Dogdara, Sunderae, Lamutai, Janus candio 32. HYPERICACEAE S.No Voucher.No Botanical Name Vernacular Name Research Area 1. 934 Hypericum dyeri Rehder Shin Chai Sheringal, Dogdara, Sheringal, Sunderae, Lamutai, Janus candio 2. 828 Hypericum perforatum L. Shin Chai Lamutae, Dogdara, Lamutai, Janus candio 3. 837 Hypericum oblongifolium Choisy Sharan Gulab Barikot, Dogdara, Sunderae, Lamutai, Janus candio 37. DATISCACEAE S. No Voucher.No Botanical Name Vernacular Name Research Area 1 825 Datisca cannabina L. Kalbari Sunderae, Dogdara, Sheringal, Sunderae, Lamutai, Janus candio

21 CHAPTER 03 RESULTS

36. MIMOSACEAE S.No Voucher.No Botanical Name Vernacular Name Research Area 1 970 Acacia modesta Wall. Palosa Sheringal, patrak 2 577 Acacia farnesiana (Linn.) Willd. Kikar Kalkot, Dogdara, Sheringal, Sunderae, Lamutai, Janus candio 39. SAPINDACEAE S.No Voucher.No Botanical Name Vernacular Name Research Area 1 953 Dodonaea viscosa (L.) Jacq. Ghworaskay Patrak, Dogdara, Sunderae, Lamutai, Janus candio 44. CANNABACEAE S. No Voucher.No Botanical Name Vernacular Name Research Area 1. 688 Cannabis sativa L. Bhang, Bung Common 51. PORTULACACEAE S.No Voucher.No Botanical Name Vernacular Name Research Area 1 224 Portulaca oleracea L. Warkharay Sheringal, Dogdara, Sunderae, Lamutai, Janus candio 52. POLYGALACEAE S.No Voucher.No Botanical Name Vernacular Name Research Area 1. 751 Polygala abyssinica R. Br. ex Fresen Odegula Sheringal, Dogdara 53. DIOSCORACEAE S. No Voucher.No Botanical Name Vernacular Name Research Area 1. 884 Dioscorea deltoidea Wall. Ex Kunth Kanis, Konal Shahoor, Sheringal, Kumrat 54. CAESALPINIACEAE S.No Voucher.No Botanical Name Vernacular Name Research Area 1 827 Caesalpinia decapetala (Roth) Alston Jara Shahoor, Sunderae, Lamutai, Janus candio

22 CHAPTER 03 RESULTS

55. BRASSICACEAE S. No Voucher.No Botanical Name Vernacular Name Research Area 1. 505 Alliaria petiolata (M.Bieb.) Cav. & Grande Spengulae Shahoor, Dogdara, Sheringal, Sunderae, Lamutai, Janus candio 2. 893 Arabidopsis himalaica (Edgew.) Schulz Sfenaponga Kumrat, Dogdara, Sheringal, Sunderae, Lamutai, Janus candio 3. 504 Capsella bursa-pastoris (L.) Medik. Bambesa Common 4. 864 Cardamine loxostemonoides O.E. Schulz Sharshamaey Sheringal, Sunderae, Lamutai, Janus candio 5. 833 Cardamine impatiens L. Sharshamaey Sheringal, Dogdara, Sunderae, Lamutai, Janus candio 6. 941 Coronopus didymus (L.) Smith Gandabotae Common 7. 805 Erysimum melicentae Dunn Zergulaey Shahoor, Dogdara, Sheringal, Sunderae, Lamutai, Janus candio 8. 983 Isatis costata C. A. Mey. Tora pana Sheringal, Dogdara 9. 807 Lepidium pinnatifidum Ledeb. Nil Dogdara, Sheringal, Sunderae, Lamutai, Janus candio 10. 993 Lepidium sativum Linn. Halam Sheringal, Dogdara, Lamutai, Janus candio 11. 844 Nasturtium officinale R. Br. Tarmira Common in or near by water shore 12. 982 Sisymbrium irio Linn. Jnjan Sheringal, Dogdara 13. 992 Thlapsi kotschyanum Boiss. & Hohen. Mandanaey Sheringal, Dogdara 14. 834 Thlapsi cochleariforme DC. Thurapana Gujarokus, Dogdara, Sheringal, Sunderae, Lamutai 15. 920 Thlapsi perfoliatum L. Barscana Sunderae, Dogdara, Sheringal Lamutai, Janus candio 16. 742 Thlapsi andersonii (H. & T.) O.E. Schulz Halamana Sheringal, Dogdara, Sheringal, Sunderae 56. BUDDLEJACEAE S. No Voucher.No Botanical Name Vernacular Name Research Area 1. 792 Buddleja crispa Bth. Booi Kumrat, thall 57. PODOPHYLLACEAE S.No Voucher.No Botanical Name Vernacular Name Research Area 1. 733 Podophyllum emodi Wall. ex Royle Gangora, Kakorra Kumrat, Janus, Dogdara, Sheringal, Sunderae, Lamutai

23 CHAPTER 03 RESULTS

59. OLEACEAE S.No Voucher.No Botanical Name Vernacular Name Research Area 1. 843 Jasminum humile L. Rambel Chambel Cultivated 2. 741 Jasminum officinale L. Ziar Rambel Chambel Cultivated 3. 723 Olea ferruginea Royle Khona Common 61. PAPAVERACEAE S.No Voucher.No Botanical Name Vernacular Name Research Area 1. 501 Papaver somniferum L. Khash-khash Rarely Cultivated but now extinct due to the ban 2. 761 Papaver dubium L. Redegulaey Dogdara, Sheringal 3. 1002 Papaver hybridum L. Redegulay Sheringal 62. PLANTAGINACEAE S.No Voucher.No Botanical Name Vernacular Name Research Area 1 713 Plantago major L. Ispaghol Ghata Jabai Sheringal, Dogdara, Sunderae, Lamutai 2 932 Plantago himalaica Pilger Guja Sheringal, cham, chinaran 3 833 Plantago lanceolata L. Baltanga Jabai Sheringal, Sunderae, Lamutai, Janus candio 4 922 Plantago ovata Forssk. Wara Jabai Only in cultivation 65. BUXACEAE S. No Voucher.No Botanical Name Vernacular Name Research Area 1. 804 Buxus wallichiana Baill Shamshad Sia Sheringal, Dogdara, Sunderae, Lamutai, Janus candio 2. 912 Sarcococca saligna (D. Don) Muell.- Ladora, Laden Ladanr Kumrat, Kasura Arg. 67. MORINACEAE S.No Voucher.No Botanical Name Vernacular Name Research Area 1 1014 Morina coulteriana Royle Gana Jaz Banda 68. ALISMATACEAE S. No Voucher No Botanical Name Vernacular Name Research Area 1. 833 Sagittaria trifolia L. Taqae Kumrat, Dogdara, Sheringal, Sunderae, Lamutai, Janus candio 2. 902 Alisma plantago- aquatica Linn. Nil Sheringal, Dogdara, Sunderae, Lamutai, Janus candio

24 CHAPTER 03 RESULTS

71. AMARANTHACEAE S. No Voucher.No Botanical Name Vernacular Name Research Area 1. 823 Achyranthes bidentata Blume. Spay Bootay Puthkanda, Buch Common Kanda 2. 1011 Achyranthes aspera Linn. Gishkay Sheringal, Dogdara, Sunderae, Lamutai, Janus candio 3. 882 Celosia argentea L. Nil Kumrat,Thall, Dogdara, Sheringal 4. 813 Amaranthus caudatus L. Chalwaye Common 5. 892 Amaranthus spinosus L. Ganakae Common 6. 900 Amaranthus viridis L. Ganrkar Common 73. FUMARIACEAE S.No Voucher.No Botanical Name Vernacular Name Research Area 1 684 Corydalis govaniana Wall. Mammemra, Desi mamera Sheringal, Dogdara 2 674 Corydalis diphylla Wall. Mamera wara Sheringal, Dogdara, Sheringal, Sunderae, Lamutai 3 803 Corydalis stewartii Fedde. Mamera Kumrat, Dogdara, Sheringal 4 872 Fumaria indica (Hausskn.) Pugsley Papra Common 76. ZYGOPHYLLACEAE S. No Voucher.No Botanical Name Vernacular Name Research Area 1. 870 Tribulus terrestris L. Markundai Common 77. VERBENACEAE S.No Voucher.No Botanical Name Vernacular Name Research Area 1. 714 Verbena officinalis L. Oudey Sheringal, Sunderae, Lamutai, Janus candio 2. 1024 Phyla nodiflora (L.) Nil Sheringal, Lamutai, Janus candio 3. 1025 Vitex negundo L. Marwandae Sheringal, patrak 78. LYTHRACEAE S.No Voucher.No Botanical Name Vernacular Name Research Area 1. 675 Woodfordia fruticosa (L.) S. Kurz Dhawai Patiobanda, Dogdara, Sheringal 82. HIPPOCASTANACEAE S.No Voucher.No Botanical Name Vernacular Name Research Area 1 455 Aesculus indica (Wall. Ex Camb.) Hk. F. Jawaz Kumrat, Dogdara, Sheringal, Sunderae, Lamutai

25 CHAPTER 03 RESULTS

83. ALLIACEAE S. No Voucher.No Botanical Name Vernacular Name Research Area

1. 784 Allium tuberosum Rottler ex Spreng. Dayag Piyaz Guldae, Dogdara, Sheringal, Sunderae, Lamutai, Janus candio 2. 773 Allium cepa L. Piaz Common 3. 703 Allium sativum L. Ooga Common 4. 793 Allium humile Kunth Zangali Piyaz Patrak, Sunderae, Lamutai, Janus candio 5. 694 Allium jacquemontii Kunth Zangah Paiz Sheringal, Dogdara, Sheringal 84. COMMELINACEAE S. No Voucher No Botanical Name Vernacular Name Research Area 1. 794 Commelina benghalensis L. Nil Sheringal, Dogdara, Sheringal, Sunderae, Lamutai 86. ARALIACEAE S.No Voucher No Botanical Name Vernacular Name Research Area 1. 214 Hedera nepalensis K. Koch Palul Zelai, Parwata Sia Sheringal, Dogdara, Sheringal, Sunderae, Lamutai, Janus candio 87. BERBERIDACEAE S.No Voucher.No Botanical Name Vernacular Name Research Area 1 683 Berberis lycium Royle Kwarai, Speen Kwaray Common 2 673 Berberis pseudumbellata Parker ssp Patrak, Dogdara pseudumbellata 88. CORNACEAE S.No Voucher.No Botanical Name Vernacular Name Research Area 1 818 Cornus macrophylla Wall. Kandar Shahoor, Dogdara, Sheringal, Sunderae, Lamutai 89. MYRSINACEAE S.No Voucher.No Botanical Name Vernacular Name Research Area 1 846 Myrsine africana L. Marorang Sheringal, Dogdara, Sunderae, Lamutai, Janus candio

26 CHAPTER 03 RESULTS

92. ACERACEAE S.No Voucher.No Botanical Name Vernacular Name Research Area 1 712 Acer caesium Wall. Ex Brandis Chinaranga Kumrat, Dogdara, Sunderae, Lamutai, Janus candio 2 463 Acer cappadocicum Gled. Chinaranga Thall, Dogdara, Sunderae, Lamutai, Janus candio 94. DIPSACACEAE S. No Voucher.No Botanical Name Vernacular Name Research Area 1. 453 Scabiosa candollei DC. Nil Sheringal, Dogdara, Sunderae 95. BETULACEAE S.No Voucher.No Botanical Name Vernacular Name Research Area 1 731 Betula utilis D. Don. Braj Kumrat, Dogdara, Sunderae 2 721 Alnus nitida (Spach) Endl. Girae Sheringal, Dogdara, Sunderae, Lamutai 100. FABACEAE S. No Voucher.No Botanical Name Vernacular Name Research Area 1. 415 Astragalus pyrrhotrichus Boiss. Mamol Sheringal, Dogdara, Sunderae 2. 434 Astragalus anisacanthus Boiss. Mamol Kumrat, Dogdara 3. 695 Astragalus graveolens Buch.-Ham. ex Bth. Kach mamol Sheringal, Sunderae, Lamutai, Janus candio 4. 425 Astragalus psilocentros Fisch. Mamol Kumrat, Sunderae, Lamutai, Janus candio 5. 395 Crotolaria juncea L. Nil Sunderai , Dogdara, Sheringal 6. 692 Desmodium elegans DC. Chamkat Thall, Dogdara, Sunderae 7. 443 Desmodium podocarpum DC. Chamra Dojanga, Dogdara, Sunderae, Lamutai, Janus candio 8. 715 Indigofera heterantha Wall. ex Brandis var. Ghwaraja Shahoor , Dogdara, Sheringal, gerardiana (Wall. ex Baker) Ali Sunderae, Lamutai, Janus candio 9. 725 Indigofera heterantha Wall. Ex Brandis Ghwaraja Common var. heterantha 10. 414 Lathyrus cicera L. Wara Chilo Thall, shahoor 11. 862 Lathyrus humilis (Ser.) Fischer ex Juga Shahoor, Dogdara Sprengel. 12. 842 Lathyrus aphaca L Spera bota Kumrat 13. 672 Lathyrus sativus L. Ghata Chilo Kumrat, Dogdara 14. 682 Lathyrus pratensis L. Ziara Chilo Thall, Patiobanda 15. 735 Medicago laciniata (L.) Mill. Var laciniata Shpeshtarae Sheringal, Dogdara 27 CHAPTER 03 RESULTS

16. 745 Medicago lupulina L. Shepesther Sheringal, Dogdara, Sunderae, Lamutai 17. 755 Medicago minima (L.) Grufb. Kach spester Sheringal, Kumrat 18. 404 Medicago polymorpha L. Nil Sia sheringal, Dogdara 19. 850 Rubinia pseudoacacia L. Kikar Patrak, Dogdara 20. 384 Sophora mollis (Royle) Baker ssp mollis Badaga Shahoor, Dogdara, Lamutai, Janus candio 21. 364 Trifolium repens L. Shaftal Sheringal, Dogdara 22. 931 Trifolium resupinatum L. Shaftal kach Shahoor 23. 921 Trigonella emodi Both. Nil Sheringal 24. 911 Trigonella foenum-graecum L. Malkhuzay Sheringal, Dogdara 25. 891 Vicia faba L. Marghai Khpa Sheringal, Dogdara, Sunderae, Lamutai, Janus candio 26. 344 Vicia monantha Retz. Marekpa Sheringal, Dogdara, Sunderae, 27. 354 Vicia hirsute (L.) S.F.Grey Mardikakh Shahoor, Dogdara, Sheringal, Sunderae, Lamutai, Janus candio 101. VALERIANACEAE S.No Voucher.No Botanical Name Vernacular Name Research Area 1. 383 Valeriana himalayana Grub. Muskebala Kumrat, Dogdara, Sheringal, Sunderae, Lamutai, Janus candio 2. 334 Valeriana jatamansi Jones Shingatai Sia Sheringal, Dogdara, Sheringal, Sunderae, Lamutai, Janus candio 102. PUNICACEAE S.No Voucher.No Botanical Name Vernacular Name Research Area 1 342 Punica granatum L. Anar, Nangorray Common 104. FAGACEAE S. No Voucher.No Botanical Name Vernacular Name Research Area 1 711 Quercus baloot Griffth. Serai Kumrat, Dogdara, Sheringal, Sunderae, Lamutai, Janus candio 2 701 Quercus dilatata Royle Tor Boanj Jaran Sheringal, Dogdara, Sunderae, Lamutai, Janus candio 3 681 Quercus incana Roxb. Spin Bonj Sheringal, Dogdara, Sunderae, Lamutai, Janus candio

28 CHAPTER 03 RESULTS

108. SAXIFRAGACEAE S. No Voucher.No Botanical Name Vernacular Name Research Area 1 353 Bergenia ciliate (Haw.) Sternb. Makanpath, Gat Panra Common 2 471 Bergenia stracheyi (Hk.f. & Thoms.) Engl. Gat Panra Common 109. CELASTRACEAE S. No Voucher.No Botanical Name Vernacular Name Research Area 1. 462 Maytenus royleanus (Wall. ex Lawson) Cuf. Sorazgaey Ganshal, Dogdara, Sheringal, Sunderae, Lamutai, Janus candio 115. NYCTAGINACEAE S.No Voucher.No Botanical Name Vernacular Name Research Area 1. 194 Mirabilis jalapa L. Gule Bada Cultivated 116. EBENACEAE S. No Voucher.No Botanical Name Vernacular Name Research Area 1. 461 Diospyros kaki L. Persimon Commonly cultivated 2. 343 Diospyros lotus L. Amlok Commonly cultivated 120. ARACEAE S. No Voucher.No Botanical Name Vernacular Name Research Area 1. 452 Arisaema flavum (Forsk.) Schott Mergai Sheringal, Dogdara 2. 442 Arisaema jacquemontii Blume Wara Marjarai Zahar Dogdara, Sheringal, Sunderae, Lamutai, Janus Booty candio 3. 422 Sauromatum venosum (Ait.) Schott. Mar Jarai Shahoor, Dogdara, Sheringal, Sunderae, Lamutai, Janus candio 121. PAEONIACEAE S.No Voucher.No Botanical Name Vernacular Name Research Area 1. 412 Paeonia emodi Wall. ex Royle Mammekh Common 123. SAMBUCACEAE S.No Voucher.No Botanical Name Vernacular Name Research Area 1. 358 Sambucus wightiana Wall. Ex Wight & Nil Kumrat, Dogdara, Sheringal, Sunderae, Arn. Lamutai, Janus candio 125. COLCHICACEAE S.No Voucher.No Botanical Name Vernacular Name Research Area 1. 678 Colchicum luteum Baker Suranjan/Ziargulae Sheringal, Dogdara

29 CHAPTER 03 RESULTS

126. CONVOLVULACEAE S. No Voucher.No Botanical Name Vernacular Name Research Area 1. 402 Ipomoea purpurea (L.) Roth. Sraperwathka Sheringal, patio banda, patark 2. 765 Convolvulus arvensis L. Sahar Gulai, Priwathai Common 130. MALVACEAE S. No Voucher.No Botanical Name Vernacular Name Research Area 1. 144 Hibiscus syriacus L. Biscuit Cultivated 2. 155 Malva neglecta Wall. Panerak Thall, Dogdara, Sheringal, Sunderae, Lamutai, Janus candio 3. 134 Malva sylvestris L. Samchal, Panerak Cultivated 4. 1022 Alcea rosea L. Manjela Cultivated 132. RUTACEAE S.No Voucher.No Botanical Name Vernacular Name Research Area 1. 110 Citrus aurantium L. Khati Cultivated 2. 121 Citrus reticulata Blanco Kino Cultivated 3. 132 Citrus sinensis (L.) Osbeck Malta Cultivated 4. 143 Skimmia laureola (DC.) Sieb. & Zucc. Ex Nazarpanra, Nazarzela Doganga, Kumrat Walp. 5. 154 Zanthoxylum armatum DC. Dambara Common in the lower and middle parts of the valley 133. BALSAMINACEAE S. No Voucher.No Botanical Name Vernacular Name Research Area 1. 451 Impatiens bicolor Royle Writh Athrang Dogdara, Samang 2. 441 Impatiens brachycentra Kar. & Kir. Spin Athrang Kasura , Dogdara 3. 385 Impatiens edgeworthii Hook. F. Ziar Athrang Laredoge, Ganshal 4. 375 Impatiens flemingii Hook. F. Gulabi Athrang Gugarokus, Dogdara 134. AMARYLLIDACEAE S.No Voucher.No Botanical Name Vernacular Name Research Area 1. 122 Narcissus tazetta L. Gule-Nargas Common as pot plants in graveyard 137. URTICACEAE S.No Voucher.No Botanical Name Vernacular Name Research Area 1. 101 Debregeasia salicifolia (D. Don) Rendle Alegai Common 2. 458 Urtica dioica L. Sayza-oonkay, Lawane Common Sezoonkae Jalbang 3. 500 Urtica pilulifera L. Sezoonkae Common

30 CHAPTER 03 RESULTS

140. RHAMNACEAE S.No Voucher.No Botanical Name Vernacular Name Research Area 1 60 Sageretia thea (Osbeck) Mamanra Sheringal 2 348 Ziziphus jujuba Mill. Markhanai University campus 3 338 Ziziphus nummularia (Burm. f.) Wight & Kurkanda Sheringal Arn. 4 328 Ziziphus mauritiana Lamk. Karkanra Sheringal 5 318 Ziziphus oxyphylla Edgew. Walanae Sheringal 143. POACEAE S.No Voucher.No Botanical Name Vernacular Name Research Area 1 303 Agrostis munroana Aitch. & Hemsl. Wakha Sheringal, Dogdara, Sheringal 2 293 Agrostis viridis Gouan Paskaley Kumrat, Dogdara, Sheringal, Sunderae 3 283 Aristida adscensionis L. Mashkar Shahoor, Dogdara, Sheringal 4 273 Aristida cyanantha Nees ex Steud. Mashaanrae Shahoor, Dogdara, Sheringal, Sunderae, Lamutai 5 263 Aristida mutabilis Trin. & Rupr. Mashkana Ganshal, Dogdara, Sheringal, Sunderae 6 253 Arundo donax L. Durma Junkae, Dogdara, Sunderae, Lamutai, Janus candio 7 243 Avena fatua L. Gamdari Sheringal, Dogdara, Sunderae 8 203 Bothriochloa bladhii (Retz.) S.T. Blake Wakha Gujarkus, Dogdara, Sheringal, Sunderae, Lamutai 9 193 Brachypodium sylvaticum (Huds.) P. Nil Gansahal, Dogdara, Sheringal, Sunderae, Beauv. Lamutai, Janus candio 10 100 Bromus japonicus Thunb. Ex Murr. Nil Chenaran, Dogdara, Sheringal 11 131 Chrysopogon aucheri (Boiss.) Stapf Spin Wakha Pathiobanda, Dogdara, Sheringal 12 109 Chrysopogon gryllus (L.) Trin. Ssp. Spin Wakha Ganshal, Dogdara, Sheringal Echinulatus (Nees) T. A. Cope 13 120 Chrysopogon serrulatus Trin. Spin Wakha Shahoor, Lamutai, Janus candio 14 739 Heteropogon contortus (L.) P. Beauv. ex Barvaza Ganshal, Dogdara, Sheringal, Roem. & Schult. 15 699 Phalaris minor Retz. Dela Sheringal, Dogdara, Sunderae, Lamutai, Janus candio 16 679 Poa annua L. Obo wakha Sheringa, Dogdara, Sheringal, Sunderae 17 669 Poa nepalensis Wall. Ex Duthie Obowakha Kumrat, Dogdara, Sheringal, Sunderae, Lamutai, Janus candio 18 419 Saccharum spontaneum L. Sharghashe Dogdara, Dogdara, Sheringal, Sunderae, Lamutai, Janus candio 31 CHAPTER 03 RESULTS

19 389 Sorghum halepense (L.) Pers. Dadam Kumrat, Dogdara, Sheringal, Sunderae, Lamutai 20 379 Themeda anathera (Nees ex Steud.) Hack. Ogda wakha Dogdara 147. VITACEAE S.No Voucher.No Botanical Name Vernacular Name Research Area

1. 292 Vitis jacquemontii Parker Angur Chaum, Dogdara, Sheringal, Sunderae 2. 282 Vitis vinifera L. Kwar Sheringal , Chum,chenaran 148. APOCYNACEAE S. No Voucher.No Botanical Name Vernacular Name Research Area

1. 708 Nerium oleander L. Ganderay Sheringal, Dogdara 149. GERANIACEAE S. No Voucher.No Botanical Name VernacularName Research Area 1 262 Erodium ciconium (L.) L' Herit ex Aiton Nil Ganshal, Dogdara, Sheringal, Sunderae, Lamutai 2 213 Geranium swatense Schönbeck-Temesy Pariano salai Ganshal, Dogdara, Sheringal, Sunderae, Lamutai 3 202 Geranium wallichianum D. Don ex Sweet Sragarrai Laredog , Dogdara, Sheringal, Sunderae, Lamutai, Janus candio 4 192 Geranium collinum Stapf. Ex Willd. Nil Kumrat , Dogdara, Sheringal, Sunderae, Lamutai, Janus candio 150. ASCLEPIADACEAE S. No Voucher.No Botanical Name Vernacular Name Research Area 1. 289 Calotropis procera (Ait.) Ait. F. Spulmay Sheringal, Dogdara 2. 309 Periploca aphylla Dcne. Barrara Gujarokus, Dogdara, Sheringal 3. 268 Periploca hydaspidis Linn. Nil Sawni, Sheringal 4. 279 Tylophora hirsuta (Wall.) Wight Nil Guldae , Dogdara, Sheringal, Sunderae, Lamutai, Janus candio 152. ANACARDIACEAE S.No Voucher.No Botanical Name Vernacular Name Research Area 1. 152 Pistacia chinensis Bunge ssp. Integerrima Shanai, Kakar Singi Kumrat, Dogdara (J.L.S) Rech. f.

32 CHAPTER 03 RESULTS

154. CUCURBITACEAE S.No Voucher.No Botanical Name Vernacular Name Research Area 1. 230 Cucumis melo L. ssp. agrestis (Naud.) Handwana Cultivated Grebensc. 2. 220 Cucumis sativus L. Badrang Common/Cultivated 3. 259 Cucurbita maxima Duch. Ex Lam. Khog kadoo Cultivated/ common 4. 249 Lagenaria siceraria (Molina) Standley Gharangay kadoo Commonly cultivated 5. 210 Luffa cylindrica (L.) Roem. Torai Commonly cultivated 6. 200 Momordica charantia L. Karryla Sheringal/ Cultivated 7. 190 Momordica dioica Roxb. ex Willd. Karkunday Sheringal 157. PRIMULACEAE S.No Voucher.No Botanical Name Vernacular Name Research Area 1. 760 Primula denticulata Sm. Asli mameera Shahoor, Dogdara, Sheringal, Sunderae 2. 750 Primula rosea Royle Nil Samang, Dogdara, Sheringal, Sunderae 162. SIMARUBACEAE S. No Voucher.No Botanical Name Vernacular Name Research Area 1 304 Ailanthus altissima (Mill.) Swingle Aseela Shandai Common 163. SAPOTACEAE S.No Voucher.No Botanical Name Vernacular Name Research Area 1. 740 Monotheca buxifolia (Falc.) A. DC. Gwargwara Patrak 164. ORCHIDACEAE S. No Voucher.No Botanical Name Vernacular Name Research Area 1. 382 Cephalanthera longifolia (L.) Fritsch Spengula Dogdara, Sheringal, Sunderae, Lamutai 2. 372 Cypripedium cordigerum D. Don Nil Kashura, Dogdara, Sheringal, Sunderae, Lamutai 3. 365 Dactylorhiza hatagirea (D. Don) Soo Nil Sundearae, Dogdara, Sheringal, Sunderae, Lamutai 166. VIOLACEAE S. No Voucher.No Botanical Name Vernacular Name Research Area 1. 355 Viola betonicifolia Sm. Banafsha Sheringal, Dogdara, Sunderae, Lamutai, Janus candio 2. 785 Viola biflora L. Banafsha Shahoor, Dogdara, Sheringal, Sunderae, Lamutai 3. 795 Viola canescens Wall. ex Roxb. Banafsha Common 4. 312 Viola stocksii Boiss. Banafsha Janus candeo, Dogdara, Sheringal, Sunderae, Lamutai

33 CHAPTER 03 RESULTS

168. SOLANACEAE S.No Voucher.No Botanical Name Vernacular Name Research Area 1. 362 Atropa acuminata Royle ex Miers Garar/Bargak Shahoor, Dogdara, Sunderae, Lamutai, Janus candio 2. 352 Capsicum annuum L. Marchakey Cultivated 3. 345 Capsicum frutescens L. Ghat marchakay Cultivated 4. 335 Cestrum nocturnum L. Raat Ki Rani Cultivated 5. 239 Datura fastuosa L. Bhatura Sheringal, Dogdara, Sunderae, Lamutai, Janus candio 6. 229 Datura innoxia Mill. Bhatura Ganshal, Dogdara, Sunderae, Lamutai, Janus candio 7. 219 Datura stramonium L. Bhatura Gujarokus, Dogdara, Sunderae, Lamutai, Janus candio 8. 290 Hyoscyamus niger L. Dewana bhang Cham and Janus kandio 9. 300 Lycopersicon esculentum Miller Tamatar Common 10. 310 Physalis divaricata D. Don Nil Sheringal, Shahoor, Dogdara, Sunderae, Lamutai 11. 851 Solanum tuberosum L. Alugan Cultivated 12. 179 Solanum nigrum L. Kachmachu Sheringal, Shahoor, Sunderae, Lamutai 13. 861 Solanum surattense Burm. f. Marorang, Samung, Shahoor, Dogdara, Sheringal, Sunderae, Marraghonay Lamutai 14. 822 Withania somnifera (L.) Dunal Kotilal Shahoor, Shahoor, Sunderae, Lamutai 170. ULMACEAE S. No Voucher.No Botanical Name Vernacular Name Research Area 1 404 Celtis caucasica Willd. Thagha Ganshal, Shahoor, Dogdara, Sheringal, Sunderae, Lamutai

2 325 Celtis tetrandra Roxb. Thagaga Sheringal , Shahoor, Dogdara, Sheringal, Sunderae, Lamutai 3 411 Ulmus villosa Brandis ex Gamble. Mannu Ganshal, Shahoor, Dogdara, Sheringal, Sunderae, Lamutai 4 315 Ulmus wallichiana Planch. Kahae Thall, Shahoor, Dogdara, Sheringal, Sunderae, Lamutai

34 CHAPTER 03 RESULTS

171. MORACEAE S. No Voucher.No Botanical Name Vernacular Name Research Area 1 607 Broussonetia papyrifera (L.) L’Herit. ex Vent. Kaghzi Toot Cultivated 2 776 Ficus carica L. Inzar Cultivated 3 391 Ficus palmata Forssk. Inzar Sheringal, Dogdara, Sunderae, Lamutai, Janus candio 4 812 Morus alba L. Speen Toot Baidana Sheringal, Dogdara, Sunderae, Lamutai, Janus candio 5 802 Morus nigra L. Tor Toot Common 172. EUPHORBIACEAE S.No Voucher.No Botanical Name Vernacular Name Research Area 1. 371 Andrachne cordifolia (Wall.ex Dcne.) Muell. Krahcai, gulpinsa Guldae, Kumrat, Shahoor, Dogdara, Sunderae, Arg. Lamutai 2. 361 Chrozophora tinctoria (L.) Raf. Kanti Sunderae, Kumrat 3. 766 Euphorbia clarkeana Hk. f. Mandano Junkae, Sunderai 4. 756 Euphorbia helioscopia L. Praiwatkai, Common Mandanroo 5. 746 Euphorbia hirta L. Da Zmakay Ghoz Sheringal, Dogdara, Sheringal, Sunderae Krachae 6. 150 Euphorbia hispida Boiss. Mandano Samang, Dogdara, Sheringal, Sunderae, Lamutai, Janus candio 7. 139 Euphorbia indica Lam. Mandano Kumrat, Dogdara, Sheringal, Sunderae, Lamutai, Janus candio 8. 128 Euphorbia peplus L. Mandano Sheringal, Dogdara, Sunderae, Lamutai, Janus candio 9. 106 Euphorbia wallichii Hk. f. Mandano Samang, Dogdara, Sheringal, Sunderae, Lamutai 10. 737 Euphorbia falcata L. Kach mandano Kumrat 11. 159 Mallotus philippensis (Lam.) Muell. Arg. Kambila Foothil plant 12. 149 Ricinus communis L. Aranda Aseela Cham, Sheringal Harlanda

35 CHAPTER 03 RESULTS

174. CAPRIFOLIACEAE S.No Voucher.No Botanical Name Vernacular Name Research Area 1. 905 Lonicera asperifolia (Decne.) Hook. f. & Nil Dogdara, Sunderae, Lamutai, Janus candio Thoms. 2. 852 Lonicera hispida Pall. ex Willd. Nil Kumrat, Dogdara, Sheringal, Sunderae, Lamutai, Janus candio 3. 831 Viburnum grandiflorum Wall. Ex DC Ghamzewa Ganshal, Dogdara, Sheringal, Sunderae, Lamutai, Janus candio 175. CARYOPHYLLACEAE S.No Voucher.No Botanical Name Vernacular Name Research Area 1. 727 Cucubalus baccifer L. Nil Samang, Dogdara, Sheringal, Sunderae, Lamutai, Janus candio 2. 716 Gypsophila cerastioides D. Don Nil Chanaran, Dogdara, Sheringal 3. 138 Silene conoidea L. Mangotai Common 4. 981 Stellaria media (L.) Vill. Sargarrai, Ulali Common Tighstargai 188. ACANTHACEAE S.No Voucher.No Botanical Name Vernacular Name Research Area 1. 801 Justicia adhatoda L. Bhaikar Common 2. 810 Strobilanthus glutinosus Nees Nil Guldae, Dogdara, Sheringal, Sunderae, Lamutai, Janus candio 189. CUSCUTACEAE S. No Voucher.No Botanical Name Vernacular Name Research Area 1. 730 Cuscuta reflexa Roxb. Barmali, Neladarai Common 190. RUBIACEAE S.No Voucher.No Botanical Name Vernacular Name Research Area 1. 1000 Galium aparine L. Ganal Common 2. 278 Galium asperifolium Wall. Tha Kargh Makookha Common 3. 298 Rubia cordifolia L. Gasha Dogdara, Sunderae, Lamutai, Janus candio

36 CHAPTER 03 RESULTS

191. BORAGINACEAE S.No Voucher.No Botanical Name Vernacular Name Research Area 1. 720 Anchusa arvensis (L.) Bieb. Nil Ganshal, Dogdara, Sheringal, Sunderae, Lamutai 2. 1009 Arnebia benthamii (Wall. ex G. Don) Nil Jaz Banda 3. 690 Cynoglossum glochidiatum Wall. Ex Bth. Shsha gulay Kumrat, Dogdara, Sheringal, Sunderae, Lamutai, Janus candio 4. 680 Cynoglossum microglochin Both. Shsha gulay Kumrat, Dogdara, Sheringal, Sunderae 5. 460 Heliotropium crispum Desf. Nil Guldae, Dogdara, Sheringal, Sunderae 6. 329 Lindelofia longiflora (Bth.) Baill. Nil Shahoor , Dogdara, Sheringal, Sunderae, Lamutai, Janus candio 7. 319 Myosotis alpestris F. W. Schmidt ssp asiatica Nil Januas, Dogdara, Sheringal, Sunderae Vest. Ex Hulten 8. 449 Nonea edgeworthii A. DC. Nil Patark, Dogdara, Sheringal, Sunderae, Lamutai, Janus candio 9. 440 Onosma hispida Wall. ex G. Don Gaozaban Sheringal, Dogdara, Sheringal, Sunderae, Lamutai, Janus candio 192. LAMIACEAE S.No Voucher.No Botanical Name Vernacular Name Research Area

1. 308 Ajuga bracteosa Wall. Ex Bth. Khawaga Bouti, Da Ghra Common Buti 2. 797 Calamintha hydaspidis (Falconer ex Bth.) Nil Ganshal, Shahoor, Dogdara, Sheringal, Hedge Sunderae, Lamutai 3. 351 Clinopodium umbrosum (M. Bieb.) C. koch. Nil Sunderae, Shahoor, Dogdara, Sheringal, Sunderae, Lamutai 4. 332 Colebrookea oppositifolia Sm. Binda Sawnai, Shahoor, Dogdara, Sheringal, Sunderae, Lamutai 5. 311 Elsholtzia densa Lab. Nil Lamutae, Shahoor, Dogdara, Sheringal, Sunderae, Lamutai 6. 248 Isodon rugosus (Wall. Ex Bth.) Codd Sperkay Common 7. 238 Lamium album L. Halam Sheringal, Shahoor, Dogdara 8. 686 Lamium amplexicaule L. Halam Common 9. 717 Mentha arvensis L. Pudina Sia Sheringal, Shahoor, Dogdara, 10. 707 Mentha longifolia (L.) L. Valena, Yenalae Common 11. 697 Mentha spicata L. Zangali Pudina Common 12. 228 Mentha x piperita L. Yakha Podina Patark, Shahoor, Dogdara, Sheringal, 37 CHAPTER 03 RESULTS

Sunderae, Lamutai 13. 295 Nepeta brachyantha Rech. F. & Edelb. Nil Sunderae, Shahoor, Dogdara, Sheringal, Sunderae, Lamutai 14. 285 Nepeta laevigata (D. Don) Hand.-Mazz. Nil Janus, Shahoor, Dogdara, Sheringal, Sunderae, Lamutai 15. 456 Ocimum basilicum L. Kashmalae Cultivated 16. 446 Origanum vulgare L. Shomokay, Shamakae Common 17. 436 Otostegia limbata (Bth.) Boiss. Speen Azghay Sawani, Shahoor, Dogdara, Sheringal. 18. 307 Phlomis bracteosa Royle ex Bth. Oudegula Kumrat, Shahoor, Dogdara, Sheringal, Sunderae, Lamutai 19. 1013 Rosmarinus officinalis L. Rosmera Cultivated 20. 178 Salvia moorcroftiana Wall. ex Bth. Khardag, Kharghway Common 21. 687 Scutellaria scandens Buch.-Ham. Ex D. Don Nil Sheringal, Shahoor, Sunderae, Lamutai 22. 137 Teucrium royleanum Wall. Ex Bth. Spenbuty Common 23. 426 Teucrium stocksianum Boiss. Kwandi boutae Common 24. 416 Thymus linearis Bth. Sperka Samang, Shahoor, Dogdara, Sheringal, Sunderae, Lamutai 25. 406 Ziziphora clinopodioides Lam. Nil Cultivated 193. RANUNCULACEAE S.No Voucher.No Botanical Name Vernacular Name Research Area 1. 66 Adonis aestivalis L. Banra Kot Sheringal, Shahoor, Dogdara, Sunderae, Lamutai 2. 507 Adonis dentatus Delile Spenstargae Sheringal, Shahoor, Dogdara, Sunderae, Lamutai 3. 11 Aconitum laeve Royle Gar zahar Janus kanduo, Shahoor, Dogdara, Sheringal, Sunderae, Lamutai 4. 98 Aconitum violaceum Jacq. ex Stapf Zahar botay Kashura, Shahoor, Dogdara, Sheringal, Sunderae, Lamutai 5. 753 Aconitum heterophyllum Wall. Ex Royle Zahar mora Ganshal, Shahoor, Dogdara, Sunderae 6. 27 Actaea spicata L. Thra dana Kumrat, Shahoor, Dogdara Sunderae, Lamutai 7. 782 Anemone falconeri Thoms. Spinsar bouti Kumrat, Shahoor, Dogdara, Sheringal, Sunderae, Lamutai 8. 08 Anemone obtusiloba D.Don Spinsar Bouti Shahoor, Dogdara, Sheringal, Sunderae, Lamutai 9. 774 Anemone rupicola Camb. Spin Gwalae Kumrat, Shahoor, Dogdara, Sheringal, Sunderae, Lamutai 38 CHAPTER 03 RESULTS

10. 764 Aquilegia fragrans Bth. Zaire Gwalae Kumrat, Shahoor, Dogdara, Sheringal, Sunderae, Lamutai 11. 1009 Batrachium trichophyllum Chaix Water gul Sheringal, Shahoor, Dogdara, Sheringal, Sunderae, Lamutai 12. 07 Consolida ambigua (L.) Kharar gul Cultivated 13. 752 Caltha alba Camb. Makhanr Path Kumrat, Shahoor, Dogdara, Sheringal, Sunderae, Lamutai 14. 1010 Caltha palustris L. Makhanr patha Shahoor, Dogdara, Sheringal, Sunderae, Lamutai 15. 763 Ceratocephala falcata (L.) Pers. Tore botay Sheringal, Shahoor, Dogdara, Sunderae, Lamutai 16. 135 Clematis aspleniifolia Buch. Zelai Sheringal, Shahoor, Dogdara, Sunderae, Lamutai 17. 894 Clematis grata Wall. Zelai, Chenjanwala Sheringal, Shahoor, Dogdara, Sunderae, Lamutai 18. 904 Clematis orientalis L. Zelai Ganshal, Shahoor, Dogdara, Sunderae, Lamutai 19. 1011 Clematis buchananiana DC Zelai Sia sheringal, Shahoor, Dogdara, Sunderae, Lamutai 20. 845 Delphinium denudatum Wall. ex Hk. & Da kono zaila Thall, Shahoor, Dogdara, Sheringal, Thoms. Sunderae, Lamutai 21. 913 Delphinium roylei Munz Oudi Gulae Nabalbanda, Shahoor, Dogdara, Sheringal, Sunderae, Lamutai 22. 923 Delphinium himalayai Munz. Jadwar Kumrat (New reported) 23. 951 Delpinium uncinatum Hk. f. & T. Jadwar Sheringal, Dogdara, Sheringal, Sunderae, Lamutai 24. 58 Nigella sativa L. Kalwangai Cultivated 25. 961 Ranunculus arvensis L. Ziarr Gulay Sheringal, Shahoor, Dogdara, Sheringal, Sunderae, Lamutai 26. 855 Ranunculus chaerophyllos L. Zergulay Gujarokus, Shahoor, Dogdara, Sheringal, Sunderae, Lamutai 27. 806 Ranunculus diffusus DC. Zergulay Patrak, Shahoor, Dogdara, Sheringal, Sunderae, Lamutai 28. 816 Ranunculus hirtellus Royle Hair botaey Sheringal, Shahoor, Dogdara, Sheringal, Sunderae, Lamutai 29. 865 Ranunculus laetus Wall. Ex Hk. F. & Thoms. Zergulay Samang, Shahoor, Dogdara, Sheringal, Sunderae, Lamutai

39 CHAPTER 03 RESULTS

30. 994 Ranunculus muricatus L. Ziarr Gulay Quazi Ban Sia Sheringal, Shahoor, Dogdara, Sheringal, Sunderae, Lamutai 31. 914 Ranunculus pulchellus C.A. Mey. Zergulay Samang, Shahoor, Dogdara, Sheringal, Sunderae, Lamutai 32. 875 Ranunculus sceleratus L. Zear gulae Shahoor, Dogdara, Sheringal, Sunderae, Lamutai 33. 826 Thalictrum foliolosum DC. Kamasla mammera Kumrat, Shahoor, Dogdara, Sheringal, Sunderae, Lamutai 202. IRIDACEAE S.No Voucher.No Botanical Name Vernacular Name Research Area 1. 294 Moraea sisyrinchium (L.) Ker Gawl. Gandechar Sheringal, Dogdara, Sunderae, Lamutai, Janus candio 2. 284 Iris germanica L. Oudeguley Kumrat, Dogdara, Sheringal, Sunderae, Lamutai, Janus candio 3. 274 Iris hookeriana Foster Nil Ganshal, Dogdara, Sheringal, Sunderae, Lamutai, Janus candio 4. 264 Iris kashmiriana Baker Nil Guldae, Dogdara, Sheringal, Sunderae, Lamutai, Janus candio 203. SALICACEAE S.No Voucher.No Botanical Name Vernacular Name Research Area 1 330 Populus nigra L. Sperdath Patark , Shahoor, Dogdara, Sheringal, Sunderae, Lamutai 2 320 Populus alba L. Watani Sperdath Sheringal, Shahoor, Dogdara, Sunderae, Lamutai 3 301 Populus ciliata Wall. Ex Royle Parra Samang, Shahoor, Dogdara, Sheringal, Sunderae, Lamutai 4 291 Salix acmophylla Boiss. Wala Thall, Shahoor, Dogdara, Sheringal, Sunderae, Lamutai 5 271 Salix denticulata Andersson Ghra Wela Thall, Shahoor, Dogdara, Sheringal, Sunderae, Lamutai 6 241 Salix tetrasperma Roxb. Wela Kalkot, Shahoor, Dogdara, Sheringal, Sunderae, Lamutai 7 1023 Salix babylonica L. Dogdara, Sheringal, Sunderae, Lamutai

40 CHAPTER 03 RESULTS

204. CHENOPODIACEAE S.No Voucher.No Botanical Name Vernacular Name Research Area 1. 457 Chenopodium ambrosioides L. Banakai Common 2. 447 Chenopodium botrys L. Skha Khawra Common 3. 467 Chenopodium album L. Sarmae Common 4. 396 Chenopodium foliosum Asch. Sage Common 5. 386 Chenopodium murale L. Nil Common 205. POLYGONACEAE S.No Voucher.No Botanical Name Vernacular Name Research Area 1. 267 Bistorta amplexicaulis var. speciosa (Meisn.) Anjabar, Tarva Panra Kaushara, Shahoor, Dogdara, Sheringal, Sunderae, Lamutai 2. 125 Bistorta vivipara (L.) S. F. Gray Anjabar Shahoor, Dogdara, Sheringal, Sunderae, Lamutai 3. 126 Polygonum plebejum R. Br. Palpulak Sheringal, Shahoor, Dogdara, Sunderae, Lamutai 4. 115 Rheum australe D. Don Choutyal Kumrat, Shahoor, Dogdara, Sheringal, Sunderae, Lamutai 5. 407 Rumex hastatus D. Don. Tarokae Common 6. 397 Rumex dentatus L. Shalkhae Common 7. 377 Rumex nepalensis Spreng. Shalkay Common 8. 1023 Rumex chalepensis Mill Shalkay Common 207. ASTERACEAE S.No Voucher.No Botanical Name Vernacular Name Research Area 1. 227 Achillea millefolium L. Karkara Common 2. 356 Artemisia scoparia Waldst. & Kit. Naray jaukey, Jaokae Common 3. 197 Artemisia vulgaris L. Jaukay Kumrat, Shahoor, Dogdara, Sheringal, Sunderae, Lamutai 4. 177 Artemisia biennis Willd. Tharkha Shahoor, Dogdara, Sheringal, Sunderae, Lamutai 5. 167 Artemisia santolinifolia Turcz. Ex Krasch. Tharkha Kumrat, Shahoor, Dogdara, Sheringal, Sunderae, Lamutai 6. 316 Calendula officinalis L. Zair gulae Common in the lower areas of the valley 7. 326 Calendula arvensis L. Zair gulae Common in the lower areas of the valley 8. 296 Cichorium intybus L. Han, Hanshamakay Common 9. 1014 Cosmos bipinnatus Cav. Nil Cultivated seringal 10. 306 Centaurea iberica Trev. ex Spreng. Gana Sheringal, dogdra 11. 286 Cirsium falconeri (Hf. k.) Petrak Nil Samang, Shahoor, Dogdara, Sheringal, 41 CHAPTER 03 RESULTS

Sunderae, Lamutai 12. 276 Cnicus benedictus L. Sharai Ganshal, Shahoor, Dogdara, Sheringal, 13. 266 Conyza Canadensis (L.) Corgn. Maluch Samang, Shahoor, Dogdara, Sheringal 14. 256 Coreopsis tinctoria Nutt. Nil Kumrat, Shahoor, Dogdara, Sheringal, Sunderae, Lamutai 15. 367 Cousinia minuta Boiss. Nil Cultivated 16. 175 Chrysanthemum indicum L. Gul abase Cultivated in the area 17. 146 Carthamus oxyacantha M.B. Kareza Shahoor, Dogdara, Sheringal, Sunderae, Lamutai 18. 337 Eclipta prostrata (L.) L. Nil Janus, Shahoor, Dogdara, Sheringal, Sunderae, Lamutai 19. 135 Erigeron multicaulis Bth. Nil Cultivated 20. 124 Gaillardia pulchella Foug. Nil Cultivated 21. 1020 Galinsoga parviflora Cavanilles. Spena starga Sheringal university 22. 1012 Helianthus annus L. Noor paras Cultivated 23. 645 Helianthus tuberosus L. Aloopach Sheringal 24. 206 Leontopodium himalayanum DC. Barzela, Sarbazela Thall, Shahoor, Dogdara, Sheringal, Sunderae, Lamutai 25. 376 Matricaria chamomilla L. Babona Cultivated in sheringal 26. 176 Onopordum acanthium L. Danga Karyoza Wrejakai Guldae, Shahoor, Dogdara, Sheringal, Sunderae, Lamutai 27. 166 Parthenium hysterophorus L. Nil Common 28. 798 Pluchea arguta Boiss. Nil Samang, Shahoor, Dogdara, Sheringal, Sunderae, Lamutai 29. 788 Pluchea lanceolata (DC.) C.B. Clarke Kamala Shahoor, Dogdara, Sheringal, Sunderae, Lamutai 30. 245 Scorzonera mollis M. Bieb. Putkanda Kumrat, Shahoor, Dogdara, Sheringal, Sunderae, Lamutai 31. 235 Scorzonera virgata DC. Shamatha Ganshal, Shahoor, Dogdara, Sheringal, Sunderae, Lamutai 32. 225 Senecio chrysanthemoides DC. Zeare gulaey Common 33. 215 Senecio desfontanei Druce Zera kasa Samang, Shahoor, Dogdara, Sheringal, Sunderae, Lamutai 34. 1021 Seriphidium kurramense (Qazilb.) Tarkha Sheringal 35. 768 Silybum marianum Gaertn. Werigakae Common 36. 758 Solidago virgaurea L. Bangira Janus, Shahoor, Dogdara, Sheringal 37. 738 Sonchus asper (L.) Hill Shouda Pai Common 42 CHAPTER 03 RESULTS

38. 156 Sonchus oleraceus L. Shoua pai Common 39. 207 Tagetes minuta L. Dambergule Common in the lower part of the area 40. 145 Tanacetum artemisioides Sch. Bip. ex Hk. F. Zear gul Jaz banda, shahor 41. 113 Tanacetum emodi R. Khan Nil Sunderae, Shahoor, Dogdara, Sheringal, Sunderae, Lamutai 42. 102 Taraxacum officinale Wigg. Booda Boodai Ziar Gwalae Common 43. 195 Tragopogon gracilis D.Don Nil Shahoor, Dogdara, Sheringal, Sunderae Shahoor, Dogdara, Sheringal, Sunderae, Lamutai 44. 165 Xanthium strumarium L. Gishkae Sheringal, Shahoor, Dogdara, Sunderae, Lamutatai 45. 1013 Zinnia elegenes Nuttall, Trans. Nil Cultivated through out the valley 211. ASPHODELACEAE S.No Voucher.No Botanical Name Vernacular Name Research Area 1 438 Asphodelus tenuifolius Cav. Piazakay, Oogakay Sheringal, Shahoor, Dogdara, Sheringal, Sunderae, Lamutai 2 448 Eremurus persicus (Jaub. & Spach) Boiss. Shelay Kumrat, Shahoor, Dogdara, Sheringal, Sunderae, Lamutai 214. HYACINTHACEAE S.No Voucher.No Botanical Name Vernacular Name Research Area 1 924 Scilla griffithii Hochr. Lala Sheringal, Kumrat, Shahoor, Dogdara Sunderae, Lamutai 215. LILIACEAE S.No Voucher.No Botanical Name Vernacular Name Research Area 1 954 Gagea elegans Wall. ex Royle Zer gula Shahoor, Janus 2 895 Gagea delicatula Vved. Nil Shahoor, Janus 3 985 Notholirion thomsonianum (Royle) Stapf Suped gula Dogdar, Kashura 4 838 Polygonatum multiflorum (L.) All. Noor alam Shahoor, Dogdara, Sheringal, Sunderae, Lamutai 5 1008 Polygonatum verticillatum All. Noory Alam Baramola Kumrat, Shahoor, Dogdara, Sheringal, Sunderae, Lamutai 6 847 Trillium govanianum Wall. ex Royle Gulaba Shahoor, Janus 7 856 Tulipa clusiana DC. Ghantol Sheringal, Kumrat

43 CHAPTER 03 RESULTS

216. ROSACEAE S.No Voucher.No Botanical Name Vernacular Name Research Area 1 877 Cotoneaster microphyllus Wall. Ex Lindl. Kharawa Sheringal, Dogdara, Sunderae, Lamutai, Janus candio 2 866 Cotoneaster nummularia Fisch. & Mey. Mamanra Patrak, Shahoor, Dogdara, Sheringal, Sunderae, Lamutai 3 975 Crataegus songarica G. Koch. Tampasa Shahoor, Shahoor, Dogdara, Sheringal, Sunderae, Lamutai 4 540 Duchesnea indica (Andr.) Focke Zmake toth Thall, Shahoor, Dogdara, Sheringal, Sunderae, Lamutai 5 950 Eriobotrya japonica (Thunb.) Lindley Lokat Cultivated 6 960 Fragaria nubicola Lindl. ex Lacaita Da Zmakay Toot Sheringal 7 930 Malus pumila Mill. Manra Cultivated 8 940 Potentilla nepalensis Hk. Kunachi Kumrat, Shahoor, Dogdara, Sheringal, Sunderae, Lamutai 9 542 Potentilla reptans L. Nil Shahoor, Dogdara, Sheringal, Sunderae, Lamutai 10 989 Potentilla supine L. Gesg gul Patrak, Shahoor, Dogdara, Sheringal, Sunderae, Lamutai 11 543 Prunus amygdalus Batsch. Badam Cultivated 12 979 Prunus armeniaca L. Khubani Cultivated 13 969 Prunus bokhariensis Royle ex C.K. Schn. Alucha Cultivated 14 545 Prunus cornuta (Wall. ex Royle) Steud. Changa Kumrat, Shahoor, Dogdara, Sheringal, Sunderae, Lamutai 15 959 Prunus jacquemontii Hk. f. Changa Thall, Shahoor, Dogdara, Sheringal, Sunderae, Lamutai 16 546 Prunus persica (L.) Batsch. Shaftalu Cultivated 17 919 Prunus prostrata Labill. Nil Thall, Shahoor, Dogdara, Sheringal, Sunderae, Lamutai 18 929 Pyrus communis L. Nashpatai Cultivated 19 939 Pyrus pashia Ham. ex D. Don Shangati Tanga Common 20 547 Rosa alba L. Spin Gulab Sheringal, Shahoor, Dogdara, Sheringal, Sunderae, Lamutai 21 909 Rosa brunonii Lindl. Khwarch, Gorach Patark, Shahoor, Dogdara, Sheringal, Sunderae, Lamutai 22 899 Rosa chinesis Jacq. Gulab Common 23 548 Rosa macrophylla Lindl. Gulisadbor Sheringal, Shahoor, Dogdara, Sheringal, Sunderae, Lamutai 44 CHAPTER 03 RESULTS

24 836 Rosa webbiana Wall. Ex Royle Palwarri Zangali Sia Sheringal, Shahoor, Dogdara, Sheringal, gulab Sunderae, Lamutai 25 869 Rubus ellipticus Smith Bagana Ziara Ganshal, Shahoor, Dogdara, Sheringal, Sunderae, Karwara Lamutai 26 849 Rubus niveus Thunb. Non. Wall. Khwarch Kumrat 27 998 Sibbaldia cuneata Kunze Chotial Kumrat, Thall 28 988 Sorbus lanata (D. Don) S. Schauer Shanebutay Shahoor, Dogdara, Sheringal, Sunderae, Lamutai 29 552 Sorbaria tomentosa (Lindl.) Rehdr Jijrai Shahoor, Dogdara, Sheringal, Sunderae, Lamutai 30 968 Spiraea canescens D. Don Nil Sunderae, Shahoor, Dogdara, Sheringal, Sunderae, Lamutai 217. ASPARAGACEAE S.No Voucher.No Botanical Name Vernacular Name Research Area 1 885 Asparagus gracilis Royle Haloon Kumrat, Shahoor, Dogdara, Sheringal, Sunderae, Lamutai 2 944 Asparagus adscendens Roxb Safed Musli Kalkot, Shahoor, Dogdara, Sheringal, Sunderae, Lamutai

45 CHAPTER 03 RESULTS

SCROPHULARIACEAE S.No Voucher.No Botanical Name VernacularName Research Area 1 938 Kickxia ramosissima (Wall.) Janchen Sananga Kumrat, Shahoor, Dogdara, Sheringal, Sunderae, Lamutai 2 948 Leptorhabdos benthamiana Hk. f. Preta Thall, Shahoor, Dogdara, Sheringal, Sunderae, Lamutai 3 556 Mazus japonicus (Thunb.) O.Ktze Sera Kalkot , Shahoor, Dogdara, Sheringal, Sunderae, Lamutai 4 918 Pedicularis pectinata Wall. Karara Kumrat, Shahoor, Dogdara, Sheringal, Sunderae, Lamutai 5 908 Scrophularia dentata Royle ex Bth. Krara Dogdara, Shahoor, Dogdara, Sheringal, Sunderae, Lamutai 6 898 Scrophularia nudata Penn Karara Kumrat , Shahoor, Dogdara, Sheringal, Sunderae, Lamutai 7 579 Veronica didyma Tenore Oudaey gulay Thall, Shahoor, Dogdara, Sheringal, Sunderae, Lamutai 8 560 Veronica persica Poir. Oudaey gulay Lamutae, Shahoor, Dogdara, Sheringal, Sunderae, Lamutai 9 559 Verbascum thapsus L. Khar Ghwag, Khar Common Dag. 10 137 Wulfenia amherstiana Wall. Ex Both. Sunderay, Shahoor, Dogdara, Sheringal, Sunderae, Lamutai CACTACEAE S.No Voucher.No Botanical Name Vernacular Name Research Area 1 984 Opuntia dillenii Haw. Zookam Cultivated MYRTACEAE S.No Voucher.No Botanical Name Vernacular Name Research Area 1 819 Eucalyptus tereticornis Sm. Lachi Cultivated 2 848 Eucalyptus globulus Labill. Lachi Cultivated 3 857 Myrtus communis L. Manno Ganshal, Shahoor Note: The unpublished families are with out number.

46 CHAPTER 03

3.2. TAXONOMIC DESCRIPTION OF GYMNOSPERMS 3.2.1. PINACEAE Key to the genera 1. Mature leaves borne on long shoots------2 + Mature leaves borne on short shoots in fascicles or on long shoot in whorls ------3 2. Leaves linear flattened mature female cone violet-purple------Abies + Leaves needle like, quadrangular, acicular mature female cone dark brown------Picea 3. Photosynthetic leaves in spured-cluster on short branches------Pinus + Photosynthetic leaves, scattered on long shoot and in whorl on short shoot without spurs------Cedrus Abies pindrow Royle,, Illustr. Bot. Himal. 350,. t. 86,. 1836. Vernacular Name: Kachal Trees, 30 m hight or more, narrow, pyramidal shape. The Bark is fissured, grey to brown. Leaves are spiral, 2.1-4 cm long, upper side grooved, darkgreen. The male cones 1.1-2.1 cm long, in axillary, reddish green, microsporophyll with sporangia, microspores are winged. The female cones 7-13 cm long, solitary or in groups, oblong, yellowish-purple, gasporophyll to obovate, 2.1 cm long. Seeds 1.0-1.2 cm long, winged up to the seed. Fl. Per.: April, 2000-3200m. Picea smithiana (Wall.) Boiss, Fl. Or. 5:700. 1884. Vernacular Name: Kandal Tree 30 m long or more. The bark is greyishbrown. Branches drooping. Leaves 2.511 cm long. Male cones axillary, solitary, 2-2.5 cm long. Micro sporophylls with 2 sporangia. The female cone in young stage is erect, reddishgreen, mature cone is pendulous, dark brown and ellipsoid, 10-15 x 2.5-5 cm. The bract scales is membranous. The seeds is 5.1-6.1 mm long, darkgrey, to wing twice as up to the seed. 2500-3300 m. Fl. Per.: April.

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Genus: Pinus L., Sp. Pl. 1000. 1753. Key to the species 1 Leaves in fascicles of 5. ------Pinus wallichiana + Leaves in fascicles of less than 5. ------2 2 Leaves 20-30 cm long, flexuous; wing 2-3 times the seed long------Pinus roxburghii + Leaves 6-12 cm long, stiff: wing less than the seed long ------Pinus gerardiana Pinus wallichiana A. B. Jackson, A.B. Jackson, Kew Bull., 1938. Vernacular Name: Sraf Trees upto 30m tall. Bark grey, scaly. Branches whorled. Leaves acicular, in clusters of 5, 10-20 cm long, bluish to grey-green. Male cones 1-1.5 cm long, in dense clusters. Female cones 2-3 at the tips of branches, 15-30 cm long, elongated, dropping, + woody; megasporophyll widely obvate, tip not beaked. Wing 2-3 times as long as the seed. Fl. Per.: April-May, 700-2000m. Pinus roxburghii Sargent, Silva N. Amer. 11:9. 1897. Vernacular Name: Nakhtar Trees 30 m tall, soft flaky, the bark 2-5 cm thick. The leaves are groups of 3,20-30 cm in long. The male cones is 1.5 cm long, th color is yellowish, in dense terminal clusters.The female cones is solitary or 2-3 at the tips of top branches, mature cone is woody; bract and the scale is distinct, umbo prominently beaked. The wing 2-3 times longe than seed. Fl. Per.: April, 600-1800m. Pinus gerardiana Wall. ex. Lamb.,, Descr. Gen. Pinus. ed. 2, 3:. 151. 1837. Vernacular Name: Chalgoza Trees up to 18 m tall they are spreading at top and irregular branches. The bark is silverygrey, and thin. The leaves are in groups of 3, stiff, acicular, 6-12 cm, of sporophylls woody, the apex with recurved beak. The seeds are about 20 mm long, cylindric, a short winged. Fl. Per.: April- May, 2000-3000m. Cedrus deodara (Roxb. ex D. Don), G. Don in Loudon, Hort. Brit. ed. 1:388. 1830. Vernacular Name: Diyar Trees 30 m or more tall with a spreading and horizontal branch system, the branchlets drooping. Leaves are acicular, 2.5 cm long and 3-sided. The male cones is solitary at the tips of the dwarf shoots, erect, cylindrical and purplish at maturity, 2.5-4.5 cm long, the microsporophylls are spirally arranged, each having 2 oblong sporangia, the micropores are not winged. The female cones is solitary, erect, terminal at end of the shoots, young cones are greenish, mature cones are

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brown, barrel-shaped, 7-12 x 5-9 cm, sporophylls are fan-shaped, deciduous, leaving are a central woody axis. Seeds are obovate, 4-6 mm (excluding wing), with a large light brown wing. Fl. Per.: October, 2000-3000m. 3.2.2. CUPRESSACEAE Key to the genera 1 Cones woody in nature. Leaves are small, scale, appressed. ------2 + Cones are succulent. Leaves rigid, scale like. ------Juniperus 2 Twigs one plane or not. Female cones globose to sub-globose. Scales are valvate. Seeds winged, many------Cupressus + Twigs are in one plane. Female cones are sub-globose. Scales are imbricate. Seeds, not winged. ------Thuja Genus: Juniperus L., Sp. Pl. 1038. 1753. Key to the species 1 Leaves linear to lanceolate, in whorls of three, spreading.------Juniperus communis + Leaves dimorphic, opposite decussate------Juniperus excelsa Juniperus communis L., Fl. Ross., 1 (2):12, t. 4. 1788. Vernacular Name: Butyara Dioecious, shrubby decumbent plant. Branches dense. Leaves in whorls of threes, 8-12 x 2-4 mm, is subulate to pungent, curved to suberect. Male cones is axillary, 8 mm long, Female is cones solitary, 20 mm long, scales 3. Fruit is subglobose, bluish-black, 8-12 mm is wide. Seeds is 2-3, ovoid. Fl. Per.: April-May. 4000-4200m. Juniperus excelsa M. Bieb, Fl. Taur. Cauc. 2:425. 1828. Vernacular Name: Botyara Monoecious to medium sized trees. Leaves on upper branches is scale, opposite, decussate, 1.5-2 mm long, widely ovate, closely appressed, the lower branches is subulate, 6.1-8 mm long, pungent in smell. Male cones is terminal , scales are imbricate. Berries are subglobose, blue-black when they ripe, ± 10 mm wide. Seeds 3-5, brownish-yellow, testa is thick. Fl. Per.: April-May, 2000-4000 m.

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Cupressus sempervirens L., Sp. Pl. 1002. 1752. Vernacular Name: Saro Trees up to 20 m or more tall, cylindrical. Branches upwardly appressed, dark green, slender. Leaves are closely appressed, c. 1 mm long, ovate. Male cones 6-9 mm long, terminal on branches. Female cones (mature) ± 20-25 mm wide, yellowish-grey. Scales are peltate, 8-14 in number. Seeds are brown, compressed, winged, narrow. Fl. Per.: April-May, Cutivated. Thuja orientalis L., Sp. Pl. 1002. 1753. Vernacular Name: Sarva A small tree 6 m or more tall with compact conical or columnar habit. Branches and branchlets ascending, closely appressed. Foliage dark green. Opposite and decussate. Male cones terminal on the branchlets; microsporophylis 6-10 opposite decussate. Female cones green, woody and brown when ripe subglobose; Scales 8-12, each with a curved process. Seeds ovoid, not winged. Fl. Per.: April-May, Cultivated. 3.2.3. TAXACEAE Taxus wallichiana Zucc in Abhandl. Bayer. Akad. Classe Math.-Phys. 3:805. t. 5. 1843. Vernacular Name: Belanzai Dioecious tree 6-18 m is tall. Branches are spreading, irregular, the bark reddish is brown, scaly. Leaves are spirally disposed, linear, 2-4 cm long, the upper surface is green, shiny. Staminate cone is solitary, globose and axillary on the underside of the branches. The sporophylls 6.1-10 in number, peltate, each 5-8 pendant sporangia, the microspores not winged. Female flowers is solitary, axillary to green, with 3 pairs of scales, decussate. The seed olive-green, when young partially surrounded by red fleshy aril. Fl. Per.: April-May, 2000-4000 m.

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3.3. TAXONOMIC DESCRIPTION OF ANGIOSPERMS 3.3.1. HAMAMELIDACEAE Parrotiopsis jacquemontiana (Dcne.) Rehder in Journ. Arn. Arb. 1:256. 1920. Vernacular Name: Beranj Plants up to 5 m tall. Leaves sub orbicular; margins crenate serrate. Inflorescence short pedunculate, many flowered. Calyx persistent, densely pubescent, campanulate, lobed; lobes small. Stamens 15; filaments 3-4 mm long, erect. Ovary densely woolly. Fruits capsular, clustered. Seed ellipsoid, c. 6 mm long, brown, shining. Fl. Per. March-May, 1200-2800m. 3.3.2. OXALIDACEAE Oxalis corniculata L., Sp. Pl. 435. 1753. Vernacular Name: Threwakay Plants body is creeping, young and rooting at the nodes. The leaflets 3-14 mm long, 7-31 mm wide, obcordate to pilose-tomentose. The flowers are solitary or axillary umbels. The pedicel 5- 15 mm in long, deflexed in fruit. The bracts 3-5, linear. The sepals are 5, linear lanceolate. The petals 5, yellow. The filaments are glabrous. The carpels 5, styles longer than stamens. The capsule 1.1-3 cm long. Seeds 1.6 mm in long, brown, ribbed. Fl. Per., March-December, 2000- 2700m. 3.3.3. THYMELAEACEAE Daphne mucronata Royle, Ill. Bot. Himal. Mount. 232. T.81.f.2. 1836. Vernacular Name: Leghonae Shrubs up to 2.5 m tall. Younger branches often tomentose. Leaves alternate or scattered, 3-6 cm long, 0.4-1 cm wide, oblong to mucronate, less often obtuse, coriaceous, sessile. Flowers white, in axillary or terminal clusters, subsessile. Corolla is tube 6-8 mm long, tomentose, dilated at base, 4-lobed; lobes ovate to obovate, c. 4 mm long, spreading. Stamens 8, 2-seriate, upper 4 antisepalous, subsessile. Ovary is ovoid, 3 mm long, pubescent. Style absent; stigma capitate. Berry subglobose, c. 10 mm long, pubescent, orange. Fl. Per. April-September, 600-2500m.

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3.3.4. JUGLANDACEAE Juglans regia L., Sp. Pl. 997. 1753. Vernacular Name: Ghoze Deciduous tree 25 m tall. Young shoots is tomentose. The leaves imparipinnate, 17-40 cm long; leaflets 5-9, softly tomentose, opposite to sub-opposite, 7-20 cm long, 2-8 cm is wide, ovate to elliptic, acute, acuminate, glabrescent to pubescent on nerves beneath; petiolule 2-5 mm long. Male catkins 6-11 cm long, lateral; bract 2 mm long; bracteoles 2, 3 nun long, ovate to obovate, pubescent; tepals 4, ovate, 2 mm long; stamens 9-20, subsessile, anthers 2 mm long, irregularly apiculate. The female flowers 1-4, short spikes, involucral tube fused bract as will as bracteoles, 3.5 mm long, tomentose, glandular, obscurely 4-toothed and irregular at the margin; tepals 4, linear, 3-4 mm long, alternating with the teeth, margin sparsely pubescent; ovary 3.5 mm long, ovoid, inferior; style 2 mm stigmas 2, recurved, plumose to fimbriate, exserted. Drupe up to 5 cm long, ovoid to subglobose, epicarp green, glandular; endocarp 2-valved; seed 2 to 4-lobed at the base. Fl. Per., February-April, Cultivated as will as wild. 3.3.5. MELIACEAE Melia azedarach L., Spec. Plan. 1:384. 1753. Vernacular Name: Tora bakayna Tree, 12 m tall, shoots young. The leaves 1-3 pinnate, 60 cm long, leaflets is opposite, 2-5 cm long, 4-20 mm wide, notch to acuminate, oblique to sub-sessile. The flowers, axillary panicles, pedicel 1-3 mm long. The calyx 4-6-lobed, 2 mm long, pubescent. Petals 6-9 mm long, spathulate to lanceolate, ciliate, imbricate in bud. Staminal tube 5-7 mm long, cylindrical, expanded at apex, 10-striate, 20 teeth at the apex, anthers is sessile, 01 between each pair of teeth. The disc is glabrous, fused with ovary at base. The ovary 5-locular, style 3-5 mm long, stigma is capitate. The drupe 1-2 cm long, globose, yellow when ripe. Fl. Per.: April-May, 300- 3000m.

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3.3.6. APIACEAE Key to the genera 1. Flowers and fruits sessile, bracts spinose------Eryngium + Flowers characters other wise------2 2. Leaves simple ------Bupleurum + Leaves compound ------3 3. Furrows 1-vittate------6 + Furrows more then 1-vittate ------4 4 Fruit glabrous not winged------Pimpinella + Fruit winged------5 5 Furrows 2-3-vittate------Pleurospermum + Furrow many vittate ------Angelica 6 Flowers color yellow------Anethum + Flowers other wise------7 7 Fruit prickly------Torilis + Fruit not prickly------8 8 Leaves 1-3 pinnate------9 + Leaves much divided------Trachyspermum 9 Plants perennial. Tall up to one meter------Chaerophyllum + Plants annual. Tall up to 25cm------Scandix Note: The following genera of this family are in cultivation in the research area which were not included in the key given. These genera are Coriandrum, Foeniculum and Carum. Eryngium coeruleum M-Bieb., Tabl. Prov. Casp. 112. 1798. Vernacular Name: Tha Manzari Mangwal Plants up to 75 cm tall, bluish. In tall plants the lower stem unbranched. Radical leaves deciduous, unidivided, oblong to orbicular; margin crenate; basal leaves long petioled, divided; cauline leaves sessile to short petioled, divid¬ed; segments lanceolate. Umbels numerous with subglobose heads. Involucre of 5-6 bracts, sometimes alternating with spines; margin entire or with a pair of spines. Bractlets linear, pungent, longer than the flowers. Flowers sessile in the axils of bractlets. Calyx tube scaly; scales linear to lanceolate, white. Sepals 5, lanceolate, mucronate, 3 mm long with the mucro; mucro as long as the sepal. Stylopodium lacking; styles

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longer than the sepals. Fruit ridges not prominent; vittae inconspicuous. Inner seed face slightly concave. Fl. Per. Sept-October, 1200-3000m. Genus: Bupleurum L., Spe. Pl. 236. 1753. Key to the genera I Middle and upper leaves with 13 or more veins------Bupleurum longicaule + Middle and upper leaves with 9 or less veins------Bupleurum falcatum Bupleurum longicaule Wall. ex DC., Prodr. 4:131. 1830. Vernacular Name: Nil Perennial, 15-40 cm tall, 1 or more stems from the base. Lower leaves linear to lanceolate; upper leaves lanceolate, amplexicaul, apices long acuminate. Involucral bracts 1-3, ovate, unequal. Rays 2-8. Involucel of 6-8 oval bractlets, slightly connate at the base, longer than the flowering umbellet, veins 5-7. The petals and the stylopodium is almost black. The fruit oblong, ridges slightly winged, furrows is 3-vittate. . Fl. Per. March-April, 12-4000m. Bupleurum falcatum L., Sp. Pl. 237. 1753. Vernacular Name: Nil Perennial, up to 1 m tall; base woody. The basal leaves is lanceolate, petiolate, veins 7, the apex is acute, mucronate in middle and upper leaves linear, lanceolate, veins 7-9, base slightly amplexicaul, apex is acuminate. The involucre up to 1.1-4 minute bracts. The rays 4-8. Involucel of 5 minute, 3-veined bractlets, shorter than the flowering umbellet. The pedicels shorter than the fruits. The fruit oblong, 2-4 mm long, furrows is 3-vittate. Fl. Per. March- April, 120-4000m. Pimpinella acuminata (Edgew.) C. B.Clke in Hok. f., Fl. Brit. Ind. 2: 686. 1879. Vernacular Name: Nil Perennial, glabrous, up to 01 m tall. The leaves petiolate, up to 15 cm long, 2-pinnate; pinnae oval to ovate, incised; leaf bases sheathing. Peduncles 3-15 cm long. Involucre of 5-6 linear white margined bracts. Rays 3-0, slender, 2-6 cm long. Involucel of 5-6 white margined bractlets. Pedicels 1-2.5 cm long, filiform. Calyx teeth obsolete. Fruit is ovoid to almost globose, 1-3 mm in long, glabrous, ridges thin, not prominent; furrows 2-3-vittate; stylopodium conical; styles short, reflexed. Inner seed face plane to slightly concave. Fl. Per. October-November, 1200-3000m.

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Pleurospermum candollei (DC.) C.B.Clarke in Hok. f., Fl. Brit. Ind. 2: 703. 1879. Plants 9-30 cm in long. The tap root is thick. The stem base is covered with leaf bases. Stem 1 cm thick in older plants, fistular. The leaves is petiolate, pinnate, pinnae like leaflets, opposite, ovate to sinuate, leaf base is sheathing, sheath lanceolate to ovate, 1-3 cm long. Involucral bracts leaf like. Rays 4-15. The involucel of 9-15 oblong to obovate to bractlets is obtuse, widely white margined, longer than flowering umbellet. Fruit is oblong, 5 mm long, narrowly winged; furrows 2-3-vittate, commissure 6-vittate. Inner seed face deeply grooved. Fl., Per: July- August, 3000- 5000 m. Genus: Angelica L., Spe. Pla. 250.1753. Key to the species I Fruit 8-12 mm long; furrows 1-vittate; dorsal ------Angelica glauca + Fruit 6-8 mm long; furrows multi-vittate; dorsal -Angelica archangelica var. himalaica Angelica glauca Edgew. in Trans. L., Soc. Bot. 20: 53. 1846. Vernacular Name: Kathmana Plants 1-2 m tall. Stem stout, fistular. Leaves petiolate; compound; 1-2-ternate-pinnate; leaflets oval to ovate, mucronulate-serrate, lower surface glaucous. Peduncle stout, c. 20 cm long. Involucre of 5 long, linear bracts. Rays 20 or more. Involucel of 6-I0 linear bractlets. Fruit 7-12 mm long, 5-6 mm wide, elliptic to oblong; dorsal and intermediate ridges thick, corky, obtuse, approximated; lateral ridges widely winged; furrows 1-vittate; commissure 2-4-vittate. Inner seed face concave. Fl. Per. March-April, 500-3800m. Angelica archangelica L. var. himalaica (Clarke) E. Nasir, comb. nov. 1814. Vernacular Name: Derae pana Plants 2-3 m tall. Stem stout with ridges and grooves. Leaves 1-3-pinnate, leaflets is sessile, lanceolate to oval, 3-15 cm long, 2-8 cm wide; bases of upper leaflets decurrent; leaf bases sheathing. Peduncles 8-15 cm long. Involucre of small linear bracts. Rays 15-40, stout. Pedicels 5-8 mm long. Involucel of long linear bractlets. Flowers numerous, white. Calyx teeth obsolete. Fruit oblong to sub-quadrate, 5-8 mm long, 2-4 mm wide; dorsal and intermediate ridges prominent, lateral winged; furrows multi-vittate; commissure 4-6-vittate. Inner seed face concave. Fl. Per. March-April, 25-3800m.

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Anethum graveolens L., Sp. Pl. 263. 1753. Vernacular Name: Sowah 50-150 cm tall; strongly scented. Leaves 3-4-pinnate; segments filiform; upper leaves shorter and reduced. Peduncles 15 cm long. Rays 8 to numerous. Pedicels slender, 4 mm long. Fruit 2-4 mm long; dorsal and intermediate ridges distinct, lateral narrowly winged. Fl. Per. March-April, 500- 3800m. Genus: Torilis Adans., Fam. 2:99. 1763. Key to the species 1 Bracts present. Rays 4-10. Spines on fruit incurved. Styles twice as long as the stylopodium ------Torilis japonica + Bracts lacking. Rays 2-6. Spines on fruit glochidiate or subglochidiate. Style as long or longer than the stylopodium or very short------2 2 Rays 01-2 cm long------Torilis nodosa + Rays 02-4 cm long------Torilis leptophylla Torilis japonica (Houtt.) DC., Prodr. 4:219. 1830. Plants 30-50 cm tall. Leaves 1-2-pinnate; segments lanceolate, pinnatifid to pinnatisect. Peduncles up to 15 cm long. Involucre of long linear, hispid bracts. Rays 4-10, spreading, 1-1.5 cm long, hispid. Involucel of several linear, hispid bractlets. Fruit is pedicels 01-3 mm long. Fruit oval to ovoid, 2-4 mm long, spines incurved; styles twice as long as the stylopodium. Inner seed face sulcate. Fl. Per. March-April, 2000-3000m. Torilis nodosa (L.) Gaertn., De. Fruct. 1:82. 1788. Plants 20-70 cm tall, hispid. Leaves bipinnate; segments lanceolate, pinnati¬sect. Peduncles is sessile. Umbels leaf opposed. Involucral bracts is lacking. Rays is 2-6, 1-2 cm long. Involucel of linear bractlets. Calyx teeth triangular. Fruit ovoid, 2-4 mm long, setulose; bristles on outer mericarps straight, scabrid, glochidiate, the inner mericarps is tubercles, the styles is erect, as long. Fl. Per. March-May, 2100-3200m. Torilis leptophylla (L.) Reichb. f. in Icon. Fl. Germ. 21: 169, t. 2010. Plants up to 60 cm tall, hispid. Leaves bipinnate; segments linear. Peduncles 2-4 cm long, stout. Umbels usually lateral. Involucral bracts lacking. Rays 2-5, unequal, 2-4 cm long. Involucel of linear bractlets. Calyx teeth acuminate. Fruit oval to ovoid, 4 mm long, bristly; bristles subglochidiate, shining; stigma subsessile. Fl. Per.April-June, 1500-17000m.

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Trachyspermum ammi (L.) Sprague in Kew Bull. 228. 1929. Vernacular Name: Sperkai Annual, 15-50 cm tall, branched. Stem glabrous. Leaves much divided; ultimate segments filiform. Involucre of 5-8 linear, sometimes pinnate, bracts. Rays 8-16, glabrous, unequal. Involucel of 5-8 linear, sometimes pinnate bract-lets. The pedicels is twice as long as the fruit. Fruit ovoid, 2 mm long, muricate; ridges not prominent; stylopodium conical; styles c. mm long. Fl. Per.: April-May, 2000-3000m. Chaerophyllum reflexum Lindl. in Royle, Ill. Bot. Himal. Mount. 232. 1835. Vernacular Name: Nil Plants up to 1 m tall. Stem glabrous to sparsely hairy; hairs deflexed, white. Root elongated. Leaves bipinnate, glabrous to pubescent; pinnae finely divided. Involucral bracts lacking. Rays 6-12. Involucel of 5-8 lanceolate bractlets. Pedi¬cels of imperfect flowers reflexed. Fruit 1-(3) in an umbellet; central fruit subsessile; fruit cylindric to ellipsoid, beaked, 7-12 mm long; styles short; ridges prominent; furrows 1-vittate. Inner seed face sulcate. Fl. Per. March-April, 1700- 4000m. Scandix pecten-veneris L., Sp. Pl. 256. 1753. Vernacular Name: Shana butaey Plants up to 25 cm tall, pubescent or glabrescent, Leaves tripinnatisect; segments 1-4 mm long, linear; leaf bases sheathing; sheath margin ciliate or entire. Umbels terminal and lateral. Involucre of 1 linear bract or lacking. Rays 1-3, 1-2 (-4.) cm long. Involucel of several lanceolate, oval or ovate, ciliate bractlets, entire or incised at the apex. Fruit shortly pedicellate, 2-3.5 cm long, margin bristly, beak 1-3 times as long as seed, style 01 mm long, twice as long as the stylopodium; furrows I-vittate; commissure 2-vittate; vittae minute. Inner seed face deeply sulcate. Fl. Per. May-November, 1000-3000m.

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3.3.7. LINACEAE Reinwardtia trigyna (Roxb.) Planch. in Hook. Lond. Journ. Bot. 7. 522. 1848. Vernacular Name: Basant Plant Sub-shrub up to one m tall. Branches is erect and prostrate, adventitious roots. Leaves elliptic to oblong to lanceolate, 2-9 cm long, 0.8-3 cm wide, mucronate, entire to minutely serrate, 1-nerved; base attenuate; petiole 1-2 cm long. Flowers yellow, 3 cm across. Sepals free, c. 12 mm long, oblong-lanceolate, persistent. Petals free, 2-3 cm long, obovate. Glands 2-3, adnate the base of staminal tube. Stamens 5, persistent; filaments 7-I1 mm long; anthers 2 mm long; staminodes 5, alternating with the stamens. Ovary 1.5-2 mm long; styles connate at the base, heterostylous, 4-11 mm long; stigma capitate. Capsule globose, 7-10 mm long, splitting into 6-8 1 seeded cocci; seeds 5-6 mm long, reniform, compressed.Fl. Per. Feb.-May. 2000-4000 m. 3.3.8. PLATANACEAE Platanus orientalis L., Sp. P1. 999. 1753. Vernacular Name: Chinar Tree is 26 m tall. Young leaves and shoots tomentose, tomentum deciduous, stellate, each hair 7- 10 rayed with one long central hair. Leaves 4-7-lobed, 8-24 cm long, 12-30 cm wide; lobes coarsely toothed, glabrous, petiole 2-5 cm long. Stipules 2, 2 cm long, connate and tubular below; stipular tube membranous on the young shoots with a short limb and simple brown bristles; tomentose and leafy above on the older shoots. Male capitula sub-sessile, 2-3 on a peduncle, globose, 4-6 mm diameter, peduncle c. 2 cm long. Perianth lobes free, c. 1 mm long, oblong, glabrous. Stamens 3-8, free, anthers oblong, 2.5 mm long; adnate to the connective; connective peltate with bristles at the apex. Female capitula sessile, 2-5 on a peduncle, globose, 1-2 cm in diameter; peduncle 7-11 cm long. Perianth lobes 2 mm long, spathulate with long jointed hair at the apex. Carpels 3-8, free; ovary linear, 1 mm long, covered with long jointed hairs, style 5-6 mm long, uncinate, persistant. Capitula of achenes 2-3 cm wide; achene 8 mm long, obpyramidal with long, jointed, yellow hair at the base, style persistant. Fl. Per. April- May.100-2000m.

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3.3.9. GROSSULARIACEAE Genus: Ribes L., Spe. Pl. 200. 1753. Key to the species 1 Plants prickly. Flowers solitary------Ribes alpestre + Plants without prickles. Flowers in racemes ------Ribes orientale Ribes alpestre Decne. in Jacquem.Voy.Ind. 64,t.75. 1844. An erect shrub, l-2 m tall, with 3 prickles at each node. Twigs with inconspicuous gland tipped hairs or bristles. Leaves crowded on dwarf shoots, l.5-3 cm long, l.5-4 cm wide, orbicular, obtusely 3-5-lobed; lobes inciso-crenate, slightly hairy on both sides, basal nerves 3-7; petiole 0.5-5 cm long; stipules absent. Flowers pink, 4-6 mm in diameter, bisexual, solitary on short pubescent bracteate peduncles. Calyx tube 3 mm long, lobes 6 mm long, reflexed. Petals are 3 mm long. Stamens exserted. . Berries globose or ovoid, glandular and pubescent, 1 cm in diameter. Fl. Per. May June.1300-3000m. Ribes orientale Desf., Hist. Arb. 2:88. 1809. A dioecious shrub, 1-2 m tall. Twigs pubescent, glandular and sticky. Leaves 1-3 cm long, 2-6 cm wide, orbicular, obscurely 3-5-lobed; lobes inciso-crenate, obtuse, dorsally covered with stiff glandular hairs, basal nerves 3-5 ; petioles 0.7-3 cm long, pubescent and gandular. Male racemes 2-5 cm long, 15-30-flowered; bracts linear-lanceolate, 2-4 mm long, margin glandular ciliate. Flowers small, 5 mm long, greenish or yellowish. Calyx tube 2 mm long, glandular, scarcely produced above the ovary, lobes ovate. Petals spathulate. Stamens as long as the petals. Style 2-3 fid. Female racemes 1-2.2 cm long, 5-15-flowered. Female flowers similar, 3 mm long. Fl. Per.: April-June.1400-2500m. 3.3.10. HYPERICACEAE Genus: Hypericum L., Sp.P1. 783. 1753. 1 Stamen fascicles and styles 5 petals and stamens deciduous. ------2 + Stamen fascicles and styles 3 petals and stamens persistent. ------Hypericum perforatum 2 Sepals ovate to elliptic-oblong, erect in bud------Hypericum oblongifolium + Sepals linear or narrowly oblong-lanceolate, spreading in bud------Hypericum dyeri

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Hypericum perforatum L., Sp. Pl. 785. 1753. Vernacular Name: Sheen chai Perennial herb. Stems 10-110 cm long, erect or rooting at the base, 2-lined, smooth, with branches ascending. Leaves sessile or subsessile, 4-36 mm long, 2-15 mm wide, narrowly ovate to elliptic-oblong or linear or sometimes oblanceolate, apex obtuse or mucronate, base is cuneate, rounded, entire with intramarginal and often a few laminar black glands. Inflorescence a (1-)5- many-flowered, subcorymbose or widely pyramidal cyme with ultimately monochasial branches; flowers 2-3 cm in diameter. Sepals 3-6 mm long, lanceolate to oblong or elliptic, acute to acuminate or shortly aristate, free, entire.. Petals + narrowly oblanceolate, 8-15 mm long, with marginal black dots and sometimes laminar black lines. Stamens in `3' fascicles (2+2+1). Ovary 3-locular, 2-3.5 mm long; styles c. 2 x longer than the ovary, free, divergent, incurved near apex. Capsule (4-)5-9 mm long, ovoid to pyramidal, each valve with dorsal vittae and lateral vescicles, Seeds 1.0-1.2 mm long, shortly apiculate, not carinate; testa reti¬culate-pitted. Fl. Per.: June- September.1500-2500m. Hypericum oblongifolium Choisy, Prodr. Monogr. Hyper. 42, tab. 4. 1821. Vernacular names: Chamba Shrub 1-2 m tall, much branched. Stems arching to procumbent or ascending, branches at first, soon terete. Leaves sessile, 30-90 mm long, 10-32 mm wide, oblong or ovate-oblong to elliptic, apex obtuse or rarely acute to apiculate or rounded, base cuneate to rounded, venation + densely reticulate. Inflorescence of 1-3 (-6)-flowered cymes; flowers 4-7.5 cm in diameter. Sepals 5-8 mm long, ovate to elliptic-oblong, acute to rounded, entire, erect in bud, spreading in fruit. Petals narrowly obovate, 15-30 mm long, 1.3-1.3 x longer than the stamens. Stamens c. 30 in each fascicle. Ovary 4-6 mm long; styles c. 2 x longer than the ovary, free, erect or slightly outcurving. Capsule 9-17 mm long, ovoid to ovoid-conic, without vittae or vesicles. Seeds c. 1 mm long, apiculate, narrowly carinate; testa very shallowly linear-foveolate to ribbed- scalariform. Fl. Per.: March-August.1500-2500m. Hypericum dyeri Rehder in Journ. Arnold Arbor. 20:422. 1939. Vernacular Name: Shin Chai Shrub 0.6-1.2 m tall, spreading. Stems arching; branches 1-4 lined and flattened at first, soon 2- lined to terete. The leaves with a petiole 1-2 mm long; lamina 10-60 mm long. 5-35 mm wide, ovate to lanceolate or elliptic-lanceolate, apex is acute or apiculate to rounded, base is cuneate to

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rounded, venation laxly or scarcely reticulate. Inflorescence of 1-many-flowered subcorymbose cymes; flowers 1-4 cm in diameter. Sepals 4-12 mm long, linear narrowly oblong to lanceolate, .10-18 mm long, 1.2 x longer than the stamens. Stamens 20 in each fascicle. Ovary 3-5 mm long; styles 1-2 x longer than the ovary, free, gradually divergent, spreading at apex. Capsule 7-10 mm long, subglobose, without vittae or vescicles. Seeds 0.9-1 mm long, apiculate, carinate; testa laxly reticulate. Fl. Per.: August-September. 1200-3000m. 3.3.11. DATISCACEAE Datisca cannabina L., Sp. P1. 1037. 1753. Vernacular Name: Kalbari Plants c. 2 m tall. Cauline leaves 15-30 cm long; leaflets 5-11, petioluled, lanceolate, up to 15 cm long, 2-4 cm wide, coarsely serrate, long to acuminate, ramal ones alternate, linear-Ianceolate, 2.5-8 cm long, 0.7-1.2 cm wide, serrate or entire. Flowers yellow, small, subsessile. Male flowers, calyx 3-4-lobed, lobes unequal, 2 mm long; stamens 11-13, anthers oblong, 3-3.5 mm long, filaments very short. Female flowers, calyx obscurely 3-4-ribbed, adnate to the ovary, 3-4- lobed, lobes 1 mm long. Gynoecium 3-4-carpellary, inferior, unilocular, ovules many on 3-4 parietal placentae; styles 2-4, free, each divided nearly to the middle in 2 linear stigmas. Fruit 5-9 mm long, 3-4 mm wide. Seeds numerous, elliptic,1 mm long, testa reticulate with a cupulate membranous strophiole. Fl. Per: May-August. 1300-2400m..

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3.3.12. MIMOSACEAE Genus: Acacia Mill., Gard. Diet. Abridg. ed. 4. 1754. Key to the species 1 Inflorescence a spike------Acacia modesta + Inflorescence a head------Acacia farnesiana Acacia modesta Wall., Pl.As.Rar. 2:27.t.130. 1831. Vernacular Name: Palosa Plant is a small deciduous tree, shoot a glabrous, brownish bark, irregular, under the petiole, compacted, recurved, is dark to brown, clean, 3-5 mm long, rachis 1-5 cm long, with small gland at base and occasionally one between the top pair pinnae generally 1-4 pairs rarely 01, 1-2.6 cm long, leaflets 2-5 pairs and petiolulate, 01 mm is a long, lamina 3-10 mm long, 2-7 mm wide, widely ovate, oblique, obtuse and veins prominent, the inflorescence is a pedunculate and spike, 2.7-7 cm long, peduncle 1.4-2.6 cm long, pedicel 01 mm long, calyx 1-1.5 mm long, widely campanulate, glabrous, corolla 1-3 mm long, stamens are indefinit, filaments 5 mm long, Pod 5- 6 mm long, pod proper 5-7 cm.The seeds 3-5mm. Fl. Per., April-May.1000-2000m. Acacia farnesiana (Lin.) Willd., Spe. Pl. 4:1083. Vernacular Name: Kikar Shrub or small tree, branches is slightly zigzag, marked with a grey, young twigs is glabrescent. Spines having stipular, in pairs, straight, 6-18 mm long. The rachis 1-6 cm long, pilose, petiole usually with a small gland. The pinnae 1-8 pairs, 1-2.5 cm long, leaflets 10-20 pairs, sessile, 2.5- 5.5 mm long, 1.0-1.5 mm wide, linear, base oblique, glabrous. The inflorescence is globose pedunculate a heads in axillary fascicles, peduncle 1-2.5 cm long, slender, bracts whorled, at the apex of the peduncle. Calyx 1-1.8 mm long, campanulate. Corolla 2.5 mm long. The pod 4-7.5 cm long, 1.2 cm wide slightly curved, dark brown, mesocarp is pulpy. Seeds numerous, biseriate. Fl. Per. November-March, Cultivated in Dir kohistan forest department.

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3.3.13. SAPINDACEAE Dodonaea viscosa (L.) Jacq., Enum. PI. Carib. 19. 1760. Vernacular Name: Ghwaraskay Plant evergreen shruby 4-6 m tall. The young portion is sheltered, viscid is type of resin. The leaves is sessile, oblanceolate to 2-10 cm long, 1-3 cm wide, glabrous, entire. The panicles at top, 4 cm long, the flowers are green yellow, pedicelate 2-7 mm long, sepals 3-6, united at the base, ovate, 2-4 mm long, stamens 4-9, free, undeveloped in the female flower, the anthers is subsessile, oblong, 1-6 mm in long and hairy at the tip, ovary triquetrous, 3 mm long, 3 locular, sparsely is hairy, basic the male flower, style 2-4 mm long and the stigma is 03 fid, capsule 10- 15 mm long, 14-20 mm wide, 2-5 valved, valves membranous, light to brown, green, winged at the back, seed sub-globose, 4 mm long and black in color. Fl. Per. January-May. 700-2000m. 3.3.14. PORTULACACEAE Portulaca oleracea L., Sp. Pl. 445. 1753. Vernacular Name: Warkharay The plant body is annual or mostly perennial, prostrate, 25 cm tall, succulent, glabrous, green green herb. Branches and stem with 4-20 mm rarely up to 50 mm long is internodes. The leaves alternate, closely is crowded below the flowers is spathulate to linear-oblong, attenuate at the base, sub-sessile, obtuse or truncate, 2-25 mm long, 1-8 mm wide, thick, fleshy, glabrous, glistening to white below, stipular appendages usually absent, or rarely every minute and setaceous. Inflorescence usually in the forks of branches, cymose, with clusters of 3-6 flowers subtended by 4-leaved involucre, rarely flowers solitary and terminal. Flowers sessile, yellow, 4- 8 mm across, bracteate; bracts membranous, ovate, 3 mm long, acuminate, white or somewhat purplish. Sepals subequal, basally united into a short, 1-3 mm long tube, keeled; lobes 1-3 mm long, slightly hooded, margin wide membranous, acute, deciduous. Petals 5, deliquescent, slightly united at the base, obovate, 5-6 mm long, 2-3 mm wide, yellow, emarginate with mucronulate notch. Stamens 7-12, basally somewhat united and adnate to petals, filaments 2.5 mm long, sensitive to touch, anthers ovoid. Ovary c. 2 mm long, half embedded in calyx tube, ovoid; style 1.5-2 mm long, stigmas 4-5, sticky, c. 1 mm long. Capsule many-seeded, 4-8 mm long, 2-4 mm in diam. Seeds shining black, 1-0.8 mm, reniform, testa tuberculate. Fl. Per. Flowers open in morning throughout the year. 1000-2000m.

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3.3.15. POLYGALACEAE Polygala abyssinica R.Br. ex Fresen. in Mus. Senck. 2:273. 1837. Vernacular Name: Odegula Perennial, glabrescent, suffruticose, (2-)20-45 cm tall. Stems many from base. Lower leaves smaller, obovate or oblong; upper leaves linear or lanceolate, acute-acuminate, 5-19 mm long, 0.5-3 mm wide, recurved. Racemes terminal, lax, 20-30 mm long. Bracts deciduous. Sepals persistent, glabrous; outer sepals unequal, narrowly hyaline margined; inner sepals obovate, 3- 4.5 mm long, 2-3.5 mm wide, slightly oblique, enlarged in fruit, 3-nerved, veinlets anastomosing. Lateral petals much shorter than keel; keel 4 mm long, crest large. Capsule obovate, emarginate, 2-4 mm long, 2-2.5 mm wide, wing 0.5 mm. Seed oblong, pilose, strophiole 3-lobed, 2-appendiculate, appendages minute. Fl. Per.: March-Sept.1200-2300m. 3.3.16. DIOSCORACEAE Dioscorea deltoidea Wall. ex Kunth, Enum. 5:340. 1850. Vernacular Name: Kanees Plant tubers perennial herb, shrubs, stems glabrous, twining clockwise, leaves alternate, simple, 4-11.5 cm long, 4-10.5 cm wide, ovate, petiole 4-10 cm long, slender, male spikes solitary, axillary, simple or sometimes branched, slender, 7.5-25 cm long; flowers in small distant clusters; stamens 6, female spikes solitary, slender, up to 15 cm long, some flowered, capsule 2.1 cm long, 3 cm wide, obovate, seeds winged unequally all round. Fl. Per., May-July. 900-2000m.

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3.3.17. CAESALPINIACEAE Caesalpinia decapetala (R) Alst., in Trimen, Hdb. Fl. Ceylon 6, Suppl. 89.1931. Vernacular Name: Jara A scandent or scrambling shrub, branches hairy with hooked or straight prickles. Leaves 11-37.5 cm long, stipule semisagittate, caducous, 1.2-1.3 cm long, rachis armed with recurved prickles at the base of the pinnae, pinnae 4-10 pairs, opposite, 4-10 cm long, leaflets 8-12 pairs, opposite, 1.5-2 cm long, 5-10 mm wide, oblong, obtuse at both the ends, glabrous above, slightly hairy below, petiolule minute, stipels absent. Inflorescence terminal or axillary raceme, 30-40 cm long. Flowers yellow, 1-1.8 cm long, pedicel 1-3 cm long, hairy, jointed near the flower, bract 5 mm long, ovate-lanceolate, tomentose, caducous. Calyx 1-1.3 cm long. Petals suborbicular, bigger 13-14 mm long, smaller 11 mm long. Filaments woolly in the lower half. Pods 6.2-12.5 cm long 1.7-2.8 cm wide, beaked, narrowly winged along the ventral suture, more or less woody and turgid, dehiscent late; seeds 4-8. Fl. Per.: March-April, 1200-4000 m.

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3.3.18. BRASSICACEAE Key to the genera 1. Fruit Siliculae ------2 + Fruit Siliquae ------6 2. Seed 1-2 only------4 + Seed many------3 3. Seed 6-12------Capsella + Seed many------Thlaspi 4 Petals minute or absent------Coronopus + Petals otherwise------5 5 Stigma capitate------Lepidium + Stigma bilobed------Isatis 6 Leves compound------7 + Leaves simple------8 7 Stigma bilobed------Cardamine + Stigma capitate------Nasturtium 8 Leaves lyrate-Pinnatipartite------Sisymbrium + Leaves otherwise------9 9 Flower color yellow------Erysimum + Flower color white------10 10 Ovary 4-18 ovules------Alliaria + Ovary 20-100 ovules------Arabidopsis Capsella bursa-pastoris Mk., Pflanzengatt.1:85.1792. Vernacular Name: Bambesa Annual herbs, erect or suberect, simple or sparingly branched below, glabrous to hairy with simple and branched hairs. Basal leaves is often rosulate, pinnate to entire, stalked, upper leaves is sessile, sinuate dentate to entire, auricled, amplexicaul. Racemes to corymbose, and elongated in fruit, ebracteate. Flowers are small, usually white, pedicel filiform, ascending in fruit. Sepals suberect, oblong, not saccate at base. Petals short, white or pinkish, spathulate, apex rounded. Stamens 6, filaments linear, anthers ovate. Lateral nectar glands in pairs, usually with a short external process. Ovary oblong, elliptic, 12-24-ovuled, bilocular; stigma subsessile. Siliculae

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obtriangular or obcordate-triangular, compressed, bilocular, dehiscent, not winged, glabrous; valves wideest near the apex, reticulately veined; septum narrowly elliptic, membranous, not veined; seeds 5-12 in each locule, small, ellipsoid, brown; radicle incumbent. Fl. Per.: April- May, 200-3000m. Genue : Thlaspi L. Sp. Pl. 2: 645–647. 1753. Key to the genus 1 Siliculae completely winged, orbicular to widely obcordate------2 + Siliculae winged above only, or wings suppressed or absent, usually oblong------4 2 Wings of siliculae narrow, not veined------Thlaspi perfoliatum + Wings of siliculae wide, reticulately veined------Thlaspi kotschyanum 3 Flowers 3-5 mm across; fruits oblong or obtriangular; apex slightly winged------Thlaspi cochleariforme + Flowers 6-7 mm across; fruit oblong elliptic; Apex not winged------Thlaspi andersonii Thlaspi perfoliatum L., Sp. PI. 646. 1753. Annual plant body, 4-20 cm tall, erect, simple or branched from below, glabrous, Basal leaves in loose rosette, obovate, spathulate, apex rounded, shortly stalked, 1-3 cm long, 1-1.5 cm wide, upper leaves lanceolate, ovate, cordate, amplexicaul; all leaves glabrous, ± glaucous, entire or slightly toothed. Racemes 15-30-flowered, up to 15 cm long in fruit. Flowers is 2.5 mm across, white, pedicels is up to 9 mm long in fruit, spreading. Sepals 2 mm long, 1 mm wide. Petalss 2.5 mm long, 1 mm wide. Stamens c. 1.2: 1.5 mm long. Siliculae 4-6 mm long, 3-5 mm wide, obcordate-orbicular; wings narrow, smooth, not veined; stigma subsessile at the base of the apical notch; septum 2 mm wide; seeds 2-3 in each locule, 1.5 mm long, ellipsoid, yellowish- brown. Fl. Per.: April-July.1500-2500m. Thlaspi kotschyanum Boiss.& Hohen. in Boiss,. Diagn. ser. I:39. 1849. Annual, 25 cm tall, erect, branched usually from below is glabrous. Basal leaves not rosette forming, ovate-oblong, 2-3 cm long, 1-1 cm wide, entire or subentire, shortly stalked; upper leaves oblong-ovate, 1-4 cm long, 1-2 cm wide, cordate, amplexicaul, apex obtuse or rounded. Racemes 25-50-flowered, up to 15 cm long in fruit. Flowers 2 mm across, white; pedicels up to 5 mm long in fruit, sub-spreading or ascending. Sepals 1.2 mm long, 0.5 mm wide. Petals 2 (-3) mm long, 1 mm wide. Stamens 0.8 :1 mm long; anthers c. 0.2 mm. Siliculae obcordate-orbicular, 9-12 mm in diam, apical notch narrow with a sessile stigma at its base; wing wideest towards the

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apex; 1-2.5 mm wide, distinctly reticulately veined; septum 1.5-2 mm wide; seeds usually 6 in each locule, c. 1.5 nun long, reddish-brown. Fl. Per.: April-July, 1600-2000m Thlaspi cochleariforme DC., Syst. Nat. 2:381. 1821. Perennial, 5-25 cm tall in fruit, branched mostly from the base, erect, glabrous, subglaucous; rootstock 3-4 mm thick, covered with withered leaf bases. Radical leaves rosulate, spathulate or oblong-obovate, shortly stalked, 2.5-6 cm long, 0.5-2 cm wide, apex rounded, entire or subentire; cauline leaves ovate-cordate, amplexicaul, 1-3 cm long, entire or obscurely toothed. Racemes 20- 40-flowered, up to c. 10 (-15) cm long in fruit. Flowers c. 5 mm across, white, pedicels 8 mm long in fruit, glabrous, spreading rarely slightly deflexed. Sepals 2.5-3 mm long, 1.3 mm wide. Petals 5-7 mm long, 2-2.5 mm wide, obovate, cuneate below, apex slightly emarginate. Stamens 2.3: 4 mm long; anthers 0.5 mm. Siliculae 4-10 mm long, 2.5-3.8 mm wide, oblong-obovate, apex ± emarginate, rarely subentire, glabrous, obscurely to slightly winged at the apex with 1-2.5 mm long persistent style; septum c. 1.5 mm wide, seeds 3-4 in each locule, 1-2 mm long, ovate- oblong, pale brown. Fl. Per.: April July. 1300-2200m. Thlaspi andersonii (Hook. f. & Thorns.) O.E. Schulz in Anzeiger. Akad. Wiss.Wien., Math-Nat. K1. 43 :98. 1926. Perennial, procumbent or ascending, 7-15 cm long, glabrous, subfleshy; branches dimorphic, flowering ones with cordate amplexicaul leaves, the non-flowering ones with spathulate, cuneate or stalked leaves. Radical leaves ± rosulate, spathulate,± stalked, 10-30 mm long, 4-12 mm wide, margin± dentate; cauline leaves of flowering branches ovate-oblong, 5-11 mm long, 4-8 mm wide, auricled at base, amplexicaul. Racemes 15-20-flowered, corymbose, upto 4 cm long in fruit. Flowers 6-7 mm across, white or pinkish; pedicels up to 5 mm long in fruit, glabrous, spreading. Sepals 2-2.5 mm long, 1.2 mm wide. Petals 5-6 mm long, 2.5 mm wide, oblong- obovate. Stamens 2.5 : 3.5 mm long, anthers 0.7 mm. Siliculae 6-8 mm long, c. 2 mm wide, elliptic-oblong, not or obscurely winged, apex acute, entire. Fl. Per.: May-July. 1400-2400m. Coronopus didymus (L.) Smith, Fl. Brit. 2: 691.1804. Vernacular Name: Gandabotae Annual or biennial plant body, 14-30 cm long, procumbent, branched mostly from below, glabrous or hairy. The basal and lower leaves are rosulate and pinnatisect, stalked, 5-10 cm long, upper leaves similar, 1-3 cm long, sessile, lobes is sinuate to toothed, often only on one side. The racemes 29-60-flowered, dense, 8 cm long in the fruit. The flowers minute, l mm across,

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pedicel short, 3-4 mm long in fruit, filiform. The petals present. The stamens only 2 or 4, but only 2 fertile. Siliculae shorter than the pedicel, 1 mm long, 3 mm wide, wideer than long, valves is globose, reticulately, glabrous, septum inconspicuous, 0.3 mm wide; seed, 1.5 long, reniform, reddish, brown. Fl.Per.: March-June. 1000-3200m. Genus: Lepidium L. Sp. Pl. 2: 643–645. 1753. Key to the species 1 Siliculae often deeply notched at the apex, usually 5-6 mm ong------Lepidium sativum + Siliculae slightly or obscurely notched at the apex, usually 2-3 mm long------Lepidium pinnatifidum Lepidium sativum L., Sp.P1. 644. 1753. Vernacular Name: Halam Annual, 30-61 cm tall, straight, divided branches, glabrous and pilose, basal leaves pinnatisect, 4-11 cm long, 2.6-3.6 cm wide, petiolate to sub-sessile, top leaves linear and sessile, inflorescence is racemes, branched, each 19-31 flowered and ebracteate. Flowers are small, 3.1 mm across, white to pinkish, the pedicel 2-4 mm long in fruit, subappressed, sepals 1.6 mm long, 1.1 mm wide, oblong, petals 4 mm long, 01 mm wide, pointed below, tip rounded, stamens 2.2 mm long; anthers minute widely elliptic, glabrous, hardly winged and definitely notched at the tip with short style included within, septum 01 mm wide.The seed 3 mm long, 01 mm wide, brown. Fl. Per. April-June.1000-2500m. Lepidium pinnatifidum Leb., Fl. Ross.01: 206. 1842. Vernacular Name: Nil Annual (or biennual), up to 50 cm tall, with a single stem usually branched is above, glabrous aree rarely very thinly hairy with simple short hairs. The basal leaves is sub-pinnatipartite or obscurely dissected, shortly petiolate, somewhat rosulate, drying early, cauline leaves is usually elliptic to oblanceolate, irregularly to dentate generally 2-5 cm long, upper almost entire toothed, linear, oblanceolate or sub-spathulate. The flowers and fruits like the above, species but petals usually present, rudimentary and shorter than sepals; pedicels hairy, slightly longer and comparatively more spreading, 3.5-5 mm long. Fl. Per.: April-June. 800-3000m.

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Isatis costata C. A. Mey. in Ledeb; Fl-Alt. 03: 204. 1831. Vernacular Name: Tora pana Annual or mostly biennial, 38-120 cm tall, erect, branched, in fact it is glabrous. Basal leaves is obovat, 7-14 cm long, 1-3 cm wide, subsessile, margin is entire, cauline is a small leaves, lanceolate to auricled at base, amplexicaul, entire, all the leaves glabrous or sparsely ciliately hairy with simple hairs. The flower 2-4 mm across, yellowish. Sepals 1-1.7 mm long, 1 mm wide. Petals 2-3 mm long, 1-2 mm wide, Siliculae or oblong is elliptic, 9-15 mm long, 4-6 mm wide, glabrous or pubescent, apex is rounded, locules, usually as long or a little longer than the upper portion of the wing, midrib3 ridged, the seed 3 mm long, 1 mm wide, oblong-ellipsoid, brown. Fl. Per.: May-August. 700-2000m. Genus: Cardamine L., Spe. Pl. 653. 1753. Key to the species 1 Leaf bases auricled------Cardamine impatiens + Leaf bases not auricled------Cardamine loxostemonoides Cardamine impatiens L., Sp. Pl. 655. 1753. Annual or biennial herb, 10-60 cm tall, erect or suberect, glabrou or hairy. Leaves very variable in size, and pinnate, usually with 5-8 pairs of lateral leaflets and a terminal one, stalked with bases of petiole auricled; leaflets usually subrounded in lower leaves and ovate-oblong in upper leaves, lobulate, serrate to almost entire, 5-25 mm long, 3-10 mm wide. Racemes 20-30 flowered, 15 cm long in the fruit. Flowers 3-4 mm across, white, pedicels 10 mm long in fruit, ascending. Sepals 2.5 mm long. Petals 4 (-5) mm long. Stamens 2-3 mm long. Siliquae linear, compressed, (15) 20-30 mm long, 1 mm wide, straight, glabrous; valves faintly veined; style usually very short, 1 mm long with minute stigma; septum not veined; seeds many, 1 mm long, oblong. Fl. Per.: May -July.1500-2000m. Cardamine loxostemonoides O. E. Schulz in Notzbl. Bot. Cart. Berelin. 9: 1069. 1927. Perennial with a creeping rhizome, suberect or procumbent, 10-20 cm long, glabrous. Leaves pinnate, stalked, usually 4-7 jugate, very variable; pinnae sub-orbicular to linear oblong, 4-15 (20) mm long, 2-5 mm wide; terminal lobe scarcely different from the lateral ones, entire to 3- lobulate. Racemes 5-15-flowered, 10 cm long in the fruit. Flowers 10-15 mm across, showy, usually lilac or pedicel 10-20 mm long in the fruit. Sepals 3.5 mm long. Petals 3 times as long as the sepals, 5-8 mm wide, obovate-oblong, hardly clawed, veined. Stamens 4:5 mm long. Siliquae

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linear, compressed, 2.5-3 cm long, 1.5 mm wide, straight, glabrous; style 1-3 mm long with a capitate stigma; septum not veined; seeds many, c. 1.5 mm long. Fl. Per.: June-July.700-1600m. Nasturtium officinale R. Br. in Aton, Hrt. Kew. ed. 2. 4: 110. 1812. Vernacular Name: Tarmera Perennial herb, rhizomatous, 7-81 cm long, rooting at below the nodes, floating, glabrous green, simple scattered hairs. The leaves is pinnate, the lower stalked is 1-5 leaflets, in the upper sessile, leaves and the stem is green in autumn, racemes is 9-25 number of flowered, flowers 4 mm, white, pedicel 9.1 mm long in the fruit, spreading, horizontal, the sepals 3.1 mm long, petals 3-5 mm in long, 2 mm wide, stamens 1-3 mm long, siliquae oblong, 9-20 mm long, 1-2.5 mm wide.The style 1-2 mm in long with depressed stigma, the seeds many, ovoid, 1 mm long with 25 polygonal. Fl. Per. April-July. 800-2000m. Sisymbrium irio L., Sp. Pl. 659. 1753. Vernacular Name: Awrae Annual, herb, 20-60 cm tall, straight, branched, hairy, basal and lower leaves petiolate, pinnately lobed with a hastate terminal lobe larger than the laterals, 2-6-jugate, very variable in size; cauline leaf is similar but only 1-3-jugate, racemes 50-80 flowered, up to 30 cm long in fruit with siliquae overtopping young flowers and buds, flowers 3 mm across, yellow; pedicels 10-15 mm long in fruit, filiform, ascending or sub-spreading, rarely spreading, sepals 2-2.6 mm long, petals 3-5 mm long, 1 mm wide, usually slightly longer than sepals, stamens 1.4 mm long, anthers 0.6 mm long, siliquae 30-45 mm long, 1 mm wide, linear, valvex submembranous, convex, obscurely to distinctly torulose, faintly 3-veined but the mid-vein distinct, glabrous; style inconspicuous, thickened, with a depressed, sub-bilobed stigma; septum hyaline, the seeds 20-40 in each locule, 01 mm long, oblong-ellipsoid, yellowish-brown. Fl. Per. May-August. 700- 2000m. Erysimum melicentae Dunn in Kew Bull. 336. 1920. Vernacular Name: Zergulaey Biennial or perennial. (20-) 30-80 (-100) cm tall, usually with simple stem, leafy, appressedly hairy with 2 (-3) -partite hairs. Basal leaves rosulate, oblanceolate, stalked, 50-100 mm long, 5- 10 mm wide, obtusely toothed, rarely sinuate-dentate or entire; cauline leaves ± similar, shortly stalked, upper linear, sessile or subsessile. Racemes 25-50 (-70)-flowered, sometimes bracteate below, 20 cm long in the fruit. Flowers large, 10-15 mm, the yellow; pedicels 9-15 mm long in

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fruit, thickened. Sepals 7-9 mm long. Petals 12-18 mm long, 6-9 mm wide. Stamens c. 8: 10 mm long; anthers 3 mm long. Siliquae 35-70 mm long, 1.5 mm wide, linear-terete, appressedly hairy, often densely, valves with a prominent mid-rib; style 2-5 mm long, with large, capitate, sub- bilobed stigma, seeds 2 mm long, oblong-terete. Fl. Per.: May-July. 600-3000m. Alliaria petiolata (M.Beb) Cavra & Grnde, Bull.Orto Bot. Rgia Univ. Napli. 3: 418. 1913. Vernacular Name: Spengulae Annual and may be biennial herbs with slender tap root, often having an odour of garlic, erect, branched, sparsely hairy below with simple hairs. Basal leaves ovate-cordate, dentate, long petioled; cauline leaves ovate-triangular, shortly stalked. Racemes many flowered, lax, enlongated in fruit. Flowers mediocre or small, white; pedicels spreading, thickened in fruit. Sepals not saccate at base. The petals is about twice as long as the sepals, oblong obovate, narrowed below. Stamens 6; filaments not appendaged; anthers short, obtuse. Lateral nectar glands annular, sub-angular; middle glands widely conical, hardly joining the laterals. Ovary cylindrical-terete, 4-18-ovuled; style short with depressed-capitate stigma. Siliquae widely linear, terete, bilocular, dehiscent; valves ± 3-veined; septum membranous, white, not veined; seeds 1- seriate, large, oblong, longitudinally striated, not mucilaginous when wet. Fl. Per.: May- June.1200-3000m. Arabidopsis himalaica (Edgew.) O.E. Schlz in Engl., Pflnzenr. 86 (IV.105): 283. 1924. Vernacular Name: Sfenaponga Biennial or perennial, 20-50 cm is tall, often much branched and from the base of the branches ascending, usually densely hispid with simple and branched hairs. Leaves often more coarsely toothed and green. Racemes and flowers similar but mostly bracteate up to the apex; pedicels up to 9 (-15) mm long in fruit, spreading. Siliquae linear, subterete, (10-) 15-30 (-40) mm long, c. 1 mm wide, glabrous valves 1-veined, subconvex; style c. 0.5 mm long with a depressed, stigma, septum 1-veined; seeds 25-50 in each locule, c. 0.7 mm long. Fl. Per.: May-June. 1100-2500m.

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3.3.19. BUDDLEJACEAE Buddleja crispa Benth., Scroph. Ind. 43. 1835. Vernacular names: Butterfly Bush Plant body is a shrub, leaves sessile or petiolate, to lanceolate and ovate, 2.4-8 cm long, on both surfaces, edge crenate, dentate, entire in young leaves, the petiole 1-1.5 cm long, white, temporary on the upper surface, flowers sessile, fragrant, in broken up branched spikes, calyx 4 mm long, tomentose; lobes 4, ovate, corolla tube 8 mm long, lobes orbicular, 3 mm long, pubescent on the outside and throat; margin undulate, stamens 4; anthers sub-sessile, included, 1.6 mm long, capsule is 2-vavled, ellipsoid, 4-7 mm long, seeds many, 0.5 mm long, membranous round the edge. Fl. Per. April-May. 900-2500m. 3.3.20. PODOPHYLLACEAE Genus: Podophyllum L., Sp. Pl. 505. 1753. Podophyllum emodi Wall. ex Royle, Illustr. Bot. Himal. 64. 1834. and 379. 1839. Vernacular Name: Kakorra Perennial herbs, 15-30 cm. tall, erect, smooth, glabrous, somewhat fleshy or succulent, simple; rhizome short, horizontally creeping, scaly above, with dense thick fibrous roots, 5.1 cm long, 2- 3 cm wide, pale, entire, stem, simple, erect, naked below with 2 alternate leaves above the middle and usually 1 supra axillary flower or fruit, leaves palmate, deeply 2-3 lobed; lamina 12- 20 cm in diameter, with petiole about as long as the lobe and somewhat swollen at base, lateral lobes obliquely ovate, acute to slightly acuminate, 5-13 cm long, 2-6 cm wide, sessile, coarsely veined below, flowers white to pink, 2-4 cm in diameter, terminal in bud, peduncle short, elongating 2 cm in fruit, erect or ascending, somewhat thickened, sepals 3, widely oblong, petals 6, obovate-oblong, 2-4 cm long, 2-1.5 cm wide, stamens usually 6, about half as long as the petals, filaments, slightly flattened; anthers 3 mm long, oblong, obtuse, berry oblong-ovoid or oblong-ellipsoid, 2-4 cm long, 1.6-3 cm wide, red, pulpy, narrowed below the stigma, many seeded, seeds 2-4 mm in diameter. Fl. Per. April-May. 2000-2800m.

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3.3.21. OLEACEAE Key to the genera:. 1 Tree, drupe fruit ------Olea + Shrub, berry fruit ------Jasminum Olea ferruginea Royle , Ill. Bot. Hmal. Mont. 267, tab. 65. fg. 1. 1835. Vernacular Name: Khoena Plant body trees or a shrubs, 9.1 m high green. The bark horizontal in young stage, peel off the bark in a narrow strips in old stage. The leaves lanceolate, 3-9 cm long, dark green, dense film of minute scales is below which is turn reddish to brown on the older leaves, margins is recurved, midrib important, petiole is short, the flowers is whitish, in the trichotomous axillary 2-6 cm long is cymes, calyx is truncate or with a 4 small teeth, corolla tube small, lobes is 4, 1-3mm long, elliptic, drupe 9 mm long, 4.1 mm in diameter, is ovoid, black when they ripe, fleshy tissue scanty, oily. Fl.Per. August to October. 900-2700m. Genus: Jasminum L., Spe. Pl. 7. 1753. Key to the species 1 Leaves alternate, flowers yellow------Jasminum humile + Leaves opposite, Flowers white------Jasminum officinale Jasminum humile L., Sp. Pl. 7. 1753. Vernacular Name: Yellow rambael chambael or yasmin Plant body shrub is erect, 1.1-2 m tall and evergreen, glabrous. Branches is green, pointed, leaves rotate, very variable in their size, 2-10 cm long, sometimes revolute, leaflets 3-5, shady green at top, paler yellow beneath, uneven in the shape, lanceolate, acute, terminal, flower is terminal corymbos, pedicels is 3-15 mm long, Bracts linear, minute, calyx is tube 3 mm long, teeth very is short, the corolla is yellow, tube 2-2.5 cm long, lobes 5, widely is ovate or round, reflexed flower is open, berry is simple, 4-6 mm long, black when ripe. Fl. Per. April-June.Cultivated. Jasminum officinale L., Sp. Pl. 7. 1753. Vernacular Name: Rambel Plant body perennial shrub, sometimes is twining, branches is long, weak, sparsely is hairy leaves 5-10 cm long, the opposite, imparipinnate, petiole and the midrib narrowly margined; leaflets 3-8, top surface a little pubescent, especially on midrib and boundaries, lateral leaflets acute, sessile or subsessile, the top pair sometimes with wide connate bases, terminal larger,

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ovate and acuminate, flowers fragrant, 1-10 in terminal, often leafy cymes, the pedicel 2.1 cm. Bracts is linear, 5 mm long, the calyx teeth linear, 3-10 mm long, puberulous, corolla is white, tube 1-3 cm long, lobes 4-6, oblong, shorter than the tube, more or less involute at the margins, berry black when ripe, elliptic or globose, 8-10 mm long. Fl. Per. May-July. Cultivated. 3.3.22. PAPAVERACEAE Genus: Papaver L., Spe. Pla. 506. 1753. Key to the species 1 Cauline leaves amplexicaul------Papaver somniferum + Cauline leaves not amplexicaul------2 2 Capsule glabrous; stamen filaments linear, filiform------Papaver dubium + Capsule setose; stamen filaments often slightly wide above------Papaver hybridum Papaver somniferum L., Sp. Pl. 508. 1753. Annual herb, 29-100cm tall, glabrous, rarely is branched. Leaves is ovate, cordate crenate or dentate, often with larger teeth, usually 4-15 cm long. Peduncle 9-20 cm long, glabrous. Flower bud is ovoid, 14-25 mm long. Flowers is large, showy, 5-10 cm in diameter, white, pinkish or reddish. The sepals is glabrous, caducous, as large bud. The petals is twice as long as sepals, orbicular, margin wavy, caducous. Stamens as long as the ovary, usually yellowish anthers 1-4 mm long, linear. The capsule smooth a rounded base, stigmatic is disk shorter than the capsule is breadth, with deeply cut marginal lobes and usually 7-12 stigma rays, the seeds is small, white, dark to grey. Fl.Per. April-June, Cultivated. Papaver dubium L., Sp. Pl. 1196. 1753. Annual, 30-60 cm tall, nearly glabrous to hispid or bristly, simple or sparsely branched from below. Latex usually milky. Leaves pinnatifid, 7-15 cm long, 1-3 cm wide, segments lobed, usually acute. Flower bud ovoid, 7-10 mm long, often nodding. Flowers 3-5 cm in diam., terminal, on usually 10-20 cm long, appressedly bristly peduncles. Sepals 2, caducous, glabrous or bristly, ovoid. Petals 20-40 mm long, suborbicular-obovate, usually reddish, pinkish or pale scarlet with basal dark blotch or spots, caducous. Stamens as long as the ovary; anthers wide elliptic, 1 mm long. Capsule oblong, narrowed towards the base, 14-20 mm long, 4-8 mm wide, glabrous, usually distinctly ribbed; stigmatic rays 7-9, falling a little short of the shallowly lobed margin of the disk; seeds very small, kidney-shaped, minutely netted, usually bluish-black or brownish. Fl.Per. March June, 700-2000 m.

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Papaver hybridum L., Sp. Pl. 506. 1753. Erect, annual, 15-50 cm tall, sparsely branched, usually stiffly hairy with appressed (distinctly appressed above) or subappressed, 1-1.5 mm long whitish hairs. Latex white. Leaves 2-3- pinnatisect, ± hispid, with linear or oblong, short ultimate lobes, with somewhat revolute margins, usually bristle-tipped; basal leaves in loose rosette, 7-15 cm long, 1-3 cm wide, stalked with 1-3 pairs of primary lateral segments (lobes) and a terminal one; upper or cauline leaves similar but gradually becoming smaller and sessile upwards. Flowers 2-5 cm in diam., on terminal or axillary, often droping, 10-15 cm long leafless, conspicuously appressedly hairy peduncles. Flower bud 8-12 mm long, 6-8 mm wide, widely ellipsoid with entire apex, densely bristly with 1-2.5 mm long whitish or yellowish, sub-appressed wide based setae or bristles. Petals widely obovate-suborbicular, 10-20 mm long, usually pink-red to crimson or scarlet with blackish violet spot at the base. Stamens about as long or slightly longer than the ovary; filaments somewhat thickened above, usually violet with somewhat bluish anthers, anthers 1 mm long. Capsule 10-15 mm long, 6-10mm wide, subglobose or widely oval globose, with yellowish, 2-2.5 mm long, subspreading or recurved bristles; stigmate disc short, much narrower than the capsule, convex with 4-8 stigma rays, not exceeding the disc; seeds very small, grey- brown or black with many, minute somewhat rectangular alveoli. Fl.Per. April-June, 700-1900 m.

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3.3.23. PLANTAGINACEAE Genus: Plantago L., Sp. P1. 112. 1753. Key to the species 1. Corolla tube or lobe pilose to hirsute------Plantago ciliata + Corolla tube and lobe glabrous------2 2. Ovary 2-ovuled------3 + Ovary upto 6 ovuled------Plantago himalaica 3. Anterior sepals connate------Plantago lanceolata + Anterior sepals free------Plantago major Plantago ciliata subsp. lanata (Boiss.) Rech. f., Fl. Iran. 15: 18. 1965. Plants lanate to floccose-lanate; anterior sepal narrow to narrow obovate-elliptic. Calyx shortly and thickly stipitate; sepals 3-3.5 cm long, anterior elliptic to nearly rotundate, posterior rotundate to slightly wideer than long, not narrowed upward; upper margins membranous, carina narrow, prominent. Corolla tube is exceeding the calyx, lobes 2 mm long, lanceolate-ovate to ovate, shortly narrowed upwards, obtuse. Anthers 2 mm long. Capsule short rotundate. Fr.Per.: April.1500-2000m. Plantago himalaica Pilger in Engl. Pflanzenr. IV. 269 (Heft 102). 1: 62. 1937. Perennial, stemless, glabrous herb with short thick, 2 cm long rhizomes. Leaves about 10 in rosettes, erect, rarely decumbent, very variable in shape, usually 2-6 cm long, lamina 1-2.5 (-3) cm wide, membranous, ovate-oval to wide ovate, 3-5-nerved, narrowed above, tapering below into a long narrow petiole, 3-4 cm, rarely up to 7 cm long, subentire, undulate to variously denticulate, Scapes 2-5, sometimes more, erect, rarely arcuate, (5-) 10-17 cm long, glabrous below slightly villous above. Spike narrow cylindrical, 2-5 cm long. Bracts 3 mm long, glabrous, concave, wide-ovate, obtuse, carina prominent. Calyx shortly and thickly stipitate; sepals 2-2.5 cm long, anterior elliptic to nearly rotundate, posterior rotundate to slightly wideer than long, not narrowed upward; upper margins membranous, carina narrow, prominent. Corolla tube exceeding to the calyx, lobes 1.5 mm long, lanceolate-ovate to ovate, narrowed upwards, obtuse. Anthers 1.75 mm long. Capsule short rotundate. Seeds up to 6. Fl.Per: July-August.1300- 2100m.

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Plantago lanceolata L., Sp. Pl. 113. 1753. Vernacular Name: Ghawajabai Perennial herbecious plant, small to 31 cm tall, leaves membranous, narrow lanceolat, 10-26 cm long, 1-3 cm wide, glabrous acute, narrow petiole, nerves is 5, scapes is erect, 14-30 cm long, white hairs, spikes dense, cylindrical, subglobose to globose, 1-3 cm long, bracts is wide to ovate, narrowly is caudate, 3-5 cm long, carinate, sepals 3-3.5 mm long, glabrous or at margin is villose, sepals is connate, the corolla lobes is narrow ovate, the seeds 2. Fl. Per. June to July. 1200-3000m. Plantago major L. Sp. Pl.112.1753. Vernacular Name: Speghoul Annual herbecious plant, up to 5 cm tall, sparsely or thickly covered with soft hairs, leaves in rosettes, narrow is linear, 2-10 cm long, 1.5 mm is wide, acute, entire or distantly dentated, 3 nerved, thickly cover with appressed hairs, at bases, a little dialted, scapes is ascendent, 1-9 cm long, glabrous or at upper part young, flowers is thick capituliform or cylindrical, 0.5-2 cm long thick spikes, bracts is ovate to rotundate, 3.0 mm long, concave to membranous, top margins is ciliate, sepals is glabrous, 3 mm long, corolla lobes is wide ovate to wide rotundate cordate, glabrous, capsules 8 mm long, glabrous, seeds 2, small boat shaped, soft, yellowish to brown. Fl. Per. June-July. 800-2000m.

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3.3.24. BUXACEAE Key the genera 1 Alternate leaves. Fruit drupe------Sarcococca + Opposite leaves. Fruit capsule------Buxus Sarcococca saligna (D. Dn) Mull.-Arg. in DC., Prdr. 16 (l):11. 1869. Vernacular Name: Ladora, Laden Ladanr Evergreen, up to 2 m tall, shrub with green bark and branches. Leaves are narrow to widely lanceolate, 5-9.5 cm long, 0l- 2.2 cm wide, 3- nerved, attenuate at base, acuminate acute, petiole 1-1.3 cm long. The racemes male or female or mixed. Male racemes 5-8 mm long, females 1 cm long. Flowers is almost sessile, greenish to white, unisexual; bracts ovate, 2 mm long. Sepals elliptic to widely elliptic, 2-3 mm long, l.5-2 mm wide, obtuse. Stamens with 5-7 mm long filaments, anthers 2-3 mm long. Ovary tricarpellary; styles 3 from outer edges of the ovary, longer than the sepals, flattened. Drupe subglobose, 7-8 mm long, purple, smooth, tipped with style bases. Fl.Per., September-April.1200-3000m. Buxus wallichiana Baill., Monogr.Bux. et Styloc. 63. 1859. Vernacular Name: Shamshad An evergreen shrub or tree, sometimes up to 09 m tall. Stem straight, bark ash is grey, young shoots tetragonal, hirsute, hairs spreading. Leaves lanceolate oblanceolate or narrowly obovate or oblong, 1.5-6 cm long, 0.8-l.2 cm wide, attenuate at base, obtuse or somewhat emarginate or apiculate at the apex, glabrous except the hirsute petiole and midrib on upper side, veins conspicuous. Racemes 6-8 mm long, rounded. Floral parts akin to those of last species. Capsule ovoid, walnut brown, 7- 10 mm long, 4-6 mm in diameter, horns diver-gent, 2-3 mm long. Fl.Per.: March-May.1200-3000m.

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3.3.25. MORINACEAE Morina coulteriana Royle, Ill. Bot. Himal. Mount. 245. 1835. Plants up to 75 cm tall. Stem striate, pubescent to glabrous, often villous at the nodes. Leaves sessile, margin spinose; radical leaves 7-18 cm long, 01-l.2 cm wide, the cauline ones smaller. Involucral bracts several, leafy, ovate-acuminate. Involucel funnel shaped, 8-9 mm long, villous, limb spinose. Calyx lobes acute, often spine tipped or with a short mucro. Corolla tube l-2.5 cm long, slender, pubescent, lobes obtuse. Filament about half as long as the corolla lobes. Achene 5 mm long, dirty white, grooved towards the outside, apex obliquely acute. Fl., Per: July- August, 2400-42000 m. 3.3.26. ALISMATACEAE Key to the genera 1. Leaves widely lanceolate.ovates, flowers bisexual------Alisma + Leaves sagittate or hastate, flowers unisexual ------Sagittaria Alisma plantago- aquatica L., Sp. Pl. 342. 1753. Vernacular Name: Nil Upright is glabrous and a emergent herbs. The leaves lanceolate, 5-9cm long, 2 -4 cm wide, rounded or cordate at base, acute, the petiole is cylindrical, 6-30 cm long. The panicle of 3-8 suberect in branches and the pedicels per whorl, 49-55 cm long. The flowers is white or pale pink, 01 cm, pedicels is filiform, 2-3 cm long, the bracts is linear, lower whorls is longer, gradually and becoming smaller in the upper. The sepals is ovate, 3 mm long, 2 mm wide, hooded, margined. Petals is oblong, double the size of sepals, the claw is yellow, limb is white or pale to pink. The stamens with 1-2 mm long, anthers is yellow, oblong. The ovaries 1 mm long, styles longer than the ovaries. The achenes is oblong obovoid, 1-3 mm long, with 1-2 grooves on the back, pale to brown. Fl. Per.: June-August. 1200-22500m. Sagittaria trifolia L., Sp. Pl. 993. 1753. Vernacular Name: Taqae Aquatic, glabrous herb with thick stolons bearing tubers at tip. Leaves mostly emerged, upright, sagittate or somewhat hastate, blade ovate or linear-lanceolate, 8-17 cm long along midrib, 5-7 cm wide, acute, basal lobes triangular or linear-lanceolate, often longer than the blade, sharply acute; petiole 60-75 cm long, triangular. Inflorescence an unbranched scapose raceme, 30-50 cm long. Flowers in 2-6 whorls of 3 flowers each, unisexual, 1-2 cm across, white; pedicels 8-15

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mm long, short in females; bracts triangular-ovate, 8-10 mm long, 2-4 mm wide, acute- acuminate. Sepals elliptic, 5-8 mm long, 4-6 mm wide, somewhat keeled, margins widely membranous, reflexed in fruit. Petals widely elliptic-suborbicular, 12-15 mm long 12-15 mm wide, white, without basal purple spot. Stamens 20, filaments lanceolate, 1-2 mm long; anthers yellow, oblong, as long as the filaments. Head of achenes subglobose, 1 cm across; achenes triangularly obovate, with laterally bent beak. 2-3 mm long, wings subcrenate to entire. Fl.Per.: April-September, 1000-4000 m.

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3.3.27. AMARANTHACEAE Key the genera 1 Flower unisexal------Amaranthus + Flower bisexula------2 2 Perianth segments-5------Celosia + Perianth segments-4------Achyranthes Genus: Amaranthus L., Sp. Pl. ed. 1: 989. 1753. Key the species 1 Leaf axils with a pair of spines------Amaranthus spinosus + Leaf axils without pair spines------2 2 Perianth segments -5 in male flower ------Amaranthus caudatus + Perianth segments-3 in male flower------Amaranthus viridis Amaranthus spinosus L., Sp. Pl. ed. 1: 991. 1753. Annual herb, erect or slightly decumbent, simple or much-branched and bushy, 1.5 m in height. Stem stout, sometimes reddish, usually branched is angular, glabrous, multicellular, flocculent hairs. Leaves glabrous, the lamina is ovate to rhomboid ovate, elliptic, lanceolate-oblong or lanceolate, c. 1.5-12 x 0.8-6 cm, subacute or more commonly blunt or retuse at the tip with a distinct, fine, colourless mucro, cuneate or attenuate at the base; each leaf-axil bearing a pair of fine and slender to stout and compressed spines 2.5 cm long. Flowers green, in the lower part of the plant in axillary clusters 6-15 mm in diameter; towards the ends of the stem and branches the clusters are leafless and approximated to form simple or sometimes, branched spikes usually 15 cm long and 1 cm wide. Lower clusters entirely female, as are the lower flowers of the spikes; upper flowers of the spikes male, mostly for the apical 1/4-2/3 of each spike. Bracts and bracteoles deltoid-ovate, pale-membranous, with an erect, pale awn formed the green midrib, bracteoles shorter than, subequalling or little exceeding the perianth, commonly smaller than the bracts. Perianth segments 5, female flowers is 1-2.5 mm, narrowly oblong or spathulate-oblong, obtuse or acute, mucronulate, frequently with a greenish dorsal vitta; those of the male flowers widely lanceolate or lanceolate-oblong, acute or acuminate, only the midrib green. Stigmas 3, flexuose or reflexed, 1-1.5 mm. Capsule ovoid-urceolate with a short inflated neck below the style base, 1.5 mm, regularly or irregularly circumscissile or rarely indehiscent, the lid rugulose

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below the neck. Seed 0.75-1 mm, compressed, black, shining, very faintly reticulate Fl. Per.: April-May, 700-2000 m. Amaranthus caudatus L., Sp. Pl. ed. 1: 990.1753. Herb, annual, erect, 1 m in height, reddish or in purplish. Stem is stout, or sparingly branched, glabrous or in thinly furnished with rather in long, multicellular hairs. The leaves glabrous or pilose an long the margins and lower surface of the primary venation, long of petiolate lamina widely ovate to rhomboid-ovate or ovate-elliptic, 2.5-15 x 1-8 cm, obtuse to subacute at the mucronulate tip, shortly cuneate to attenuate below. Flowers in axillary and terminal spikes formed of increasingly approximated cymose clusters, inflorescence a single, elongathed, tail like, pendulous to spike, 30 cm in long and 2 cm wide, a panicle the ultimate spike. Male and female flowers intermixed throughout the spikes. Bracts and bracteoles deltoid ovate, pale- membranous, acuminate and a long, pale or reddish, rigid, erect arista formed by the yellow- green or reddish stout, excurrent midrib, the longest up to twice as long as the perianth. Perianth segments 5; those of the male flowers oblong-elliptic, 2-3.5 mm, acute, aristate; those of the female flowers 2-2.5 mm, widely obovate to spathulate, distinctly imbricate, abruptly narrowed to a blunt or sometimes faintly emarginate, mucronate tip. Stigmas 3, and 0.75 mm, erect or flexuose. Capsule 2-2.5 mm, ovoid-globose, circumscissile, slightly urceolate, the lid smooth or furrowed below, abruptly narrowed to a short, thick neck. Seeds shining, compressed, black, almost smooth, or commonly subspherical with a thick yellowish margin and a translucent centre, c. 0.75-1.25 mm. Fl. Per.: April-May, 800-2000 m. Amaranthus viridis L., Sp. Pl. ed. 2: 1405. 1763. Herbs, ascending or erect 01-75 cm. The stem is slender, sparingly to considerably branched, angular, glabrous or hairy upwards short or longe. The leaves is glabrous or pilose on lower surface. The petiolate lamina deltoid-ovate to rhomboid-oblong, 2-7 cm, the margins sinuate, truncate below, obtuse, emarginate at tip. The flowers green, axillary or in terminal, 2-12 cm long and 1-5 mm wide, the male and female flowers mixed. The bracts and bracteoles is lanceolate ovate, pale or in reddish awn. The perianth is in segments 3, 1.5 mm, mucronate; those of the female flowers is narrowly oblong to narrowly spathulate, finally 1-1.75 mm, minutely is mucronate, the borders is white, midrib is green and often is thickened above. Stigmas 1-3, short, erect. Capsule is subglobose, 2-1.5 mm, the perianth, indehiscent or in a rupturing irregularly, very strongly is rugose throughout. The seed 1-1.25 mm, round, only

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slightly compressed, dark brown to black with an often paler thicken border, shining to reticulate and with shallow scurfy verrucae on the reticulum. Fl. Per.: April-May, 700-2000 m. Celosia argentea L., Sp. Pl. :205. 1753. Vernacular Name: Nil Perennial herb (sometimes woody and somewhat suffrutescent), occasionally flowering in the first year, the fruit a circumscissile in a capsule, the flowers in a dense silvery to pinkish and spikes, the tepals 6-10 mm. Fl. Per.: April-May, 2000-3000m. Genus: Achyranthes Blume, Bijdr. Fl. nederl. Ind. 545. 1826. 1 Pseudostaminod between the filaments with a narrow, entire or undulate inner flap at the apex and a fimbriate dorsal scale; plant usually densely hairy ------Achyranthes aspera + Pseudostaminod simple erose or dentate at the apex with no fimbriate dorsal scale; Plant usually green, thinly hairy------Achyranthes bidentata Achyranthes aspera L., Sp. Pl. ed. 1:204. 1753. Vernacular Name: Gishkay Perennial herb flowers produce in the first year, prostrate, simple to branched. The stem is a stout to weak. Leaves is elliptic, oblong or acute or almost round and obtuse, gradually or abruptly narrowed below, petioles of main stem leaves 2-25 mm, shortening is above and below, inflorescences at first is dense, elongating to 6-34 cm; peduncle 1-6 cm, bracts lanceolate or narrowly deltoid-lanceolate, pale or brownish-membranous, 1-6 mm, glabrous, bracteoles 1-4.5 mm, perianth whitish or pale green to red or purple, segments 5, 3-7 mm, the outer longest, narrowly lanceolate to lanceolate, very acute, midrib 2 obscure to a distinct lateral nerves, narrowly or moderately pale-margined, stamens 5, the filaments 1-4.5 mm. the style slender, 1-5 mm, capsule 1-4 mm, seed present in the capsule. Fl. Per. April-September. 800-2000m. Achyranthes bidentata Blume, Bijdr. Fl. nederl. Ind. 545. 1826. Vernacular Name: Gishkay Erect herb, 1-2 m, branched. The stem and branches is quadrangular, glabrous to hairy, the nodes is frequently shrunken when dry. Leaves elliptic oblong to oval, rarely is lanceolate, acuminate, usually thinly is hairy, rarely densely hairy on lower surface of the petioles of main stem leaves 2-20 mm, shortening is above and below. Inflorescences at first is dense, finally elongating to 20 cm but half this long, peduncles 1-4cm. The bracts narrowly lanceolate, brownish-membranous, 3-5 mm, glabrous. Bracteoles 3-5.5 mm, the basal wings 0.5-1.5 mm, almost or quite free from

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the commonly outwardly curving spine. Perianth segments 5, 3-7 mm, the outer longest, all lanceolate, acute, with a distinct midrib and 2 obscure or obvious lateral nerves, narrowly pale- margined. Stamens 5, the filaments 2-3 mm, alternating with subquadrate pseudo-staminodes which are typically simple and shortly dentate or sub-entire, more rarely with a much shorter rudimentary tooth- or crest-like, shortly toothed dorsal scale. Style slender, 1-2 mm. Capsule 1-3 mm. The seed filling to the capsule, cylindrical to smooth. Fl. Per.: April-May, 100-3000m.

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3.3.28. FUMARIACEAE Key to the genera. 1 Perennial plant, fruit many-seeded capsule------Corydalis + Annual plant, fruit 1(-2) seeded nutlet------Fumaria Genus: Corydalis Fedde, Repert. 19:119. 1923. Key to the species 1 Radical leaves absent; cauline leaves 2, opposite ------Corydalis diphylla + Radical leaves present; cauline leaves many, variously arranged------2 2 Rootstock almost absent or very short and branched with tap roots-----Corydalis stewartii + Rootstock thickened, fusiform or slender, often branched and ------Corydalis govaniana Corydalis diphylla Wall., Tent. Fl. Nep. 54. 1824. Glabrous, glaucous or subglaucous, usually perennial herbs, erect to diffuse, often with a whorl of radical leaves and none to many cauline leaves; rootstock rhizomatous, tuberous or bulbous. Leaves (1-) 2-3(-4)-ternate, basal petiolate with usually sheathing bases. Racemes bracteate and terminal, simple and branched, often elongating in fruit and becoming lax. Flowers zygomorphic with the upper petal only spurred, mostly yellow or purplish (pink or bluish violet), rarely white or blue. Sepals 2, small, scarious or white-membranous, caducous. Petals 4; outer 2 dissimilar, upper (posterior) spurred or gibbous at the base or below, lower (anterior) flat or concave (subsaccate) at the base, smaller and ± equalling the lamina of the upper petal, both often winged at the back and margin expanded ; 2 inner narrower, about as long as the lower petal, sometimes clawed and cohering at the tip. Stamens 2, each 3-partite (sometimes referred as 6, diadelphous) and with dimorphous anthers (mid anthers dithecous and laterals monothecous); upper (posterior) one usually with a basal tail enclosed in the petal spur. Ovary 1-celled, usually many ovuled; style filiform with 2, often dilated stigmas, becoming curved at the tip at a later stage. Capsule ovoid, oblong, elliptic or linear, dehiscing by ± membranous, slightly to conspicuously tumid or inflated valves, falling when ripe and leaving the seed bearing placenta attached to the style; seed suborbicular or reniform, usually shining black and arillate. Fl. Per.: April-May, 1000-3000 m.

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Corydalis stewartii Fedde, Repert. 19:119. 1923. Annual or biennial herb, sometimes perennating with a very short underground rhizome, somewhat weak, branched, sparsely leafy, 9-30 cm long, glabrous,glaucous, sometimes slightly succulent. Leaves ternate, basal and lower long petioled, 9-15 cm long, 3-5 cm wide; pinnae or lobes suborbicular-ovate, cuneate, petiolulate, 4-10mm long, and about as wide, 3-lobulate; lobules obovate oblong. 4-10 mm long, cuneate below, rounded at apex, obscurely mucronate; petiole about as long as the lamina, much smaller in the upper leaves; petiolule much smaller, filiform. Racemes simple, terminating the branches, many, 5-10-flowered, lax, 3-5 cm long; bracts foliaceous, small, upper gradually becoming entire, linear and much smaller. Flowers pale yellow with darker tips, 6-10 mm long, including slender spur, about half as long; pedicels 2- 4mm long in fruit, deflexed. Sepals minute, inconspicuous. Upper petal acute to subacuminate at apex, narrow, sometimes with an obscure dorsal wing; lower petal not saccate at base, simple. Capsule linear, 12-15 mm long, 1.5-2 mm wide, subtorulose, 6-8-seeded, uni- or sub-biseriate, apex subrounded, base somewhat narrowed and seedless; style 2 mm long, curved at apex with wide stigma; seeds 2 mm in diameter black, very minutely tubercled. Fl.Per. May-Aug, 800-2000 m. Corydalis govaniana Wall., Tent. Fl. Nep. 55. 1826. Erect, tufted, perennial herbs, 14-60 cm tall, usually simple, somewhat glaucous, glabrous, often with radical leaves as long as the stem and 0-2, opposite cauline leaves down below the stem, rootstock thickened, covered with withered sheathing bases of leaves, often a few twisted together, slender, elongated. Radical leaves few to many, twice pinnate, nearly as long as the stem, with petiole as long or longer than lamina; pinnae shortly petioluled, very variable in size and segmentation, 1-4 cm long, ovate-oblong to suborbicular, 3-5 pinnuled; pinnules shortly stalked to subsessile or sessile, deeply dissected and variously cut into narrow ultimate segments lobules ovate-oblong, 9-15 mm long, 2-5 mm wide, apex obtuse, subobtuse to sub-rounded, minutely mucronate. Cauline leaves usually 2, opposite or subopposite, down below the middle of the stem, smaller, like the radical leaves to very much reduced, simply dentate to almost entire and lanceoloate. Racemes 09-25 flowered, generally simple, often dense, 5-10 cm long, increasing upto 15 cm in fruit; bracts much dissected to entire, very variable, 10-30 mm long, 5- 15 mm wide, the upper ones usually subentire or entire. Flowers yellow, 20-25 mm long, including spur about half as long, subobtuse, straight to somewhat down-curved. Sepals minute,

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c 1. mm in diam., whitish, conspicuously denticulate. Outer petals (upper and lower both) dorsally winged, lower sub-saccate at base. Pedicel 10-15 mm long in fruit deflexed. Capsule 10- 15 mm long, 3-4 mm wide, oblong, somewhat narrowed towards the base and subrounded to sub-obtuse at the apex, usually 6-8 seeded; style 2.5-3 mm long, curved at the apex with wide stigma; seeds biseriate, 1-2 mm in diameter shining black. Fl. Per.: April-May, 1000-2000 m. Fumaria indica (Hauskn.) Pugley in Journ. L. Soc. Bot. 44:313.1919. Vernacular Name: Shatara/karchaey Plant body small, delicate, much branched, leafy, herb, 4-25 cm long and glabrous. Leaves 1-10 cm long, 01-5 cm wide, long-stalked. Racemes shortly peduncled to subsessile. flowered, 09-20 mm long; bracts as long, pedicel erect, 1.5-2mm long, with midian ridge and somewhat expanded margins, slightly wideer below the fruit or at its apex, flowers 5-6 mm long, usually white or pale pinkish, sepals minute, less than 01.1 mm long, 0.5 mm wide, upper petal with very short suborbicular, slightly oblong and spur, 1.6 mm long, fruit 2 mm in width, keel more distinct in slightly young fruits, somewhat rugose when dried and 1-seeded; seed 1-1.6 mm in diameter brownish. Fl. Per. March-June.1000-2000m.

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3.3.29. ZYGOPHYLLACEAE Tribulus terrestris L., Sp. Pl. 387. 1753. Vernacular Name: Markondai Annual or biennial, the prostrate herb, the stem branched spreading, leaves paripinnate, 2-6 cm long, lanceolate, 3-6 mm long, leaflets 3-7 pairs ovate, 4-9 mm long, 2-9 mm wide, acute, the flowers is yellow, 1-1.6 cm, pedical, 1.6 cm long, sepals ovate, lanceolate, 4-6 mm long, 3.1 mm wide, acute, the petals is obovate, 6-9 mm long, 3-5 mm wide, obtuse, Stamens 10, filaments is 2-6 mm long, anthers versatile.Ovary ovoid. Style 1.5 mm long, stigmas decurrent, fruit up to 1.1 cm in diameter, 3-9 mm long, mericarps. Fl. Per. April-January. 800-2000m.

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3.3.30. VERBENACEAE Key to the genera 1. Shrub, small tree------Vitex + Herbs, woody in base------2 2. Flower purplish------Verbena + Flower white rarely pinkish------Phyla Vitex negundo L., Sp. Fl. 638. 1753. Shrubs, usually 1-2 m tall, rarely reaching the size of a small tree, up to 5 m tall, whitish to greyish tomentose except the upper surface of leaves and fruits. Leaves opposite-decussate, (1-) 3-5-foliolate, petiolate; petiole 3-6 cm long; leaflets usually lanceolate, 5-10 (-15) cm long, 1.5-4 cm broad, middle one largest, entire to irregularly denticulate, subsessile to petiolulate (petiolule 5-20 mm long). Terminal inflorescence 10-25 cm long, tapering-thyrsoid; cymes verticillate at nodes, peduncled. Flowers small, 3-5 mm across, usually blue or violet, subsessile to shortly pedicelled (pedicels up to 1 mm long). Calyx c. 2 mm long, increasing up to 3 mm in fruit, persistent, campanulate, 5-toothed. Corolla tube as long as the calyx; limb slightly 2-lipped, with 5, unequal lobes, densely ciliate, up to 2 mm long, largest one obovate-orbicular, undulate or crenulate, the others oblong, smaller. Stamens 4, didynamous, protruding, anther cells divaricating later. Drupe subglobose or somewhat ovoid, c. 5 mm in diameter, usually 4-celled, with 1 seed in each cell. Fl. Per.: Round the year. Verbena officinalis L., Spe. Pla. 20. 1753. Biss., Flo. or 4:534.1879. Perennial, 24-99 cm tall, woody in base, branched at above, branches 4-angled, scabrous angles. Leaves lanceolate, 3-8 cm long, 1-3.5 cm wide, deeply is serrate, lyrately to pinnatifid, narrowed base, petiolate, sessile. The spikes is terminal, paniculate, 9-20 cm long. The flowers purplish, 4 mm, subsessile, bracts ovate, 2 mm long, acuminate to ciliate. Calyx tube longer than bracts, minutely toothed, ribbed to hairy. The corolla almost cylindrical, 6 mm long, 5-lobed, hairy. Stamens 4, 2 sterile, included, anthers is appendaged. The ovary 4 lobed short style. Fruits 1- seeded, smooth is nutlets. Fl. Per.: June-Dec. 700-2000 m. Phyla nodiflora (L.) Greene in Pittonia. 4:46. 1899. Perennial, prostrate herb with somewhat woody rootstock, rooting at nodes, appressedly pubescent to glabrescent. Leaves oblanceolate, obovate to spathulate, somewhat fleshy, 5-40 mm long, 4-20 mm broad, serrate above, entire below, glabrous to appressedly pubescent, subsessile

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to sessile, obtuse, rarely subacute. Spikes 1-4.5 cm long, 6-8 mm broad, solitary, axillary, peduncled, appressedly pubescent to glabrous. Flowers very small, white, rarely pinkish, c. 3 mm long; bracts c . 2 mm long, mucronate or acuminate, imbricate. Calyx flattened, shorter than bracts, hyaline-membranous, deeply dissected with lanceolate lobes, pubescent. Corolla slightly exceeding the bracts, unequally 4-lobed with spreading lobes. Fruit ovate, c. 1.6 mm long, subcompressed, enclosed by the persistent calyx, separating at maturity into two, 1-seeded pyrenes. Fl. Per. Throughout the year. 3.3.31. LYTHRACEAE Woodfordia fruticosa (L.) S. Kurz in Journ. As. Soc. Bang. 40(2): 56. 1871. Vernacular Name: Dhawai Shrub, 2 m tall. The leaves ovate lanceolate 1-11.1 cm long, 7-30 mm wide. Cymes 2-16- flowered. Hypanthium 8-11 mm long, 1-5 mm wide. Petals 2-4.5 mm long, 1-0.75 mm wide, brick red. Stamens 2-16.5 mm long. The ovary , 4-6 mm long, 1-2 mm wide, style 7-15 mm long. Capsule ovate or elliptic, 5-10 mm long, 2-4.5 mm wide. The seeds triangular. Fl. Per., March-April. 1200-3000m.

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3.3.32. HIPPOCASTANACEAE Aesculus indica (Wall.ex Cmb.) Hok.f. in Cutis, Bot. Mag. t. 5117. 1859. Vernacular Name: Jawaz Tree, 20 m or more tall. Petiole 10-15 cm long; petiolule 1-2 cm long. Leaflets 5-7(-9), elliptic to lanceolate, 10-20 cm long, 2.5-7 cm wide, acuminate, middle is the largest, subserrate, cuneate, glabrous. Panicles 14-30 cm long, puberulous to tomentose. Calyx tube 5 mm long, campanulate, puberulous; lobes acute or rounded, 1-2 mm long. Petals 4, unequal, white, tinged yellow, 1-2.3 cm long, clawed, puberulous on the outside. Disc anterior, lobed. Anthers 2-2.5 mm long, oblong, sparsely pubescent; filaments about the size of the petals or longer, slightly curved, glabrous. Ovary elongated, 5 mm long, puberulous; style c. as long as the filaments. Capsule ovoid, 3-4 cm long, smooth. Seeds 2.7-3.5 cm wide, dark brown and shiny. Fl. Per., April-May; Fr. Per.: Oct.-Nov.1800-3000m.

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3.3.33. ALLIACEAE Genus: Allium Rottl. ex Spreng., Syst. 2:38. 1825. Key to the species 1 Leaves fistular ------Allium jacquemontii + Leaves not fistular ------2 2 Petals acute to acuminate ------Allium tuberosum + Petals acute to obtuse ------Allium humile Note: The following genera of this family are in cultivation in the research area which were not included in the key given. These genera are Allium sativum and Allium cepa. Allium jacquemontii Kuth, Eum.Pla. 4:399.1843. Plants 15-35 cm tall. Bulb ovoid, 0.5-1.2 cm wide; outer coats coriaceous, striate, black-brown; inner membranous. Scapes slender, glabrous. Leaves 2-3, linear, fistular, 0.5-1.5 mm wide, glabrous. Umbels dense flowered, c. 3 cm across. Pedicels filiform, 14 mm long. Tepals rose coloured, 5 mm long, oval, acute. Filaments about 2/3 the long of the tepals, entire, inner wideer, triangular; anthers dark violet coloured. Style included; stigma capitate. Fl.Per.: March-April, 1000-4000 m.

Allium tuberosum Rottl. ex Spreng., Syst. 2:38. 1825. Bulb cylindrical, 4-6 cm long, light brown, erect; outer coat reticulate fibrous. Leaves 4-6(-8), linear, 1-4 mm wide, not fistular, shorter than the scape. Umbels dense flowered. Pedicels filiform, 1-1.5 cm long. Tepals elliptic, white to pink, c. 6 mm long, apex acute to acuminate. Filaments shorter than the tepals, entire, inner wideer, narrowly triangular. Fl. Per.: July-August. 1000-4000 m. Allium humile Kunth, Enum.Plant. 4:443. 1843. Plants 8-30 cm tall. Bulb cylindrical, coats reticulate fibrous, light brown. Leaves 4-6, linear, 1-5 mm wide, not fistular, apex obtuse. Scapes 5-25 cm tall, somewhat compressed and narrowly winged, base surrounded by leaf bases. Umbels hemispherical. Flowers laxly arranged. Pedicels almost as long as the flowers, longer in the fruiting stage. Tepals white, lanceolate, 6-9 mm long.

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Filaments half as long of the tepals, entire, connate at the base. Style short. Seeds ovate, c. 3 mm long. Fl.Per.: June July, 2000-4000 m. 3.3.34. COMMELINACEAE Commelina benghalensis L., Sp. Pl. 41. 1753. Vernacular Name: Nil Perennial herb, Erect and also in prostrate form, 19-55 cm long, dichotomously branched, glabrous to pubescent, rooting below, often developing subterranean or concealed, whitish flowers on underground scapes developed from the lower nodes. Leaves ovate to ovate-oblong, subsessile to shortly petioled, with sheathing base, 2-7.5 cm long, 1.5-3.5 cm wide, entire, acute to sub-rounded at apex; petiole 3-10 mm long; sheaths 01-2 cm long, ciliate on the margins. Upper cymes 1-3-flowered, lower 1-2 flowered, sometimes suppressed. Aerial flowers blue, in short cymes subtended by spathes, maturing earlier than subterranean of flowers. Seeds rugose or closely pitted, sometimes wanting in aerial flowers. Fl. Per.: June-September. 1200-2500m.

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3.3.35. ARALIACEAE Hedera nepalensis K. Koch, Hort. Dendrol. 284. t.75. 1853. Vernacular Name: Palul Zelai, Parwata Perennial to climbers 28 m tall, with a aerial roots. The leaves simple, 1-15 cm long, lanceolate to ovate to lobed, glabrous, the base is cordate to rounded, the apex acute to obtuse. The flowers is yellow, the pedicels 6-12 mm long. The pedicels and peduncles hairy. The calyx entire. Anthers 1-2 mm in long. The stylar column 1 mm long, persistent. The fruit a berry, 4-7 mm long, 5-10 mm wide. Fl. Per., Oct.-April.1500-2500m.

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3.3.36. BERBERIDACEAE Genus: Berberis Lindl. in Bot. Reg. 9, t.729. 1823. Key to the species 1 Semi deciduous; flowers clusters, 10-25, ovules usually-4------Berberis lycium + Deciduous; flowers clusters, 5-10, ovules usually-3------Berberis pseudumbellata Berberis lycium Royle in Trans. Linn. Soc. 17:94. 1834. Vernacular Name: Kwary Plant body shrub, 2-3m tall, erect, semideciduous, stem and branches pale, whitish to grayish, the internode 1-3.6 cm long, spines 3-fid, 10-21 mm long, yellowish to straw-coloured, leaves oblanceolate, obovate, 3-7 cm long, 6-12 mm wide, subsessile, grey or white below, entire to 2- 4 spinulose at the margins, acute to subacuminate, openly veined, racemes 10-25-flowered, 3-6 cm long, rarely shorter 2-2.6 cm, flowers 5-9 mm across, usually pale to yellow, the pedicels 5- 12mm long, slender, thin, glabrous, the bracts 1-2.6 mm long, the outer sepals smaller than the center and inner sepals, inner sepals 3-6 mm long, 3 mm wide, obovate, petals is shorter than the inner sepals, the lanceolate with glands. The stamens is shorter than petals, the connectives produced, ovules 04, shortl, berries 6-8 mm long, 5 mm wide, style 1 mm long, white, seeds 2-4 mm long. Fl. Per. April-June. 900-2000m. Berberis pseudumbellata Parker in Kew Bull. 118. 1921. Vernacular Name: Kowaray Plant body shrub,1-3 m tall, deciduous, glabrous.Stems slender, dark-red to brownish or yellowish, spines 1 fid, 10-15 mm long. Leaves 09-30 mm long, 09-20 mm wide, oblong, narrowed below into 4-10 mm long petiole, entire to 1-5, apex mostly rounded, green, somewhat greyish, venation branched. Inflorescence 5-11 flowered, umbellate, 09-25 mm long, including peduncle 5-9 mm long. Flowers 01 cm in diameter, the pedicels 5-11 mm long, stout, thin and longer, the bracts 01 mm long, 01-1.6 mm long, yellowish, te outer sepals ovate, 1-2.9 mm long, inner sepals 4.1 mm long, obovate, the petals 4-7 mm long, 3.1 mm wide, stamens 4 mm long, apex, ovules is 3, berries 9-10 mm long 5-9 mm wide, hard, blue or white, style very short up to 0.26 mm, seed is 2-4 in number. Fl. Per. May-June.1100-2400m.

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3.3.37. CORNACEAE Cornus macrophylla Wall. ex Roxb., Fl. Ind. ed. Carey. 1: 433. 1820. Vernacular names: Kandar, Kandal Tree, 12-15 m tall. Leaves 7-15 cm long, 3.4-9 cm wide, ovate, pubescent, hairs medifixed; apex acuminate, base sometimes oblique. Petiole1.5-4 cm long. Flowers in terminal branched cymes. Pedicels and peduncles slightly hairy. Calyx toothed, hairy, persistent. Petals c. 6 mm, oblong, pubescent on the outer surface. Anther c. 2 mm long, filaments as long as or longer than the petals. Style 4-5 mm long, swollen at the top. Fruit globular, c. 5 mm long and 4 mm wide, puberulous. Fl.Per.: April-June. 2000-3000m.

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3.3.38. MYRSINACEAE Myrsine africana L., Sp.Pl. 196. 1753. Vernacular Name: Marorang Small, ever green shrub, up to 1 m tall, with pubescent twigs. Leaves obovate, subsessile, 1-2 (- 2.8) cm long, 4-10(-12) mm wide, usually minutely serrate, almost glabrous; those in the flowering region often easily falling. Flowers c. 2 mm across, in almost sessile, axillary clusters. Calyx 4-lobed, 1-1.5 mm long, pubescent to almost glabrous. Corolla 4-lobed, 2-3 mm long. Stamens 4, subsessile with oblong, often purplish anthers overtopping the corolla; style short with large, verrucose stigma. Drupe globose, berry-like, tipped by the style base, smooth, reddish to dark-red, 1-seeded. Fl. Per.: March-May., 1000-3000 m.

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3.3.39. ACERACEAE Genus: Acer L., Sp. Pl. 1054. 1753. Key to the species 1 Leaf margin serrate; lobes 3-5; petiole sap clear------Acer cappadocicum + Leaf margin entire, lobes 5-7; petiole sap milky------Acer caesium Acer cappadocicum Gleditsch, Schrift. Ges. Freunde Berl. 6:116,t 2. 1785. Vernacular names: Shingarea Plant body trees 20 m tall. Bud scales, pubescent. Leaves deciduous, 4-15 cm across, 5-7-lobed; lobes acuminate, petioles slender, 3-15 cm long, glabrous, flowers 5-merous, 6-8 mm across, yellow-green, sepales oblong, 3-4 mm long, petals spathulate, 3-5 mm long, stamens 8, included, inserted on disc, ovary glabrous, the styles 2, free, samaras compressed, glabrous, 2-4 cm long, the back sigmoid. Fl. Per. April. 2500-3000m. Acer caesium Wall. ex Brandis, For. Fl. NW. & C. India. 111, tab. 21. 1874. Vernacular Name: Shingareae Plant body trees, up to 25.1m tall, deciduous, bark or pale brown, twigs red to brown, glabrous, flower buds large, prominent in dormant season, leaves 7-20 cm, palmately 3-5-lobed; basal lobes small, nerves 3-5, each, thinly pubescent to glabrescent except in the axils beneath, the petioles 4-15 cm long, inflorescence terminal, corymbose, flowers 5- merous, 5 mm across, yellow to green, sepals obovate, 3-5 mm long, petals shorter than sepals. The stamens 8, inserted inside the disc, glabrous, ovary styles connatee, samaras 2-5 cm long, glabrous; wings erect, dark brown. Fl. Per. March to May.1500-3000m.

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3.3.40. DIPSACACEAE Scabiosa candollei DC., Prodr. 4:644. 1820. Vernacular Name: Nil perennial, 40 cm tall, subglabrous to puberulous Basal leaves lanceolate to more or less spathulate, 3-8(-9) cm long, 2-7 cm wide, puberulous; the leaves often lobed to pinnatipartite, upper smaller and narrower. Flowers in radiant capitate heads, arranged in arrested biparous cymes; heads few-flowered, 0.8-1.2(-1.4) cm wide. Involucral bracts calyx setae brown, in fruit 4.5-6 mm long, usually not exceeding the corolla. Involucel turbinate, 3 mm long, adpressed hairy, upper half with 8 prominent conical pits, c. 1.3 mm long; corona c. 2.5 mm long, with 18- 24 pubescent nerves. Fl.Per.: April-August. 1200-3000m. 3.3.41. BETULACEAE Key to the genera 1 Stamens 2 ------Betula + Stamens 4 ------Alnus Betula utilis D.Don, Prodr.Fl.Nep. 58. 1825. Vernacular Name: Braj Trees or small shrubs, 2-15 m tall. Bark peeling horizontally, white, brownish or reddish-white. Young shoots pubescent, older glabrescent. Leaves ovate or rhomboid, 2.5-8.2 cm x 1.8-6.2 cm, base rounded, subcordate or cuneate, margin doubly serrate to sub-serrate, the surface sparsely pilose, often villous at the angles of the veins on the under surface; acute or acuminate; nerve pairs 6-9(-11). Petiole 0.9-2 cm long, pilose to pubescent. Male flowers in catkins 3-3.7 cm x c.4 mm. Bract widely ovate-obtuse, c. 1.7 mm long, pubescent on the inside; bracteoles more or less naviculate, c. 1.2 mm long, ciliate. Filament inconspicuously forked, anthers c. the size of the bracteoles, oblong, sometimes aristate at the tip. Strobili 2.5-4 cm x c. 1.2 cm. Styles variable in size. Fruiting scale 8-9 mm long, woody, lobes minutely ciliate; median lobe 4-5 mm long, linear-lanceolate, longer than the 2 erect or outspread laterals. Nut elliptic—ovate, 2.5-3 mm long, as wide as or wideer than the wing. Wing sometimes with 1-2 linear appendages at the apex. .Fl.Per.: May June.2500-4000m. Alnus nitida (Spach), Pl.Suppl. 4(2):20. 1847.

Vernacular Name: Gehray

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Plant body tree 20 m or more tall. Young shoots pubescent, becoming glabrescent when old.

Leaves ovate, 4-15 cm x 3-9 cm, acute or acuminate, remotely to pilose, often villous at the angles of the veins on the under surface, base cuneate to rounded, petiole 1-5 cm long, glabrous to pubescent, male flowers in catkins, up to 19 cm long; peduncle 5-6.5 mm long, bract 1.2 mm long, more or less ovate, bracteoles smaller, sepals oblong-obovate, l mm long, apex and margin minutely toothed, anthers 1.1 mm long, filament slightly shorter than the sepals, scarcely forked, female flowers in erect ‘woody, styles 2, linear, fruiting scale 5-lobed, 5-7 mm long, apex obliquely truncate, nut 2-5 mm long, fringed by the narrow and more or less leathery wings. Fl.

Per. October-december. 900-2200m.

3.3.42. FABACEAE

Key to the genera

1. Shrub, tree------2

+ Herbs------5

2. Stamens free------Sophora

+ Stamens not free ------3

3. Leaf trifoliolate ------Desmodium

+ Leaf not trifoliolate ------4

4. Tree with stipular spines------Robinia

+ Shrub without stipular spines------Indigofera

5 Leaves with tendrils------6

+ Leaves with out tendrils ------7

6 Staminal tube with truncate mouth------Lathyrus

+ Staminal tube with oblique mouth------Vicia

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7 Leaf simple------Coratalaria

+ Leaf compound------8

8 Fruit spirally coiled------Medicago

+ Fruit other wise------9

9 Leaf trifoliate ------10

+ Leaf pinnate------Astragalus

10 Fruit 1-2 seeded------Trifolium

+ Fruit many seeded------Trigonella

Genus: Desmodium DC. in Ann. Sci.Nat. 4:100. Jan. 1825.

Key to the species

1 Fruit stiped and bent at right angles to its stalk------Desmodium podocarpum

+ Fruit usually sessile, not bent at right angles to its stalk------Desmodium elegans

Desmodium podocarpum DC. Sci.Nat. Jan. 1825.

Vernacular Name: Chamra

Plant body under shrub, 50-110 cm tall, Leaf trifoliolate, petiole up to 7.6 cm long, leaflets up to

7.6 cm long, obtuse or acuminate, sparsely silky-pubescent on both sides, stipules 2.6 mm long.

Inflorescence axillary and terminal raceme, up to 35.1 cm long, bracts minute, linear, pedicel 5.1 mm long, calyx 1.6 mm long, pubescent, teeth shorter than the tube, corolla 3-5.0 mm long, purplish-pink, fruit stipitate 5.1 mm long, fruit almost at right angles 7.5-9.0 mm long, 4 mm wide, upper suture slightly depressed in the centre of the article, lower suture gradually curved in the lower portion of the article and then curved upward. Fl. Per. July August.1300-2400m.

Desmodium elegans DC. Sci. 4:100. Jan. 1825.

Vernacular Name: Chamkat and Chamra

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Plant body shrub, 1-2.5 m tall, branches. Leaf trifoliolate, petiole 3-7.6 cm long, leaflets up to 7.6

cm long, ovate to obovate, obtuse to acuminate, glabrous to pubescent on both the sides, hairs

silky on the lower side, petiolule of lateral leaflets 2-6 mm. Stipules 5.1 mm long, inflorescence a panicle, up to 45 cm long, bracts 2.6 cm long, bracteoles linear, small.The calyx 2.5 mm long, teeth, corolla 9-12.5 mm long, dark purple, fruit sessile, 03-7.5 cm long, 6-6.5 mm wide, upper suture almost straight, lower indented between the seeds, articles 6-7.5 mm long. Fl. Per. June to

September.1200-2200m.

Genus: Indigofera L., Sp.Pl. 751. 1753.

Key to the species

1 Plant smaller, leaflets------Indigofera heterantha var. heterantha

+ Plant large, shrubby, leaflets------Indigofera heterantha var. gerardiana

Indigofera heterantha var. heterantha For. Fl. N.W. & C. Ind. 135. 1874.

Vernacular Names: Ghwareja

Plant body shrub, 28-70 cm tall, young branches white in color, leaf imparipinnately compound, leaflets 11-30 mm long, elliptic, oblanceolate, obtuse, pubescent on both sides, hairs white, petiolule 01 mm long; sepal small; stipules setaceous, inflorescence a raceme, nearly sessile.The pedicel short, bract minute, calyx campanulate, pubescent, teeth as long, corolla purple or pale red, fruit 1-1.6 cm long, straight, cylindric glabrous, 09-12 seeded. Fl. Per. May to July.1000-

2600m.

Indigofera heterantha var. gerardiana, comb. et stat. Nov.135. 1874.

Vernacular Name: Ghwareja

Plant body shrub, 1-2.5 m tall, leaflets 9-17, 1.0-1.4 cm long, inflorescence 2.6-12.5 cm long, a pedunculate raceme, fruit 2-5.0 cm long. Fl. Per. May to July.1200-2200m.

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Genus: Lathyrus L., Sp.Pl. 729. 1753.

Key to the species

1 Leaflets 6-10------Lathyrus humilis

+ Leaflets 2------2

2 Inflorescence 5-12- flowered------Lathyrus pratensis

+ Inflorescence 1-3-flowered------3

3 Fruit winged on one side------Lathyrus sativus

+ Fruit without a ridge or wing------4

4 Mature fruit 5-10.5 mm wide. C. 2.5-4.0 cm long; flower 10-16 mm long------

------Lathyrus cicera

+ Mature fruit 4-5 mm wide, C. 3-6.0 cm long; flower 8-12 mm long------

------Lathyrus laevigatus

Lathyrus pratensis L., Sp.Pl. 733. 1753.

Vernacular Name: Ziara Chilo

Perennial, stem angled, subglabrous or pubescent, leaf paripinnately compound, leaflets 2, 09-40 mm long, 1-11 mm wide, linear-lanceolate, stipules 09-30 mm long, ovate-lanceolate, unequally sagittate, inflorescence a 3-12-flowered, peduncled axillary raceme, peduncle much longer then the leaf, calyx 5-9 mm long, teeth somewhat unequal, the lowest tooth 1-3 times as longer then tube, corolla yellow, 09-16 mm long, fruit 2-4 cm long, 4-6 mm wide, mostly glabrous, fruit contain 4-8-seeds. Fl. Per. June-August.1100-2000m.

Lathyrus sativus L., Sp.Pl. 730. 1753.

Vernacular Name:Ghata Chilo

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Plant body glabrous to subglabrous, annual, stem winged, leaf paripinnately compound, leaflets

2, 4-100 mm long, 1-11 mm wide, narrowly lanceolate or linear, stipules lanceolate, median and

upper leaves with mostly 3-sect tendrils, peduncle 1-flowered, 3-6.0 cm.The calyx 6-10 mm

long, teeth.

Lathyrus cicera L., Sp.P1. 730. 1753.

Vernacular Name: Wara Chilo

Annual, glabrous, stem winged, leaf paripinnately compound, leaflets mostly 2, 1-9.5 cm long, 1-

or 3-sect, inflorescence 1-flowered, peduncle 0.5-3 cm long, calyx 6-9 mm long, 2-3 times as

glabrous, upper suture flattened and with 2 narrow lateral keels.The fruit contain 2-6-seeded. Fl.

Per. March.1000-2400m.

Genus: Vicia L., Sp. Pl. 2: 734. 1753.

Key to the species

1 Leaf rachis are terminating in leaflet, mucro------2

+ Leaf rachis are terminating it tendril------V. hirsuta

2 Herbs is annual; legume are 50-100 × 20-30 mm; raceme rachis very short to nearly

absent------V. faba

+ Herbs is perennial; legume 20-50 × 5-8 mm; in raceme the rachis usually obvious ---V.

monantha

Vicia hirsuta (L.) S.F.Gray, Nat. Arr.Brit.Pl. 2:614. 1821.

Vernacular Name: Marghai Khpa

Plant body climbing annual. Young stem is to glabrescent. Leaf is paripinnate and compound.The leaflets 5-20mm long, 1.6-3 mm wide, linear and obtuse, stipules are lanceolate,

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the basal toothed are present the tendril mostly branched, inflorescence are 3-7 flowered present

2-6 mm wide, the fruit contain 1-3 seeds. Fl. Per. February- August. 900-2200m.

Vicia faba L., Sp.Pl. 737. 1753.

Vernacular Name: Marghai Khpa

Annual, 98-120 cm tall. Leaflets 2-6, 4-10cm long, 1-5 cm wide, oval, glabrous, stipules 10-18 pubescent, seeds 2-3cm. Fl. Per. August to February.1200-2200m.

Genus: Medicago L., Sp . Pl. 778. 1753.

Key to the species

1 Fruit echinulate------2

+ Fruit not echinulate------Medicago lupulina

2 The spines of the fruit oriented almost parallel to the surface of the disc------

------Medicago polymorpha

+ The spines of the fruit oriented almost at right angles to the surface of the disc------3

3 Leaflets cuneate, usually pubescent on the lower surface only, spines of the fruit inserted

very near the dorsal suture------Medicago laciniata

+ Leaflets obovate, rarely oblanceolate, pubescent on both surfaces, spines of the fruit not

inserted very near the dorsal suture------Medicago minima

Medicago lupulina L., Sp. Pl. 779. 1753.

Annual or are perennial. Stem prostrate or ascending, up to 60 cm Tong, pubescent, hairs simple

or glandular. Petiole up to 2.5 cm long. Leaflets 5-20 mm long, 4-8 mm wide, obovate, cuneate,

retuse to obcordate, apiculate, serrate in the upper half; stipules cordate, dentate. Inflorescence an

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the tube. Corolla 2.5-3 mm long, yellow. Fruit 2-3 mm, curved through 180°, sparsely pubescent

to glabrescent, black, 1-seeded. Fl. Per.: March-June. 1200-2000 m.

Medicago laciniata var. laciniata Boiss., Fl. Or. 2: 105. 1872.

Spreading annual, stem glabrous. Petiole 1.2-2.5 cm long, leaflets 6-12 mm long, 2-5 mm wide,

obovate-cuneate or cuneate-oblong, truncate or retuse, usually pubescent on lower side only,

dentate; stipules laciniate. Inflorescence a 1-2-flowered peduncled raceme, peduncle longer than

the petiole. Pedicel c. 2 mm long. Calyx 3-4 mm long, teeth as long as the tube. Corolla 4-5 mm

long, yellow. Fruit spherical or ovoid with 5-7 coils, 8-10-seeded; hooked spines in 2 rows on the

thickened suture. Fl. Per.: April-May, 800-2000 m.

Medicago minima (L.) Grufb in Linn.Amoen. 4:105. 1759.

Annual, pubescent, hairs simple or mixed with glandular hairs. Petiole up to 8 mm long, leaflets

5-10 mm long, 2-7 mm wide, obovate, rarely oblanceolate, pubescent on both surfaces, retuse to

emarginate, toothed; stipules entire or toothed. Inflorescence a 2-6-flowered, peduncled raceme,

peduncle generally longer than the petiole. Calyx 2-2.5 mm long, finely pubescent, teeth as long

as the tube. Corolla up to 4 mm long. Fruit with 3-5 coils, spines variable, from short tubercles to

long hooked spines, inserted slightly removed from the marginal border. Fl.Per.: April-July,

800-2000 m.

Genus: Astragalus L., Spl.Pl. 755. 1753.

Key to the species

1. Fruiting calyx does not become inflated------2

+ Fruiting calyx become inflated------Astragalus anisacanthus

2. Leaf imparipinnately compound------3

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+ Leaf paripinnately compound ------Astragalus psilocentros

3. Flowers sessile or subsessile, forming a compact head------Astragalus graveolens

+ Flowers pedicellate, not forming a compact head------Astragalus pyrrhotrichus

Astragalus anisacanthus Boiss, Diagn.Pl.Or.Nov.ser. 1(9):103. 1849.

Vernacular Name: Mamol

Plant body erect, young stem, covered with persistent, spiny raches, leaf paripinnately compound, petiole 1-1.6 cm long, sericeous, rachis, 1.3-3.8 cm long, the leaflets 6-8 mm long, 1-

3mm wide, entire, tip spiny, villous on both sides; stipules 2 mm long, inflorescence an axillary raceme, peduncle 6 mm long, bracts 4 mm long, pedicel 2 mm long, calyx 11 mm long, calyx gets enlarged in fruit, 14 mm long, fruit 5-6 mm long, pubescent, unilocular, 2-seeded. Fl. Per.

September-April.1000-3000m.

Astragalus psilocentros Parker, For.Fl.Punj. 140. 1924.

Erect shrub, c. 60 cm tall, branches glabrous to subglabrous. Leaf paripinnately compound, c.

2.5-5 cm long, leaflets 10-12, c. 5-11 mm long, obovate to elliptic oblong, obtuse, glabrous above, subglabrous below; stipules connate to the base, leaving an annular scar on the twig, pubescent with long hairs. Flowers solitary or in pairs; pedicel c. 5-6 mm long, pubescent. Calyx c. 12-16 mm long, sparsely pilose, teeth c. 4-5.5 mm long. Vexillum c. 2.5-3.2 mm long, glabrous; longer than the wing. Fruit c. 1.5-1.8 cm long, pubescent. Fl.Per.: March-May. 1500-

3000m.

Astragalus graveolens Buch-Ham. Ex Bith.1(3):71.1848.

The is having young twigs, raches and leaflets beneath pilose with long loose hairs. Flowers sessile or subsessile, forming a compact head, Fl.Per.: March-May, 2000-4000 m.

Astragalus pyrrhotrichus Boiss., Diagn.Pl.Or.Nov.ser. 1(9):73. 1849.

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Stem woody, densely pubescent, hairs long, brown. Leaf imparipinnately compound, c. 15-30 cm long, densely pubescent, hairs spreading; leaflets 41-51, c. 6-10 mm long, orbicular to suborbicular, entire with a minute mucro; stipules c. 12-20 mm long, silky. Inflorescence an axillary peduncled raceme, peduncle c.2 .5-10 cm long, bracts linear, pedicel short. Calyx c. 18-

22 mm long, densely silky, teeth c. 9-11 mm long. Vexillum c. 13.5-17 mm long. Fruit subsessile, densely silky, bilocular, 10-12-seeded. Fl.Per.: March-September, 1000-2000 m.

Genus: Trifolium L., Sp. Pl. 2: 764. 1753.

Key to the species

1 Petioles slender, ------T.resupenatum

+ Petioles, especially in lower leaves ------T. repens

Trifolium resupinatum L., Sp.Pl. 771. 1753.

Vernacular Name: Shaftal

Procumbent, ascending or erect annual, glabrous. Leaflets 7-30 mm long, obovate-cuneate.

Inflorescence a peduncled head, 1.0-1.5 cm wide, globose, many flowered, without an involucre.

Peduncle longer than the subtending leaf. Calyx inflated in fruit, 5-10 mm long, glabrous to subglabrous. Corolla pink to reddish purple, resupinate. Vexillum 6-10 mm long. Fruit shortly ovoid, enclosed by inflated calyx. Fl. Per.: April-May, Cultivated.

Trifolium repens L., Sp.Pl. 767. 1753.

: April-July. Fl. Per.: April-May, 800-2000 m.

Genus: Trigonella L., Sp. Pl. 2: 776. 1753.

Key to the species

109 CHAPTER 03

1 Perennial herbs; legume linear-oblong------T. emodi

+ Annual herbs; legume cylindric or ovoid------T. foenum-graecum

Trigonella emodi Benth. in, Illustr.Bot. Himal. nMount. 197. 1835.

Erect herb, young branches minutely pilose, hairs yellowish. Stipules foliaceous, serrate, 3-7 mm

condensed raceme. Peduncle 2-3 cm, pilose. Bracts c. 1 mm. Pedicel 2-3 mm. Calyx 4.5-5.0 mm

long, minutely pilose, teeth 2.0-2.5 mm long. Corolla yellow. Vexillum 6-7 mm long. Wing 6-7

mm long. Keel 5-6 mm long. Fruit 14-15 mm long, c. 3 mm wide, glabrous, veins prominent.

Fl.Per.: June-August. 900-3000 m.

Trigonella foenum-graecum L., Sp.Pl. 777. 1753.

Vernacular Name: Malkhuzay

Plant body erect annual, 09-50 cm tall, glabrous, leaflets 1-3 cm long, 4-15 mm wide, obovate to

oblanceolate, dentate, stipules lanceolate and entire, flowers 1-3 in leaf axils, calyx 7-8 mm long,

corolla yellowish white, fruit 4-11 mm long, 3-6 mm wide, glabrous, tapering into a beak, 1-3.5

cm long, the fruit contain10-20 number of seeded. Fl. Per. April-May. Cultivated.

3.3.43. VALERIANACEAE

Genus: Valeriana L., Sp. Pl. 1: 31. 1753.

Key to the species

1 Rhizomes relatively stout, leaves cordate at base------V. jatamansi

+ Rhizomes relatively slender, leaves not cordate at base------V. himalayana

Valeriana jatamansi Jones is Asiat. in Res. 2:416. 1790.

Vernacular Name: Musehk-e-bela

Plant body 14-60 cm tall, pubescent to pilose. Rhizome elongate, with fibrous roots. Stems 3-6 in

number. Radical leaves cordate or ovate. Cauline leaves sessile, smaller in 3-fid, flowers

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corymbose cymes, upper bracts linear-lanceolate, 3 mm long, corolla and style sometimes pilose, stigma 3-fid, achene tomentose, slightly shorter than upper bracts. Fl. Per. March to May.1200-

2200m.

Valariana himalayana Grub. In Not.

3.3.44. PUNICACEAE

Quercus incana Roxb., Hort. Beng. 104. 1814.

Vernacular names: Grey Oak and Shah baloot

Plant body a trees 5-18 m tall, shoots is tomentose, winter buds 1-2 cm long, leaves elliptic lanceolate, male flowers is a catkins, 5-14 cm long, bract ovate-oblong to oblong-orbiculate, 2.1 mm long, perianth tomentose, segments 1.1 mm long, obtuse or acute, stamens 3-6; anthers 1 mm long, hairy, oblong, cupule l cm wide, enclosing half the nut at maturity, nut 1-2 cm long, glabrescent. Fl. Per. April-May. 1800-3000m.

Quercus baloot Griff., Itin. Not. 328. 1848.

Vernacular names: Baloot

Plant body evergreen small tree or a shrub, 2-8m tall. Young branches and shoots greyish tomentose, leaves, oblong-ovate to obovate or elliptic or sub-orbiculate, entire or spiny-toothed, top surface green, lower pale green; petiole 2-4 mm long, male flowers in catkins, 3.4-5 cm long, pubescent, stamens 4-7; anthers hairy, oblong 1.3 mm long, filaments 2.1 mm long, female flowers on 2-4cm long peduncles, styles 3-5cm, cupule 1-l.3 cm wide, enclosing nut; acorn 1-l.7 cm long, yellowish-brown, glabrescent. Fl.Per. April-May.1800-2200m.

Quercus dilatata Royle, Illust. In Bot. Himal. In Mount. 2: t. 84. fig. 2. 1836.

111 CHAPTER 03

Vernacular Name: Toer banianth, stamens 3-8, sub-sessile; anthers glabrous, styles 3-5 cm long,

cupule 01-2.4 cm wide, cot, pubescent, nut ovoid, brownish, glabrous. Fl. Per. April-May. 3000-

3500m.

3.3.46. SAXIFRAGACEAE

Genus: Bergenia Moench, Meth. 664. 1974.

Key to the species

1 Leaves obovate or oblong-obovate; base cuneate; margin crenate, dentate or serrate------

------Bergenia stracheyi

+ Leaves orbicular to suborbicular or sometimes widely obovate, base rounded or

sometimes cordate; margin entire to denticulate------Bergenia ciliate

Bergenia stracheyi (Hook.f. & Thorns.) Engl. in Bot. Zeitung. 26:842. 1868.

Vernacular Name: Kamar panra

Plant body 20cm tall, leaves 6-15cm, obovate to oblong-obovate, base cuneate, apex rounded, 01

small, capsule 09-12 x 4-6 mm, including styles, seeds dark brown, 1 mm, elongated. Fl. Per.

June-August. 3000-4200m.

Bergenia ciliata (Haw.)Sternb., Rev.Saxif.Suppl. 2 :2. 1831.

Vernacular Name: Kamar panra

Plant body herb, up to 35 cm tall, leaves few, spreading, 3-11cm, glabrous , cordate , rounded,

cape and inflorescence greenish or pink, peduncle up to 10.1 cm long; flowers pink to purplish,

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pedicellate, sepals 7 mm long, oblong, petals 10 mm, limb orbicular, filaments 1 cm long, pink to red, carpels 2. styles 7 mm long, carpels and styles green or pinkish, capsule 12 x 6 mm, including styles, seeds, 1 mm long, brown slightly tuberculate. Fl. Per. May-June. 3000-4000m.

3.3.47. CELASTRACEAE

Maytenus royleanus (Wall. ex Lawson) Cufodontis in Senck.Biol. 43:313. 1962.

Vernacular Name: Sorazgaey

A spiny shrub; bark thin, grey, corky; spines 1.2-2.5 cm long, axillary, straight, slender. Leaves

1.2-5 x 0.7-3 cm, obovate to ovate, serrate, crenate or subentire, coriaceous, slightly pubescent

Calyx lobes ciliate. Petals c. 2 mm long, whitish, ovate-oblong. Ovary sunk in the fleshy disc.

Capsules 5-7 mm wide, turbinate, 3-gonous; seeds partially covered with white aril. Fl. Per.

April-May, 800-3000 m.

3.3.48. NYCTAGINACEAE

Mirabilis jalapa L., Sp. Pl. 1: 177. 1753.

3.3.49. EBENACEAE

Genus: Diospyros L., Sp. Pl. 2: 1057. 1753.

Key to the species

1 Ripened berry is 13-22 mm in diameter, ------Diospyros lotus

+ Ripened berry is 3-7 cm in diameter------Diospyros kaki

Diospyros lotus L., Sp. Pl. 1057. 1753.

Vernacular Name: Toramlook

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Plant body shrubby and trees. Leaves alternate and entire, flowers 4-6 merous, calyx reflexed in fruit, male flowers with stamens in 02 rows, styles 1-7, stigmas capitate, berry globose. Fl. Per.

June. 600-2000m.

Diospyros kaki L., f., Suppl. 439.1781.

Vernacular Name: Zier Amlok

Plant body small tree, up to 17 m tall. Leaves elliptic or elliptic-ovate, pubescent, petiolate, flowers pedicellate, pedicel 09-15 mm long, male in 3-flowered, female solitary and larger, calyx segments oval or widely lanceolate, pubescent, corolla yellow-white, l rounded obes, male flower: stamens 15-24, hairy, female flower: staminodes 7-10; ovary 8-10 chambers, style 4- parted, hairy, berry globose, 3-8 cm. in diameter, orange to dark red, glossy and fleshy. Fl. Per.

September-November. Cultivated.

3.3.50. ARACEAE

Key to the genera

1 Inflorescence appearing with the leaves. Leaves 1-3, trifoliolate, pedate or whorled.

Neuter organs subulate------Arisaema

+ Inflorescence appearing before the leaves. Leaves solitary, pedate. Neuter organs clavate-

------Sauromatum

Genus: Arisaema Schott, Prodr. 40. 1860.

Key to the species

1 Leaves pedate, leaflets 7-14. Spath tube shorter than the lomb------Arisaema flavum

+ Leaves not pedate, leaflets 5-7. Spath tube longer than the lomb------

------Arisaema jacquemontii

Arisaema flavum (Forsk.) Schott, Prodr. 40. 1860.

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Monoecious. Bulb subglobose 2-3.5 x 2.5-3.5 cm. Leaves 2 or 1, pedate. Leaflets 7-11, elliptic-

ovate to elliptic-lanceolate; median leaflet 5-10.5 x 1.6-3.8 cm, subacuminate, lateral ones

narrower, petiole 15.5-32.5 cm long, petiolule 0.6-1.5 cm. Spathe not longer than the foliage,

yellowish-green, purplish within; tube ovoid-globose, 1-1.2 cm long; limb longer than or equal to

the tube, ovate-acuminate. Spadix included. Male zone: 4.5-6 mm; female zone: 6-9 mm;

appendage clavate, included. Male flowers: anthers dehiscing by an apical pore. Female flowers:

ovary ovoid-subglobose; c. 1.5 mm wide, stigma capitate. Seeds 4-5, subglobose, 2.5-3.5 mm

wide, dark-brown, minutely rugose. Fl. Per.: June- July. 2200-3000m.

Arisaema jacquemontii Blume, Rumphia. 1:95. 1836.

Vernacular Name: Wara Marjarai

Plant body dioecious herbs, bulb subglobose, 2-3 cm wide, leaves 1 or 2, leaflets 5-8, elliptic- ovate, subsessile, cuneate, subentire, wavy to crenulate; petiole up to 22 cm long, spathe green, white, longer than the leaves tube cylindric, 3-7 cm long, spadix present in the spathe, appendages are stout and curved, male, spadix 3-5.4 cm long while in female 5.8-6.2 cm, darker towards the tips, male flowers: stamens, anthers subglobose, 1 mm wide, dehiscing by longitudinal slits or by an apical pore, female flowers: ovary subglobose, 1.5-2 mm long, style subsessile, stigma disciform, berries globose, 4-4.6mm wide, red when mature, seeds 3-8, subglobose, up to 2.5 mm wide, reddish brown, acute at one end. Fl. Per. June-July. 2000-

3000m.

Sauromatum venosum (Ait.) Schott, Prodr. Aroid. 71. 1860.

Vernacular Name: Mar Jarai

Plant body monoecious, corm up to 11-14cm wide, globose-depressed, petiole mottled black, 29-

45 cm long, leaf pedate, 7-11 lobed; lobes elliptic-lanceolate, spathe 30-45 cm long, tube ovoid,

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margins, much shorter than the limb, greenish, mottled purplish-black inside, peduncle 1-4.5 cm long, spadix shorter than the spathe, appendage pale green, stout, 13-18 cm long, obtuse, male zone 1-13 cm long, neuter zone 1-1.3 cm long; neuter organs clavate, 3-6 mm long, yellow, female zone 1-2 cm long, ovary obovoid, stigma sessile, berries red, seed ovoid, 1mm wide. Fl.

Per. April-May. 2000-2200m.

3.3.51. PAEONIACEAE

Paeonia emodi Wall. ex Royle, Illustr. Bot. Himal. Mount. 1: 57. 1834.

Vernacular Name: Mamaikh

Perennial, 40-50 cm or more tall, glabrous. Leaves ternate, glabrous; lamina pale on undersurface, flowers solitary, 7-9 cm wide, bracts leafy, sepals imbricate, oblong to suborbicular, outer ones smaller and long acuminate, petals 8, white, obovate, ovary ovoid, strigose, follicle 1, globose-ovoid, dense yellow-white tomentose, 2.5-2.7 cm long, splitting along the ventral sutures, woody, seeds 3-5, large, globose-ovoid, 8 mm wide, minutely rugose, brown to black, bright scarlet red when unripe. Fl. Per. May-June. 2500-4000m.

3.3.52. SAMBUCACEAE

Sambucus wightiana Wall. ex Wight & Arn. in Prodr. Fl. Penins. Ind. Or. 1: 38. 1834.

Vernacular Name: Nil serrate, puberulous to glabrous, apex acute to acuminate; upper leaflets usually decurrent; stipules leaf-like, narrowly lanceolate to ovate-lanceolate, sharply serrate. Inflorescence corymbose with 3-5 primary rays, up to 10 cm across, pedunculate. Flowers minute, c. 5 mm in diameter, pedicellate; pedicel jointed. Bracteole filiform, c. 1 mm below the joint. Hypanthium turbinate, c. 1 mm long. Calyx 5-toothed; teeth minute, deltoid. Corolla rotate, c. 5 mm in diameter, 5-lobed, whitish-yellow, lobes 1.5 mm long, obtuse, 3-nerved. Stamens 5, attached at

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the base of the corolla, anthers oblong, filament twice as long as the anther. Stigmas 3,

subsessile. Fruit a drupe, globose, 4-5 mm in diameter, orange coloured turning black. Seed

oblong, 2.7 mm long. Fl. Per.: June July. 1200-2000m.

3.3.53. COLCHICACEAE

Colchicum luteum Baker in Gard. Chron. 7:34. 1874.

Vernacular Name: Suranjan/Ziargulae

Corm ovoid, oblong, 1.5-3.5 x 1-2 cm, flattened at the base, longitudinal groove on one side;

coat brown to dark-brown, membranous. Leaves 3-6, appearing at flowering time, linear to

wstyles 3, filiform, longer than the stamens; stigma minute. Ovules many. Fruit capsular, ovoid,

up to 3 cm long, dehiscence septicidal with recurved beaks; seeds numerous, globose, 2 mm in

diameter. Fl. Per.: February to May depending on the altitude. 1800-3000m.

3.3.54. CONVOLVULACEAE

Key to the genera

1. Stigmas filiform, attenuate to ellipsoid or oblong------Convolvulus

+ Stigmas globose or bi-globose------Ipomoea

Convolvulus arvensis L., Sp. P1. 153. 1753.

Vernacular Name: Sahar Gulai, Priwathai

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prostrate annual or perennial herbs, bate, acute to obtuse, petiole (3-) 9-20 mm long. Flowers

campanulate, bracteate, 1 (-2), axillary, pale pink to lilac with dark purple bands, pedicellate,

pedicel 8-14 mm long, pubescent to glabrous, bracteoles linear, 3 mm long. Sepals scarious, 4-5

mm long, widely oblong, obtuse, retuse or apiculate, sparsely pubescent to glabrous. Corolla (15-

) 18 (-22) mm long. Filaments unequal, 5-7 mm long, anthers 2 mm long. Ovary glabrous, on a disc. Stigma 4 mm long, filiform, attenuate to ellipsoid or oblong. Capsule globose, c. 5 mm in diameter. Seeds 4, 4 mm long, dark brown, tuberculate. Fl. Per.: All year, 800-3000m.

Ipomoea purpurea (L.) Roth, Bot. Abh. 27. 1787.

Vernacular Name: Sraperwathka

Plants annual, the stems twining, pilose to hirsute with spreading trichomes. Leaves widely ovate to cordate, 2-10 cm long, entire or trilobate, pubescent on both surfaces. Flowers in 1-5-flowered cymes. Sepals oblong-lanceolate, 8-16 mm long, apically abruptly acute, hirsute on the basal portion. Corolla purple, pink, blue or with stripes of these colours on a white background, throat white, 3-5 cm long. Stigmas globose or bi-globose. Fruit capsular, depressed globose, 10 mm long. Seeds black, pyriform, glabrous. Fl Per.: July-September.800-2000m.

3.3.55. MALVACEAE

Alcea rosea L., Sp.Pl. 687. 1753.

Erect annual herbs, 1-2.5 m tall. Stem rough stellate hairy, glabrescent. Leaves long petioled,

large, round or ovate, at base cordate, at apex rounded, entire to 5-7 lobed, upper 3-lobed, crenate

to dentate, scabrous and stellate pubescent on both sides. Flowers axillary, solitary or 2-3 in

fascicles, spike like because of short pedicel in terminal branches, pedicel enlarged in fruit.

Epicalyx segments 6-7, 1.5 cm long or more, fused below the middle, lanceolate to ovate. Calyx

up to 1.5 times longer than epicalyx, both epicalyx and calyx stellate pubescent, scabrous.

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Corolla 5-7 cm across, of various colours; petals 4-7 cm long. Fruit depressed, globose; pubescent, enclosed by calyx, ± 2 cm across; mericarps 2C-40, channeled and winged dorsally,

5-7 mm across, back 1.5 mm broad. Extensively cultivated throughout.

Hibiscus syriacus L., Sp. Pl. 695. 1753.

Vernacular Name: Biscuit

A shrub, 1-3 m tall, nearly glabrous. pubescent. Epicalyx segments 6-8, 6-15 mm long, linear, stellate pubescent. Calyx 1.2-1.7 cm long, free to the middle, yellowish, stellate pubescent; lobes lanceolate, acute. Corolla 4-5 cm across, of various colours; petals obovate, 3-5 cm long, 2-3.5 cm wide, stellate hairy outside, glabrescent, claw ciliate margined. Staminal column inserted, antheriferous to the base. Capusle 1.5-2 cm long, 1 cm across, ellipsoid, yellowish stellate pubescent, beaked. Seeds 2-4 mm long, reniform, glabrous except with a line of long white hairs on the dorsal side. Fl. Per.: All year. Cultivated.

Genus: Malva L., Sp.Pl. 689. 1753.

Key to the species

1 Epicalyx segments ovate 2-3 mm long------Malva neglecta

+ Epicalyx segments linear 3-4 mm long ------Malva sylvestris

Malva neglecta Wallr. in Syll. Ratisb. 1:140. 1824.

Vernacular Name: Panerak

Prostrate or decumbent, perennial, basally woody herb. Branches stellate pubescent, densely so on young parts. Leaves orbicular, deeply cordate at base, 1-3 (-4) cm long, 1-4(-6) cm wide, simple-stellate hairy above, stellate below, crenate, occasionally shallowly 5-lobed;stipules ovate-lanceolate,c.5mm long, c. 2 mm wide, scarious, margin ciliate; petiole 3-12 (-25) cm long, stellate; pubescent, dense so above, glabrescent below. Flowers axillary, generally 3 on 4 in

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fascicles, occasionally solitary, particularly on the lower branches; pedicel (0.5-) 1-3 cm long,

stellate pubescent. Epicalyx segments linear to linear-lanceolate, stellate pubescent, 3-4 mm

long, c.l mm wide. Calyx free to the middle, 5-8 mm long, stellate pubescent; lobes 3-5 mm

wide, deltoid or triangular. Petals 10-13 mm long, 3-4 mm wide, oblong-obovate, retuse, claw

hairy on the margin, purplish or pinkish. Stamina] column 5-7 mm long, pubescent. Fruit depressed, 5-6 mm across; mericarps 13-15, pubescent, smooth margin usually rounded, 1.5-2 mm across in all directions. Seed dark brown, pubescent, reniform, 1 mm long and wide. Fl

Per.: July-September.800-2000m.

Malva sylvestris L., Sp.Pl. 689. 1753.

Vernacular Name: Samchal, Panerak

Usually biennial, up to 1.25 m tall, pubescent to glabrescent herbs. Leaves 2-4 cm long, 2-5 cm wide, 3-lobed, truncate to widely cordate at; stipule lanceolate, scarious, c. 5 mm long, 1.5 mm wide; petingular, 2-3 mm wide. Petals pink-purple cm long, c.1 cm wide, obovate, emarginate, claw ciliate. Staminal c. 3 mm long, stellate pubescent. Fruit glabrous, 5-6 mm across, mericarps

10-12, reticulate. Seeds brown, c. 2.5 mm long and wide. Fl Per.: July-September.800-2000m.

3.3.56. RUTACEAE

Key to the genera

1. Leaves simple, fruit drupe ------Skimmia

+ Leaves compound, fruit schizocarpic ------Zanthoxylum

Note: The genus citrus are in cultivation in the research area which were not included in the key given.

Skimmia laureola (DC.) Sieb. & Zucc. ex Walp., Rep. Bot. Syst. 5:405. 1846.

Vernacular Name: Nazarpanra, Nazarzela

120 CHAPTER 03

Glabrous evergreen shrub, up to 1 m tall. Leaves in terminal clusters, 65-90 x 25-35 mm,

glabrous, glossy, oblanceolate to lanceolate, cuneate, acute to acuminate, gland dotted. Flowers

subsessile, greenish-white. Calyx lobes 2.5-3 mm, oblong, obtuse, persistent. Petals white, 5 mm

long, oblong. Filaments 5, about as long as the petals, glabrous, absent in female flower. Ovary

ovoid, 2-5-locular. Fruit ovoid, c. 9 mm, bright red. Fl. Per.: April-Late June; Fr. Per.: June-

September. 2000-4000m.

Zanthoxylum armatum DC., Prodr. 1:727. 1824.

Vernacular Name: Dambara

Small tree or shrub, so when ripe. Seed rou in diameter, shining black.

Fl. Per.: March-April, 700-2000m.

Genus: Citrus L., Sp. Pl. 782. 1753.

Key to the species

1 Spines absent or short. Rind easily separable from the fruit. Axis not hollow in fruit------

------Citrus reticulata

+ Spines always present. Rind not easily separable from the pulp vesicles. Axis hollow in

fruit------2

2 Wings of petiole oblanceolate. Fruit with pulp sweet or subacidic when ripe------

------Citrus sinensis

+ Wings of petiole obovate. Fruit pulp sharply acid------Citrus aurantium

Citrus sinensis (Linn.) Osbeck, Reise Ostind. China. 250. 1765.

Spinous tree, up to 10 m tall; spines few slender and flexible. Leaves aromatic 7.5-11 cm, ovate- oblong to ovate, entire or serrulate, acute to obtuse. Petiole narrowly winged, wings oblanceolate. Flowers axillary, in 1-6-flowered cymes. Petals reflexed. Stamens c. 20. Fruit

121 CHAPTER 03

oblate to slightly oval, 6-9 cm in diameter. Rind deep yellow to orange-red; thick or thin; pulp

orange-yellow or reddish, sweet or slightly acidic. Fl. Per.: March-May, cultivated.

Citrus aurantium L., Sp. Pl. 782. 1753.

Tree, 7-8 m tall, spines axillary and sharp. Leaves 50-115 x 30-55 mm, elliptic; petiole winged, wings obovate. Flowers bisexual, 1-few, in axillary cymes. Petals fleshy and glandular. Stamens

20-24. Fruit globose, 7 x 7.5 cm, flattened at the base and apex; rind when ripe, glandular and rough. Axis hollow. Pulp bitter-acidic. Fl. Per.: March-April. Fr. Per.: Oct.-Nov, cultivated.

3.3.57. BALSAMINACEAE

Genus: Impatiens L., Sp. Pl. 938. 1753.

Key to the species

1 Flowers white, 4-6 mm long, almost spurless------Impatiens brachycentra

+ Flowers pink-white or yellow or a mixture of both, more than 12 mm long; spur well-

developed------2

2 Leaves crenate or crenate-dentate. Flowers yellow or pink-yellow, sometimes streaked

red. Spur curved------3

+ Leaves sharply serrate. Flowers pink-white. Spur straight------Impatiens flemingii

3 Flowers yellow. Lower sepal conical to funnel shaped, tapering into a spur, 1-1.2 cm

long------Impatiens edgeworthii

+ Flowers pink and yellow. Lower sepal wide conical ending in a spur less than 1 cm------

------Impatiens bicolor

Impatiens brachycentra Kar. & Kir. in Bull. Soc. Nat. Hist. Mosc. 1:179. 1842.

122 CHAPTER 03

Vernacular Name: Spin athrang

Plant body annual 14-40 cm tall, branched, glabrous, leaves elliptic-ovate to ovate, petiole up to

30 ong, dissimilar; lower ones prolonged, capsule erect, cylindrical, 11-22 mm long, seeds 2.6-3 mm long, oblong, wrinkled. Fl. Per. July-August.1600-2300m.

Impatiens flemingii Hook. f. i Surv. Ind. 4:9. 1904.

Vernacular Name: Gulabi Athrang size, 10-20 mm long, lower sepal with the spur 7-16 mm long and the capsule Per. July-August.1800-2200m.

Impatiens edgeworthii Hook. f., Fl. Brit. Ind. 1:476. 1874.

Vernacular Name: Ziar Athrang

Annual 20-61 cm tall, stem erect, and branched, leaves, elliptic-ovate, acuminate, crenate to crenate-dentate, glandular towards the base, petiole 10-50 mm, inflorescence is racemes subterminal, peduncles slender, 20-105 mm, flowers yellow, streaked red in the throat, 20-36 mm, pedicel 10-13 mm, bracts wide ovate, 1.4-3 mm long, keeled, lateral sepals green, subcordate to widely ovate, 2-4.6 mm long, apiculate; lower sepal infundibuliform, gradually narrowed into a recurved spur, 20-30 mm long. Anterior petal wide orbicular, lateral united petals 15-20 mm long, upper ones prolonged obliquely upwards, yellow-white, capsule 23 cm long, widely linear, erect, seeds oblong, 3 mm long, rugose. Fl. Per. July-September.1600-

2500m.

3.3.58. AMARYLLIDACEAE

Narcissus tazetta L., Sp. Pl. 290-1753.

Vernacular Name: Gule-Nargas

123 CHAPTER 03

Narcissus’ is one of the most popular flowers during the winter months and commonly sold in

the market. Vern.: Nargis. Daffodil’ is not so common as the previous one but is cultivated and

blooms in early spring. Fl. Per. April-May, Cultivated.

3.3.59. URTICACEAE

Key to the genera

1 Leaves alternate without stinging hairs------Debregeasia

+ Leaves opposite with stinging hairs------Urtica

Genus: Urtica L., Sp.Pl. 983. 1753.

Key to the species

1 Dioecious herb with dense indumentum of stinging hairs. Male and female flowers in

axillary panicles------Urtica dioica

+ Monoecious herb with scattered stinging hairs. Male flowers in catkin-like spike. Female

flowers in long peduncled ------Urtica pilulifera

Urtica dioica L., Sp. Pl. 984. 1753.

Vernacular Name: Sezonkae

Dioecious, perennial, 50-150 cm herb entum of stinging hairs. Stem angled. Leaves with 1.5-4

cm long petiole; lamina narrowly lanceolate to ovate, 5-12 cm long, 2.5-8 cm wide, cordate at

the base, m -ellipsoid, pale green or greenish-brown. Fl. Per.: May-September, 800-3000 m.

Urtica pilulifera L., Sp. P. 983. 1753

Monoecious annual or biennial, 20-100 cm tall herb, with sparse stinging hairs. Stem

quadrangular. Leaves with 2-10 cm long petiole; lamina ovate to widely ovate, 2-10 cm long, 2-

124 CHAPTER 03

8cm wide, truncate or subcordate-cordate at the base, margin shallow to deeply Serrate, apex

acuminate; stipules free lateral, triangular-ovate to lanceolate, 3-6 mm long, membranous.

Racemes bisexual, male flowers spiked, female flowers in terminal globose long peduncled head,

c. 1 cm in diameter. Achenes widely ovate, c. 2.5 mm long, c. 2 mm wide, dark brown, enclosed

by enlarged dorsal sepals. Fl. Per. April-May, 800-3000 m.

3.3.60. RHAMNACEAE

key to the genera

1 Fruit with 1-4 pyrenes each ------Ziziphus

+ Fruit 2-3 pyrenes ------Sageretia

Genus: Ziziphus Mill., Gard. Dict. ed. 8. 1768.

Key to the species

1 Leaves densely velvety or fulvous tomentose beneath------2

+ Leaves glabrous, ------3

2 Fruit more than 1.5 cm in diam.; l------

------Ziziphus mauritiana

+ Fruit less than 1.5 cm in diam.; ------

------Ziziphus nummularia

3 Leaves acuminate------Ziziphus oxyphylla

+ Leaves obtuse ------Ziziphus jujube

Sageretia thea (Osbeck) M.C. Johnston in J. Arnold Arb. 49. 378. 1968.

An evergreen shrub with stiff, slender branches, sometimes terminating in thorns. Leaves ovate,

elliptic or sub-orbicular, coriaceous or sub-coriaceous, minutely serrate, glabrous, or densely

white tomentose beneath, 1-4 x .5-2 cm, 3-4 pairs of lateral nerves, petiole 2-4 mm long, stipules

125 CHAPTER 03

minute, dark brown. Inflorescence of interrupted spikes and panicles. Flowers c. 3 mm across,

sessile or shortly stalked. Calyx saucer shaped, 1.5 mm long, lobes bigger than hypanthinum, c. 1 mm long, ovate. Petals obovate, c. 1 mm long, emarginate. Fruit 4-5 mm long, black or dark brown, ovoid to globose, 3-lobed, edible. Seeds mostly 3. Fl. Per. April-May, 800-3000 m.

3.3.61. POACEAE

Key to the genera

1. Spikelets of each pair alike------Saccharum

+ Spikelets of each pair different------9

2. Racemes arranged in a panicle with its common axis longer than the lowest raceme, not

supported by spathes------10

+ Racemes solitary, paired or subdigitate, often supported by spathes------11

3. Sessile spikelets dorsally compressed------Sorghum

+ Sessile spikelets laterally compressed or terete------Chrysopogon

4. Racemes composed of many pairs of spikelets------12

+ Racemes composed of 2 homogamous pairs of spikelets forming an involucre, and 1-4 sessile

spikelets------Themeda

5. Callus pungent------Heteropogon

+ Callus obtuse------Bothriochloa

Bromus japonicus Thunb. ex Murr., Syst. Veg. 119. 1784.

Vernacular Name: Nil

Annual; culms erect or geniculately ascending, up to 90 cm high. Leaf-blades up to 20 cm long,

1.5-5.5 mm wide; sheaths pubescent. Panicle 6-20 cm long, very lax and spreading, the branches

and pedicels very long, filiform and flexuous. Spikelets ovate to oblong-lanceolate, 7-15-

126 CHAPTER 03

flowered, 12-30(-35) mm long excluding the awns, the lemmas overlapping and concealing the

internodes; glumes glabrous or hairy, the lower lanceolate, 4.5-6 mm long, 3-nerved, the upper

ovate, 5-7.5 mm long, 7-nerved; lemmas oblanceolate in side view, the lower 7.5-10(-12) mm

long, coriaceous with hyaline margins, faintly to strongly angled above the middle, 7-nerved, the

nerves indistinct, glabrous or hairy, minutely 2-toothed at the tip, the teeth blunt, triangular; awn

subapical, flattened especially at the base, 10-15 mm long on the upper lemmas, those on the

lower much reduced, erect at first, becoming reflexed at maturity; palea shorter than to as long as

the lemma, ciliolate on the keels; anthers 0.5-1.5 mm long. Fl. & Fr. Per. June-August. 800-

3000m.

Brachypodium sylvaticum (Huds.) P. Beauv., Ess. Agrost. 101, 155. 1812.

Vernacular Name: Nil

Tufted perennial without rhizomes; culms 30-90 cm high, erect or spreading, slender to moderately stout, hairy at and towards the nodes, otherwise smooth and glabrous. Leaf-blades up

to 35 cm long, 4-12 mm wide, mostly loosely hairy, rarely hairless and rough; sheaths loosely

hairy with spreading or reflexed hairs, or the upper smooth, rarely all hairless. Inflorescence 6-20

cm long, bearing 4-12 spikelets. Spikelets 2-4 cm long, cylindrical, narrowly oblong or

lanceolate, 8-16-flowered, glumes lanceolate or the upper narrowly oblong, sharply pointed or

the upper very shortly awned, usually hairy, the lower 6-8 mm long, 5-7-nerved, the upper 8-11

mm long, 7-9-nerved; lemmas oblong-lanceolate, 7-11 mm long, shortly and stiffly hairy, rarely

only rough or quite smooth, acute, tipped by an awn up to 12 mm long; anthers 3.5-4 mm long.

Fl. & Fr. Per.: (April-) June-September. 800-3000m.

Genus: Aristida L., Sp. Pl. 1:82. 1753.

Key to the species

127 CHAPTER 03

1 Lemma (or column) not articulated at its summit------2

+ Lemma or column articulated at the summit ------Aristida mutabilis

2 Tufted robust perennial; panicle effuse, often as wide as long; awns 2 cm long; glumes

usually awned------Aristida cyanantha

+ Annual or short-lived perennial; panicle ± contracted; awns usually less than 2 cm long;

glumes never awned------Aristida adscensionis

Genus: Poa L., Sp. Pl. 1:67. 1753.

Key to the species

1 Lemma with copious wool at the base------Poa nepalensis

+ Lemma without any wool at the base------Poa annua

Poa nepalensis Wall. ex Duthie, Grasses NW. India. 40. 1883.

Perennial grass with creeping rootstock; culms 20-50 cm high, erect or geniculately ascending.

Leaf-blades flat, 3.5-15cm long, 1.5-4mm wide, flaccid, tapering to a sharp point, scabrid on the

margins and both surfaces; ligule trun¬cate, 0.5-1.5mm long. Panicle pyramidal, 7.5-14cm long,

very loose; branches paired, widely spreading, capillary, smooth. Spikelets 3-4-flowered, elliptic,

3.5-4mm long, whitish; glumes unequal, the lower narrowly ovate, 1.5-2.3mm long, 1-nerved, the upper wideer, 2-2.5 mm long, 3-nerved; lemmas oblong-elliptic in side-view, 2.5-3mm long, obtuse, densely ciliate on the keel and marginal nerves, with copious wool at the base; palea shorter than the lemma, long ciliate along the keels almost to the tip; anthers 0.6-0.75 long. Fl.

Per.: April, 800-3000 m.

Phalaris minor Retz., Obs. Bot. 3:8. 1783.

Vernacular Name: Dela

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Annual. Culms 20-100 cm high. Panicle 1-6 cm long, 1-2 cm wide, ovate-oblong. Glumes 4-6.5

mm long, ± equal, widely winged, the wing margin usually erose-denticulate, occasionally

entire; sterile floret, 1,1-1.8 mm long or very short and only 0.2-0.3 mm long, glabrous; fertile

floret widely lanceolate-ovate, 2.7-4 mm long, grey-brown and shiny at maturity, pubescent. Fl.

& Fr. Per.: March-May, 800-3000m.

Arundo donax L., Sp. Pl. 1: 81. 1753.

Vernacular Name: Durma

Fl. & Fr. Per.: June - December. 800-3000m.

Genus: Agrostis L., Sp. Pl. 1:61. 1753.

Key to the species

1 Spikelets falling entire attached to the pedicel------Agrostis viridis

+ Spikelets not falling entire, the rhachilla breaking up at maturity above the persistent

glumes------Agrostis munroana

Agrostis viridis Gouan, Hort. Reg. Monsp. 546. 1762.

Stoloniferous perennial; culms 20-100 cm high, erect or ascending, smooth. Leaf-blades flat, 3-

glumes obtuse, awnless, scabrid on the back; lemma c. 1 mm long, denticulate, awnless; palea

four-fifths to as long as the lemma; anthers 0.4-0.7 mm long. Fl. & Fr. Per.: May-August,

700-3000 m.

Agrostis munroana Aitch. & Hemsel. in J. L., Bot. 19:192. 1882.

Tufted annual; culms 10-45(-70) cm high, erect or geniculately ascending, slender, smooth. Leaf- blades flat, 3-15 cm long, 1.5-5 mm wide, smooth or faintly scaberulous; ligule 2.5-4 mm long, obt long, blunt, awnless or with a fine straight awn up to 3 mm long arising at or below the

129 CHAPTER 03

middle; palea almost as long as the lemma; callus bearded with hairs about a third the long of the

floret; anthers 0.4-0.8(-1.2) mm long. Fl. & Fr.Per.: July-August, 700-2000 m.

Saccharum bengalense Retz., Obs. Bot. 5:16. 1789.

Vernacular Name: Nal

Sorghum halepense (L.) Pers., Syn. Pl. 1:101. 1805.

Vernacular Name: Dadam

.

Key to the species

1 Pedicels glabrous, half the long of the sessile spikelet or longer------

------Chrysopogon gryllus subsp. echinulatus

+ Pedicels fulvously villous, shorter than half the long of the sessile spikelet------2

2 Leaves not puberulous------Chrysopogon serrulatus

+ Leaves puberulous------Chrysopogon aucheri

Chrysopogon gryllus subsp. echinulatus (Nees) T. A. Cope in Kew Bull. 35:701. 1980.

Perennial; culms 50-150 cm high, erect, robust. Leaf-blades up to 35 cm long, 2.5-4.5 mm wide,

bluntly acute to acuminate, glabrous or covered with sparse or dense tubercle-based hairs.

Panicle ovate, 6-18 cm long, with rather stiff erect branches (or these sometimes capillary,

flexuous and spreading) fulvously bearded at the tip, bearing short racemes of 2-3(-5) joints.

Sessile spikelet narrowly oblong; lower glume 5-8 mm long, laterally compressed to a widely

rounded keel, this with a single row (rarely a second row present) of tubercle-based spines or

cilia on each side, sometimes minutely hispidulous at the tip; upper glume hispidulous on the

keel towards the tip, awnless, mucronate or with an awn up to 10 mm long; upper lemma

minutely bidentate, with a shortly pubescent awn 12-20 mm long, rarely longer. Pedicelled

130 CHAPTER 03

spikelets 7-11 mm long, the lower glume bearing an awn 3.5-7 mm long; pedicels glabrous, two- thirds to three-quarters the long of the sessile spikelet. Fl. & Fr. Per.: June-September, 800-3000 m.

Chrysopogon serrulatus Trin. in Mem. Acad. Sci. Petersb., ser. 6, 2:318. 1832.

Perennial; culms 30-100 cm high, erect, robust. Leaf-blades mostly cauline, up to 30 cm long and 5 mm wide, but sometimes basal and much shorter, bluntly acute to acuminate, glabrous or sometimes with a few tubercle-based hairs. Panicle ovate, 3-12 cm long, with delicate capillary branches fulvously bearded at the tip. Sessile spikelet narrowly oblong; lower glume 4-7 mm long, laterally compressed to a rounded keel, hispidulous at the tip; upper glume glabrous or with a few white hairs on the keel, bearing an awn 6-10 mm long; upper lemma minutely bidentate, with a glabrous or pubescent awn 2-3(-3.5) cm long. Pedicelled spikelets (3-) 4.5-8 mm long, lower glume bearing an awn 3.5-6.5 mm long; pedicels fulvously villous, a quarter to a third the long of the sessile spikelet. Fl. & Fr. Per.: (June-) August-September, 800-2000 m.

Chrysopogon aucheri (Boiss.) Stapf in Kew Bull. 1907:211. 1907.

Tufted glaucous perennial often with silky villous basal sheaths; culms up to 60 cm high, erect or ascending, slender. Leaf-blades up to 25 cm long, 2-4 mm wide, acute to acuminate, puberulous anng of the sessile spikelet. Fl. & Fr. Per.: March-May and again September-November,

800-3000 m.

Bothriochloa bladhii (Retz.) S.T. Blake in Proc. R. Soc. Queensland. 80: 62. 1969.

Vernacular Name: Medane wakha

Tufted perennial; culms 50-150 cm high, erect from a shortly rhizomatous base, often robust.

Leaf-blades 10-55 cm long, 2-12 mm wide. Inflorescence with a central axis 4-20 cm long, the

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rachout a pit; awn 10-25 mm long. Pedicelled spikelet glabrous, with 0-3 pits. Fl. & Fr. Per.:

June - December. 800-3000m.

3.3.62. VITACEAE

Key to the species

1 Underside of the leaves woolly tomentose berry black; seed obovoid------Vitis jacquemontii

+ Underside of the leaves other wise, berry veriable in size and color, seed pyriform ------

------Vitis vinifera

Vitis jacquemontii Parker, For. Fl. Punj.ed. 2.559. 1924.

Vernacular Name: Angur

A robust ligneous vine, younger branches, petiole, inflorescence and under surface of the leaves

wk, 1-3 seeded. Seeds obovoid with a short beak at the base and a spathulate tubercle on the back

from which a ridge run over the top, ventral surface with 2 shallow linear grooves. Fl. & Fr. Per.

June-October. 1200-3000m.

Vitis vinifera L., Sp.P1. 202. 1753.

Vernacular Name: Kwar

A ck-violet, red, pinkish or greenish, 2-4 seeded, with juicy sweet or sour pulp. Seed pyriform or

ovoid, 5-6 mm long, beaked. Fl. Per.: May -July. Fr. Per:August-October.Cultivated.

3.3.63. APOCYNACEAE

Nerium oleander L., Sp. Pl. 209. 1753.

Vernacular Name: Ganderay

An d. Fruit 12-20 cm x 7:5 mm long. Fl. Per.: April-October. 600-3000m.

3.3.64. GERANIACEAE

Key to genera

132 CHAPTER 03

1 Leaves not longer than wide. ------Geranium

+ Leaves longer than wide. ------Erodium

Genus: Geranium L., Sp. Pl. 676.1753.

Key to the species

1 Stipules usually 10-20 mm long, -----Geranium wallichianum

+ Stipules 1-14 mm long, =------2

2 Petals pink-purple, 1-1.4 cm long, ------Geranium swatense

+ Petals lilac-rose or white 14-19 mm long, obovate------Geranium collinum

Geranium wallichianum D. Don ex Sweet, Geran. 1:tab. 90. 1821.

Perennial 40-60 cm tall, eglandular, pubescent to pilose; rhizome stout, vertical. Stem ascending, diffuse. Leaves 5-angled, palmati-partite or sect, 3-11 cm wide, pilose-pubescent; segments widely ovate-rhombic, pinnatifid or deeply so into acute lobes; stipules 8-20 x 6-12 mm, elliptic- obtuse or oblong, pilose-pubescent, apex sometimes 2-fid or irregularly toothed; petiole 3-12 cm long, retrorsely pubescent-hairy. Peduncles up to 13 cm long, 2-flowered, pubescent-retrorsely hairy. Flowers 3- 4 cm wide. Pedicels 4-6.5 cm long, retrorsely hairy, ± deflexed in fruit. Bracts

10-15 mm long, wide lanceolate, acuminate, apex 2-fid. Sepals 8-10 mm long, elliptic-oblong, 3- nerved, pubescent-pilose. Petals 1.5-2 cm long, slightly retuse, mauve, claw dense ciliate.

Filaments and styles reddish, dilated half of the filament obovate, often ciliate and pubescent.

Beak 2.5-3 cm long, pubescent-puberulous within on dehiscence (rarely patent hairy). Mericarps patent hairy. Seed 5 mm long, oblong, minutely reticulate. Fl. Per.: July-September, 800-3000 m.

133 CHAPTER 03

Geranium swatense Schonbeck-Temesy in Rech. f., Fl. Iran. 69:22. 1970.

Perennial, 45 cm or more tall. Rhizome slender, vertical. Stem 1-2(-3), ascending, diffuse,

slender, glandular villous. Cauline leaves 5-7-angled, 1.5-4 x 3-7 cm wide; reniform,

palmatipartite, pilose; segments rhomboid-cuneate, upper half 3-lobed; terminal lobes 3-fid,

acutish or obtuse; petiole appressed pubescent or patent hairy. Stipules (1.5-2.5-) 4.5-6 mm long, ovate acuminate, some 2-partite or-fid, pubescent. Peduncles up to 10 cm long, glandular, 2- flowered. Pedicel spreading, glandular, pubescent, deflexed in fruit. Bract 5-6.5 mm long,

Subulate-lanceolate, glandular. Sepals 7-10 mm, ovate, lanceolate, glandular-pubescent; awn

0.8-1.5 mm; petals pink-purple, 1-1.4 cm long, obovate, ciliate. Filaments about the size of sepals, dilated part long ciliate, pubescent. Beak 20 mm long, patent glandular. Mericarps c. 4 mm long, glandular hairy. Seed minutely reticulate. Fl. Per.: June-August, 1300-3000 m.

Geranium collinum Steph. ex Willd., Sp. Pl. 3:705. 1800.

Perennial 15-50 cm or more tall. Rhizome elongated. Stem(s) ascending, divaricate, retrorsely pubescent or glandular. Leaves suborbicular or orbicularreniform, 15-80 mm wide, palmatipartite into acute (-obtuse) lobes. Petiole of lower leaves up to 13 cm long. Stipules subulate-lanceolate, 5-7 (-9) mm long, entire, pubescent. Peduncle 3.5-13 (-17) cm long, ascending-recurved. Sepals 6-9 (-10) mm long, elliptic oblong, 3-5-nerved, pubescent or glandular; awn 1-2 mm long. Petals 14-19 mm long, obovate, lilac-rose or sometimes white, claw ciliate. Beak 16-24 mm long. Mericarps pubescent or pubescent-glandular. Seed 2.5 mm long, oblong, minutely reticulate, brownish black. Fl. Per.: July-August, 800-3000 m.

Erodium cicutarium (L.) L’Herit, ex Aiton, Hort. Kew. 2:414. 1789.

Vernacular Name: Nil

134 CHAPTER 03

Annual 4-40 cm, erect or straggling, pubescent-glandular or eglandular. Leaves 20-50 x 8-27 mm, pinnatisect, pubescent-glandular; segments pinnati-partite-sect into small acute lobes.

Stipules wide lanceolate-ovate, sometimes connate, 2.5-5 mm long, ciliate, pubescent, scarious.

Peduncles 1.5-6.5 cm long, 2-8-flowered, reflexed in fruit, patent-glandular. Bracts connate, ovate, acute, ciliate. Sepals 3-4 mm long, up to 6 mm in fruit, ovate-lanceolate, glandular- pubescent, apiculate, margin membranous. Petals scarcely exceeding sepals, obovate, reddish- purple, cuneate, claw ciliate, apex 1-2-setose. Filaments (of functional stamens) ± 2.5 mm long, base dilated, sparsely pubescent; staminodes shorter, lanceolate, glabrous. Beak 2.5-3.5 mm long, appressed pubescent. Mericarps 5.5 mm long, with bristle-like suberect yellow hairs, faintly furrowed below the pits. Fl. Per.: March-April. 800-3000 m.

135 CHAPTER 03

3.3.65. ASCLEPIADACEAE

Key to the genera

1. Plants erect------2

+ Plants climbing ------Tylophora

2. Filaments usually free; anthers acuminate ------Periploca

+ Filaments connate, pollen masses waxy------Calotropis

Tylophora hirsuta (Wall.) Wight, Contrib. Bot. Ind. 49. 1834.

Vernacular Name: Nil

Twining shrub, provided with dense spreading hairs. Leaves 5-10 cm long, ovate to ovate-

lanceolate, base rounded to sub-cordate, tip acute to acuminate, hairy. Flowers in umbelloid

clusters at the angles of the zig-zag peduncle. Peduncle solitary at nodes, variable in long,

villous. Pedicel upto 1.3 cm, filiform, glabrous. Bracts c. 2.5 mm long, linear. Calyx lobes c. 1.5-

2 mm long, lanceolate, hirsute. Corolla c. 3.5-4.0 mm long, lobes ovate ± more than half the long

of corolla, puberulous. Coronal processes subglobose, adnate to the staminal-column and not

exceeding it. Pollen masses horizontal and minute. Follicle 5-6.3 cm x 5-7.5 mm, solitary or 2,

divaricate, tapering to one end, smooth. Seed c. 6.5 mm long, dark brown, compressed, truncate,

coma c. 2.5 cm long. Fl. Per.: May to August, 1100-3000 m.

Genus: Periploca L., Sp. Pl. 211. 1753.

Key to the species

1 Stem erect, corolla purple------Periploca aphylla

+ Stem twining, Corolla bright yellow------Periploca hydaspidis

136 CHAPTER 03

Periploca aphylla Dcne. in Jacquem., Voy. Inde. 109. t. 116. 1844.

Vernacular Name: Barara

Plant body erect branched shrub 1-4 m tall, generally leafless and a milky juice, leaves 6-8 mm

long, ovate, acute, thick and nerve obscure, flowers in 1-3.5 cm long cymes and fragrant, bracts

ovate, margin, calyx lobes are 2follicles, are rigid, widely divergent and pointed, seeds 6-6.4 mm long, oblong, compressed, coma 2.4 cm long. Fl. Per. March-May.1000-1600m.

Periploca hydaspidis Falc. in Proc. L. Soc. 1:115. 1841.

Twining shrub, usually leafless, branches smooth green, c. 1.5 mm in diameter. Leaves (when present) 40 x 1-3 mm, linear or lanceolate, nerves obscure, petiole 1-2 mm long. Flowers in lax axillary trichotomoorm hairy processes. Filaments glabrous, anthers hairy on the back. Follicles c. 7.5 cm long. Seeds not seen. Fl. Per.: September-October, 1200-2000 m.

Calotropis procera (Ait.) Ait. f., Hort. Kew ed.2.2 :78.1811. (Ssp. Calotropis halmiltonii)

Vernacular Name: Spulmay

Erect shrub or sma, minutely tomentose, comose, coma 3.1-3.2 cm long. Fl. Per.: All the year round. Fl. Per. April-May, 700-2000 m.

3.3.66. ANACARDIACEAES

Pistacia chinensis Bunge, Mem.Div. in Acad.St.Petersb. in 2:89.1835. ( Ssp. Integerrima)

Vernacular Name: Shanai, Kakar Singi

Dioecious tree up to 17 m or mo greyish-brown in colour. Fl. Per.: March-May. 600-1800m.

3.3.67. CUCURBITACEAE

Key to the genera

1. Corolla campanulate------Cucurbita

+ Corolla rotate ------2

137 CHAPTER 03

2. Calyx tube in male flower elongate, tubular or funnel form------Lagenaria

+ Calyx rotate------3

3. Flowers with leaf like bract on pedicel------Momordica

+ Flowers without bract on pedicel ------4

4. Male inflorescence racemose or subumbellate------Luffa

+ Flowers solitary or fascicled------Cucumis

Cucurbita maxima Duch. ex Lam., Encycl. Meth. Bot. 2:151. 1786.

Vernacular Name: Khog kadoo

Annual. Leaves shallowly 5-lobed or subentire, coarsely hairy on both surfaces with hispidulous

soft hairs, margin densely and minutely dentate. Petiole hairy, not pungent. Flowers faintly

scented. Calyx lobes linear. Fruiting peduncle circular, striated, corky or spongy, not expanded at

the attachment. Fruit generally oval or rounded, bluntly ribbed, large, upto c. 2 m in diameter;

flesh yellow or reddish when ripe. Seeds white, brown or bronze, strongly marginate. Fl. Per.:

Jan.-April, Cultivated.

Lagenaria siceraria (Molina) Standley in Publ. Field Mus. Nat. Hist. Chicago, Bot. Ser. 3:435.

1930.

Vernacular Name: Gharangay kadoo

Annual, climber or trailer. Tendril 2-fid. Stem densely hairy. Leaves palmate, widely ovate,

reniform or sub-orbicular, cordate, obscurely 3-5-lobed, lobes rounded, 3.0-23 x 4-23 cm; petiole

2.7-13 cm long with a pair of small apical lateral conical glands. Both male and female flowers

solitary; male penduncle as long as petiole, female somewhat shorter. Corolla white, petals of

male flower obovate, apiculate, 2.7-4.5 cm long, 1.8-3.7 cm wide. Staminal filaments 3-4 mm

long; anthers oblong, coherent, included; thecae triplicate. Petals of female flowers c. 30 x 24

138 CHAPTER 03

mm. Ovary ovoid, villous, 11-17 mm long, 6-8 mm across. Fruit large, subglobose, ellipsoid,

lageniform, sometimes biventricose, green or greenish-yellow, hairy, indehiscent. Seeds white,

oblong, compressed, slightly tapered, slightly 2-horned on the shoulders, 7-20 mm long. Fl.Per.:

Almost throughout the year, specially March-May. Cultivated.

Genus: Momordica L., Sp. Pl. 1009. 1753.

Key to the species

1 Flowers monoecious. Fruit tuberculate------Momordica charantia

+ Flowers dioecious. Fruit densely prickly------Momordica dioica

Momordica charantia L., Sp. Pl. 1009. 1753.

Vernacular Name: Kareala

Annual, monoecious, climber with unbranched tendrils. Stem glabrous or may be hairy, leaves suborbicular to orbicular, 4-10 cm long and wide, dentate, deeply 5-7 lobed, lobes ovate-oblong or ovate-elliptic, glabrous or pubescent, acute, base constricted, petiole 1-3.5 cm long, flowers yellow, 3 cm across, solitary, male peduncles 7 cm long, bearing the bracts about the middle or below the middle, calyx pubescent, corolla zygomorphic, with obovate and obtuse lobes.The ovary fusiform, muricate.The fruit oblong fusiform or oval, 7-25 cm long, dehiscent. Seeds oblong, 1-1.6 cm long, 6-9 mm wide, embedded in red pulp. Fl. Per. April-July. Cultivated.

Momordica dioica L., Sp. Pl. 2: 1009. 1753.

Plants annual, scandent, many branched; stem and branches pubescent. Tendrils to 20 cm,

puberulent, simple. Petiole slender, 4-6 cm, white pubescent at first, glabrescent; leaf blade

ovate-reniform or suborbicular, 4-12 × 4-12 cm, membranous, puberulent on veins, 5-7-partite;

lobes ovate-oblong, veins palmate, margin crenate or irregularly lobed, apex obtuse or acute;

sinus semicircular. Plants monoecious. Male flowers solitary in axils of leaves; pedicel slender,

139 CHAPTER 03

3-7 cm, puberulent, with a median bract; bract reniform or orbicular, 5-15 mm, entire, both surfaces puberulent; calyx segments ovate-lanceolate, 4-6 × 2-3 mm, white pubescent, apex acute; corolla yellow; segments obovate, 15-20 × 8-12 mm, pubescent, obtuse or retuse; stamens

3, free; anther cells conduplicate. Female flowers solitary; pedicel 10-12 cm, with a bract at base; ovary fusiform, densely verrucose; stigmas expanded, 2-lobed. Fruit orange when mature, fusiform or cylindric, 10-20 cm, verrucose, 3-valved from apex. Seeds numerous, oblong, 15-20

× 10-15 cm. Fl. and fr. May-Oct, 700-2000 m.

Luffa cylindrica (L.) Roem., Syn. Monogr. 2:63. 1846.

Vernacular Name: Torai

Annual, climber or trailer. Tendrils slightly pubescent, 3-6-fid. Stem 5-angled, finely hairy to glabrous. Leaves palmately 5-lobed, dark green, orbicular-cordate, 8-25 cm across, lobes triangular, lanceolate, acute-apiculate, entire or sinuate, scabrous. Petiole 5-15 cm long. Flowers bright yellow, pedicellate, 5-6 cm across; male racemose, racemes axillary, 12-25 cm long, 15-

20-flowered, female flowers in the same axil as males. Probrract fleshy, ovate, with 3-7 glistening glands on the upper surface. Calyx tube short, widely campanulate, slightly pubescent; lobes triangular-lanceolate, longer than tube. Petals obovate-cuneiform, 2.5-3.5 cm long, 1-2.5 cm wide, obtuse. Stamens 3-5, filaments 6-8 mm long. Ovary cylindrical, finely appressed hairy.

Fruit cylindrical and fusiform, 20-50 cm long, 6-10 cm across, smooth. Seeds dull black, elliptic- ovoid, c. 10-12 mm long, 6-8 mm wide, with c. 1 mm wide margin. Fl.Per.: April-October.

Cultivated.

Genus: Cucumis L., Sp. Pl. 1011. 1753.

Key to the species

1 Leaf lobes acute. ------Cucumis sativus

140 CHAPTER 03

+ Leaf lobes not acute. ------Cucumis melo

Cucumis sativus L., Sp. Pl. 1012. 1753.

Vernacular Name: Badreng

Annual; a trailing/climbing herb, stem with hairs, leaves ovate, 10-18 cm long., 3-8-lobed, acute,

hispidulous, petiole elongated, 7-20 mm long, sepals spreading, corolla 2.5 cm long, lobes

oblong-lanceolate, anthers 3-4 mm long, female flowers solitary, ovary fusiform, muricate, fruit

oblong and cylindric, when young sparsely tuberculated, glabrous. Fl. Per. throughout the year.

Cultivated.

Cucumis melo L., Sp. Pl. 2: 1011. 1753.

Plants creeping. marginate. Fl. and fr. May-Sep, Cultivated.

3.3.68. PRIMULACEAE

Genus: Primula L., Sp. Pl. ed. l.142. 1753.

Key to the species

1 Flowers many, in dense umbellate heads------Primula denticulata

+ Flowers up to 12 in number, in lax umbels. ------Primula rosea

Primula denticulata Smith, Exot. Bot. 2:109, t. 114. 1805.

A farinose plant (5-) 8-32 cm tall, with a short and stout rhizome emitting roots; base of rhizome

sheathed in bud-scales, which are prominent, brownish-red and persistent. -.eaves 3.5-13.5 x 0.8-

4 cm, elliptic-lahers 2.5 mm long, oblong, attached c. 2 mm below the throat (in pin-eyed

flowers they are present just above and ovary). Ovary subglobose, c. 2.5 mm wide. Style c. 2 mm

long (in pin-eyed flowers 6.5 mm). Capsule included, sub-globose to obovoid. Seeds c. 0.4 mm,

angular, papillose. Fl. Per.: April, 1600-3000 m.

Primula rosea Royle, Illustr. Bot. Himal. Mount. 311, t. 76, fig. 1. 1936.

141 CHAPTER 03

A glabrous efarinose plant with a short and stout rhizome. Leaves 4-9(-13.5) x 1.2-2.4 cm (at maturity), elliptic, obtuse or obovate to oblanceolate, crenulate to denticulate. Scape (1.8-) 3.5-8 cm, up to 38 cthroat yellow, exannulate. Style 2-4 mm (in thrum-eyed flowers), 6.5 mm in pin- eyed ones. Capsule included or more or less equalling the calyx, subglobose. Seeds many, c. 0.5 mm long, angled, blackish. Fl. Per.: May-Jun.1500-3000 m.

3.3.69. SIMARUBACEAE

Ailanthus altissima (Mill.) Swingle, Jour. Wash. Acad. Sci. 6:495. 1916.

Vernacular Name: Aseela Shandai

A large po

3.3.70. SAPOTACEAE

Monotheca buxifolia (Falc.) A. DC. in DC., Prodr. 10:626. 1846.

Vernacular Name: Gwargwara

A small tree or large thorny shrub. Thorns short, axillary and terminal. Leaves often fascicled or alternate, 2.5-3.5 x 1-1.5 cm. upper surface glabrous, lower glaucous, apex rounded, base somewhat cuneate, margin recurved, petiole short, 2-3 mm long. Flowers c. 5 mm in diameter, pedicel c. 1 mm long. Calyx lobes small, c. 3 mm long, acute. Corolla lobes glabrous, c. 2 x c. 1 mm. Stamens borne on the corolla tube and opposite to the lobes, filaments longer than petals, subulate, glabrous, anthers versatile. Ovary hairy; style tapering, elongated. Fruit less than 1 cm in diameter. Fl. Per.: April-May. 700-2000m.

3.3.71. ORCHIDACEAE

Key to the genera

1. Flower fertile anthers two------Cypripedium

142 CHAPTER 03

+ Flower fertile anther one------2

2. Plants with palmate tuberoids------Dactylorhiza

+ Plants with entire tuberoids------Cephalanthera

Cypripedium cordigerum D. Don, Prodr. Fl. Nepal. 37. 1825.

Vernacular Name: Nil

Plants perennial, up to 60 cm tall, often in colonies. Rhizome creeping. Leaves 3-5(-6);

suborbicular to elliptic; acute to acuminate, up to 15x10 cm, margins ciliolate with glandular

hairs. Inflorescence usually 1-flowered, rarely 2-3-flowered. Bract leaf-like, 6-11 cm long. Sepal

pale yellow-green, the dorsal ovate-lanceolate, acuminate, 3-4x 1.2-1.8 cm, the lateral ± fused

with 5-15 mm long tips. Petals narrower, 3-4 x 0.6-0.8 cm. Labellum white, outside towards base

with some purple spots, slipper-like, up to 3 cm long. Column 12-15 mm long, including the

subcordate staminode, which on upper side is yellow with some dark purple spots. Ovary

pedicellate, covered with short glandular hairs. Fl. Per.: June-July. 2000-3000m.

Dactylorhiza hatagirea (D.Don) Soo(in Ann. Univ. Scient. Budapest., Sect. Biol. 3:341. 1960.

Vernacular Name: Nil

Plants up to 60 cm tall. Stem stout, ± fistular, leafy. Leaves 3-6, ± adpressed to the stem,

unspotted, lanceolate to widely lanceolate and elliptic, often conspicuously narrowed towards the

base, wideest at the middle or somewhat above, mostly large 6-15 (-20) cm long, up to 5 cm

wide. Inflorescence widely cylindric, rather short, (3-)5-10(-15) cm, densely many-flowered.

Bracts lanceolate, the lower exceeding the flowers. Flowers vividly colored, purplish-lilac or

rose, rarely white. Dorsal sepal erect-spreading, ovate-oblong to lanceolate, up to 10 mm long,

lateral sepals somewhat reflexed, slightly longer than the dorsal; petals slightly shorter; apex of dorsal sepal and petals ± hooded. Labellum nearly flat, mostly wideer than long, widely oval,

143 CHAPTER 03

entire or somewhat 3-lobed in front, up to 11 mm long, 13 mm wide, minutely papillose above,

tinged with dark purple dots and lines. Spur cylindric, ± obtuse. Ovary slightly twisted, glabrous.

Fl. Per.: June-July.1200-3000m.

Cephalanthera longifolia (L.) Fritsch . Zeitschr. 38:81. 1888.

Vernacular Name: Spengula

Plants 10-60 cm. Stem densely leafy throughout. Leaves alternate, ± distichous, lanceolate to linear-lanceolate, rarely ± ovate (Toppin 357 from Chitral: 5.5x1.2-3 cm), spreading.

Inflorescence ceolate, up to 16(-18) mm long, petals somewhat smaller, obtuse. Labellum distinctly divided into a concave hypochile with oblique-oblong side-lobes and a transverse-oval, obtuse, papillose epichile, the former with orange-yellow patch at base, the latter with 4-6 orange-yellow, parallel crests. Column slender, 7-8 mm long. Ovary cylindric, glabrous, sessile; ripe seed-capsule elongated, erect. Fl. Per.: May-July. Flowering before the monsoon rains.

1800-4000m.

3.3.72. VIOLACEAE

Genus: Viola L., Sp. Pl. 933. 1753.

Key to the species.

1 Spur 1-2 mm long. Leaves spathulate------Viola stocksii

+ Spur 4-8 mm long. Leaves ovate-cordate or reniform------2

2 Stigma beaked. Ovary glabrous------3

+ Stigma club shaped. Ovary hairy------Viola canescens

3 Stigma 3-lobed; stem absent; leaves truncate------Viola betonicifolia

+ Stigma 2-lobed or beaked. Stern present; leaves cordate------Viola biflora

144 CHAPTER 03

Viola stocksii Boiss., Fl. Or. 1:453. 1867.

Small annual, glabrous to glaucous herb, upto 35 cm high. Roots simple, unbranched; stem simple often branched from base, branches spreading. Leaves opposite, 1.5-5.5 x 1-2.0 cm; ovate to spathulate, often winged to the base, mucronulate-obtuse, stipulate, stipules linear-lanceolate,

3.0-9.0 x 1-2 mm, setaceous, acuminate, lower 2-3-fid; peduncle glabrous, upto 3.5 cm long; bracteoles 2, opposite, near the summit of peduncle, 24.0 x 1-2 mm, setaceous, acuminate, entire.

Flowers small, 2-5 mm long, bluish-white with blue stripes; sepals 2-5 x 1-2 mm; lanceolate, entire, acuminate, membranous, petals 5;4 equal in size, 3.0-6.5 x 2-4 mm, oblanceolate-oblong, obtuse, striated; lateral longer, 3.0-7.5 x 3.0-5 mm, oblanceolate, obtuse, entire; spur small, c. 1-2 mm long, straight, obtusish. Ovary 1-2 mm. long; ovate, glabrous, style capitate, 1.0-1.75 mm long. Capsule glabrous, elliptic to lanceolate, 3.0-7.0 mm long, mostly 12-seeded; seeds obovoid, smooth, shiny, creamish brown. Fl. Per.: February-May.500-2000m.

Viola canescens Wall. ex Roxb., Fl. Ind. 2: 450. 1824.

Vernacular Name: Benafsha

Plant body prostrate, pubescent or subglabrous herb, with long, cylindrical and branched roots, stem absent, eaves basal, 2-10 x 1-5 cm, widely ovate, cordate, obtuse to acute, serrate, five nerved beneath, petiole almost double the long of the lamina, pubescent; the stipules free, lanceolate, 5.1-20 x 1.0-3.0 mm, acute-acuminate, reddish at base, laciniate as long as wide, flowers small, 1-1.8 cm long, violet to pale violet, on erect, pubescent, 5-15 cm long peduncle; bracteoles 2, opposite to subopposite, almost at middle of the peduncle, sepals 5, linear- lanceolate, acute, entire, obscurely trinerved, lateral the sepal large, up to 10.1 mm long, 2 mm wide, dentate near base, others 8.0 x 3.0 mm, petals up to 15 mm long, 4.1 mm wide, obovate,

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obtuse, puberulous at the base, upper two cuneate, two lateral narrower and bearded at the base, marked with dark coloured streaks, lower most shortest, with dark coloured stripes, spur short, 4 mm long, compressed, obtuse, mostly straight. Style club shaped; ovary ovate, hairy; capsule globose, pubescent or glabrous, many-seeded. Fl. Per. March-June.1600-3000m.

Viola betonicifolia Sm. in Rees Cyclop. 37(1): Viola n. 7. 1817.

Vernacular Name: Banafsha

Plant body glabrous, perennial, 7-20 cm high herb, roots slender, unbranched, brownish, rhizome short, stem absent, leaves triangular, obtuse, truncate, 5-nerved, entire, petiole longer than the lamina, 2-14 cm long, winged, glabrous; stipules free, dentate, lanceolate, acuminate, flowers medium, 0.6-1.3 cm long, lilac, peduncle 5-15 cm long, glabrous, bracteoles 2, opposite, lanceolate, acute, entire, sepals lanceolate, acute, entire, glabrous, styles nearly straight, stigma

3-lobed, capsule oblong, upto 1 cm long, glabrous, acute. Fl. Per. May-August.1500-3000m.

Viola biflora L., Sp. Pl. 936. 1735. Ging. in DC. Prodr. 1:292. 1824.

Vernacular Name: Benafsha

Annual-perennial herb, upto 20 cm high, stem weak but distinct and slender, leaves widely reniform, cordate at base, crenate, 5-7-nerved, glabrous or sporadic or scattered hairs on the margins and the veins, petiole glabrous to pubescent, up to 15.1 cm long of ramal leaves, and up to 4 cm long of cauline leaves, stipules 2, opposite, ovate or oblong, entire, 3-5 mm, acute- subacute, lowers solitary, 0.6-1.6 cm long, yellow, the peduncle 1.7 cm long, bracteoles 2, opposite, membranous, sepals 0.5-0.7 x 0.2-03 cm, lanceolate, acute, entire, cuneate and pubescent at base, petals obovate to oblong, obtuse, entire, 0.7-1.3 x 0.3-0.6 cm; lateral petal slightly larger and beardless, 1-1.3 x 0.4-0.6 cm, striped with brown coloured streaks; spur short,

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0.3-0.4 cm long, straight, ovary ovate, glabrous 1 x 1 mm; style 1.6 mm long, capsule ovoid to oblong, 4-7 mm long, glabrous. Fl. Per. May- August.1500-3000m.

3.3.73. SOLANACEAE

Key to the genera

1. Anthers connivent. forming a cone------2

+ Anthers not connivent------3

2. Anther dehiscence by porose------Solanum

+ Anther dehiscence by longitudinal slits------4

3. Fruit berry------5

+ Fruit capsular------6

4. Capsule dehiscence by operculate------Hyoscyamus

+ Capsule dehiscence by valves------Datura

5. Leaves compound------Lycopersicon

+ Leaves simple------7

6. Plants shrubby ------Cestrum

+ Plants herbaceous------8

7. Corolla rotate------Capsicum

+ Corolla campanulate------9

8. Fruiting calyx completely enclosing the fruit------10

+ Fruiting calyx completely not enclosing the fruit------Atropa

9. Flowers solitary------Physalis

+ Flowers in clusters------Withania

Genus: Solanum L., Sp. Pl. 184. 1753.

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Key to the species

1 Plants armed with prickles------Solanum surattense

+ Plants unarmed------2

2 Annual. Underground stem tubers absent. Leaves simple------Solanum nigrum

+ Perennial. Underground stem tubers present. Leaves compound------Solanum tuberosum

Solanum surattense Burm. f., Fl. Ind. 57. 1768.

Vernacular Name: Maraghonay

Prostrate, dSolanum nigrum L., Sp. Pl. 186. 1753.

Vernacular Name: Kechmachu

Annual 15-60 cm tall, with a suffrut escent base; branches and shoots subglabrous or pubescent

to glandular Ovary glabrous. Berry globose to subovoid, 5-8 mm wide, black or orange-red.

Seeds discoid, minutely reticulate-foveolate. Fl. Per.: June-July. 700-3100m.

Genus: Datura L., Sp. Pl. 179. 1753.

Key to the species

1 Capsule erect, dehiscence 4-valved. Leaves sinuately dentate------Datura stramonium

+ Capsule nodding, dehiscence irregular. Leaves entire, repand to sinuate-wavy------2

2 Plants subglabrous. Corolla, white or purple to yellow suffused. Capsule tuberculate or

spinose with up to 3 mm long------Datura fastuosa

+ Plant parts dense pubescent-villous. Corolla, white. Capsule spiny, the spines 5-11 mm

long------Datura innoxia

Datura stramonium L., Sp. Pl. 179. 1753.

Vernacular Name: Batura

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Plant 60-120 ines up to 5 mm long. Seeds 3 mm long, reniform, reticulate-foveolate, black. Fl.

Per.: June-July, 1700-3000m.

Datura fastuosa L., Syst., Nat. ed. 10, 2: 932. 1759.

Vernacular Name: Bhaetura

Plant 40-100 cm or more tall, branched, glabrescent. Leaves 7-18 x 7-12 (-16) cm, widely ovate, sinuate to obtusely denely pubescent especially on the nerves. Anthers 12-15 mm long. Capsule

35-40 mm wide, globose, nodding, tuberculate or spines not exceeding 3 mm in long. Seeds 4-

5.5 mm, subreniform, compressed, minutely reticulate, brown. Fl. Per.: September-April.1500-

3000m.

Datura innoxia Miller, Gard. Dic. ed. 8. no. 5. 1768.

Vernacular Name: Bhatura

Plant up to 130 cm tall, branched, dense pubescent-villous. Leaves 7-18 x 4.5-12 cm, widely ovate, rm long. Seeds 4.5-5 mm long, reniform, compressed, brown, minutely reticulate, rugose- lineate on the back. Fl. Per.: May-October. 2000-3000m.

Lycopersicon esculentum Miller, Gard. Dict. ed. 8, no. 2. 1768.

Vernacular Name: Tamatar

Annual hly-October. Cultivated.

Cestrum nocturnum L., Sp. Pl. 191. 1753.

Vernacular Name: Raat Ki Rani

A scandent shreenish-yellow. Corolla tube narrow tubular, lobes ovate-acute. Berry ± ovoid, white. Fl. Per.: June-July. Cultivated.

Genus: Capsicum L., Sp. Pl. 188. 1753.

Key to the species

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1 Annual or biennial. Flowers solitary, erect or not Berry longer than the pedicel------

------Capsicum annuum

+ Perennial. Flowers in groups of 2 or more, always erect. Berry shorter than the pedicel----

------Capsicum frutescens

Capsicum annuum L., Sp. Pl. 188. 1753.

Vernacular Name: Merchakay

Plant body herb up to 1 m tall, leaves oblong-ovate, flowers solitary, dull white, fruit is elongated berry. Flower produce throughout the year. Cultivated.

Capsicum frutescens L., Sp. Pl. 189. 1753.

Differs from Capsicum annuum mainly in the number of flowers (2-3), elliptic (not ovate to lanceolate leaves) and pedicels longer than the capsules. Fl. Per.: April-May. Cultivated.

Atropa acuminata Royle ex miers in Hook. Kew J. 1:138. 1849.

Vernacular Name: Garar/Bargak

Herb up to 1.6 m tall, branched. Stem and branches fistular, young shoots puberulous. Leaves 8-

17 x 4.5-83 mm long, oblong filaments 10-11 mm long. Berry globose, 10 mm wide black when ripe. Seeds subreniform, 2 mm long, reticulate, foveolate, brown. Fl. Per.: June-July. 2000-

4000m.

Physalis divaricata D. Don, Prodr. Fl. Nep. 97. 1825.

Vernacular Name: Nil

A diffuse annual from 15-45 cm tall, subglabrous to pubescent. Leaves 3-8 5(-11) x 1.5-4 (-7) cm, ovate. sinuaeniform, compressed; minutely reticulate-undulate. brownish-yellow. Fl. Per.:

August-October, 500-1600m.

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Withania somnifera (L.) Dunal in DC., Prodr. 13,1:453. 1852.

Vernacular Name: Kuteilal

A suffruticose shrub, 60-90 cm tall. Branches ascending. Shoots stellate-tomentose. Leaves 4-13

x 2-9 cmo reniform, minutely reticulate-foveolate, yellowish-brown. Fl. Per.: Mostly throughout

the year. 1200-3000m.

3.3.74. ULMACEAE

Key to the genera

1 Fruit a drupe------Celtis

+ Fruit a winged samara------Ulmus

Genus: Celtis L., Sp. Pl. 1043. 1753.

Key to the species

1 Leaf margin sharply serrate, under surface shining green, not coriaceous------

------Celtis caucasica

+ Leaf margin subentire, under surface yellowish-green or brownish, coriaceous------

------Celtis tetrandra

Celtis caucasica Willd., Sp. Pl. 4, 2:994. 1806.

Vernacular Name: Taghaga

Deciduous tree about 15 m tall with slender pendulous branches, young shoots pubescent.

Leaves 4-10 x 2-5 cm, rhomboid-ovate, acuminate, base unequal, rounded, serrate from near the base glabrous or scabrid when mature. Flowers small, pale green. Perianth lobes 4-5, glabrous, lacerate at the apex. Stamens 5, filaments short, opposite the perianth lobes. Ovary glabrous, seated on a hairy disc, style 2-armed, arms unequal, pilose. Drupe c.7 mm, subglobose, reddish-

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brown, stone slightly reticulately rugose. Peduncles 1.5-2 cm long. Fl. Per.: March-May.900-

3400m.

Celtis tetrandra Roxb. (Hort. Beng. 21.1814.

Vernacular Name: Taghaga

A large tree with smooth grey bark. Leaves ovate to ovate-oblong, subentire or serrate from

above the middle, caudate-acuminate, base unequal, subcoriaceous, under surface yellow to

brownish. Flowers small, pale green, tetramerous. Perianth segments glabrous, margin ciliate.

Ovary glabrous on a hairy disc. Drupe glabrous, slightly rugose, prominently 4-ridged. Fl. Per.:

March-April. 900-3000m.

Genus: Ulmus L., Sp. Pl. 225. 1753. Gen. Pl. ed. 5. 106. 1754.

Key to the species

1 Young shoots and leaves tomentose------Ulmus wallichiana

+ Young shoots and leaves not tomentose------Ulmus villosa

Ulmus wallichiana Planch. in Ann. Sci. Nat. Ser. 3. 10:277. 1848.

Vernacular Name: Kahae

A large deciduous tree; young branches pubescent to tomentose. Leaves 7-15 x 4-6 cm, elliptic-

acuminate to obovate-cuspidate, base obliquelly cuneate to rounded, sharply biserrate, teeth

arching with 2-4 secondary teeth, upper surface pubescent to scabridulous in old leaves, lower

surface densely pubescent to scabridulous in old leaves, lower surface densely pubescent to

tomentose; petiole 6-10 mm long, pubescent. Flowers in clusters on branches of previous season

appearing before leaves. Inflorescence axis elongated; pedicels in fruit more than 5 mm long,

articulated; lower portion ± 1/3rd the long of pedicel, uniformly pilose. Perianth tube narrowed into the pedicel, lobes 5.6, obtuse, pubescent to subglabrous. Stamens 5-6, filaments longer than

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the perianth, anthers red. Ovary slightly pubescent all over. Samara orbicular-obovate, 12-15 mm, narrowed into a short stipe, 2-3 mm long; stipe longer than the perianth, seed central, hirsute to subglabrous; wing membranous, reticulate, margin ± ciliolate. Fl. Per.: March-

April.1100-3000m.

Ulmus villosa Brandis ex Gamble, Man. Ind. Timbers ed. 2. 628. 1902.

Vernacular Names: Mannu

A medium to large tree. Branches more or less drooping, minutely pubescent. Leaves ovate- oblong to elliptic, up to 10 x 5 cm, acute to subacuminate, base subequal, upper surface smooth, glabrous to subglabrous, lower surface slightly pubescent with scattered elongated glandular reddish hairs, sometimes with white villous tufts in axils of nerves in old leaves, uniformly biserrate with 3-5-7 secondary teeth. Inflorescence in dense. sessile fascicles. Flowers subsessile perianth tube elongating after flowering. Perianth lobes 5, ovate, obtuse, upper margin dentate or laciniate, ciliate with simple and elongated club-shaped red glandular hairs. Stamens 3-4; filaments longer than perianth. Ovary and style densely villous. Fl. Per.: February to April.

1000-3000m.

3.3.75. MORACEAE

Key to the genera

1. Inflorescence hypanthodium------Ficus

2. Female Inflorescence sorosis ------Morus

Note: One genus Broussonetia is cultivated in the study area.

Genus: Ficus L., Sp. Pl. 1059. 1753.

Key to the species

1 Lamina usually longer than wide, serrate, basally cordate------Ficus carica

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+ Lamina nearly as long as wide, dentate-serrate, basally cunsate to rotundate or truncate-

subcordate------Ficus palmate

Ficus carica L., Sp. Pl. 1059. 1953.

Vernacular Name: Inzear

A large shrub to small deciduous tree, 5-9 m tall with several spreading branches from a short,

rough trunk. 8) cm in diameter, glabrous or shortly hispid, yellowish to brownish violet. Fl. Per.:

March-April. Cultivated.

Ficus palmata Forssk., Fl. Aegypt: Arab. 179. 1775.

Vernacular Name: Inzar

A large deciduous shrub or small tree, up to 10 m tall. Truck and branches. without aerial roots,

bark smooth, brownish-grey, young twigs densely hairy. Leaves with 1.5-6 (-7) cm long, softly

tomentose petiole; pedicellate; sepals 4-5, free, lanceolate, hairy; stamens 3-6. Female flowers:

basal, numerous; sepals 5, basally united, hairy; ovary ovoid with subterminal, long hairy style.

Figs constricted or gradually narrowed at base, 1.5-2.5 cm long, yellow or purple, hairy. Fl. &

Fr. Per.: May-November. 900-3000m

Genus: Morus L., Sp. Pl. 986. 1753.

Key to the species

1 Sorosis dark ------Morus nigra

+ Sorosis white ------Morus alba

Morus nigra L., Sp. Pl. 986. 1753.

Vernacular Name: Toer toot

March-July.700-1900m.

Morus alba L., Sp. Pl. 986. 1753.

154 CHAPTER 03

Vernacular Name: Spen toot

A monoedous, deciduous, 8-15 m or rarely up to 20 m tall tree with a dense, compact leafy

crown. Fl. Per.: April-September. 800-3000m.

Broussonetia papyrifera (L.) L’Herit. ex Vent., Tabl. Reg. Veg. 3: 547. 1794.

Vernacular Name: Kaghzi Toot

A styles. Etaerio of drupes globose, 2-3 cm diameter, orange-red. Fl. Per.: March-August.

Cultivated.

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3.3.76. EUPHORBIACEAE

Key to the genera

1. Female & male flowers in cyathia------Euphorbia

+ Female & male Flowers not as above------2

2 Plant dioecious ------Mallotus

+ Plant monecious------3

3 Male flower with 5 stamens------Andrachne

+ Male flower with many stamens ------4

4 Leaves simple sub entire, stames upto-15------Chrozophora

+ Leaves peltate palmatly lobed, stamens upto-100------Ricinus

Genus: Euphorbia L., Sp. Pl. 450. 1753.

Key to the species

1 Stipules present------2

+ Stipules absent------5

2 Cyathia aggregated together into clusters------3

+ Cyathia axillary, solitary------4

3 Leaves rhombic; hairs multicellular, yellow------Euphorbia hirta

+ Leaves oblong; hairs mostly unicellular, white------Euphorbia indica

4 Glands with prominent white appendages------Euphorbia hispida

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+ Gland-appendages minute or absent------Euphorbia clarkeana

5 Glands rounded on the outer edge------6

+ Glands truncate, crescentic horned------7

6 Annual herbecious------Euphorbia helioscopia

+ Perennial herbecious------Euphorbia wallichii

7 Stem-leaves petiolate; fruits 2-ridged on the keels------Euphorbia peplus

+ Stem-leaves sessile; fruits with rounded keels------Euphorbia falcata

Euphorbia hirta L., Sp. Pl. 454. 1753.

Vernacular Name: Kraechae

An erect-ascending hispid sparingly-branched annual herb up to 60 cm; hairs multicellular, drying yellow. Petioles 1-3 mm long. Leaf-blades rhombic-ovate to rhombic-lanceolate, 1-5 x

0.5-1.8 cm, subacute or obtuse, asymmetrically cuneate or rounded-cuneate at the base, serrulate at least in the upper part, with c. 2 pairs lateral nerves from near the base running up the blade, bright green, often pur mature, otherwise pinkish, ecarunculate. Fl. & Fr. Per.: July-Dec.1400-

2000m.

Euphorbia indica Lam., Encycl. Meth. Bot. 2: 423. 1788.

A decumbent-ascending, suberect or erect sparingly puberulous or pubescent annual herb up to

60 cm; hairs small, mosid, roundly-quadrangular, shallowly rugulose to almost smooth, grey, ecarunculate. Fl. & Fr. Per.: Feb.-May (plains), June-Ian. (foothills and mountains).

Euphorbia hispida Boiss., Cent. Euph. 8. 1860.

Similar to Euphorbiam. at the top) and with prominent white petaloid gland-appendages, and quadrangular transversely tuberculate-rugulose seeds. Fl. Per.: June - Nov. Fr. Per.: July-Jan.

1200-2000m

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Euphorbia clarkeana Hook. f., Fl. Brit. Ind. 5: 253. 1887.

Similar to Euphorbia granulate, but plant completely glabrous, with the leaf-blades narrowly obliquely falcate-oblong, 2-13 x 1-4 mm, usually minutely denticulate at or towards the apex, cyathia in the axils of leaves on dense lateral shoots and appearing as if ± clustered, glandular appendages minute or 0, and seeds ovoid, shallowly rugulose or almost smooth.

Fl. & Fr. Per.: More or less continuously throughout the year. 1200-2000m

Euphorbia helioscopia L., Sp. Pl. 459. 1753.

An erect sparingly pilose to glabrescent bright green fleshy annual herb up to 50 cm tall, but more commonly 10-30 cm tall. Stem-leaves alternate, shortly petiolate, the petioles 1-2 mm long; leaf-blades obovate-spathlightly swollen. Seeds ovoid, 2 x 13 mm, strongly reticulate, dark brown, obtusely apiculate with a flat, adpressed, transversely ovate caruncle. Fl. & Fr. Per.: Jan.

- July. 800-2000m

Euphorbia wallichii Hook. f., Fl. Brit. Ind. 5: 258. 1887.

Vernacular Name: Shaengla

An erect sparingly pubescent to subglabrous perennial herb up to 60 cm tall, with numerous stems arising directly from a stout woody stock, forming dense clumps. Stem-leaves alternate, sessile or subsessile, ovate-lanceolate to elliptic-lanceolate, 4-11 x 1-3 cm, grading into smaller scale-leaves towards tSeeds ovoid, 4-5 x 3.5 x 3 mm, smooth, ± shiny, pale grey, with an adpressed hemispherical caruncle. Fl. Per.: May - Aug. 1300-3000m.

Euphorbia peplus L., Sp. Pl. 456. 1753.

158 CHAPTER 03

An erect or sometimes ascending glabrous somewhat fleshy annual herb up to 30 cm tall, but

more commonly 5-20 sal wings per lobe, pale green. Styles spreading, united at the base, 0.25 mm long, bifnd. Seeds ovoid-cylindric and roundly hexagonal, 1.25 x 0.8 x 0.75 mm, with a longitudinal groove on each of the 2 inner facets, and 2-3 and 3-4 pits on the lateral and dorsal facets, pale grey on the ridges, dark grey in the grooves and pits, with an obliquelyiet conical white caruncle. Fl. & Fr. Per.: March-Oct. 1400-2000m.

Euphorbia falcata L., Sp. Pl. 456. 1753.

An erect glabrous Styles spreading, free, 1 mm long, bifid. Seeds compressed ovoid- quadrangular, 1.3 x I x 0.7 mm, transversely-grooved, pale grey, with a terminal, conical, white, readily-caducous caruncle. Fl.Per.: March - June. Fr. Per.: April - Aug. 1000-2000m

Mallotus philippensis (Lam.) Muell. Arg in, L. 34(1): 196. 1865.

Vernacular name: Kambela

A shrub or small evergreen tree 3-6 m high in Pakistan, elsewhere up to 20 m. Stems fluted in age. Bark rough, dark grey, thin. Wood white. Young shoots, petioles, leaves and inflorescences fulvous- to fernt, glandular; stamens c. 30, 3 mm long, anthers 1 mm long, with a few apical glands; disc minute, central. Female inflorescences, but shorter and less crowded. Female flowers sessile or subsessile; calyx-lobes 3-5, triangular-ovate, 1.5 mm long, closely adpressed to the ovary, subpersistent, otherwise as in the ♂; ovary subglobose, c. 1 mm diam., pubescent and densely red-glandular; styles 2-3 mm long, plumose, green. Fruit trilobite-subglobose, occasionally quadrilobate, 8-10 x 6-7 mm, ± smooth, densely covered with crimson granular glands, which rub off, loculicidally dehiscent. Seeds subglobose, c. 4 mm diam., ± smooth, black. Fl. Per.: Feb: Nov. Fr. Per.: Mar-May.1500-3000m.

Andrachne cordifolia (Wall. ex Decne.) Muell. Avg. in DC., Prodr. 15(2): 234. 1866.

159 CHAPTER 03

Vernacular Name: Krahcai, gulpinsa

A small shrub, commonly (0.6-) 1-1.5 m, occasionally up to 2.5 m tall. Young shoots very

sparingly pubescent to subglabrous, soon glabrescent. Petioles 0.5-2.5 (-4) cm, Leaf-blade triangular-ovate to elliptic-ovong, acute, pubescent. Male flowers geminate or in few-flowered

fascicles; pedicels 0.5-1 cm long, capillary, glabrous; sepals elliptic-obovate, 2.5-3 mm long, rounded at the apex, connate at the base, sparingly pubescent without, glabrous within, pale greenish-yellow; peta to the base, 1 mm long. Fruits roundly trilobate, 3-5 mm long, 6-7 mm diam., ± smooth, glabrous. Seeds 3 x 2 mm, smooth, dull, pale brown. Fl. & Fr. Per.: June-

October.1500-2200m.

Chrozophora tinctoria (L.) Raf., Chlor. Aetn. 4. 1813.

An erect-ascending annual herb up to 75 cm, sparingly, evenly or densely stellate-pubescent.

Petioles 2-10 cm long. e-pubescent and papillose, deeply bipartite, 2-3 mm long. Fruit rounded- trilobate, 5-6 x 8-9 mm, often somewhat tuberculate, stellate-lepidote, tinged with reddish- purple. Seeds triangular-ovoid, 4-5 x 3-4 mm, tuberculate, grey. Fl. Per.: Jan: Sept.; Fr. Per.:

Apr: Sept. 1400-2000m.

Ricinus communis L., Sp. Pl. 1007. 1753.

Vernacular Name: Harhaenda

An erect, single-stemmed or much-branched shrubby or treelike somewhat glaucous herb upto 5 m, rarelyenerally streaked and flecked with brown; caruncle depressed-conic, 1-2 x 2-3 mm. Fl.

& Fr. Per.: June-August. 900-1600m.

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3.3.77. CAPRIFOLIACEAE

Key to the genera

1 Corolla regular. Style very short, stigma 3-lobed------Viburnum

+ Corolla irregular. Style long, filiform, stigma capitates------Lonicera

Viburnum grandiflorum Wall. ex DC., Prodr. 4:329. 1830.

Vernacular Name: Ghamzewa

A large deciduous precoc rose-pink. Stamens in two series, 2 attached near the mouth of corolla tube, 3 lower down, anthers included. Stigma subsessile, 3-lobed. Drupe c. 1 cm long, ellipsoid, compressed, black when ripe. Seed sigh grooved on one side, deeply grooved on the other with incurved margins. Fl. Per.: November-June. 1300-3000m.

Genus: Lonicera L., Sp. Pl. 173. 1753.

Key to the species

1 Bracts boat-shaped, obovate-elliptic, peduncles (1-) 1.5 cm long------Lonicera hispida

+ Bracts flat, ovate, peduncle less than 1 cm long------Lonicera asperifolia

Lonicera hispida Pall. ex Willd. in Roem. & Schult., Syst. Veg. 5:258. 1819.

Erect shrub up to 1 m witslightly gibbous at the base; lobes rounded, erect, much shorter than the tube, hairy within and without, pink. Stamens 5; filaments equal to the long of corolla lobes.

Ovaries glandular-hairy, free, style exaerted. Berries c. 12 mm long, ellipsoid-oblong, red, not confluent, glandular-pilose. . Fl. Per.: May-July.1600-2000m.

Lonicera asperifolia (Decne.) Hook. f. & Thoms. in J. L. Soc. Bot. 2:166. 1858.

An erect shrub updeer at the mouth, lobes at least half as long as the tube, subequal, hispid on the

outer surface. Stamens and style exserted. Berries in pairs with persistent calyx, c. 1 cm long,

ovoid, free, orange-red. Fl. Per.: May-July.1500-2500m.

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3.3.78. CARYOPHYLLACEAE

Key to the gnera

1. Sepals free, slightly united in Pseudostellaria------Stellaria

162 CHAPTER 03

+ Sepals united, at least at the base ------2

2. Fruit a berry, indehiscent------Cucubalus

+ Fruit a capsule dehiscent------3

3. Calyx ribs with hyaline intervals between them. Capsule dehiscing by valves----- Gypsophila

+ Calyx ribs without hyaline intervals between them. Capsule dehiscing by teeth------Silene

Stellaria media (L.) Vill, Dist. Pl. Dauph. 3:615. 1789.

Vernacular Name: Tighstargai

Plant body annual, with prostrate stems, 09-20 cm long, stems leafy, hairy on one side, Leaves 7-

20 x 3-11 mm, elliptic to ovate, sessile or petiolate, acute to subacute glabrous with the hairy

margin, flowers in panicles, pedicels filiform, sepals 3-4 mm, hairy or glabrous, lanceolate,

petals white, deeply bilobed, capsule exceeding the calyx, seeds 1 mm. Fl. Per.: July-August.

1000-1900m.

Cucubalus baccifer L., Sp. Pl. 414. 1753.

Vernacular Name: Nil

Stems up to 50 cm, prostrate or ascending, glabrous or white pubescent. Leaves 22-60 (-80) x

12-20 (-30) mm, ovate to ovate-lanceolate, base attenuate, apex acute, usually hairy on both

surfaces, margin ciliate. Flowers nodding, 1-2 or 3 in a dichasium, at the end of the main axis or

on lateral branches. Bracts similar to leaves. Pedicel 3-5 mm, white pubescent. Calyx 10-12 mm,

persistent and some what inflated in fruit; teeth revolute at fruiting. Petal greenish-white; limb 8-

9 mm, divided. into linear lobes; claw 7-8 mm. Carpophore c. 2.5 mm, glabrous. Fruit 12 mm in

diameter, subglobose, brownish-red, exserted from the calyx. Seeds c. 2 mm, reniform, black. Fl.

Per.: June-July. 1200-3000m.

Gypsophila cerastioides D. Don, Prodr. Fl. Nepal. 215. 1825.

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Vernacular Name: Nil

Perennial, ± prostrate with decumbent to ascending or spreading stems, 5-10 cm long, white

villous-pubescent. Leaves 10-30 x 4-15 mm, spathulate to widely obovate to rotund, base

attenuate, apex subacute, pubescent with villous margins. Flowers in ± congested dichasia.

Bracts ovate-lanceolate, villous. Pedicels 5-10 mm. Calyx 4-6 mm, campanulate, white-villous;

teeth c. 3 mm, oblong, apex acute, ciliate, nerves obscure. Petals white, streaked pink-purple, 7-

8(-9) mm, spathulate, the limb exserted from the calyx. Fl. Per.: April-July. 1200-2000m.

Silene conoidea L., Sp. Pl. 418. 1753.

Vernacular Name: Mangotae:

Annual, up to 40 cm tall. Stems erect, branched or simple, densely glandular-pubescent. Leaves

25-140 x 2-12 mm, linear-lanceolate, base clasping at the nodes, sessile, glandular-pubescent.

Bracts similar to leaves, but smaller in size. Inflorescence paniculate, with 3-5 flowers in lax

dichasia. Pedicels densely glandular-pubescent. Calyx 21-25 mm, acute; teeth lanceolate, 30-

nerved, not anastomosing. Petals pink to reddish, limb 8-9 mm, emarginate or entire, claw 15-16

mm. Coronal scales oblong. Carpophore c. 1 mm, glabrous. Capsule 11-18 mm, conical, with

narrow neck, included in the calyx. Seeds c. 1.1 mm long, reniform, minutely echinulate

concentrically, brown. Fl. Per.: March-April.1000-1600m.

3.3.79. ACANTHACEAE

Key to the genera

1. Corolla deeply to shallowly 2-lipped------Justicia

+ Corolla subequally 5-lobed------Strobilanthes

Justicia adhatoda L., Sp. Pl. 15. 1753.

Vernacular Name: Bhaikar

164 CHAPTER 03

An erect much branched, gregarious, evergreen shrub, up to 2 (-2.5) m. Stem ± quadrangular to nearly terete, young2-1.5 cm long, pubescent outside, throat villous, limb 2-lipped, upper lip erect, shortly bifid, galeate, lower lip with 3 elliptic, obtuse lobes. Stamens 2, filaments 1-1.5 cm long, anthers oblong, basally apiculate. Ovary oblong, c. 3 mm long, style 2-2.5 cm long.

Capsule stipitate, widely clavate, c. 2.5 cm long, 4-seeded, pubescent. Seeds ± orbicular, 2-3 mm across, glabrous. Fl. Per.: November-April. 600-2000m.

Strobilanthes glutinosus Nees in Wall., Pl. Asiat. Rar. 3:86. 1832.

An erect, up to 1.5 m tall shrub with terete, glutinous hairy stems. Leaves on 6-15 mm long petioles; lamina elliptic

3.3.80. CUSCUTACEAE

Cuscuta reflexa Roxb., Engelm., l.c. 1:518. 1859.

Vernacular Name: Barmali, Neladarai

Stem thick, branched, glabrous, or slightly pubescent, mostly not interlaced, succulent, light brown to dark brown. Leaves persistent, cup-shaped, fleshy, margin scarious, obovate obtuse, 1-

2.0 x c.1.0 mm. intrastylar opening, not circumscissile with a definite line of cleavage, i.e. dehiscing irregularly with remains of sepal lobes below, style and stigma at the top. Fl. Per.:

November-April.900-2200m.

3.3.81. RUBIACEAE

Key to the genera

1. Fruit fleshy, berry l ike------Rubia

+ Fruit dry------Galium

Rubia cordifolia L., Syst. Nat ed. 12. 3: 229. 1768.

165 CHAPTER 03

Vernacular Name: Gasha

Perennial climbing herb. Stem divaricately branched, branches, rigid, quadrangular, glabrous or prickly-hispid, specially on the angles. Leaves (2-) 4 (-8) in a whorl, one pair of each whorl usually larpression of one carpel, purplish black when ripe. Fl. Per.: June-November. 1200-

2000m

Genus: Galium L., Sp. Pl. 105. 1753.

Key to the species

1 Fruit glabrous ------Galium asperifolium

+ Fruit hairy ------Galium aparine

Galium asperifolium Wall. in Roxb., Fl. Ind. ed. Carey & Wall. 1: 381. 1820.

Perennial much branched herb. Stem 4-sided, angles scabrid or glabrous. Leaves 6-8 in a whorl,

10-25 (-30) x 2-5 mm, sessily glabrous. Fruit glabrous or granulate, c. 2 mm in diameter. Fl.

Per.: May-July.1500-2000m.

Galium aparine L., Sp. P1. 108. 1753.

Annual climbing herb, stem with reflexed hairs or prickles. Leaves 6-8 in a whorl, 5-40 x 4-6 mm, linear, narrowly obovate, otraight, enlarged and up to 8 mm in fruit. Fruit 2-5 mm in diam., covered with dense hooked hairs or setae, mericarps sometimes separated and free. Fl. Per.:

March-July. 1400-2000m.

3.3.82. BORAGINACEAE

Key to the genera

1. Style terminal------Heliotropium

+ Style gynobasic------2

2. Corolla throat scales absent------3

166 CHAPTER 03

+ Corolla throat scales present------4

3. Anther connective elongated------Onosma

+ Anther connective not elongated------Arnebia

4. Margin and middle dorsal area of nutlets not prickly------5

+ Margin and middle dorsal area of nutlets prickly ------7

5. Throat scales fimbriate or densely pubescent------Nonea

+ Throat scales not fimbriate, glabrous ------6

6. Areole of nutlet with surface of attachment concave------Anchusa

+ Areole of nutlet with surface of attachment flat------Myosotis

7. Corolla rotate, the tube not exceeding calyx long------Cynoglossum

+ Corolla funnel-shaped, tube exceeding calyx long------Lindelofia

Heliotropium crispum Desf., Fl. Atlant. 1:151.t.41. 1798.

Vernacular Name: Nil

Annual branched perennial 45 cm or more tall, strigosely hairy, with some hairs arising from a bulbous base. Stem 3-5 mm thick at base, erect to suberect. Leaves lanceolate to linear- lanceolate, 20-55 x 5essile, attached c. 1.1 mm above the corolla base. Stigma 1.1 mm long, conical, glabrous, sometimes minutely 2-fid at apex, base lobed, style shorter than stigma. Ovary globose. Fruit subglobose, 4-lobed. Nutlets 2 mm long, not margined, separating at maturity, back with strigose hairs, obscurely rugulose. Fl. Per.: January-April. 1200-3000m.

Onosma hispida Wall. ex G. Don, Gen. Syst. 4:317. 1838.

Vernacular Name: Gaozaban

A perennial herb up to.8 mm long, deflexed. Filaments attached 7-12 mm from corolla base, 5-9 mm long, flattened, the decurrent base 4-5 mm long. Anthers united laterally to form a tube upto

167 CHAPTER 03

1.6 mm long, sterile tips 1.5-2 mm long. Nectary forming an annular collar, 0.2-0.3 mm high,

glabrous. Style up to 20 mm long, glabrous. Nutlets 5-6 mm long, shiny. Fl. Per.: May-June.

1200-2000m.

Arnebia benthamii (Wall. ex G. Don) I. M. Johnston, J. Arn. Arb. 35:56. 1954.

Perennial herb up to 80 cm tall. Roots thick, exuding a purplish dye. Stem solitary, simple, arising from a cluster of basal leaves, hollow, hairy; longer hairs stout and stiff, 2-2.6 mm long, arising from a swollen base, intermixed with shorter weak hairs. Basal leaves 15-22 x 10-26 mm, cauline ones smallm long, elongated, attached c. the middle of corolla tube. Style c. long of tube, slender. Stigmas 2, capitate. Nutlets ± 33 mm long, ovoid, rugose tuberculate, acutish at one end, keeled. Fl., Per: July- August, 3000-4000 m.

Nonea edgeworthii A. DC. in DC., Prodr. 10:30. 1846.

Vernacular Name: Nil

Annual herb 9-40 cm or more tall. Stem (-s) branched from base, ascending, pubescent hairy, with shorter adpresse

Anchusa arvensis (L.) Nordh., Norsk. F1. 526. 1940.

Vernacular Name: Nil

An erect plant 15-40 cm tall. Stem solitary or few, striate, strigosely hairy with unequal hairs; longer ones up to 2 m Fl. Boem. Cent. 3: 26. 1794.

Herbs perennial. Stems single, erect or cespitose, 20-45 cm tall, sparsely spreading strigose, sometimes cottony. Basal and lower stem leaves petiolate, narrowly oblanceolate to linear- lanceolate, to 8 cm0m.

168 CHAPTER 03

Genus: Cynoglossum L., Sp. Pl. 134. 1753.

Key to the species

1 Nutlets 3.5-5 mm. long------Cynoglossum microglochin

+ Nutlets 2-3 mm long------Cynoglossum glochidiatum

Cynoglossum microglochin Benth. in Royle, Illustr. Bot. Himal. Mount. 1:305.183. A. DC. in

DC., Prodr. 10:151.1846;

Perennial herbs up to 12 cm tall. Stem simple or branched, hairy, sometime densely so. Basal leaves petiolate; petioles up to 20 cm long; lamina ovate to oblong or oblanceo-late, 6-20 x 15-10 cm, acute to ± obtuse, ubsessile, hairs on leaves 0.5-1 mm long. Inflorescenc terminal or axillary, lax or dense, simple or bifurcate, up to 16 cm in fruit. Pedicel short, up to 3 mm in fruit and reflexed. Calyx 4/5th partite into oblong-ovate or elliptic ovate lobes, 3-4.5 mm long, up to 6 mm and spreading in fruit. Corolla blue to purplish-blue; lobes ovate, 3-4 mm long. Throat scales emarginate, l mm long, puberulous. Nutlets ovate, 4-5 mm long; margin appendiculate, appendage glochidiate, confluent at the base; dorsal middle area often with a prominent kell with few erect glochidiate appendages. Fl. Per.: April-August 1500-2100m.

Cynoglossum glochidiatum Wall. ex Benth. in Royle, Illustr. Bot. Him. Mount. 306. 1836.

Biennial herb up to 70 cm tall. Stem and branches in lower parts hispid or hirsute with spreading white hairs 2-3 mm long, shorter ones with bases arising from a tuberculate base. Basal leaves petiolate to obovate, nervose on the lower surface. Lower cauline leaves generally longer and with shorter petirsal area ovate, with sparse to dense erect appendages, sunk or less so, keeled; keel prominent or not; appendages at the margin with bases confluent to form a wide or narrow rim. Fl. Per.: May-Autust. 1600-2100m.

Lindelofia longiflora va. longiflora (Benth.) Baill, Hist. Pl. 10:379. 1890.

169 CHAPTER 03

Vernacular Name: Nil

A leafy perennial with generally simple stems, Upper cauline leaves lanceolate. Calyx uniformly

hairy, midrib of lobes not distinct, Calyx densely pubescent on margin and less so on the dorsal

surface; lobes ± obtuse, corolla lobes and throat scales that are larger in length than the anthers. .

Fl. Per.: January-April. 1200-3000m.

3.3.83. LAMIACEAE

Key to the genera

1. Corolla less than 4 mm long.------5

+ Corolla 5 mm long or more ------2

2. Plants with at least some branched hairs with hard spines at leaf apex or in leaf axils.------6

+ Plants with simple unbranched glabrous and axillary spines absent------3

3. Leaf margin crenulate to serrate or lobed ------8

+ Leaf margins other wise ------4

4. Calyx bilabiate, lobes of upper and lower parts usually unequal in size------9

+ Calyx not bilabiate; lobes of upper and lower parts of equal size------11

5. Teeth of fruiting calyx plumose and up to 6 mm long ------Colebrookea

+ Teeth of fruiting calyx not plumose and less than 5 mm long------Elsholtzia

6. Spiny shrubs or subshrubs------Otostegia

+ Perennial herbs or shrub without spines------7

7. Inflorescence of cymes borne on slender lateral branches------Isodon

+ Inflorescence of ± sessile verti cillasters------Mentha

8. Corolla 6-10 mm long; calyx 35-5 mm long; nutlets rounded------Nepeta

+ Corolla more than 20 mm long; calyx more than 10 mm long; nutlets truncate------Phlomis

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9. Annuals, dwarf------Ziziphora

+ Perennial or suffruticose herbs------10

10. Lower calyx teeth subulate, leaves ciliate near base of lamina------Thymus

+ Lower calyx teeth not subulate, leaves not basally ciliate------Origanum

11. Lower lip of corolla entire------Ocimum

+ Lower lip of corolla 3-lobed------12

12. Stamens 2; staminal connectives clearly developed, separating the thecae------Salvia

+ Stamens 4; staminal connectives not separating the thecae------13

13. Calyx upper and lower lips entire, rounded------Scutellaria

+ Calyx upper and lower lips divided into teeth or lobes------14

14. Slender annual; corolla 6 mm long------Calamintha

+ Perennial; corolla 7-14 mm long------15

15. Upper lip of corolla very short or absent; nutlets with a prominent oblique or lateral

attachment scar------16

+ Upper lip of corolla present; nutlets with a basal attachment scar------Lamium

16. Upper lip of corolla small, bilobed; lower lip 3-lobed------Ajuga

+ Upper lip of corolla absent; lower lip 5-lobed------Teucrium

Colebrookea oppositifolia Smith, Exot. Bot. 2: 111. 1806.

Vernacular Name: Binda

Shrub up to 2.5 m, er in flower 5-10 cm long, to c. 15 mm wide in fruit. Pedicels c. 0.5 mm or less. Calyx 1-2 mm in flower; teeth enlarging to c. 6 mm and prominently plumose in fruit.

Corolla whitish 1.5-2 mm. Nutlets c. 0.5 mm long, obovoid, not trigonous, densely pilose, often only one developing. Fl. Per.: January-April.1500-4000m.

171 CHAPTER 03

Elsholtzia densa Lab. in Gen. et Sp. 714. 1835.

Annual herb, 10-50 cm, stro (-1.4) cm; verticillasters condensed. Bracts widely ovate, c. 4 x 4 mm, green or purplish, villous. Calyx c. 2 mm in flower expanding and inflating to c. 5-6 mm in fruit and wide campanulate; teeth triangular densely villous at margins, apically ± rounded.

Corolla pink or purplish, c. 2.5-3 mm, very densely covered with purplish long multicellular hairs. Stamens included or shortly exserted. Nutlets c. 2 x 1.5 mm, obovoid, dark brown, finely papillate, apically verrucose, often only 1 or 2 developing. Fl. Per.: June-August.1400-3000m.

Otostegia limbata (Benth.) Boiss., F1. Or. 4: 778. 1879.

Vernacular Name: Spin azgheay

Shrub c. 40-60 cm, much branched. Stems palish yellow or brown, quadrangular on younger shoots, pubescent with nerved, widely turbinate, asymmetrically lobed, often with intermediate irregular smaller lobes, all apiculate or toothed, larger lobes up to 7-8 mm, smaller 4-5 mm.

Corolla 15-20 mm long, yellow or orange-yellow; tube c. 7 mm included within calyx; upper lip c. 12 mm long, ± falcate, vinous, long-bearded at margin. Nutlets c. 3.5 x 2.5 mm, obovoid, rounded at apex, not trigonous, often only one developing. Fl. Per.: April-May. 1000-1600m.

Isodon rugosus (Wall. ex Benth.) Codd in Taxon. 17: 239. 1968.

Vernacular Name: Karachai/Sperkay

Shrub, aromatic, much branched, 30-160 cm. Stems erect with rather slender quadrangular branches, leafy, , curved, spreading. Corolla white tinged or spotted pink or violet, c. 6 mm long; tube short included in calyx, somewhat gibbous at base; lips diverging, lower longer than upper.

Nutlets pale brown to dark brown, oblong, c. 1.5 x 1 mm, mucilaginous on wetting. Fl. Per.:

March-October. 1500-3000m.

Genus: Mentha L., Sp. Pl. 576. 1753.

172 CHAPTER 03

Key to the species

1 Verticillasters in axils of upper leaves------Mentha arvensis

+ Verticillasters subtended by small linear to lanceolate bracts------2

2 Stem and leaves glabrous------Mentha spicata

+ Stem and leaves hairy------3

3 Leaves sessile or almost so------Mentha longifolia

+ Leaves petiolated------4

4 Calyx 3-4 mm; stem and leaves with a thin indumentum; plants sterile------

------Mentha piperita

+ Calyx 1.5-2 mm; stem and leaves with a prominent indumentum; plants fertile------

------Mentha royleana

Mentha arvensis L., Sp. Pl. 577. 1753.

Perennial with white creeping rhizomes. Stems erect or ascending, simple or branched above,

often purplish ual, triangular, 0.5 mm, scarcely acuminate; fruiting calyx scarcely enlarging,

green, brown or pinkish. Corolla white or pale lilac, 4-4.5 mm; tube rather wide, as long as calyx

or slightly exserted; lobes ± erect, wide, rounded. Nutlets 4, globose 1 x 1 mm, smooth, rounded.

Fl. Per.: July-September.7000-3000m.

Mentha piperita L., Sp. Pl. 576. 1753. pro sp. (Mentha aquatica x Mentha spicata L.).

Perennial with erect, branched, leafy stems up to 80 cm, ± glabrous or with a sparse eglandular

indumentum. Leaves 3-8 x 1.5-4 cm, ovate-elliptic; petioles 10-15 mm. Inflorescence an oblong

terminal spike 50-70 x 15 mm, with the lower verticillaster distant, approximately above. Calyx

3-4 mm, tubular, ribbed; teeth ± subulate. Corolla lilac. Sterile. Fl. Per.: January-April.1000-

3000m.

173 CHAPTER 03

Mentha longifolia (L.) L., Fl. Monspel. 19. 1756.

Vernacular Name: Villenay

Perennial with a musty or aromatic smell, extremely variable in almost all characters. Stems erect or ascending, 30-onger than flowers. Calyx 1.5-3 mm, narrow campanulate, softly pilose with eglandular hairs, with or without oil globules; teeth subequal, narrow triangular to linear- subulate, shorter than to as long as tube. Corolla 3-4.5 mm, light purple, violet, mauve or white.

Nutlets c. 0.8 x 0.6 mm, ovoid, apically rounded, pale to dark brown, delicately reticulate, slightly mucilaginous on wetting. Fl. Per.: May-November. 700-1700m.

Mentha spicata L., Sp. Pl. 576. 1753.

Vernacular Name: Podeina

Perennial with a pleasantly aromatic smell, green. Stems 30-60 cm, erect, quadrangular, leafy, usually branched abodotted, or with eglandular-ciliate hairs on teeth; teeth ± equal, narrow triangular. Corolla white or pale pink, 2.5 mm. Nutlets dark brown. Fl. Per.: May-November.

Altitude: 700-1800m.

Genus: Nepeta L., Sp. P1. 570. 1753.

Key to the specis

1 Stem 10-25cm, not branched ------Nepeta brachyantha

+ Stem 30-80cm, branched------Nepeta laevigata

Nepeta brachyantha Rech. f. & Edelb. in Kongel Danske Vidensk. Selsk. 8, 1: 26, f. 11. 1954.

Perennial with a thick woody rootstock. Stems many usually not branched, 10-25 cm, slender, erect-ascending, leafy, with a pilose or vinous eglandular indumentum. Leaves greyish, small, 7-

174 CHAPTER 03

10 x 7-10 mm, olose with sessile oil globules; teeth unequal, narrow triangular, acute to

acuminate, shorter than to subequalling tube. Corolla mauve to violet blue, 8-9.5 mm; tube

exserted from calyx. Nutlets 1.7 x 0.8 mm, pale brown, ellipsoid, tuberculate. Fl. Per.: May-

June. 1500-3000m.

Nepeta laevigata (D. Don) Hand.-Mazz., Symb. Sin. 7: 916. 1936.

Perennial herb. Stems erect, 30-80 cm, usually branched, quadrangular, glabrous to minutely pilose with retrorse eglanduter bracts up to 4 mm wide, often purplish and showy, sometimes yellowish, wide ovate or trullate, long attenuate; innermost bracts linear-filiform as long as calyx. Calyx 6-8 mm, slender, tubular, almost glabrous to finely glandular-papillose, with or without oil globules; throat slightly oblique, villous within; teeth unequal, linear triangular, aristate, as long as tube. Corolla mauve to lilac-blue or white, 12-14 mm; tube exserted, curved; upper lip ± straight; lower lip shorter than upper. Nutlets 1.3 x 0.9 mm, brown, wide oblong, rounded, minutely granular, matt with a transverse basal areole. Fl. Per.: June-August. 1400-

2500m.

Phlomis bracteosa Royle ex Benth. in Hook., Bot. Misc. 3: 383. 1833.

Perennial with a rather slender rootstock. Stems few, 20-50 (-100) cm, usually unbranched, with an indumentum of simple usually retrorse eglandular hairs, sometimes also with irregularly rayed branched hairs. cent; teeth 3-4 mm, subulate to spinulose. Corolla rose, or pinkish purple or violet, 1.5-2 cm; upper lip falcate densely white-villous, inner margin white-bearded, laterally denticulate. Mature nutlets not seen. Fl. Per.: January-April.1300-3000m.

Ziziphora clinopodioides Lam., Illustr. Gen. 1: 63. 1791.

Suffruticose perennial, much branched. Stems decumbent, ascending to erect, 5-30 cm, ± glabrous, pilose to villous. Leaves elliptic to lanceolate, 10-15 x 2-5 mm, glandular punctate

175 CHAPTER 03

below, ± glabrous to pilo connivent linear-lanceolate teeth, ± glabrous to densely villous. Corolla

white, pink to mauve, 8-11 mm; tube included within calyx in male-sterile flowers, shortly

exserted in hermaphrodite flowers. Nutlets pale brown. Fl. Per.: January-April.1000-2000m.

Thymus linearis Benth. in Wall. [Cat. 1567. 1829], Pl. As. Rar. 1: 31. 1830.

Vernacular Name: Spairkai

Much branched dwarf, ± creeping mat-forming herb. Basal branches procumbent with fascicles

of leaves at the node in May to July.1400-3200m.

Origanum vulgare L., Sp. Pl. 590. 1753.

Vernacular Name: Shamakey

Rhizomatous aromatic perennial; roots fibrous. Stems several, often branched from base, c. 40 (-

100) cm, thinly to de-1 x 0.5 mm, dark or pale brown, minutely granulate. Fl. Per.: June to

October.700-1700m.

Ocimum basilicum L., Sp. Pl. 597. 1753.

Vernacular Name: Kashmalae

Very closely related to the previous species, but generally larger in all parts and less woody: leaves up to 5 x 2 cm, elliptic lanceolate, inflorescence often condensed and purplish, fruiting calyces 5-75 mm long, corolla white, purplish or violet, 7-9 mm long, and with nutlets 2 x 1.3 mm. Fl. Per.: throughout the year.Cultivated.

Salvia moocroftiana Wall. ex Benth., Pl. As. Rar. 1: 67. 1830.

Vernacular Name: Khar dug

176 CHAPTER 03

Perennial, herbaceous. Stems sturdy quadrangular, few or several from a woody rootstock,

branched from the b slender, exserted from calyx lips, 15 mm long, not invaginated,

esquamulate, exannulate; upper lip somewhat falcate. Lower thecae dolabriform, adhering.

Nutlets ovoid-trigonous, brown with darker venation, 2.5 x 2.2 mm. Fl. Per.: April-June. 900-

3000m.

Scutellaria scandens Buch.-Ham. ex D. Don, Prodr. Fl. Nep. 110. 1825.

Perennial, scrambling, suffruticose herb, with a woody creeping rhizome. Stems up to 1.5 m, ascending, acutely quadrangular, leafy usually with flowering short lateral branches;

indumentum of retrorse, eglandular, and patent glandular hairs, sparsely hairy at base. Lower

leaves 12-35 x 5-14 mm, decreasing in size up the stem, serrate, round to cuneate (rarely

cordate), acute; upper leavesf upper leaves or leaf-like bracts. Pedicels 2.5-4 mm, erect, with

small basal scales or not, terete. Calxy 2-2.5 mm in flower, with a small scutellum, enlarging in

fruit to 4.5-5 mm; indumentum similar to that of inflorescence axis. Corolla greenish yellow,

yellow marked with purple, or white with purple inside, 20-22 mm, glandular- and eglandular-

pilose, erect or spreading-erect; tube 17-19 mm. Nutlets prominently and regularly tuberculate

with a median band of fused tubercules, 1.2 x 0.8 mm, palish brown. Fl. Per.: April-

August.1500-2500m.

Calamintha hydaspidis (Falconer ex Benth.) Hedge, comb. nov.1756.

Small suffruticose herb. Stems branched, erect. 30-40 cm high, rather slender, rounded-

quadrangular, with verticillasters up to 10-12-flowered. Pedicels erect-spreading, 3-7 mm. Calyx

pale brown-green, narrow tubular, 7-8 mm long and c. 1.5 mm wide, finely ribbed with a very

short eglandular indumentum; teeth equal, very narrow triangular, 2 mm, acuminate, pilose; tube

somewhat vinous within throat. Corolla white c. 15 mm; tube c. 1 mm wide, exserted beyond

177 CHAPTER 03

calyx teeth. Stamens included under upper lip of carolla; thecae glabrous ± parallel. Nutlets c.

1.2 x 0.6 mm, brown, with a prominent V-shaped white attachment scar, scarcely trigonous,

apically rounded. Fl. Per.: June-September.1500-3000m.

Clinopodium umbrosum (M. Bieb.) C. Koch in L. 11: 673. 1848.

Perennial herb with a slender rootstock. Stems few or several, branched or not, 20-40 cm, erect

or ascending, usually slender, pilose with eglandular white spreading or retrorse hairs. Leaves

thin-textured, 10-30 xattered capitate glandular hairs; teeth of upper lip 0.5-1 mm, triangular;

teeth of lower lip c. 1.5 mm subulate, ciliate. Corolla pink to purple, 6-9 mm; tube included

within or scarcely exserted from calyx teeth. Thecae glabrous, parallel or divergent. Nutlets c.

0.8 x 0.5 mm, smooth, subglobose, with a white attachment scar. Fl. Per.: May-July.1400-

2200m.

Genus: Lamium L., Sp. Pl. 579. 1753.

1 Annual with pink-purple flowers------Lamium amplexicaule

+ Perennial with white flowers------Lamium album

Lamium amplexicaule L., Sp. Pl. 579. 1753.

Annual, usually slender. Stems erect, ascending or prostrate often branched from the base, 10-40

cm, almost glabrous or with a sparse indumentum of short usually retrorse eglandular hairs,

purplish below or not, with few leaves. Leaves widely ovate to reniform, c. 10-20 x 10-20 mm,

crenate to lobed, obtuse, rounight, 0.8 mm in width, exannulate. Stamens included under corolla

upper lip. Nutlets 2-2.5 x 1-1.5 mm, smooth, with a short wide-based stipe, dearly trigonous

below, brown, apically rounded, usually with numerous white raised blotches, not mucilaginous

on wetting. Fl. Per.: December-April. 500-3000m.

Lamium album L., Sp. Pl. 579. 1753.

178 CHAPTER 03

Perennial with a short creeping rhizome. Stems few or solitary, ascending or erect, usually

unbranched, 20-70 cm quadrangular, often purplish below, leafy, with a sparse indumentum of

usually retrorse hisper lip ± reflexed; tube ± sigmoid, gibbous at base, incompletely obliquely

annulate. Stamens ± included under upper lip; thecae usually dark coloured, bearded. Style ±

equally bifid. Nutlets 3-3.5 x 1.5-2 mm, with a short wide stipe, dark brown, basally trigonous,

apically truncate-rounded, not mucilaginous on wetting. Fl. Per.: June-September. 1000-2000m.

Ajuga bracteosa Wall. [Cat.2032] ex Benth. in Wall., Pl. As. Rar. 1: 59. 1830.

Vernacular Name: Khwaega bootei, Daghrabooti, Spina booti

Herbs perennial, erect, stoloniferous. Stems branched from base, 10-30 cm tall, gray villous or lanate-villous especially on, puberulent, yellowish glandular, villous annulate inside; upper lip straight, apex emarginate; middle lobe of lower lip obcordate, lateral lobes oblong. Nutlets oblong to oblong-obovoid, adaxially swollen at middle, areole to 2/3 or more as long as adaxial side of nutlet. Fl. Apr-Jun, fr. May-Jun (or later). Fl. Per.: March-December. 1200-3000m.

Genus: Teucrium Diagn. ser. 2, 4: 58. 1859.

Key to the species

1 Calyx 4-5 mm long, bilabiate ------Teucrium royleanum

+ Calyx 5-7.5 mm, obliquely campanulate ------Teucrium stocksianum

Teucrium royleanum Wall. ex Benth., Pl. As. Rar. 1: 58. 1830.

Herb with a slender creeping rhizome. Stems few, erect, 15-50 cm, obtusely quadrangular,

usually not branched, with short eglandular crispedretrorse hairs. Leaves few, 3.5-5.5 x 1.5-4 cm,

regularly ovate or oblong-ovate, subcordate to rounded-truncate, acute, finely crenate-serrate,

with a very short egp with 2 narrow lanceolate upcurved teeth; tube with long vinous hairs at

throat. Corolla white, greenish white, or cream, 10-13 mm, finely glandular pilose; middle lobe

179 CHAPTER 03

of lip spreading-deflexed. Nutlets 1.5 x 1.1 mm, with somewhat raised reticulations. Fl. Per.:

May-September. 1200-3000m.

Teucrium stocksianum Boiss., Diagn. ser. 2, 4: 58. 1859.

Vernacular Name: Kwaendi botay

Perennial, caespitose, strongly suffruticose, aromatic herb. Stems simple or branched, 10-30 cm,

leafy, white or greyish white, ± terete, with a dense eglandular indumentum of adpressed and

retrorse or spreading short hairs. Lg or adpressed eglandular indumentum and usually gland-

dotted, scarcely bilabiate; tube with some villous hairs internally; teeth of upper lip equal,

triangular, those of lower lip triangular-lanceolate somewhat longer than upper. Corolla 8-12

mm, yellowish-white with darker pink or lilac markings. Nutlets 1.8 x 1.2 mm, rugulose-

reticulate. Fl. Per.: May-June.1500-3000m.

3.3.84. RANUNCULACEAE

Key to the genera

1. Flowers zygomorphic------2

+ Flowers regular (actinomorphic)------4

2. Flowers without a spur. Upper sepal hood-like------Aconitum

+ Flower upper sepal with a distinct spur------3

3. Perennials. Follicles 2-5------Delphinium

+ Annuals. Follicles single------Consolida

4. Sepals and petals a distinct spur------Aquilegia

+ Sepals and petals without spur------5

5. Fruit a berry------Actaea

+ Fruit not a berry------.6

180 CHAPTER 03

6. Fruit 2-many seeded follicles------7

+ Fruit 1-seeded achene------8

7. Leaves undivided, roundish, dentate to crenate------Caltha

+ Leaves divided in various ways------Nigella

8. Woody or herbaceous climbers------Clematis

+ Woody not nor climbers ------9

9. Flower color white ------Thalictrum

+ Flower color other wise ------10

10 Plant perennial------12

+ Plant annuals------11

11 Carpels rugose with prominent veins ------Adonis

+ Carpels without prominent veins------Ranunculus

12 Flowers 1-2 or in an umbel-l ike inflorescence------Anemone

+ Flower not as above------13

13 Floating aquatic herbs, the submerged leaves with filiform leaf-segments ------Batrachium

+ Non floating aquatic herbs but sometimes with flaccid, creeping stems on wet ground ------

------Ceratocephala

Genus: Aconitum L., Sp. Pl. 523. 1753.

Key to the species

1 Helmet of flowers longer than wide or as long as the abruptly widened base------

------Aconitum laeve

+ Helmet as wide as long, base not abruptly widened------2

181 CHAPTER 03

2 All or most of the leaves undivided sometimes deeply lobed, cordate with coarse teeth

------Aconitum heterophyllum

+ All the leaves palmately partite for more than half their diameter, the uppermost

sometimes bract-like------Aconitum violaceum

Aconitum laeve Royle, Illustr. Bot. Himal. Mount. 1:56. 1834.

Vernacular Name: Zahar

Root elongated, cylindrical. Stem erect, up to 1.5 m high, simple or with a few branches, in the

upper part hairy and viscid, glabrous below. Basal leaves with very long petioles, usually at

flowering time, sterx, 12-16 mm high, 3.5 mm wide, yellowish. Petals (nectaries) with a

narrowly conical straight gibbulose or recurved hood, 5 mm long, with deflexed, oblong, shortly

bilobed lips. Filaments winged to the middle. Follicles 3, 10-13 mm, spreading, glabrous or with

yellowish hairs. Seeds elliptic-oblong, compressed, shiny, finely transversely rugose, 2.5-3 mm

long. Fl. Per.: July-August. 3200-4000m

Aconitum heterophyllum Wall.ex Royle, Illustr. Bot. Himal. Mount. 56.t.13. 1833.

Vernacular Name: Sarbawalay

Biennial with 2 tubers. Stem (l5-) 25-70(-90) cm high, simple or with a few branches in the

lower part, glabrous withmm) very wide hood, lobed or entire. Filaments winged above the

middle, 6-8 mm long. Carpels 5, oblong-elliptical, pubescent, abruptly contracted to the style of

about equal long. Follicles straight, 16-18 mm, glabrescent or glabrous. Seeds obpyramidate, 3-4

mm long with almost winged angles. Fl. Per.: July-August. 3000-3800m

Aconitum violaceum Jacquem. ex Stapf in Ann. Roy. Hot. Gard. Calc. 10(2):144. 1905.

Vernacular Name: Zahar botai or zahar mora

182 CHAPTER 03

Biennial with geminate tubers. Stem 10-30 cm high, usually simple, erect in the lower part,

glabrous or hairy. Leaves forming a dense cl uster near the base, rarely equally distributed

throughout the whole loluding beak), lateral sepals widely obovate, oblique, 12-16 x 10-14 mm,

lower ones elliptical, 10-12 mm, deflexed. Petals (nectaries) glabrous, claw 12-18 mm, hood

gibbous dorsally, with tru ncate recurved lips. Filaments hairy in the upper part, winged in the

lower, wings ending in tiny teeth. Fl. Per.: July-August. Altitude: 3200-3800m.

Genus: Delphinium L., Sp. Pl. 530. 1753.

1 Roots tuberiform. Flowers usually comparatively small, often clustered in dense racemes on

short pedicels ------2

+ Roots ± slender, cylindrical, rhizome-l ike. Flowers usually larger, on longer pedicels------

------Delphinium denudatum

2 Spur definitely longer than lamina of upper sepal------Delphinium himalayai

+ Spur not definitely longer than lamina of upper sepal------3

3 Pedicels with spreading hairs. Spur forming a terminal hook------Delphinium uncinatum

+ Pedicels with appressed hairs. Spur not forming a hook------Delphinium roylei

Delphinium denudatum Wall. ex Hook. & Thoms., Fl. Ind. 49. 1855.

Vernacular Name: Da kono zaila

Plant 40-80 cm high, much branched, subglabrous to strigose or spreading pubescent in the upper part. Petioles of lower leaves up to 15 cm, upper ones much shorter, leaf blade of basal leaves 5-

15 mm wide, rounded, 3-5 parted into widely obovate segments, segments pinnately and divaricately lacinirounded, pubescent. Upper petal white with bluish apex, limb 8-9 mm, glabrous, 2-dentate, oblique, spur 13-15 mm, lower petal blue or violet, c. 6 mm long, widely elliptic, rounded, cleft almost to the middle, claw 5 mm. Stamens 5-6 mm. Follicles 3, 10-16 x 3-

183 CHAPTER 03

3.5 mm, sparsely strigose or subglabrous, style 2-3 mm. Seed obpyramidal, 1 mm long, dark, scales irregularly arranged, relatively long. Fl. Per.: May-August. 3000-3600m.

Delphinium himalayai Munz, ; J. Arn. Arb. 49: 145, t. 17H. 1968.

Plant 30-90 cm high, branched, sparsely pubescent above with glandular spreading hairs. Leaves mostly withered at flowering time. Lower petioles up to 12 cm long, upper ones much shorter.

Blades of lower leaves the mid line, lower sepals 10 mm long, oblong-obovate, oblique. Upper petals 9-10 mm, with an oblique glabrous limb shallowly bilobed. Claw 4-5 mm long. Stamens

6-7 mm long, glabrous. Follicles hairy. Style c. 2.5 mm long. Seeds with short appressed scales.

Fl. Per.: June. 3000-4000m.

Delphinium uncinatum Hook.f. & Thoms. in Hook.f., Fl, Brit. Ind. 1:24. 1872.

Vernacular Name: Jadwar

Plant 15-90 cm high, subglabrous below, densely pubescent above with spreading hairs. Radical leaves crowded, petioles 2-12 cm long, blade 1.5-6 cm long, slightly wider, 3-5-sect to base, subglabrous to vi long, rounded, hairy on midline, lower sepals c. 8 mm long, oblong, rounded, upper petals 7-10 mm long, limb oblong, 5 mm long, shortly bilobed, spur 5-6 mm, lower petals

8-9 mm, limb 5 mm to 3 mm bilobed, bearded, claw 4 mm. Stamens 5 mm long. Follicles 3, glabrous or hairy. Fl. Per.: March-May. 1200-2000m.

Delphinium roylei Munz in J. Arn. Arb. 48:292. 1967.

Vernacular Name: Oudi Gulae

Herb 50-100 cm high, stem simple or with a few branches, densely strigulose. Petioles of lower leaves about 10 cm, blade 5-8 cm in diameter, palmately multipartite, segments cuneate, sharply incised, with lobes 1. mm long, lobed for 3 mm, claw 5 mm long. Stamens 5-7 mm long,

184 CHAPTER 03

subglabrous. Follicles 3, strigose, 10-15 x 3-4 mm wide. Seeds 1 mm long, 3-angled, usually

with 5 rows of scales. Fl. Per.: July-August. 3200-3500m.

Consolida ambigua (L.) Ball et Heywood in Fedde Repert. 66:151. 1962.

Vernacular Name: Kharara

Plant 30-100 cm high, glabrous or pubescent especially in the upper part, branched above. Lower

leaves with long petk or white. Sepals 12-14 mm, ovate, tapering towards the base, apex obtuse,

± pubescent, with a green subapical spot, spur about 15 mm, straight to slightly curved. Petal 3-

lobed, central lobe with 2 short lobules, 6 mm long, lateral lobes about the same long, spur 15-16 mm. Filaments abruptly widened at base, glabrous. Follicle 16-22 mm, cylindric, pubescent.

Style 2 mm. Seeds 2.5 mm, black, oblong, trigonous with transverse row of scales. Fl. Per.:

March-April. Cultivated.

Aquilegia fragrans Benth. in Maund, Botanist. 4:t. 181. 1840.

Vernacular Name: Zaire Gwalae

Rootstock slender, covered by petioles of former year in its uppermost part. Stems 30-80 cm high, branched, with a cute. Lamina of petals truncate, (12-) 15-18 (-25) x 8-14 mm, usually paler than sepals, puberulous; spur straight or slightly curved, 15-18 mm long, c. 3 mm wide near base. Staminodes 8 x 3 mm, lanceolate. Follicles 5-9, 15-20 mm long, densely pubescent with or without glandular hairs. Fl. Per.: June-August. 3000-3200m.

Actaea spicata L., Sp. Pl. 504. 1753.

Perennial erect herb, 30-71(-75) cm high. Rootstock thick, ± creeping, producing a terminal

flowering stem every year, rarely with several stems at the same time, leaves 2(-3) pinnate, a

single basal leaf present in flowering. Sepals small, white rarely purplish outside, concave. Petals

185 CHAPTER 03

(nectarines, called staminodes by some authors) shorter than the ovary or slightly longer, ovate to elliptical or spathulate, acute or obtuse. Berry black. Fl. Per: July-August.

Genus: Caltha L., Sp. Pl. 558. 1753.

Key to the species

1 Pollen grains tricolpate, widely ellipsoidal. Sepals yellow------Caltha palustris

+ Pollen grains pantoporate, globose. Sepals white------Caltha alba

Caltha palustris L., Sp. Pl. 558. 1753.

Vernacular Name: King cup

Perennial, stem stout 15-60 cm high, ascending, rarely documbent, with densely fibrous root- stock. Basal leaves long petiol00-3000m. Fl. Per.: March-May. 2000-3000m.

Caltha alba Camb. in Jacquem., Voy.Bot. 6. 1844.

Vernacular Name: Makhanr Path

Perennial. Stems 20-60 cm high, stout, branched, glabrous. Basal leaves with long petioles and widely ovate sheath, blade reniform, 4-15 cm wide, margin regularly, rather finely hooked or crenate, stem-leaves smaller, crenate long. Style sharply separated from ovary, subulate, ovary rarely tapering into the short narrowly triangular style. Seeds black, rarely brown, 1.6-1.7 (-2.5) mm long, slightly asymmetrical. Fl. Per.: March-May.1800-2500m.

Nigella sativa L., Sp.Pl. 534. 1753. Boiss., Fl.Or. 1:68.1867.

Vernacular Name: Kalwangi

Slender or stout annual, ate, ± obtuse, with a short distinct stipe, puberulous. Petals with a short, thick, subulate-capitate appendix. Follicles coherent throughout their long, inflated, tuberculate.

Seeds triquetrous, rugose. Fl. Per.: February-March. Cultivated.

186 CHAPTER 03

Genus: Clematis L., Sp. Pl. 543. 1753.

Key to the species

1 Leaflets linear-lanceolate to narrowly ovate, never cordate at base, sometimes distinctly

lobed with entire lobe------Clematis orientalis

+ Leaflets with cordate base or widely ovate, grossly dentate, rarely entire or lobed with a

few grossly dentate lobes ------2

2. Sepals 6-8 mm long, horizontally spreading------Clematis grata

+ Sepals 10-20 mm long-erect, curved backwards at the tips------3

3 Sepals with parallel ribs, 15-20 mm long------Clematis buchananiana

+ Sepals without ribs, 10-12 mm long------Clematis aspleniifolia

Clematis orientalis L., Sp. Pl. 543. 1753.

Vernacular Name: Zelai

Woody climber with long, slender, glabrous or pubescent branches. Leaves loosely pinnate or bi-

pinnate with a few variable in shape, sub-orbicular, ovate-oblong, entire or incised to lobed,

rarely with a few sharp teeth, very often narrowly linear-oblong or lanceolate with 1 or 2 short,

narrow subbasal to lateral lobes, obtuse more rarely acute, usually glabrous. Petiole often

twisted. Flowers yellow or purplish at least in part, in lax panicles. Sepals usually narrower, (8-)

12-15 x 3-5 mm, ovate-lanceolate, tomentose along the margin, silky or glabrous outside, vinous

or glabrescent inside. Filaments flattened, tapering gradually or abruptly from a wide base, ±

short, ciliate or hairy. Anthers glabrous. Achenes silky hairy. Style up to 3 cm long, ciliate

plumose. Fl. Per.: July-August. 2000-3000m.

Clematis grata Wall., Pl. Asiat. Rar. 1:83.t.98. 1830.

Vernacular Name: Z.Chenjanwal

187 CHAPTER 03

Woody climber with deeply furrowed stems, pubescent when young. Leaves usually simple

pinnate with 5 leaflets, rarely bi-ternate when the lobes of the lowermost leaflets become

separated frommentose outside, glabrous inside. Filaments narrowly linear, sometimes widened

near the base, glabrous. Anthers glabrous, shortly oblong. Achenes pubescent. Styles upto 25

mm long, plumose-ciliate. Fl. Per.: August-September. 2000-3200m.

Clematis buchananiana DC., Syst. Nat. 1:140. 1817.

Vernacular Name: Zelai

Tall woody climber with hairy stems. Leaves pinnate. Leaflets 5-7, petiolate, 5-12 cm long,

widely ovate to suborbicular-cordate, obtuse or acute, dentate-serrate to incised dentate or lobed

(with 3-5 lobes). Flowers numerous, in panicles. Sepals whitish, 15-20 nun long, ribbed, lanceolate-oblong, usually acute, tomentose on both sides. Filaments flattened, linear, densely hairy. Anthers narrow, glabrous. Achenes densely hairy, styles c. 4 cm long, ciliate. Fl. Per.:

July-August. 1500-2400.

Clematis aspleniifolia DC., Prodr. 1:4. 1824.

Vernacular Name: Zelai, Hal

Tall woody climber, glabrescent, sparsely hairy in its younger parts. Leaves ternate to pinnate with 5-7 distant leafle very variable in long, blade 3-5-pinnate, ovate-triangular in outline, leaflets 4-20 x 2-20 miform, anthers yellowish, 2-3 mm, apiculate. Carpels sessile or with a very short stalk, at maturity 3 x 1 mm, ventral suture convex, dorsal suture straight or rarely convex, lateral ribs 6, simple, not very prominent. Style 0.5-1 mm, filiform, stigma covering the whole long of the style. Fl. Per.: July. 2500-3000m.

188 CHAPTER 03

Genus: Adonis L., Sp. Pl. ed. 2:771. 1762.

Key to the species

1 Flowers upto 25 mm in diameter, usually red with a dark centre------Adonis aestivalis

+ Flowers upto 16 mm in diameter, usually yellow, ------Adonis dentatus

Adonis aestivalis L., Sp. Pl. ed. 2:771. 1762.

Vernacular Name: Banra Kot

Annual, 10-40 (-50) cm high. Stem erect, simple or branched mainly in its upper part, sulcate, glabrous or subglabrous. Leck basal patches, rarely yellow or white. Achenes in a dense oblong to cylindrical spike, 4-7 mm long. Fl. Per.: March-April. 2000-2500m.

Adonis dentatus Delile, Flora d’Egypte. 287, 753, f.l. 1813.

Vernacular Name: Summer pheasant's-eye

Annual, 10-40 cm high. Stems glabrng towards base. Fruits arranged in a cylindrical to oblong spike, about 3 (-4) mm long, densely rugose, with a transverse, tubercular dentate crest and a tooth-l ike projection attached to the beak of the fruit nearly to its top. Beak always erect. Other characters as in Adonis aestivalis. Fl. Per.: April-May. 2000-2800m.

189 CHAPTER 03

Genus: Ranunculus L., Sp. Pl. 548. 1753.

Key to the species

1 Plants annual, rarely biennial ------2

+ Plants perennial------4

2 Carpels, 4-6 mm long------3

+ Carpels, 1-3 mm long------Ranunculus sceleratus

3 Calyx reflexed------Ranunculus muricatus

+ Calyx not reflexed------Ranunculus arvensis

4 All upper leaves entire or apically cuneate with a few teeth, lanceolate ------5

+ All the leaves more or less deeply tripartite to palmatipartite ------6

5 Leaves with long, soft, appressed hairs------Ranunculus membranaceus

+ Leaves glabrous, not with long, soft, appressed hairs------Ranunculus pulchellus

6 Achenes with a distinct margin ------7

+ Achenes without a distinct margin------Ranunculus hirtellus

7 Stems flaccid, sometimes rooting at nodes------Ranunculus diffusus

+ Stems never flaccid nor rooting at nodes------8

8 Root-stock woody, elongate------Ranunculus laetus

+ Root-stock not elongate and woody------Ranunculus chaerophyllos

Ranunculus sceleratus L., Sp. Pl. 551. 1753.

Vernacular Name: Zegulai

Annual (or biennial?), stout, erect, ± glabrous. Stem sulcate, hollow, often much branched.

Leaves petiolate, ba ciliate elongated, spindle-shaped receptacle. Style very short, asymmetrically inserted, with an obtuse tip. Fl. Per.: March-April.1200-3200m.

190 CHAPTER 03

Ranunculus muricatus L., Sp. Pl. ed. 1:555. 1953.

Vernacular Name: Ziarr Gulay Quazi Ban

Glabrous annual, stem solitary, fistulose, or several short stems branched from near the base, sometimes stem absent, rranged in a large globose head, inserted on a pubescent receptacle, compressed, with a wide sulcate border, beak sides spiny, beak widely triangular, flat, usually straight. Fl. Per.: March-April.1500-3000m.

Ranunculus arvensis L., Sp. Pl. ed. 1:555. 1753.

Vernacular Name: Ziarr Gulay, buttercup

Annual, 10-50 cm high, bvate, indistinctly clawed. Achenes inserted in the pubescent receptacle,

4-8 in a single whorl, 4-6 mm long, obovate, strongly compressed with a wide sulcate border, spiny or tuberculate. Beak straight or slightly recurved flattened, 2-3 mm long. Fl. Per.: March-

April. 1200-3000m.

Ranunculus membranaceus Royle, Illustr. Bot. Himal. Mount. 53. 1853.

Perennial, 5-10 cm high, with numerous fibrous roots. Stem with 1 or 2 branches. Stem, leaves, peduncles and sepals densely n recurved, subulate from a wide triangular base. Fl. Per., June-

July.1400-2000m.

Ranunculus pulchellus C.A. Mey. in Ledeb., Fl. Alt. 2:333. 1830.

Perennial, with densely branched, fibrous roots. Stem simple or with few one-flowered branches, few leafed, erect, glabroussh-brown hairs. Petals nearly twice as long as the sepals, widely ovate.

Receptacle glabrous or with a few hairs. Achenes arranged in an ovoid to subglobose-ovoid head, glabrous, inflated. Style 1.5-1.7 mm, nearly straight or the tip somewhat recurved. Fl. Per.:

June-July. 1500-3000m.

191 CHAPTER 03

Ranunculus hirtellus Royle, Illustr. Bot. Himal. Mount. 53. 1834.

Vernacular Name: Ziarr Gulay

Perennial, (10-) 15-25 (-40) cm high, never caespitose. Stem single, erect, rarely ascending, simple or branched, striate, roothed segments. Flowers yellow, 8-18 mm in diameter. Sepals 5-7 mm, oblong-elliptic, elliptic or ovate-oblong, obtuse or rounded at apex, densely covered with appressed hairs. Petals obovate to suborbicular, cuneate. Achense 1.2-1.5 mm, arranged in an ovoid head, pubescent, sometimes glabrescent at last, but usually a few hairs remaining, ± inflated. Steyle short, recurved. Fl. Per.: June-July. 2000-3000m.

Ranunculus diffusus DC., Prodr. 1:38. 1824.

Vernacular Name: Ziarr Gulay

Perennial with ± fleshy, thickened or thin fibrous roots. Stems several, branching diffuse, sometimes prostrate and rooting at the nodes, covered with spreading to retrorse hairs. Basal and lower most stem leaves mm, ovate-lanceolate, 3-veined, with long patent hairs, membranous for the greater part. Petals oblong or narrowly obovate-oblong, without a claw. Receptacle short, glabrous. Carpels 1.5-2 mm, compressed, ovate, with a distinct wide margin, glabrous, usually granular on both sides. Style short, flattened, triangular, sometimes slightly incurved. Fl. Per.:

July-August.1500-3000m.

Ranunculus laetus Wall. ex Hook.f. & Thoms., Fl. Ind. 36. 1855.

Vernacular Name: Ziarr Gulay

Tall perennial, 30-70 cm high, with a creeping rootstock producing numerous fibrous roots and flowering stems. Stems up to 5 mm thick, usually much branched, with appressed or spreading hairs, especially near the b. Flowers 17-25 mm in diameter, yellow. Sepals 5-7 mm, lanceolate to ovate-lanceolate with a wide membranous margin, acute or subobtuse, densely whitish-hairy.

192 CHAPTER 03

Petals 8-12 mm, roundish obovate, sometimes tapering into an indistinct claw. Achenes 2-2.5

(2.5) mm in diameter, numerous, suborbicular, slightly compressed with a distinct

margin,inserted in an oblong glabrous receptacle. Style c. 0.3-0.5 mm, triangular, flattened, ±

straight. Fl. Per.: June-July. 1500-3000m.

Ranunculus chaerophyllos L., Sp. Pl. 555. 1753.

Vernacular Name: Ziarr Gulay

Perennial, with thin fibrous and thick fleshy, cylindrical roots. Stem (5-) 20-30 cm high, densely

villous, especially bene, yellowish margin, villous in the central herbaceous part. Petals obovate

to ovate-oblong, rounded or tru ncate at apex. Carpels forming an elongated head, inserted in a

hairy receptacle. Achenes ± compressed, ovate, hairy. Style long, straight. Fl. Per.: April-

May.10000-17000.

Genus: Anemone Camb.(Bot.) 5.t.2. 1835.

Key to the species

1 Achenes embedded in dense wool. ------Anemone rupicola

+ Achenes not embedded in dense woo------2

2 Leaves of involucre trifid------Anemone obtusiloba

+ Leaves of involucre entire------Anemone falconeri

Anemone rupicola Camb. in Jacquem., Voy. Ind. 4 (Bot.) 5.t.2. 1835.

Vernacular Name: Spinsar Bouti, Spin Gwalae

Perennial with a long, slender, vertical, woody rhizome bearing remains of leaves from former

years. Stem 5-30 cm, with more or less dense, patent, soft hairs. Petioles long, hairy like the

stem. Lamina ternate, Flowers 1-2, 4-5 cm wide, if 2, the lateral peduncle with an involucel, that

193 CHAPTER 03

is similar to the involucre but slightly smaller. Sepals obovate, often ± tru ncate at apex, 25-30

mm long, 1/2 to 2 times as long as wide, pubescent outside. Carpels forming a globose to ovate

head, densely embedded in wool which is surpassed only by the slender style. Fl. Per.: June-

August. 2500-3000m.

Anemone obtusiloba D. Don, Prodr. Fl. Nepal. 194. 1825.

Vernacular Name: Spinsarbouti, Spin Gwalae

Perennials with stout, woody root stock covered by fibrous remains of leaves from previous years. Scape 12-35 cmn, smaller or sometimes larger than the involucre in diameter. Sepals 10-

21 mm long, oblong-elliptic to obovate, with long hairs on outer surface. Anthers yellow, filaments flattened. Carpels densely covered by long antrorse hairs. Achenes small, ovoid, with a glabrous beak. Fl. Per.: May-June. 2300-3000m.

Anemone falconeri Thoms. in Hook. Icones. 9, Pl. 899. 1852.

Vernacular Name: Spinsar bouti

Slender perennial, 10-15 (20) cm high. Rootstock short, stout, covered by fibrous remains of leaves from previous years. Stem scape-l ike, flexuous, often surpassed by the radical leaves in long. Radical leave bearing a single flower. Flowers small, 10-18 mm in diameter. Sepals 5-7, oblong to obovate-oblong, white. Younger carpels long, silky hairy, fruitlets 4-5 mm long, shortly stalked, forming a loose globose head, spindle shaped. patent hairy. Fl. Per.: May-June.

2500-3500m.

Batrachium trichophyllum (Chaix) Van der Bosche, Prodr. Fl. Bat. 17. 1850.

Vernacular Name: Obozergull/ watergulae

Annual or perennial, caespitose in terrestrial state or spreading and 3 erect under water. All leaves divided with a glo. Stamens 9-15. Receptacle hairy, permanently globose, bearing 16-30

194 CHAPTER 03

carpels, hairy when young, glabrescent later. Style subterminal. Mature achenes more than 1.5

mm long. Fl. Per.: March-May. 2000-3000m.

Ceratocephala falcata (L.) Pers., Synops. 1:341. 1805.

Annual, small, 1-8 cm tall, densely covered with woolly hairs, rarely glabrescent. Leaves

palmately 3-partite with linear, 2-3-lobulate, rarely entire segments. Peduncles as long as, or longer than leaves. Flowers solitary, 5-7 mm in diameter. Sepals and petals 5. Spike of fruitlets cylindrical. Fruitlets with a long, incurved, flattened beak. Fl. Per.: March-April.2000-3000m.

3.3.85. IRIDACEAE

Key to the genera

1 Corm covered by reticulate-fibrous outer layer------Moraea

+ Rhizomes or bulbs, not covered by reticulate fibrous outer layer------Iris

Moraea sisyrinchium (L.) Ker Gawl. in Ann. Bot. (König & Sims). 1: 201. 1805.

Corm 1-3 cm in diameter, ovoid to globose, outer tunic brown, fibrous, reticulate, elongating into a neck. Aerial stem 5-3laments 4-14 mm long, anther 6-10 mm. Pedicel c. 5 mm. Beak of ovary c. 2 cm long; style c. 5 mm long, split into tepaloid 1.5-2.5 cm erect branches; stigma bilobed.

Capsule 1.5-4 cm long. Seeds 1.5-3 mm, subellipsoid, somewhat compressed, black-brown. Fl.

Per: March-May.500-2000m.

Genus: Iris L., Sp. Pl. 38. 1753.

Key to the species

1 Rhizomes stout, Seeds non-arillate.------2

+ Rhizomes compact, Seeds arillate.------Iris hookeriana

2 Bracts green. Flowers white or pale lilac-blue.------Iris kashmiriana

+ Bracts scarious. Flowers usually violet------Iris germanica

195 CHAPTER 03

Iris hookeriana Foster in Gard. Chron., ser. 3. 1: 611. 1887.

Roots slender, fleshy. Rhizome slender, knobbly. Leaves up to 40.0 ( 2 cm. Peduncle (stem) 5-15

(-30) cm. Bracts 4.5dge. Capsule 5-6 cm long, widely elliptic, terminating into a conspicuous

beak with dried flower parts; stipe (1.5-) 2.0-2.5 cm; dehiscence longitudinal. Seeds pyriform,

red, aril yellowish. Fl. Per.: June-July. 800-3000m.

Iris kashmiriana Baker in Gard. Chron., ser. 2. 8: 744. 1877.

Rhizome thick and stout. Leaves 4-6; up to 60 cm, 3.0-4.5 cm wide, straight, glaucous. Peduncle

(stem) 50-70 (-120) cm tall, with 1-2 branches, each branch 2-3 flowered. Bract and bracteoles 7-

11 cm. Pedicel ?1.0 cm. sule. rarely formed, stipitate, stipe c. 4-5 mm, c.3 mm thick, woody;

fruit c. 3.0-4.3 cm long, c. 2.2 cm wide, walls thick and woody. Seeds globular, wrinkled, red-

brown. Fl. Per.: May.1000-2500m.

Iris germanica L., Sp. Pl. 38. 1753.

Rhizome thick, plant 60-120 cm tall. Leaves 30-40 cm long, 2.0-4.5 cm wide, ensiform,

glaucous. Peduncle (stem) up to 100use 1-1.5 ´ 0.6-1 cm. Capsule 3-5 cm, ellipsoid, rare. Seeds

pyriform, wrinkled, acute. Fl. Per.: April-May. 800-2500m.

3.3.86. SALICACEAE

Key to the genera

1 Petiole short; Disk of 1-2 gland------Salix

+ Petiole long; Disk flat or cup shaped------Populus

Genus: Salix Boiss., Pl. Or. Nov., Ser. 1. (7): 98. 1846.

Key to the species

1. Stamens 2------.------2

+ Stamens more than 2------3

196 CHAPTER 03

2. Branches drooping, stipule obliquely lanceolate or ovate------S. babylonica

+ Branches erect, stipule minute------S. denticulata

3. Stamens 4-6------S. acmophylla

+ Stamens 5-10------S. tetrasperma

Salix babylonica L., Sp. Pl. 1017. 1753.

Tree up to 40 m tall. Branches long, drooping; bark deeply fishered, grayish. Leaf stipulate,

stipules obliquely lanceolate or ovate, toothed or subulate. Petiole 3-5(10) mm long. Lamina 8-

16 x 0.8-1.5 cm., narrp to 5 cm long. Flowers with one oblong gland, longer than stipe. Ovary

subsessile, ovoid, glabrous, style short, stigma 2-4 parted. Capsule 3-4 mm. Fl. Per.: February-

March.

Salix denticulata Andersson in Kung. Svenska Vet.-Akad. Handl. 1850.

Small tree or shrub, twigs pubescent becoming glabrous, stipules minute. Petiole 2-6 mm long.

Lamina 2.5-6.5 x 1.2-2.4t or sometimes 2 glands. Female catkin 3.5-11.5 x 0.6-0.7 cm, on leafy shoots; rachis villous; bracts as in the male catkin. Ovary subsessile, stigmas subsessile, spreading, each stigma 2-lobed. Fruiting catkin 4-12 x 0.8-0.9 cm, not dense. Stipe 0.3-0.7 mm long; capsule 5-6 mm long, lanceolate, glabrous. Fl. Per.: April-May.1200-2000m.

Salix acmophylla Boiss., Pl. Or. Nov., Ser. 1. (7): 98. 1846.

Vernacular Name: Bed, Gaith.

Large shrub or small tree, branches glabrous with irregular, mainly vertical cracks, young branches hairy. Leaves 5-16 cm long, (5)-7-20 mm wide, linear lanceolate, acute-acuminate, entire or serrulate, green and glabrous above, pale beneath, silky when young. Petiole 2.5-9 mm long. Stipules minute, caducoin, disc opposite the bract, semi-annular, yellow; stipe 2-3 times the long of the gland. Ovary glabrous, style < 0.5 mm, stigmas 2. Fruiting catkin 2.5-5 cm long.

197 CHAPTER 03

Capsule ovoid, 3-5.5 mm, glabrous, stipe 0.4-1.8 (-2.5) mm long. Fl. Per.: February-April. 1400-

2000m.

Salix tetrasperma Roxb., Pl. Corom. 1: 66 t. 97. 1798.

Vernacular Name: Bed-i-laila, Safaida.

Medium sized tree. Young branches silky to glabrous, brown with longitudinal furrows. Leaves c. 5-12(-18) x c. 1.5-5 cm, lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate, entire to finely serrate, acute to acuminate, green and glabrous above, pale beneath, ± silky when young. Petiole 5-18 mm.

Towards the base of tost absent, stigma bifid, each branch 2 lobed. Fruiting catkin lax, c. 5-10 cm long; capsules c. 3.5-5 mm long, glabrous; stipe 0.5-3 mm. Fl. Per.: October-March. 1300-

1500m.

Genus: Populus L., Sp. Pl. 1034. 1753.

Key to the species

1 Leaves 3-5 lobed, young shoot and petiole tomentose------P. alba

+ Leaves not lobed, shoot and petiole glabrous------2

2 Stigmas 2------P. nigra

+ Stigmas 3-4------P. ciliata

Populus alba L., Sp. Pl. 1034. 1753.

Medium to large tree, bark whitish to greyish on young branches smooth, rough on old stems.

Dense soft cottony tomentum on young shoots. Petiole 2.5-5.5 cm long, covered by cottony tomentum; lamina 5-10.5 cm long, ov. Female catkin 3-5 cm. Bract oblanceolate, hairy, tip slightly toothed, disk cup-shaped, crenulate. Stigmas 2, cleft almost to the base into 4 linear lobes. Capsule 5-6.5 mm long, shortly pedicellate, bivaled, smooth. Fl. Per.: May-July.700-

2000m.

198 CHAPTER 03

Populus nigra L., Sp. Pl. 1034. 1753.

Vernacular Name: Safeda.

Tree, up to 35 m tall,bark dull gray. Buds sticky. Young shoot terete, glabrous. Leaves on long shoots larger, widely deltoid to deltoid, usually wideer than long, truncate or rounded at the base, crenate, acute to acuminate. us, stigmas 2, sessile, wide, obcordate. Fruiting catkin (5)-10-16 cm long. Capsule shortly stipitate, 2-valved, 5-7 x 3-4 mm. Fl. Per.: April-May. .700-2000m.

Populus ciliata Wall. ex Royle, Ill. Bot. Himal. Mts. 346 t. 84a f. 1. 1839.

Vernacular Name: Paloch; Phals, Chalun,

Large tree; bark on young stems greenish grey, smooth; brown longitudinally fissured on old stems. Bud sticky, bud srdate. Capsule 7.5-10.5 mm, orbicular, 3-4-valved (not warty); pedicel

2.5-10 mm long. Seed covered by long silky hairs. Fl. Per.: March-April.700-2000m.

3.3.87. CHENOPODIACEAE

Key to the species

1 Plant with simple and glandular hairs, aromatic.------2

+ Plant glabrous to vesicular hairy, not aromatic.------3

2 Flowers in dense glomerules, arranged in spikes or panicles; leaves coarsely serrate------

------.------C. ambrosioides

+ Flowers solitary or a few in lax cymes, arranged in panicles; leaves pinnatifid---C. botrys

3 Perianth segments with a prominent green or red swelling; leaf blade toothed---C. murale

+ Perianth segments with a rounded back or keeled; leaf blade toothed to entire----C. album

Chenopodium ambrosioides L., Sp. Pl. 219. 1753.

Vernacular Name: Benakae

199 CHAPTER 03

Strongly aromatic, annual to short-lived perennial, variously pubescent especially on stem, and

with sessile yellow glands ersely pubescent. Stigmas usually 3-4, long, slender. Fruits falling

with perianth. Pericarp free. Seeds mostly horizontal, sometimes oblique or vertical, brown, 0.6-

0.8 mm in diameter, somewhat ovate to circular in outline, margin obtuse; testa almost smooth,

sometimes with obscure shallow pits. Fl. & Fr. Per.: April - January. 800-3000m.

Chenopodium botrys L., Sp. Pl. 219. 1753.

Vernacular Name: Skha kharawa

Aromatic annual, 5-40(-70) cm, densely hairy, most hairs stalked, glandular. Stems erect, usually

with several ascending branches, main axis sometimes shorter than some of the branches. Leaves

dull green, somewhat glaucous, t contiguous at base, herbaceous with membranous margins,

often whitish in fruit, weakly keeled, with stalked glandular hairs on back. Stamens 1-5. Stigmas

2. Pericarp free. Seeds horizontal, black, 0.6-0.8 mm, round in outline, margin rounded often

truncate in part; testa almost smooth. Fl. & Fr. Per.: April-August (-October).1500-3000m.

Chenopodium murale L., Sp. Pl. 219. 1753.

Vernacular Name: Binakai

Annual, stem yellowish to green-striped, rarely tinged with red, to 70(-90) cm, usually erect,

often much branched eerianth. Pericarp prominently papillose, firmly adherent. Seeds horizontal,

black, 1.1-1.4 mm in diameter, round in outline, margin acutely keeled; testa prominently pitted,

pits not elongated. Fl. & Fr. Per.: January-July, 800-2600m.

Chenopodium album L., Sp. Pl. 219. 1753.

Vernacular Name: Sarmaey

Annual, 10-150 cm, usually erect, variously branched, ± grey farinose. Stems yellowish to green,

green-striated, sometform or cymosely branched panicle, mostly terminal. Perianth segments 5,

200 CHAPTER 03

dorsally keeled. Perianth falling with fruit. Pericarp thin, ± adherent. Seeds horizontal, black,

1.1-1.5 mm in diameter, somewhat ovate, margin weakly acute; testa with faint radial striae,

otherwise almost smooth. Fl. Per.: January - September. 900-3000m.

3.3.88. POLYGONACEAE

Key to the genera

1 Perianth 3-5 – partite ------3

+ Perianth 6 – partite ------2

2 Perianth segments in two whorls, Nuts not winged------Rumex

+ Perianth segments in one whorl, Nuts winged------Rheum

3 Fruits not enclosed by the perianth------Polygonum

+ Fruit enclosed by the accrescent perianth.------Bistorta

Genus: Rumex L., Sp. Pl. 333. 1753.

Key to the species

1 Leaves hastate or sagittate. Flowers dioecious or polygamous------R. hastatus

+ Leaves never hastate or sagittate. Flowers normally androgynous. ------2

2 Stem branching from near the base or unbranched------R. dentatus

+ Stem paniculate above the middle. ------3

3. Basal leaves 1-2 times as long as wide. Nut 4 mm long------R. nepalensis

+ Basal leaves 2-3 times longer than broad.Nut 3 mm long------R. chalepensis

Rumex hastatus D. Don, Prodr. Fl. Nepal. 74. 1825.

Vernacular Name: Tarookey

Low branching shrub. L a very small reflected basal grain. Nut up to 2 mm long, brown, wideest

in the lower third. Fl. Per.: June-October. 900-3500m.

201 CHAPTER 03

Rumex dentatus L., Mantissa. II: 226. 1771.

Vernacular Name: Shalkheay

Annual. Stem 20-60 cm high, unbranched or branched from near the base. Basal leaves ovate- oblong from a truncate, rarel mm wide with 3-4 teeth, 2-3 mm long, usually all grain bearing.

Nut 2-2.5 mm long. Fl. Per.: June-August. 900-3500m.

202 CHAPTER 03

Rumex nepalensis Spreng., Syst. 2: 159. 1825.

Vernacular Name: Thaghm Shalkhey

Perennial. Stem 60-170 cm high, erect, branching in the upper half, with erect, patent branches

forming an open panicle. Basalal perianth segments about as long as half of the breadth of the

valves. Valves 3-7 x 3-4 mm, ovate-triangular, reticulate with attenuate apex, normally the

exterior only grain-bearing with 6-8 hooked teeth on each side. Nut about 4 mm long, dark

brown, thicker below the middle. Fl. Per.: June-September.1500-3500m.

Rumex chalepensis Mill., Gard. Dict., ed. 8. no. 11. 1768.

Perennial. Stem erect, up to 120 cm high, branching in the upper half; branches arcuate-

divaricate, forming a broad open panicle. Basal leaves 2-3 times longer than broad, up to 20 cm

long, ovate-oblong or gments c. 1.5 mm long. Valves c. 5 x c.5 mm, (rotundate-) cordate, with ±

acute tip, distinctly regularly reticulate, with 4-9 unequal teeth near the base, usually all with unequal grains. Nut c. 3 mm long, brown, broadest ± slightly below the middle. Fl. Per.: May-

August.

Rheum australe D. Don, Prodr. Fl. Nepal. 75. 1825.

Vernacular Name: Chotial

Perennial, 1-2 m tall, glabrous herb or undershrub. Basal leaves with 30-45 cm long petiole; blade coriaceous, orbicular ers pedicellate, 3-3.5 mm across, dark purple. Fruit ovoid-oblong, 1-

1.5 cm long, purple, wings narrower than disk, notched at both ends. Fl. Per.: June-August.1900-

3500m.

Polygonum plebejum R. Br., Prodr. 420. 1810.

Prostrate, densely branched, annual herb. Stem lineolate, branched from base, branches numerous. Leaves 1.0-3.0 x 0. r too obtuse. Stamens 5, filaments long with wideen base, equal.

203 CHAPTER 03

Ovary small, trigonous with three styles and capitate stigmas. Nuts 1.0-1.75 mm long, circular to

ovate, shining, black, glabrous. Fl. Per.: June-August.500-2000m.

Bistorta Adans., Fam. 2: 277. 1763.

Key to the species

1 Leaf base of lower leaves widely cordate, upper leaves amplexicaul.------B. amplexicaulis

+ Leaf base of lower leaves not cordate. Upper leaves not amplexicaul.------B. vivipara

Bistorta amplexicaulis (D. Don) Green in Leafl. 1: 21. 1904;

Vernacular Name: Anjabar

Erect, 35-70 (-100) cm tall, branched or simple, glabrous, perennial, long rhizomatous herb.

Stem simple or branched, erect, w short, unequal; anthers dark bluish, subexserted to exserted.

Ovary 1-2 x 0.25-0.5 (-0.75) mm, lanceolate, trigonous with three, long, filiform winged and free

styles and non-prominent stigma. Nuts 3.0-5.5 x 2.0-3.5 mm, ovate, trigonous and unequal lobes,

dark brown to black, glabrous, shining. Fl ,Per.: April -January. 1800-4000m.

Bistorta vivipara (L.) S. F. Gray, Nat. Arr. Brit. Pl. 2: 268. 1821.

Erect, 15-45 (-50) cm tall, glabrous, simple rarely, branched, perennial herb with thick fibrous

rhizomes. Leaves 4-15 x 0.5-1 (-1. apitate stigmas. Nuts 2-3 x 1.5-2 mm Fruit enclosed by the

accrescent perianth, biconvex, dark brown, glabrous, shining. Fl. Per.: June-August.

204 CHAPTER 03

3.3.89. ASTERACEAE

Key to the genera

1 Achenes in hard prickly, bichambered burs------Xanthium

+ Achenes not in hard prickly, bichambered burs ------2

2 Plants shrubs or subshrubs------3

+ Plants herbs------6

3 Florets pale, yellow------4

+ Florets white, lilac------5

4 Capitulum heterogamous, tubular florets unisexual------Artemisia

+ Capitulum hogogamous, tubular florets bisexual ------Seriphidium

5 Florets white. Disc florets bisexual, sterile------Parthenium

+ Florets pink or violet. Disc florets funtionaly male------Pluchea

6 Plants spinescent------7

+ Plants spineless ------11

7 Stems with continuously or interrupted spiny wings------8

+ Stem without spiny wings------9

8 Achenes with simple pappus------Onopordum

+ Achenes with feathered pappus ------Cirsium

9 Leaves with milk white veins------Silybum

+ Leaves otherwise ------10

10 Flowers yellow, pappus present, bristles in 1-2 series------12

+ Flowers yellow, pappus non or scale like------Carthamus

11 Pappus bristles in 2 seriate------Cnicus

205 CHAPTER 03

+ Pappus bristles in 1 seriate------Cousinia

12 Leaves grass like ------Tragopogon

+ Leaves otherwise------13

13 Flowers blue------Cichorium

+ Flowers white or yellow------14

14 Ray florets white------15

+ Ray florets not white------16

15 Ray florets usually five------17

+ Ray florets more than five------Eclipta

16 Leaves 2-3 times pinnate into linear segments------Achillea

+ Leaves simple opposite toothed------Galinsoga

17 Foliage all basal, Capitulum scapose------Taraxacum

+ Not as above ------18

18 Plants white tomentose, capitula with conspicuously spreading bracts------Leontopodium

+ Plants not white tomentose, capitula without conspicuously spreading bracts ------19

19 Florets in the capitulum all ligulate------20

+ Florets in the capitulum tubular or tubular and ligulate------21

20 Achenes 3-5 ribbed with white simple pappus------Sonchus

+ Achenes many ribbed with bristled plumose pappus------Scorzonera

21 Florets tubular.Achenes without pappus------Tanacetum

+ Florets tubular and ligulate. Achenes with pappus------22

22 Achenes ribbed ------23

+ Achenes not ribbed------Conyza

206 CHAPTER 03

23 Phyllaris 3-5 seriate------Solidago

+ Phyllaris 5-22 free ------Senecio

207 CHAPTER 03

Xanthium strumarium L., Sp. Pl. 2: 987. 1753.

Vernacular Name: Gishkae

Herbs, annual, 20-120 cm; nodal spines absent. Petiole 3.5-10 cm, not winged; median cauline

leaves ovate-deltate, 9-25 cm, papery, densely scabrid on both surfaces, base shallowly cordate

to widely cuneate, margin irregularly dentate, often obsoletely 3-lobed, apex acute. Capitula

monoecious. Male cer paleae. Burs sessile, oblong, ellipsoid, or ovoid, 10-18 × 6-12 mm,

densely puberulent, 2-beaked. Fl. Per.: July-September.100-3000m.

208 CHAPTER 03

Genus: Artemisia L., Sp. Pl. 1845.

Key to the species

1 Disc-florets functionally male, with rudimentary ovaries; styles shorter than the corolla---

------Artemisia scoparia

+ Disc-florets fertile, with well-developed ovaries, styles as long as or longer than the

corolla.------2

2 Ultimate leaf segments 2 mm or more wide.------Artemisia vulgaris

+ Ultimate leaf segments less than 1.5 mm wide.------3

3 Capitula sessile------Artemisia biennis

+ Capitula shortly peduncled------.------Artemisia santolinifolia

Artemisia scoparia Waldst. & Kit., Pl. Rar. Hung. 1: 66. t. 65. 1802.

Vernacular Name: Jaukay

Biennial or perennial, basally woody herb with solitary or several, branched in upper part, 40-80

(-90) cm tall, ± patulous hairy to mostly glabrous, purplish-brown tinged stems from upright branched roo scarious. Florets 10-12, yellow; marginal florets 5-6, fertile, with c. 0.7 mm long, tubular, 2-dentate corolla; disc-florets 5-6, functionally staminate, with c. 1.25 mm long, tubular,

5-toothed, glandular corolla. Cypselas oblong-oval, c. 0.8 mm long, brown.Fl. Per.: July-

November. 700-3500m.

Artemisia vulgaris L., Sp. Pl. 848. 1753.

Vernacular Name: Tarkha

Perennial, large, basally suffruticose shrub with several, closely growing, erect, simple cinereous or tomentose to glabrous, striate to shallowly grooved, reddish-tinged, (30-) 50-18 (-200) cm tall stems from the glabrous, hemispherical. Florets 10-30, yellow with reddish tinge; marginal

209 CHAPTER 03

florets 5-10, female, fertile, with 1.75-2 mm long, bidentate, glandulose corolla tube; disc florets

5-20, bisexual, fertile, with 1.5-2 mm long, narrowly tubular-campanulate 5-toothed glandulose

corolla. Cypselas light brown, c. 1 mm long, finely striate. Fl. Per.: August-November. 1200-

3500m.

Artemisia biennis Willd., Phytogr. 11, n. 39. 1794.

An annual or biennial glabrous, non-aromatic herb with up to 1.8 (-2.5) m tall, erect, striate,

unbranched, pale-green or purple tinged stem. Rootstock vertical, 8 – 10 cm long, c. 10 – 15 mm

thick. Basal leaves with 3 – 6 cm long petioles; lamina oblong-ovate to elliptic, 6 – 15 x 4 – 8 (-

10) cm, 2 (-3)-pinnatisect, rachis sparsely lobulate, primary segments remote, narrowly elliptic-

lanceolate, 2 – 5 x 0.8 – 2.4 ending to erect-appressed spicate branches. Involucre 3-seriate,

phyllaries glabrous, outermost oblong, c. 1.5 mm long, inner ones subequal, 2 – 2.75 x 1 – 1.5

mm, widely scarious on both sides of green midrib, obtuse. Receptacle conical, c. 1 mm long,

glabrous. Florets numerous, all fertile, greenish-yellow; marginal florets 10-25 (-30), with c. 1

mm long, glandular, 2-toothed corolla; disc-florets 9-35 (-40), bisexual, with c. 1.25 mm long, ±

clavate-tubular, basally glandulose, 5-toothed corolla. Cypselas oblong-oblanceolate, 0.8 – 1 mm

long, finely striate, brown. Fl. Per.: July-September, 1000-3500m..

Artemisia santolinifolia Turcz. ex Krasch., Fl. Zap. Sib. 11: 2791. 1949.

Caespitose, basally woody perennial with numerous, occasionally solitary, erect, very straight, branched above, brownish-violet, spares elliptic, c. 2 x 1.25 mm, with margins widely scarious hyaline, laxly hairy on green midrib region; innermost obovate, c. 2 x 1.25 mm, scarious hyaline.

Receptacle convex, glabrous. Florets yellow, all fertile; marginal florets 10 – 12 with c. 1 mm long, glandulose, narrow, 2-toothed tube; disc-florets 50 – 60, with c. 1.25 mm long, 5-toothed,

210 CHAPTER 03

glabrous, gland bearing corolla tube. Cypselas brown, c. 1 mm long. Fl. Per.: July-September,

1000-3500m.

Seriphidium kurramense (Qazilb.) Y. R. Ling, Bull. Bot. Lab. N.-E. Forest. Inst., Harbin. 11(4):

9. 1991. Vern.: Tirkha. A woody shrublet with several, up to 60 (-80) cm tall, upright, densely whitish hairy to ultimately glabrous, usually branched from below, pale-brown stems from erect, apically branched, erect rootstock. Leaves densely whitish tomentose to glabrescent; lower and on sterile shoots petiolate, ± equaarious, obtuse. Receptacle subglobose, glabrous. Florets 4 – 5, bisexual, yellow, with c. 2 mm long, conico-tubular, glandulose, 5-toothed corolla. Cypselas brown, oblanceolate, c. 1.25 x 0.75 mm, with lateral corolliform scar. Fl. Per.: November-

January.

Parthenium hysterophorus L., Sp. Pl. II. 988. 1753.

Annuals, biennials, perennials, subshrubs, or shrubs. Stems erect, usually branched. Leaves usually cauline, sometimes in rosettes, alternate, petiolate or sessile; blade elliptic, lanceolate, linear, lyrate, oblanceolate, obovate, ovate, orbicular-deltate, or spatulate, sometimes pinnately

(1 or)2-lobed, both surfaces usually hairy and gland-dotted (at least abaxial), ultimate margin entire or toothed. Capitula usually radiate, sometimes ± disciform; involucres hemispheric; phyllaries deciduous, 2-seriate, outer 5(-8) herbaceous to scarious, inner 5-8 scarious to membranous; receptacle flat to conical; paleae cuneate to flabelliform, scarious or membranous, distally papillate and/or fimbrillate, all or peripheral each ± enfolding a disk floret. Ray female florets 5(-8), fertile; corollas ochroleucous, tubes stout, glandular. Disk florets functionally male; corollas ochroleucous, funnelform, lobes 5. Fl. Per.: July-September.1500-3500m.

Pluchea arguta Boiss., Diagn. Pl. Or. Nov. Ser. 2, 3: 5. 1856.

211 CHAPTER 03

An erect branched, stout shrub, pungent, stem and branches terete, glutinous-pubescent to

papillose or almost glabrous. Leaves quite variable, 1.5-3 (-3.5) x 0.3-0.8 (2.0) cm, sessile,

alternate, sessile, attenuate at base, ner linear acute, entire, 5-7 x c. 0.5 mm. Florets pink or

violet, marginal florets female, filiform, many; disc florets bisexual, fewer 6-20 (-30). Anther

bases caudate. Cypselas small, linear to spindle shaped; pappus setae 6-7 (-10). Fl. Per.: July-

September.1500-3500m.

Onopordum acanthium L., Sp. Pl. 2: 827. 1753.

Herbs, biennial. Stems erect, with spiny wings. Leaves toothed or pinnately lobed, spiny.

Capitula single or few. Phyllaries numerous, imbricate, apex erect to reflexed but not hooked.

Receptacle naked, alveolate. Stamen filaments papillose; anther with short entire to lacerate basal

appendages. Style branches long. Achene obovoid, laterally compressed, with 3-5 ribs ending in

inconspicuous apical rim; apical plate flat, disk not protruding. Pappus of 1 or several rows of

scabrid or plumose bristles of unequal long. Fl. Per.: July-September.500-3500m.

212 CHAPTER 03

Cirsium falconeri Miller, Gard. Dict. Abr. ed. 4. vol. 1. 1754.

Annuals, biennials, or perennials, 5–400 cm, spiny. Stems (1–several) erect, branched or simple,

sometimes narrcles flat to convex, epaleate, covered with tawny to white bristles or setiform

scales. Florbasal attachment scars slightly angled; pappi persistent or falling in rings, in 3–5

series of many flattened, plumose bristles or plumose, setiform scales. Fl. Per.: July-

September.1400-3500m.

Silybum marianum (L.) Gaertner, Fruct. Sem. Pl. 2: 378. 1791.

Annuals or biennials, taprooted, 15–300 cm, herbage glabrous, puberulent, or slightly tomentose,

spiny. Stems erect, usually simple. Leaves basal and cauline; petiolate (basal and proximal

cauline) or sessile (dly cylindric, distinct portions minute. Fl. Per.: July-September.700-3500m.

Carthamus oxyacantha L., Sp. Pl. 2: 830. 1753.

Herbs, annual or perennial. Leaves pinnatilobed, pinnatisect, or undivided, margin usually spiny.

Capitula homogamer achenes usually with a persistent or connate and deciduous pappus. Pappus

elements in many rows or absent. Fl. Per.: July-September, 800-3500m.

Cnicus benedictus L., Sp. Pl. 2: 826. 1753.

Annual plant growing to 60 cm tall, with leathery, hairy leaves up to 30 cm long and 8 cm wide,

with small spines on the margins. Flowers yellow, produced in a dense capitulum 3-4 cm

diameter; surrounded by numerous spiny basal bracts. Fl. Per.: July-September.1200-3500m.

213 CHAPTER 03

Cousinia minuta. Cuvier, Dict. Sci. Nat. 47: 503. 1827.

Herbs, biennial or perennial. Leaves divided or undivided, margin spiny or spinulose. Capitula 1

to many, forming a racem sometimes denticulate. Pappus rarely absent, when present bristles in

ca. 3 rows, outer ones much shorter than inner. Fl. Per.: July-September.1500-3500m.

Tragopogon gracilis D. Don, Mem. Wern. Nat. Hist. Soc. 3: 414. 1821.

Vernacular Name: Nil

Herbs to 20(-30) cm tall, perenm in diam., slightly tuberculate, with small (to 40-50 µm in diam.)

hollows in pericarp; beak slender, 5-7 mm. Pappus dirty white, 1.5-2 cm. Fl. Per.: July-

September.1500-2500m.

Cichorium intybus L., Sp. Pl. 2: 813. 1753.

Perennials (sometimes flower 0.5–0.8 mm on margins near bases or on abaxial faces toward tips.

Achenes 2–3 mm; pappi 0.01–0.2 mm. Fl. Per.: July-September.1500-3500m.

Eclipta prostrate(L.) L.Mant.2:286.1771.

Herbs, annual or perennial, erect, branched, strigose. Leaves opposite, toothed. Capitula terminal on stems and bragled, those of disk florets compressed, 4-angled, coarsely hairy, tuberculate, margin with 1-3 minute teeth, apex truncate and depressed; pappus absent, coroniform, or of 2 or

3 awns. Fl. Per.: July-September, 1500-2500m.

Achillea millefolium L., Sp. Pl. 899. 1753.

Vernacular Name: Jasifa, Jarai

Erect, up to 1 m tall, basally woody shrublet with obtuse-angled, punctate-glandulose, woolly pilose twigs. Leaves lmm across, up to 150 or sometimes more, on 2 – 5 mm long peduncles, in

5 – 15 cm wide compound corymbs. Involucre oblong to ovoid, 4.5 – 5 x 2.5 – 4 mm, basally rotundate, phyllaries oblong to lanceolate, ± acute to obtuse and laciniate, rarely carinate, pink to

214 CHAPTER 03

brownish scarious on margins. Paleae whitish membranous, with green midrib, lanceolate,

obtuse and ± fimbriate, upwards pilose. Ray-florets 4 – 6, with whitish or pale-white, 3-lobed,

1.5 – 2.5 x 1.5 – 3 mm, reflexed limb. Disc-florets 10 – 20, with 2 – 3 mm long, 5-toothed

corolla tube. Cypselas oblong, ± flattened, c. 2.5 mm long, glaucous-glabrous, epappose. Fl.

Per.: July-September. 1200-3500m.

Galinsoga parviflora Cavanilles, Icon. 3: 41. 1795.

Plants 4-60 cm. Leaf blade 7-110 × 3-70(-80) mm. Peduncles 1-40 mm; involucres campanulate,

2.5-5 mm in diam.; phyllaries pe disk achenes 1.3-2.5 mm, glabrous or strigose; pappus absent or

of 15-20 gray, sometimes white, linear, fimbriate, obtuse or acute scales 0.5-2 mm. Fl. Jul-Oct.

2n = 16. A common weed widely distributed.

Taraxacum officinale Weber in Wigg., Fl. Holsat. 56.1780.

Leaves commonly sparsely hairy on midrib on lower surface, otherwise generally glabrous, or

sometimes completelys then forming a conspicuous ball; outer bracts reflexed, slightly shorter

and scarcely wider than inner; achenes 3-4 mm long, pale-brown or stramineous, muricate

apically or sometimes to near base, beak 2.5-4 times as long as body. Fl. Per.: July-

September.500-3500m.

Leontopodium leontopodinum (DC.) Hand.-Mazz. in Beih Bot. Centralbl. 44: 118. 1928.

Densely tufted, perennial, herbs, (5nsely white or yellowish grey tomentose than the cauline

leaves; phyllaries oblong 3-6 x 1-2 (-25) mm with broad brown scarious margin. Corollas 3-4

mm long. Cypselas 1.5-2 mm, glabrous or sparsely pubescent, rudimentary ovaries in male

florets always glabrous. Fl. Per.: July-September. 1600-3000m.

215 CHAPTER 03

Genus: Sonchus L., Sp. Pl. 2: 793. 1753.

Key to the species

1 Achene strongly compressed, wrinkled ------S. asper

+ Achene distinctly compressed, notwrinkled ------S. oleraceus

Sonchus asper (L) Hill, Herb. Brit. 1: 47. 1769.

Herbs 20-50 cm tall, annual. Stem usually unbranched and glabrous below synflorescence. Basal and lower stem leaves extremely variable, obovate, spatulate, or elliptic, 7-13 × 2-5 cm, undivided or ± irregularly pinnaence densely corymbiform, with few to some capitula. Capitula with many florets; peduncle 0.5-5 cm, slender, glabrous or densely glandular hairy. Involucre ± campanulate, ca. 1.2 cm. Phyllaries abaxially glabrous or more rarely glandular hairy, apex acute; outer phyllaries narrowly lanceolate, 1-2 mm wide. Corolla ca. 1 cm. Achene ± widely obcolumnar, 2-3 mm, strongly compressed, ± winged, between lateral ribs usually with 3 slender ribs on either side, space between slender ribs much wider than ribs, smooth with only lateral ribs usually antrorsely finely spinulose. Fl. Per.: July-September.100-3500m.

Sonchus oleraceus L., Sp. Pl. 2: 794. 1753.

Herbs 40-150 cm tall, annual or sometimes biennial. Stem below synflorescence simple or branched, glabrous. Basal and lower stem leaves with basal portion petiole-like and attenuate, mostly smaller than middle steairs, apex ± obtuse; outer phyllaries triangular to narrowly lanceolate, 1-3 mm wide. Corolla 1-2 cm. Achene obcolumnar, 2.5-4 mm, distinctly compressed, between lateral ribs with 3(-5) slender ribs on either side, space between slender ribs much wider than ribs, distinctly rugose when fully mature. Fl. Per.: July-September.100-3500m.

Scorzonera virgata L., Sp. Pl. 2: 790. 1753.

216 CHAPTER 03

Herbs, perennial [or annual], rarely subshrubs, often with woody caudex and rosulate. Leaves

usually linear to linear-elliptic or lanceolate, more rarely also ovate, with parallel veins, not

divided, base with semiamplexicaul usually persistent sheath, margin entire, flat, or sometimes

undulate. Involucrtire long or apically only, apex truncate or more rarely attenuate. Pappus of

strong bristles, persistent or caducous, a few often distinctly longer than remainder; bristles softly fimbriately plumose for most of long and apically scabrid. Fl. Per.: November-January,

1000-3500m.

Genus: Tanacetum L., Sp. Pl. 2: 843. 1753.

1 Inflorescence with 10-70 capitula; stem leaves elliptic-ovate------T. emodi

+ Inflorescence with 3-10 capitula; stem leaves linear-oblong ------T. artemisioides

Tanacetum emodi R. Khan, Edinb. J. Bot. 48 (1): 45. 1991.

Vernacular Name: Nil

Suffruticose, 19 – 28 (-40) cm tall herb with woody, often glabrous, basally leaf-scar bearing

stem. Leaves alternate, 1 – 1.5 cm long including petioles, divided less than halfway to midrib,

the uppermost leng. Cypselas 0.75 – 1.5 (-2) mm. Pappus of deltate rigid teeth, less than 0.5 mm

long. Fl. Per.: July-August, 1600-3000m.

Tanacetum artemisioides Schultz-Bip. ex Hook. f., Fl. Brit. India. 3: 318. 1881.

Vernacular Name: Zear gul

Erect to ascending, suffruticose, appressed hairy to ± glabrescent, up to 60 cm tall, pale green

shrublet with several branch cupuliform, phyllaries membranous margined, outer lanceolate, c. 3

mm long, pubescent, acute, median and inner oblanceolate to narrowly obovate, 4 – 5 mm long,

217 CHAPTER 03

obtuse. Receptacle convex, naked. Ray-florets absent. Disc-florets yellow, with 3 – 4 mm long,

5-toothed corolla. Cypselas light brown. Fl. Per.: August-September,1500-3000m.

Conyza canadensis (L.) Cronquist, Bull. Torrey Bot. Club. 70: 632. 1943.

Plants erect, (3–)50–200(–350+) cm, branched mostly distally. Leaves: faces usually glabrate

(proximal margins ± ciliolate, hairs usually stiff, spreading and hispid on nerves, hairs erect);

proximal blades oblanceolate to l. Fl. Per.: July-September. 500-2000m.

Solidago virgaurea L., Sp. Pl. 2: 878. 1753.

Herbs, perennial, rarely subshrubs; rhizome short to long or woody caudex. Stems decumbent to

ascending or erect. Leaves baimb expanded or narrow, apex 5-denticulate; anther base obtuse;

style branches flattened, appendage lanceolate. Achenes obconic to cylindric, sometimes ±

laterally compressed, glabrous or moderately strigillose, 8-10-ribbed. Pappus of outer short

setiform scales rarely present, and 2 series of 25-45 fine, persistent, long, barbellate bristles, mid

series apically attenuate, inner apically very weakly to moderately clavate. Fl. Per.: July-

September, 1500-3500m.

Genus: Senecio L. 2, 6: 54. 1883.

Key to the species

1 Plants annual------Senecio desfontainei

+ Plants perennial------Senecio chrysanthemoides

Senecio desfontainei Druce, List Brit. Pl. 2: 61. 1928.

218 CHAPTER 03

Herbs, annual. Stems erect or subdecumbent, 10-25 cm tall, usually branched from base or

middle; branches erect or divaricate-ascending, glabrous or sparsely pubescent or pubescent only

in leaf axils. Leaves sessilelate, ca. 0.5 mm wide, herbaceous, glabrous, apically acute and

sparsely shortly puberulent. Ray florets 8-12; corolla tube ca. 3 mm; lamina yellow, elliptic-

oblong, ca. 6 × 2.5-3 mm, 4-veined, apically obtuse, 3-denticulate, becoming revolute. Disk

florets many; corolla yellow, ca. 5.5 mm, with 2-2.5 mm tube and funnelform limb; lobes ovate-

triangular, ca. 0.7 mm, apically acute. Anthers ca. 1.8 mm, basally distinctly obtuse-auriculate,

appendages ovate; antheropodia distinctly dilated at base. Style branches ca. 0.5 mm. Achenes cylindric, ca. 3 mm, shortly adpressed pubescent. Pappus white, ca. 4.5 mm.. Fl. Per.: July-

August, 1500-3000m.

Senecio chrysanthemoides DC., Prodr. 6: 365 (1838).

Herbs perennial erect, rarely stoloniferous, decumbent, or rarely scandent, rhizomatous. Stems usually leafy, rarely subscs and discoid, erect or nodding, usually pedunculate. Involucres calyculate, hemispheric, campanulate, or cylindric; receptacle flat; phyllaries 5-22, usually free, rarely connate to middle or above, herbaceous or leathery, margin scarious or membranous. Ray florets absent or 1-17(-24). Fl. Per.: July-August, 1400-2500m.

Note: The Species of the following genera of Asteraceae are in cultivation for ornamental purpose through out in the study areas. These are Cosmos, Helianthus, Coreopsis, Zinnia,

Tagetes, Erigeron, Gaillardia, Calendula and Chrysanthemum.

219 CHAPTER 03

3.3.90. ASPHODELACEAE

Key to the genera

1 Pedicels articulated below the flower; filaments expanded at the base, anthers dorsifixed------

------Asphodelus

+ Pedicels not articulated below the flower; filaments not dilated towards the base; anthers

basifixed------Eremurus

Asphodelus tenuifolius Cav., Anal. Cienc. Nat. 3: 46. 1801.

Vernacular Name: Piazakay, Oogakay

Annual herb, 15-50 cm tall. Leaves 15-30 x 0.5-3 mm linear, semiterete, acute, sheathing at the

base, finely puberulous. Scapes many from the base, much branched, 30-60 cm. Flowers laxly

racemose, bracteate, pediceds c. 3 mm, sharply trigonous, black. Fl.Per.: November-April, 1500-

3500m.

Eremurus persicus (Jaub. & Spach) Boiss., Diagn. Pl. Or. Nov. Ser. 1.7: 119. 1846.

Vernacular Name: Khenza

Plants 30-70 cm tall. Leaves generally up to 1 cm wide, rarely as far as 2.5 cm wide, puberulous.

Scape puberulous, in the upper portion sometimes glabrescent. Bracts up to 2.2 cm long, narrowly ovate-lanceolate, sometimes caudate, whitish. Pedicel up to 3 cm long, spreading outside. Perianth tube distinct, perianth spreading, reflexed, 1.2-1.6 (-2) cm long, white to pale pink, base yellow. Capsule up to 2.2 cm in diameter, globose. Seed 8-10 mm long, widely winged. Fl.Per.: April-May, 1500-3500m.

220 CHAPTER 03

3.3.91. HYACINTHACEAE

Scilla griffithii Hochr. in Bull. New York Bot. Gard. 6: 264. 1910.

Vernacular Name: Sheengulay

Bulb c. 20 mm in dirate. Pedicel 5-25 mm long. Perianth biseriate, 3 + 3, connate at the base, 10-

15 x 3-4 mm, elliptic-oblanceoalate, obtuse-subacute, blue-violet. Filaments c. 8 mm long,

bluish, anthers c. 1.5 mm long. Capsule 6-7 mm in diameter, subgloboe. Seeds 3.5 mm long,

subglobose to subovoid. Fl.Per.: March-April, 1500-3500m.

221 CHAPTER 03

3.3.92. LILIACEAE

Key to genera

1 Leaves cordate to ovate, reticulately veined------Polygonatum

+ Leaves neither cordate nor ovate, parallel veined------2

222 CHAPTER 03

2 Stem rhizomatic------Trillium

+ Stem bulbous ------3

3 Bulb large, more than 1 cm in width, petals more than 2 cm in long------4

+ Bulb less than 1 cm in width, petals less than 2 cm in long------Gagea

4 Style columnar, rather long, stigma 3-lobed, lobes slightly recurved------Notholirion

+ Style often lacking, stigma not as above------Tulipa

Genus: Polygonatum Miller, Gard. Dict. Abr., ed. 4 vol. 3. 1754.

Key to the species

1 Rhizome usually tuberous terete, very, 7-15 mm thick ------Polygonatum verticillatum

+ Rhizome terete, 3--5 mm thick------Polygonatum multiflorum

223 CHAPTER 03

Polygonatum verticillatum (L.) All., Fl. Pedem. 1: 131. 1785. Boiss., Fl. Or. 5: 332. 1882;

Vernacular Name: Noor-i-alam

Rhizomes usually tuber-like terete, rarely moniliform. Stem erect 30-90 cm, angled, glabrous.

Leaves in whorls of 3-6-8, occasionally alternate near base of stem, sometimes opposite near

apex, subsessile, elellow, contracted in the middle, teeth inside and at the tip hairy. Stamens

epipetalous, filaments 0.5-1 (-2) m, papillose. Ovary 3 mm, style 2.5-3 mm. Berries red,

becoming purple, 6-8 mm in diameter. Fl.Per.: May-June. 2000-4000m.

Polygonatum multiflorum (L.) All., Fl. Pedem. 1: 131. 1785.

Rhizomes terete, 5-9 mm wide, profusely covered by roots. Stems 15-90 cm, terete, glabrous.

Leaves alternate, sessile or shortly peflowered, peduncle 10-12 mm, glabrous, pedicel 6-7 mm, glabrous. Perianth 14-15 mm, somewhat contracted in the middle, filaments sparsely puberulent.

Berry bluish black, c. 7-9 mm in diameter. . Per.: November-January, 1500-3500m.

Trillium govanianum Wall. ex Royle, Illus. Bot. Himal. Mount. t. 93.384. 1839.

Rhizome 1-2 cm thick. Stem up to 30 cm tall. Adventitious roots numerous, fibrous. Leaves 3, petiole 0.3-1.6 cm long; lamina oval to ovate or cordate, 3.5-10.8 x 1.8-10.2 cm, acute to acuminate, glabrous, anthers basifixed, 4-5 mm long, curved, dehiscence longitudinal. Ovary superior, 3-locular; styles 3, purple, linear. Fruit a red, globose berry, 1-2 cm in diameter; seeds numerous, oblong, c. 2.5 mm long, with a pulpy lateral appendage. Fl. Per.: April-August. 1000-

3500m.

224 CHAPTER 03

Genus : Gagea Salisb. in Köenig & Sims in Ann. Bot. 2: 555. 1806.

Key to the species

1 Basal leaf and lower subinflorescence leaf widely lanceolate (up to 13-15 mm wide).

Tunic of bulb light brown------Gagea delicatula

+ Basal leaf and lower subinflorescence leaf narrowly lanceolate (up to 3-5 mm wide).

Tunic brown-black. ------Gagea elegans

Gagea delicatula Vved., Fl. Uzbekist. 1:541, 425, tab. 64, fig. 1. 1941.

Plants small, hair-l ike, in dense groups with prevalence of juvenile specimens. Bulb 4-5 mm in diameter, elongated obliquely-dro p-shaped, covered by papery tunics (from greyish to dark grey). Roots thin, short sclerified. n and wider. Anthers yellow, dehiscence roundish, 0.5 mm in

225 CHAPTER 03

diameter. Capsule obovate, shorter than the perianth, stipitate. . Per.: November-January, 1500-

3500m.

Gagea elegans Wall. ex D. Don in Royle, Ill. Bot. Himal. Mount. 1:399, 2, tab. 95, fig. 1. 1840.

Plants with narrow basal and subinflorescence leaves, forming groups with prevalence of

juvenile specimens. Bulb up to 10-12 mm in diameter, obliquely-dro p-shaped, with engirdled on

perimeter by more or lessnge-brown, terete, curved. Fl. Per.: April- July.1000-3500m.

Notholirion thomsonianum (D. Don) Stapf in Kew Bull. 1934. 95. 1934.

Bulbs 5-7 cm high, narrowly ovoid, tunic thick, brown. Stem 40-100 cm tall, robust. Leaves

flaccid, basal up to 35 cm long, 1 cm wide, decreasing upwards. Raceme 8-40 flowered. Bracts

20-35 mm long, narrowly lance ± 5 mm long, semicircular to ± cuneate, tip rotund, brown. Fl.

Per.: April-May.1000-3500m.

Tulipa clusiana DC. in Redouté Liliacées. 1: t. 37. 1803.

Vernacular Name:Ghantol

Bulbs lie a little below the soil, 1.5-4.5 x 1-3.5 cm, ovoid or globose, producing stolons which end in daughter bulbs. Tunics brown, coriaceous, woolly inside at the tip. Stem 7-52 cm long, lower 1/2-1/3 underground, glabrous. Leaves 3-6, alternate, sparse, or crowded, (2)-4-30 x 0.2-

1.5 cm, linear, lilanceolate, outer acute, inner obtuse, glabrous. Stamens less than half the long of petals, glabrous. Filamets, anthers and pollens purple; anthers longer and shorter than filaments.

Pistil as long as stamen, style absent, stigma ± trifid. Capsule 2-3.5 x 1.5-2.5 cm, trilobed, trilocular. Seeds compressed, brown, semicircular, thickened at margins. Fl. Per.: March-May,

1300-2400m.

226 CHAPTER 03

227 CHAPTER 03

3.3.93. ROSACEAE

Key to the genera

1. Carpels usually 5, fruit follicles----.------2

+ Carpels 1 to many, fruit not follicles----.------3

2. Leaves compound------Sorbaria

+ Leaves simple------.------Spireaea

3. Herbs, shrubs. Carpels 1 to many and free. Fruit an achene------4

+ Trees or shrubs. Carpels 1 or 3-5 and fused. Fruit a drupe or pome------9

4. Epicalyx present.------5

+ Epicalyx absent.------8

5. Receptacle fleshy in fruit------.------6

+ Receptacle not fleshy in fruit------.------7

6. Fruit tasteless, petals yellow------Duchesnea

+ Fruit tasty, petals white------Fragaria

7. Stamens 10 or more; carpels numerous.------Potentilla

+ Stamens 4-5, carpels 5-10 ------Sibbaldia

8. Hypanthium closed at the mouth------Rosa

+ Hypanthium open at the mouth------Rubus

9. Carpel 1, ovary superior, fruit a drupe ------Prunus

228 CHAPTER 03

+ Carpels 3-5, connate, ovary inferior, fruit a pome or drupe------10

10. Fruit a drupe, mature fruit with stony endocarp.------11

+ Fruit a pome or drupe, mature fruit without a stony endocarp.------12

11. Leaves entire, plants without spines------Cotoneaster

+ Leaves crenate or lobed, plants with spines.------Crataegus

12. Stamens 20------13

+ Stamens more than 20------Pyrus

13. Evergreen tree------.------Eriobotrya

+ Deciduous trees------14

14. Fruit depressed, subglobose------Malus

+ Fruit oblong, ovoid- oblong or globose.------Sorbus

Sorbaria tomentosa (Seringe) A. Braun in Ascherson, Fl. Brandenburg. 1: 177. 1860.

Shrubs deciduous. Branchlets yellow to green when young, later dark reddish or yellowish brown, terete; budflexed, short, wide, persistent. Petals 5, imbricate, white, ovate to orbicular, base cuneate, apex obtuse. Stamens 20–50, nearly equaling or longer than petals. Carpels 5, opposite sepals, basally connate, glabrous or subglabrous. Follicles glabrous, dehiscent along adaxial suture. Seeds several. Fl. Per.: March-May, 1300-2400m.

Spiraea canescens D. Don, Prodr. Fl. Nepal. 227. 1825.

Shrubs 2–4 m tall. Bhtly longer than petals. Disk annular, 10-lobed; lobes wide, apex emarginate. Carpels slightly pubescent; styles shorter than stamens. Follicles slightly spreading, glabrous to pubescent or pilose; styles on abaxial side, divergent. Fl. Jul–Aug, fr. Sep-Oct. 1300-

2400m.

229 CHAPTER 03

Duchesnea indica (Andrews) Focke in Engl. & Prantl, Nat. Pflanzenfam. 3, 3: 33. 1888.

Vernacular Name: Zmakay tout

Perennial herbs, spreading, villous, stolons 25-90 cm long. Leaves trifoliolate, hairy on both surfaces, sometimes adapex, hairy. Epicalyx segments obovate, hairy, wideer than sepals, as long as or sometimes longer than sepals, apex 3-5 lobed. Petals oblong to obovate, as long as to slightly longer than sepals, yellow. Stamens 20-25. Stylodia lateral, narrow-cylindrical. Carpels free, numerous. Fruit multiple, drupetum, fleshy, red, 0.7-1.5 cm in diameter. Achenes red, prominent, shining, ovoid, c. 1.5 mm, glabrous, not rugose, but pitted. Fl. Per.: March-October.

1500-2000m.

Fragaria nubicola (Hook.f.) Lindl. ex Lacaita in J. L. Soc., Bot. 43: 467. 1916.

Plants stoloniferous, 4–25 cm tall. Leaves 3-foliolate, lateral leaflets often distinctly petiolulate, elliptic or obovate, abaxially appressed white sericeous (sometimes sparsely so between veins) appearing silvery, Carpels numerous. Glandetum ovoid, fleshy, red, with persistent sepals appressed. Achenes ovoid, smooth to rugose. Fl.Per.: May-Aug. 1200-3000m.

Genus: Potentilla L., Sp. Pl. 495. 1753.

Key to the species

1 Flowers yellow------2

230 CHAPTER 03

+ Flowers red------Potentilla nepalensis

2 Leaves digitately 5-foliate------Potentilla reptans

+ Leaves 3- foliate or 2-5 pairs pinnate------Potentilla supine

Potentilla nepalensis Hook. f., Exot. Fl. t. 88. 1824. Lehman, Rev. Potent. 91 1856.

Vernacular Name: Kunachi

Perennial, erect or ascending, rarely prostrate herb. Rootstock woody. Stem 30-50 cm long, angular, covered withm long and wide, bright red, obcordate. Stamens 20-25 dark red. Carpels numerous, styles subterminal, c. 2 mm long, filiform, a little thickened at the base, stigma not dilated. Achenes wrinkled. Fl. Per.: July-August. 1700-2500m.

Potentilla reptans L., Sp. Pl. 499. 1753.

Perennial, creeping herbs. Rootstock thick. Stem slender, creeping and rooting at the nodes, moderately pilose to sliptic-ovate, obtuse, inner ovate, acute. Petals obcordate, 7-8 mm long,

Stamens 20-25. Receptacle pilose. Carpels numeorus, styles 0.8-0.9 mm long, subterminal, clavate. Fl. Per.: March-May, 1400-2700m.

Potentilla supina L., Sp. Pl. 1: 497. 1753.

Herbs annual or biennial. Roots slender, with sparse lateral rootlets. Flowering stems spreading, ascending, or erect, dichotomously branched, 20–50 cm tall, together with petioles pilose or glabrescent. Radical leaves adnate to rachis in apical 1 or 2 pairs of leaflets, margin obtusely serrate, incised serrate, or 2- or 3-parted, apex obtuse or acute; cauline leaves resembling radical ones but pairs of leents oblong-elliptic or elliptic-lanceolate, nearly equaling or slightly longer than sepals, apex acute. Petals yellow, obovate, slightly shorter than sepals, apex emarginate.

Style subterminal, base thickened, papillate; stigma dilated. Achenes cylindric, rugose, apex acute. Fl. and fr. Mar–Oct. 1300-2400m.

231 CHAPTER 03

Sibbaldia cuneata Hornemann ex Kuntze, L., 20: 59. 1874.

Herbs perennial, woody based. Flowering stems erect or ascending, 5–14 cm tall, appressed or

subappresed pilose. Radical s, apex acuminate. Inflorescence terminal, compact, corymbose.

Flowers 5–7 mm in diam. Sepals ovate or oblong, apex acute; epicalyx segments lanceolate,

equaling sepals, abaxially pilose, apex acuminate. Petals yellow, obovate, nearly equaling or

slightly longer than sepals, apex rounded. Stamens 4-5. Style lateral. Achenes glabrous. Fl. and

fr. May–Oct. Fl.Per.1200-3500m.

Genus: Rosa L., Sp. Pl. 491. 1753.

Key to the species

1 Styles united. Stems climbing or arching.------Rosa brunonii

+ Styles free. Stems arching then flowers solitary or few.------2

2 Leaflets 9-11, usually elliptic or obovate, serrulate. Prickles uniform, infrastipular------

------Rosa macrophylla

+ Leaflets 5-7, variable in shape, elliptic to roundish, grossly serrate. Prickles often mixed with

acicles, bristles or stalked glands.------Rosa webbiana

Note: Species of genus Rosa for ornamental purpose are Rosa chinensis, Rosa alba.

Rosa brunonii Lindl., Ros. Monogr. 120. t. 14. 1820.

Shrub with usually climbing stems up to 10 m long. Young stems glabrous or pubescent, sometimes with stalked or subsessile glands. Prickles small, c. 5 mm long, brown, curved, irregularly se t on theds. Bracts narrow, very early caduceus. Sepals with long, narrow apex, usually with lateral lobes, reflexed after flowering, finally decicuous. Styles

232 CHAPTER 03

pilose, forming long column (often broken in fruit). Orifice very narrow. Fruit c. 10 mm long

ovoid or subglobose, usually covered with stalked glands, red wh en mature. Fl. Per.: June-July.

1000-3500m.

Rosa macrophylla Lindl., Ros. Monogr. 335. t. 6. 1820.

Shrub up to 3(-4) m tall. Twigs yellowish-brown. Prickles uniform, usually in pairs at the base of

leaves, straight, patent ormeter, normally red. Pedicels as long or longer than fruit, thin, often

with stalked glands. Sepals entire, long, dilated at apex, erect or ascending in fruit, persistent.

Styles densely pubescent, forming compact head. Orifice wide. Fruit variable in size, usually

oblong-ovoid, with distinct neck, densely covered with stalked glands, rarely smooth, red when mature. Fl.Per.: August. 1000-3500m.

Rosa webbiana Wall. ex Royle, Ill. Bot. Himal. Mount. 208. t. 42. f. 2. 1839.

Vernacular Names: Zangali gulab

Plant body shrubby in nature up to 2-3 m tall. Branches is glabrous, the prickles is straight, subulate, infra stipular, patent or sometimes slightly ascending, uniform or mixed with bristles, acicles or stalked gland fruit, persistent. Styles densely pubescent, forming compact head. Fruit variable in size, globose, red when mature. Flowers produce in July to August. 1500-2300m.

Rosa chinensis Jacq., Obs. Bot. 3: 7. t. 55. 1768.

Erect shrub. Prickles curved or almost absent. Leaves evergreen, leaflets 3-5(-7), deep green and

± shining above, paler beneath, normally glabrous. Stipules very narrow, with lanceolate, erect or slightly divergent auricles. Flowers solitary or several in short panicles, usually double, white to red on long smooth or glandular-stalked pedicels, sepals entire, with long filiform apex,

233 CHAPTER 03

ascending or patent after flowering, deciduous. Styles long, free, glabrous, distinctly protruding

through the narrow orifice. Fruit ovoid to pyriform, smooth. Fl.Per.: August.Cultivated.

Rosa alba L., Sp. Pl. 492. 1753.

Shrub up to 2 m tall, with erect or slightly arching stems. Prickles irregularly se t on the stems, usually hooked and uniform. le, rarely simple. Pedicels usually as long or longer than fruit, with stalked glands. Fruit (if present) ellipsoid or ovoid, red wh en mature, usually smooth. Achenes usually only partly developed. Planted, sometimes naturalized. Fl.Per.: June-August.Cultivated.

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Genus: Rubus L., Sp. Pl. 1: 492. 1753.

Key to the species

1. Mature aggregate fruit golden yellow------Rubus ellipticus

+ Mature aggregate fruit black------Rubus niveus

Rubus ellipticu Smith in Rees, Cycl. 30: Rubus no. 16. 1819.

Shrubs 1–3 m tall. Branchlets purplish brown or brownish, pubescent, with sparse, curved prickles and dense, purplish brown bristles or glandular hairs. Leaves imparipinnate, 3-foliolate; petiole 2–6 cm, petiolule iam., glabrous or drupelets pubescent at apex; pyrenes triangular-ovoid, densely rugulose. Fl. Mar–Apr, fr. Apr–May. 1200-3500m.

Rubus niveus Thunberg, Diss. Bot.-Med. de Rubo 9. 1813.

Shrubs 1–2.5 m tall. Branchlets purple or green, tomentose when young, soon glabrous, with whitish bloom, with sparse prickles. Leaves imparipinnate, (5–)7–9(–11)-foliolate; petiole 1.5–4 cm, petiolule of terminal leaflet 0.5–1.5 cm, lateral leaflets subsessile, petiolule and rachis tomentose, with sparse, eolate or linear, pubescent. Pedicel 5–10 mm. Flowers to 1 cm in diam.

Calyx abaxially urplish red, base densely gray tomentose. Aggregate fruit dark red when immature, black at maturity, semiglobose, 0.8–1.2 cm in diam., densely gray tomentose; pyrenes shallowly rugose. Fl.Per.: July-August.1400-3500m.

Key to the species

Genus: Prunus L., Sp. Pl. 1: 473-475. 1753.

1 Flower white------Prunus cornuta

+ Flower pink------2

2 Leaves tomentose beneath------Prunus prostrata

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+ Leaves not tomentose beneath------Prunus jacquemontii

Note: Some species are cultivated in the research area such as Prunus armeniaca, Prunus amygdalus, Prunus persica and Prunus bokhariensis.

Prunus cornuta (Wall. Ex Royle) Steud., ; Nom. B. ed. 2, 2: 403 (1841);

Trees 3–15 m tall. Branches blackish brown, glabrous, with sparse oblong lenticels; branchlets purplish brown, glabrous or sometimes velutinous. Winter buds ovoid, usually glabrous. Stipules linear, margin glandular serrate, ex obtuse. Petals white, obovate, base cuneate and shortly clawed, margin apically erose. Stamens 20–25. Ovary glabrous. Style slightly shorter than stamens; stigma disc-shaped. Drupe blackish brown, ovoid-globose, ca. 8 mm in diam., glabrous.

Fl. Apr–May, fr. May–Oct. 2000-3500m..

Prunus prostrata Labill. Symb. Sin. 7: 530. 1933.

Shrub, grow up to 0.15-0.30 m., sometimes in the crevices of vertical surfaces; branches tend to follow the surface at any angle. Leaves alternate, ovate, simple ovoid-acute, 7–14 cm (3–6 in) long and 4–7 cm (2–3 in) broad, glabrous, serrated margin and acuminate tip, with a green or reddish petiole 2–3.5 cm (0.8-1.4 in). Flowers light rose color, solitary or in pairs, nearly sessile, with a tubular calyx; stamens 22-24; fruit red, ovate, with thin fleshy, ripening in July.1200-

3500m.

Prunus jacquemontii Hk. F. Regni Veg. 1: 54. 1905.

Deciduous shrub's, height 0.9m - 2.4m, width 1.5m - 2.4m, youngest branches red, leaves are alternate, ovate, 4–8 cm long and 2.8–5 cm broad, with a pubescent 1–1.5 cm petiole, and an entire or very finely serrated margin.Flowers produced on erect spikes 5–7 cm long, each flower

8–10 mm diameter, petals 5 pink or rose color. Fruit small cherry-like drupe 5–7 mm diameter,

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green at first, turning first red then dark purple or black at maturity, edible.. Fl.Per.:

August.1000-3500m.

Prunus armeniaca L., Sp. Pl. 474 (1753).

Small tree, 8–12 m (26–39 ft) tall, with a trunk up to 40 cm (16 in) in diameter and a dense, spreading canopy; leaves are ovate, 5–9 cm (2.0–3.5 in) long and 4–8 cm (1.6–3.1 in) wide, with a rounded base, a pointed tip and a a small peach, 1.5–2.5 cm (0.6–1.0 in) diameter, red on the side most exposed to the sun; its surface can be smooth glabrous, pubescent. fleshy not very juicy; taste can range from sweet to tart. The single seed is enclosed in a hard, stony shell, often called a "stone", with a grainy, smooth texture except for three ridges running down one side.

Fl.Per.: August. Cultivated.

Prunus amygdalus Batsch J. Arnold. 3: 29. 1922.

Vernacular name: Almond

Tree, growing 4–10 m (13–33 ft) in height, with a trunk of up to 30 cm (12 in) in diameter; young twigs green, purplish exingly or in pairs and appearing before the leaves in early spring; economic crop in the third year after planting. Trees reach full bearing five to six years after planting; fruit matures in the autumn, 7–8 months after flowering. Fl.Per.: July-August.

Cultivated.

Prunus persica (L.) Batsch, Beytr. Entw. Gewächsreich. 1: 30. 1801.

Vernacular name: Shaftalo

Trees 5.8 m tall. Branches purple, glabrous; branchlets pale red, robust, glabrous. Winter buds purplish red, usually glabrous. Stipules linear, margin glandular, apex long acuminate. Petiole

1.1.3 cm, glabrous, apex often with 1 or 2 large nectaries on either side; leaf blade oblong- obovate, oblonglanceolate, or raously impressed, at a less than 45° angle with each other.

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Flowers 2 or 3 in a fascicle, rarely solitary, 1.5.2 cm in diam. Pedicel 2.5 mm, glabrous.

Hypanthium outside glabrous. Sepals oblong, glabrous, margin glandular, apex obtuse. Petals

white, oblong, base cuneate and shortly clawed, apex obtuse. Ovary glabrous. Stigma disk-

shaped. Drupe red, appressed globose, 3.5(.6) cm in diam., glabrous; mesocarp pale yellow,

fragrant; endocarp small, depressed globose, longitudinally grooved. Fl.Per.: June-August.

Cultivated.

Prunus bokhariensis Royle ex C.K. Schn. Sp. Pl. 1: 473. 1753.

Vernacular name: Alocha

Shrubs, rarely trees, 4.8 m tall. Branches reddish brown, robust, glabrous, spiny; branchlets reddish brown, densely pubescent. Winter buds purplish red, pubescent. Stipules lanceolate, margin glandular, apex ars solitary or to 3 in a fascicle, on apex of short branchlets, 1.1.5 cm in diam. Pedicel 1.1.2 cm, glabrous or pubescent. Hypanthium outside pubescent. Sepals ovate, outside pubescent, margin entire, apex acute. Petals white or occasionally greenish, obovate, base cuneate, apex rounded to obtuse. Drupe red, purple, green, or yellow, usually globose to oblong, rarely subglobose, 1.2.5 cm in diam., often glaucous; endocarp widely ellipsoid, pitted.

Fl. Mar, fr. Sep. Fl.Per.: May-Jun. Cultivated.

Genus: Cotoneaster Medikus, Philos. Bot. 1: 154. 1789.

Key to the species

1 Mostly prostrate shrub; inflorescence 1-3 flowered; stamens 15-20------

------Cotoneaster microphyllus

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+ Mostly erect shrub; inflorescence 1-10 flowered; stamens 20------

------Cotoneaster nummularia

Cotoneaster microphyllus Wallich ex Lindley, Bot. Reg. 13: t. 1114. 1828.

Shrubs, evergreen, dwarf, mostly prostrate or mound-forming, flexuous, to 1 m tall, with

irregular, spreading branches. Branchlets spiralled, reddish brown to blackish brown, terete,

initially yellow pubescent, gradually glabrate. Leaves spiralled; petiole 1–2 mm or more,

pubescent; stipules caducous, lanceolate or linear, slightly pubescent; leaf blade shiny, pale to

dark green, obovading, white, suborbicular, 2–4 mm and ca. as wide, apex obtuse. Stamens 15–

20, shorter than petals; anthers pink to brownish or violet-black. Styles 2, not exceeding stamens.

Fruit scarlet-red or crimson, globose or depressed globose, 5–6(–10) mm in diam.; nutlets (1

or)2(or 3). Fl. May–Jun(–Aug), fr. Aug–Oct.1300-2400m.

Cotoneaster nummularia (Roxburgh) G. Klotz, Wiss. Zeitschr. Mart. -Luth.Univ. Halle, Math.-

Nat., xii. (Neue oder Krit.Coton.-Art.). 779. 1963.

Shrubs, evergreen or semi-evergreen, small, (0.2–)0.5–1.5(–5) m tall, divaricate or squarrose, with regular branching; branches rigid, ± erect or decumbent. Branchlets spiralled, purple-black or green, terete, initially strigose. Leaves spiralled; petiole 1–5 mm, strigose; leaf blade shiny and pale to dark green adaxially,hite, suborbicular, glabrous. Stamens 20, erect; anthers reddish purple or violet-black. Styles 2(or 3). Fruit red or crimson, depressed-globose or globose, 7–9 mm; nutlets (1 or)2, rarely 3. Fl. May–Jul, fr. Oct–Nov. 1200-2500m.

Crataegus songarica K. Koch, Verh. Vereins Beförd. Gartenbaues Königl. Preuss. Staaten, n.s.

1(2): 287. 1853.

Shrubs or small trees, 4–5 m tall, armed or unarmed; thorny 0.8–1.5 cm, stout. Branchlets purplish brown when young, grayish brown when old, initially sparsely pubescent, soon glabrate,

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terete; buds reddish brown, ovoid, glabrous. Stipules falcate or lanceolate, ca. 8 mm, herbaceous, glabrous, margin serrate, apex acuminate; petiole 2–2.5 cm, glabrous or subglabrous; leaf blade rhomboidal-ovate to widely ovate, 3.5–6.5 × 2.5–5.5 cm, both surfaces pubescent when young, glabrescent, base cuneate, rarely widely =ate or widely lanceolate, ca. 3 mm, abaxially initially pubescent, glabrescent. Stamens 15–20. Ovary pubescent apically, 2- or 3-loculed, with 2 ovules per locule; styles 2 or 3. Pome reddish black with yellow pulp, sparsely punctate, globose, rarely ellipsoid, 1.2–1.6 cm in diam., glabrous; sepals persistent, reflexed; pyrenes 2 or 3, smooth on both inner sides. Fl. May, fr. Jul. 1400-3400m.

Sorbus lanata L., Sp. Pl. 1: 477. 1753.

Trees to 20 m tall. Branchlets dark reddish brown when young, dark grayish brown when old, terete, puberulent when young, glabrou1.4 cm × 7–10 mm, without or with few minute lenticels, seeds pale brownish orange, linear-oblong. Fl. Apr–May, fr. Aug–Sep. 13000-3500m.

Eriobotrya japonica (Thunberg) Lindley, Trans. Linn. Soc. London, Bot. 13: 102. 1822.

Trees small, to 10 m tall. Branchlets yellowish brown, densely rusty or grayish rusty tomentose.

Stipule subulate, 1–1. ly cupular, abaxially rusty tomentose. Sepals triangular-ovate, 2–3 mm, abaxially densely rusty tomentose, apex obtuse. Petals white, oblong or ovate, 5–9 × 4–6 mm, apex obtuse or emarginate. Stamens 20. Ovary rusty pubescent apically, 5-loculed, with 2 ovules per locule; styles 5, free. Pome yellow or orangish yellow, globose or obovate, 1–1.5 cm in diam., rusty tomentose, soon glabrescent; fruiting pedicel 3–8 mm, initially rusty tomentose, glabrescent. Fl. Jun, fr. Jul–Aug.Cultivated.

Malus pumila Miller, Gard. Dict., ed. 8. Malus no. 3. 1768.

Trees to 15 m tall. Branchlets purplish brown when old, terete, robust, short, densely tomentose when young, glabrous when old; buds purplish brown, ovoid, densely puberulous. Stipules

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caducous, lanceolate, 3–5 mm, he triangular-ovate, 6–8 mm, longer than hypanthium, both

surfaces tomentose, margin entire, apex acuminate. Petals white, obovate, 1.5–1.8 cm, base

shortly clawed, apex rounded. Stamens 20, unequal, ca. 1/2 as long as petals. Ovary 5-loculed,

with 2 ovules per locule; styles 5, slightly longer than stamens, gray tomentose basally. Pome red

or yellow, depressed-subglobose, ca. 2 cm in diam., impressed at base; fruiting pedicel short and

thickened; sepals persistent. Fl. May, fr. Jul–Oct.Cultivated.

Genus: Pyrus L., Sp. Pl. 1: 479. 1753.

Key to the species

1 Leaves broadly ovate. Fruit large 3-4 inches in diameter usually pyriform-----Pyrus communis

+ Leaves narrowly ovate or lanceolate. Fruit small 1 inches in diameter usually globose------

------Pyrus pashia

Pyrus communis L., Sp. Pl. 1: 479. 1753.

Trees 15-30 m tall, Branchlets glabrous or slightly pubescent; buds ovoid, Stipules caducous, linear-lanceolate, 1 cm, membranous, slightly pubescent, margin sparsely denticulate, apex acuminate; petiole 1.5–5 cm, 2 ovules per locule; styles 5,pubescent basally. Pome pyriform, obovoid or subglobose, 3-4 inches in diameter, 5-loculed, green or yellow, fruiting pedicel 2–3.5 cm, subglabrous; sepals persistent. Fl. Apr. Cultivated/ Wild.

Pyrus pashia Buchanan-Hamilton ex D. Don, Prodr. Fl. Nepal. 236. 1825.

Trees to 12 m tall, with branches often armed. Branchlets purplish brown or dark brown when old, terete, lanate when young, glabrous when old; buds ovoid, apex obtuse; scales puberulous along margin. Stipules caducous, linear-lanceolate, 4–8 mm, membranous, adaxially pubescent, margin entire, apex acuminate; surfaces tomentose, margin entire, apex acute, acuminate, or obtuse. Petals white, obovate, 8–10 × 4–6 mm, base shortly clawed, apex rounded. Stamens 25–

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30, slightly shorter than petals. Ovary 3–5-loculed, with 2 ovules per locule; styles 3–5, nearly as

long as stamens, glabrous. Pome brown, with pale dots, globose, 1 inches in diam.; sepals

caducous; fruiting pedicel 2–3 cm, subglabrous. Fl. Apr, Fr. Aug–Sep. 600-3000m.

3.3.94. ASPARAGACEAE

Genus: Asparagus L., Sp. Pl. 1: 313. 1753.

Key to the species

1 Roots tuberous ------Asparagus adscendens

+ Root cylindrical or fusiform ------Asparagus gracilis

Asparagus adscendens Roxb., Fl. Ind. 2: 153. 1832.

Vernacular Name: Safed Musli

Roots tuberous. Suberect, tall, rs bisexual. Perianth 3 x 2 mm, obtuse. Filaments up to 2 mm,

attached to the base of perianth. Ovary 2 x 1 mm, narrow towards the base, style upto 0.6 mm,

stigma trilobed, lobes up to 1 mm. Berry dark red, 4-5 mm in diameter.Fl.Per.: October-

November. 800-2000m.

Asparagus gracilis Royle, Ill. Bot. Him. Mount. 1: 393. 1840.

Perennial herbs or subshrubs. Re or subglobose, petals 6 in two series, free or connate at base.

Male flowers 7-9 mm; anthers 2 mm Stamens 6, filaments free and epiphyllous. Ovary superior, trilocular, axile placentation, ovules 2-many per locule, style with 3 short stigmatic branches or with capitate or lobate stigma. Fl.Per.: May-June.800-1900m.

3.3.95. SCROPHULARIACEAE

Key to the genera

1 Stamen many------Kickxia

+ Stamen 2 or 4 or 5------2

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2 Stamen 5; flowers yellow------Verbascum

+ Stamen 2 or 4, flowers not yellow------3

3 Stamen 2------4

+ Stamen 4------5

4 Leaves basal in rosette. Corolla with cylindrical tube. Infloresence scapose------Wulfenia

+ Leaves opposite. Corolla rotate. Infloresence a spike or raceme ------Veronica

5 Calyx tubular------6

+ Calyx not tubular------Scrophularia

6 Capsule oblique------Pedicularis

+ Capsule not oblique ------7

7 Corolla 5- lobed, stigma capitate------Leptorhabdos

+ Corolla 2- lipped, stigma 2- lobed, Lamellate ------Mazus

Kickxia ramosissima (Wall.) Janchen in Ost. Bot. Zeitschr. 82: 152. 1933.

Bracteoles 2; corolla subactinomorphic or 2-lipped in branching is a prostrate perennial herb, 1-3 ft long, branched from the base. Leaves are arranged oppositely below and alternately above; 1-4 cm long, variable in breadth; arrow-shaped, or triangular 5-7 lobed. Stalks are filament-like.

Yellow flowers occur singly in leaf axils on 1-3 cm long, filament-like stalks; 1-1.5 cm across, 2- lipped, shaped like dog flowers, with a 4 mm long spur. Stamens many; Commonly found in rock cervices and old walls. Fl.Per.: August.1000-3500m.

Verbascum thapsus L., Sp. Pl. 1: 177. 1753.

Biennials to 1.5 m tall, densely with grayish yellow stellate hairs. Basal and lower stem leaves

Leaves alternate; filaments woolly petiolate; leaf blade oblanceolate-oblong, to 15 X 6 cm,

margin crenate. Other stem leaves t. Calyx 7 mm; lobes lanceolate. Corolla yellow, 1-2 cm in

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diam. Stamens 5; filaments of anterior 2 stamens glabrous and of posterior 3 pubescent; anther

lobes divergent at base. Capsule ovoid, as long as persistent calyx. Fl.Per.: May- June.800-

3500m.

Wulfenia amherstiana Wall. Ex Both. Scroph. Ind. 19.1833.

Alpine plant semiepiphytic pseudovines, or parasitic shrubs, deciduous. Leaves opposite, basal in

rosette, leathery, abaxially sometimes glandular at vein axils, margin entire. Inflorescences

scapose; cymes 3-9-flowered53.

Key to the species

1 Pedicel slightly shorter than bract; Capsule 4-6 mm wide, apically notched nearly at an

acute angle, lobes rounded; style 1.5 mm, as long as notch or slightly exserted------

------Veronica didyma

+ Pedicel longer than bract; Capsule 6-9 mm wide, apically notched at a right to an obtuse

angle, lobes obtuse; style 2-3 mm, conspicuously exserted------Veronica persica

Veronica didyma Fries, Novit. Fl. Suec. 5. 63. 1817.

Annuals. Stems diffuse, 10-30 cm, sparsely pubescent. Leaves opposite, 1-3 pairs; petiole 1-5 mm; leaf blade ovate to suborbicular, 5-11 X 4-9 mm, abaxially whitish hairy, adaxially sparsely pubescent to subglabrous, margin revolute with 2-4 deeply incised teeth per side. Racemes terminal, lax, very long; bracts alternate, sometimes basally opposite, petiolate, leaflike. Pedicel in fruit (3-)6-13(-15) m filaments glabrous Capsule, 3-4 X 4-6 mm, very slightly compressed, apically notched at an acute angle; lobes rounded, densely glandular pubescent, mixed with shorter eglandular hairs, veins inconspicuous. Seeds strongly navicular, elliptic, usually 0.9-1.6

X 0.8-1.3 mm; seed coat transversely rugose on dorsal side. Fl. Pr.; Mar-Oct.1200-3500m.

Veronica persica Poiret, Encycl. 8: 542. 1808.

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Annuals, sometimes biennials. Stems diffuse, ca. 10-20 cm tall, 20-50 cm, densely pubescent

with multicellular hairs often more densely so along 2 lines. Opposite leaves in (2 or)3 or 4(or 5)

pairs; petiole 1-8 mm; leaf blamargin flat, obtusely crenate-serrate, 3-6(-10)-toothed per side.

Racemes terminal, lax, very long; bracts alternate, leaflike, petiolate, uppermost ones smaller

than others. Fruiting pedicel (t sparsely hairy; lobes ovate to orbicular. Stamens 01 slightly

shorter than corolla. Capsule obcordate, strongly compressed, 4-6 X 6-9 mm, apically notched at

right to obtuse angle; lobes obtuse, glandular hairy, venation conspicuously reticulate. Seeds

slightly navicular, usually 1.4-2.3 X 0.9-1.6 mm; seed coat deeply rugose dorsally. Fl. Pr.; Mar-

May.1300-3500m.

Genus: Scrophularia L., Sp. Pl. 2: 619. 1753. Key to the species 1 Calyx lobes at anthesis without conspicuous membranous margin; Capsule narrowly ovoid------Scrophularia dentata + Calyx lobes at anthesis with conspicuous membranous margin; Capsule subglobose------Scrophularia nudata Scrophularia dentata Royle ex Bentham, Scroph. Ind. 19. 1835. Herbs, suffrutescent, 20-40 cm tall, multibranched from a woody base as if tufted, whole plant generally black when dry. Stems subterete, glabrous or puberulent. Leaves subsessile or short petiolate; leaf blade naong as upper lip; upper lip transversely rounded. Stamen longer than corolla; staminode one suboblong. Ovary ca. 2 mm. Style 2.5 X as long as ovary. Capsule narrowly ovoid, 5-8 mm including beak. Fl. May-Oct, fr. Aug-Nov.1200-3500m. Scrophularia nudata Royle ex Benth. Sp. Pl. 2: 619. 1753. Herbs, perennial or suffrutescent, rarely annual. Leaves opposite or rarely upper ones alternate. Cymes axillary or terminal and souded to exserted, adnate to corolla tube; anther locules confluent; staminode 1, small. Disc present. Style as long as or longer than ovary, stigma often small. Capsule septicidal. Seeds numerous. Fl.Per.: June-August.1400-3500m. .Pedicularis pectinata L., Sp. Pl. 2: 607. 1753.

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Herbs not drying black. Stems 1 to several together, usually many branched apically. Stem leaves alternate or opposite, linear-lanceolate to ovate, pinnatifid to pinnatisect. Flowers loosely racemose. Calyx 2- or 3-lobed. Stamen 1, Corolla Upper corolla lip galeate or rostrate, tube slightly exceeding calyx; galea 1-toothed on each side at apex, Fl.Per.: July-August.1200- 3500m. Leptorhabdos benthamiana Walpers senus Hf. F. in FBI 4: 303. Herbs, hemiparasitic. Stems quadrangular. Leaves opposite below, alternate above. Flowers in racemes. Bracteoles absent. ee, parallel. Ovules 2 per locule. Stigma capitate. Capsule compressed, loculicidal. Seeds oblong or angular, truncate and at an oblique angle at adjoining faces; seed coat rugose. Fl.Per.: May-July.1000-3500m. Mazus japonicus (Thunb.) O. Kuntze. Rev.Gen. Pl. 2: 462. 1891. Herbs, relatively small. Stems terete or rarely quadrangular, erect or procumbent and rooting from lower nodes. Leaves in a rosette or opposite, often upper leaves alternate; petiole winged. Racemes secund; bracts small. Bracteoles absent. Flowers small. Calyx funnelform or campanulate, 5-lobed. Coro, inserted on corolla tube; anther locules divergent, apically connivent. Ovary hairy or glabrous. Style glabrous; stigma 2-lamellate. Capsule compressed, included in cupular persistent calyx, loculicidal. Seeds small, numerous. Fl.Per.: August.1000- 3500m. 3.3.96. CACTACEAE

Opuntia dillenii Ker Gawler, Bot. Reg. 3: t. 255. 1818. Shrubs sprawling or erect, 1-3 m tall. Trunk absent or short. Larger, terminal joints green to gray-green, obovate or elliptic-obovate to suborbicular, 10-35(-40) × 7.5-20(-25) cm. Areoles 2- 9 mm in diam. Spines 1-12(-20) per areole on most areoles, spreading, yellow, ± brown banded or mottled, subulate, sncate, or emarginate. Filaments yellow, 12 mm; anthers yellow, 1.5 mm. Style yellow or yellowish, 12-20 mm; stigmas 5, pale green, 4.5 mm. Fruit purple, turbinate to obovoid, 4-6 × 2.5-3(-4) cm, fleshy at maturity, umbilicus deep. Seeds light tan, irregularly orbicular, 4-5 × 4-4.5 mm. Fl. Per:. Jun-Oct., 1200-3500 3.3. 97. MYRTACEAE Key to the genera 1 Fruit a dry capsule immersed in hardened hypanthium------Eucalyptus + Fruits fleshy, few- or many-seeded berry------Myrtus

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Genus: Eucalyptus L’Héritier, Sert. Angl. 18. 1789. Key to the species 1 Leaves falcate 8-10 inches long, flower 1-3 in axillary cluster------Eucalyptus globulus + Leaves falcate 6-8 inches long, flower 4-8 in axillary cluster ------Eucalyptus tereticornis Eucalyptus globulus Labillardière, Voy. Rech. Pérouse. 1: 153. 1800. Trees, large. Bark grayish blue, smooth, exfoliating. Branchlets slightly ridged. Young leaves opposite, sessile; leafayer glossy and caducous. Stamens 0.8-1.3 cm, in several whorls; filaments slender; anthers elliptic. Style 7-8 mm, stout. Capsule semiglobose, 0.6-2.4 cm in diam., 4- ridged; disk wide; valves 3-5, equaling hypanthium rim or exserted. Fl. Per:. Dec-May,1200- 3500m. Eucalyptus tereticornis Smith, Spec. Bot. New Holland, 41.1795. Trees, to 25 m tall. Bark grayish white, smooth, exfoliating in long strips. Branchlets terete, slender, pendulous. Leax acuminate. Stamens 6–9 mm; anthers long obovate, dehiscing longitudinally. Capsule subglobose to ovoid, 6–8 mm in diam.; disk wide; valves 4 or 5,much exserted from hypanthium. Fl. Per.: Feb–Apr. 1200-3500m. Myrtus communis L. Sp. Pl. 1: 471 (1753). Shrubs, evergreen, usually with essential oils-containing cavities in foliage, branchlets, and flowers. Stipules absent or small and caducous. Leaves opposite, occasionally alternate, occasionally ternate sometimes present, placentation usually axile but occasionally parietal; ovules 1 to several per locule. Style single; stigma single. Fruit a capsule, berry, drupaceous berry, or drupe, 1- to many-seeded. Seeds without endosperm or endosperm sparse and thin; testa cartilaginous or thinly membranous, sometimes absent; embryo straight or curved. Fl or curved. Fl.Per.: July-August.700-2500m.

247 CHAPTER 03 RESULTS

3.4 ETHNOBOTANY In the study area all the communities are expert in the old indigenous knowledge about the use of medicinal plants. The indigenous knowledge of plants has been transfered to them from generation to generation. The scientis used a large number of plants for the phytochemical extraction for different type of active compounds. But the precious wealth of indigenous knowledge of plants is finishing fastly and will be no more available to the next generation if not documented and conserved. The aims of this research work is to collecte all types of plants both wild and cultivated including, timber, fuel wood, fencing, fodder, vegetable, fruits and Medicinal plants. The flora of the area is threatened due to grazing, cutting, deforestations, erosion and misuse by the local collectors. Information is collected through interviews from the local people of the area. The area was searched for the useful medicinal and ethnobotanicaly important plants Table: 03- 04. The data obtained from different classes of respondents was analyzed and presented in Appendix-1. During the present research work 469 plants species were documented from the research area. Personal information was collected regarding these plants by using questionnaires. The respondent consists of aged people both male, female and Hakims of the area. These peoples were aware from 144 plant species out of 469. The data obtained during questionnaires is listed in Table: 05.

248 CHAPTER 03 RESULTS

Table: 5 Check list of some economically important plants of Dir Kohistan valley S/No Family S/No Botanical Name Description of plant use 1 Acanthaceae 1 Adhatoda vasica Nees. 6, 10, 40 2 Amaranthaceae 2 Achyranthus aspera L. 6, 4 3 Amaranthus caudatus L. 2, 4, 5 4 A. viridis L. 2, 4, 5 3 Myrtaceae 5 Myrtus communis L. 13, 6, 10, 24 4 Araceae 6 Sauromatum venosum (Ait) Scoth. 7, 6 5 Araliaceae 7 Hedera nepalensis K. Koch 4, 6, 10 6 Ascelpiadceae 8 Periploca aphylla Dene. 6, 45, 28 7 Balsaminaceae 9 Impatiens bicolor Royle. 19,4, 16, 20 10 Impatiens brachycentra Kar. &Ker. 4, 6, 19 11 Impatiens edgeworthii Hook. 19, 4, 6 8 Berberidaceae 12 Berberis lycium Royle 6, 29, 10, 1 13 Berberis pseudumbellata Parker ssp 6, 29, 10, 1 pseudumbellata 9 Betulaceae 14 Alnus nitida (Spach.) 32, 16, 10,15,26 15 Betula utilis D. Don. 22 10 Brassicaceae 16 Capsella bursa-pastoris (L.) Medik 6, 4 17 Sisymbrium irio L. 6, 4 18 Nasturtium Officinale R. Br. 6, 30, 2, 4, 9 11 Cannabiaceae 19 Cannabis sativa L. 6, 10,40 12 Caprifoliaceae 20 Viburnum nervosum. D. Dom. 1, 6, 29, 36, 10 13 Caryophyllacea 21 Silene conodiea L. 4, 5 22 Stillaria media (L.) Chy 2, 4, 5 14 Chenopodiacea 23 Chenopodium album L. 2, 6, 4 24 Chenopodium ambrosoides L. 6 15 Asteraceae 25 Achillea millefolium L 6 26 Artemisia santolinifolia Turcz. Ex 6, 7, 8 Krasch. 27 A. scoparia L. 6, 34, 10 28 Calendula arvensis L. 6 29 Cichorium intybus L. 2, 6 30 Cnicus benedictus L. 4, 5, 2 31 Onopordeum acanthium L. 6, 4 32 Sonchus asper L. 4 33 Taraxicum officinale Weber. 6 16 Convolvulaceae 34 Cuscuta reflexa Roxb. 8 17 Cucurbitaceae 35 Cucurbita maxima Duch. Ex La 6 18 Dioscoraceae 36 Dioscorea deltoidea Wall. Ex Kunth 31, 6, 27 19 Ebenaeceae 37 Diospyrus lotus L. 1, 30, 6, 12, 10,16 20 Sapotaceae 38 Monotheca buxifolia (Falc.) A. DC. 1, 10, 36, 29, 6 21 Orchidaceae 39 Cephalanthera longifolia (L.) Fritsch 6 22 Euphorbiaceae 40 Euphorbia hirta L. 7 41 Euphorbia prostate Act. 6 42 Ricinus communis L. 6, 10 23 Fagaceae 43 Quercus incana Roxb. 10,4,1,12,29,43,38,26 24 Hypericaceae 44 Hypericum perforatum L. 3, 6 25 Iridaceae 45 Iris hookeriana Foster 18, 6 26 Juglandaceae 46 Juglans regia L. 33,1,4,6,17,18,19,12,35,41,10

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S/No Family S/No Botanical Name Description of plant use 27 Lamiaceae 47 Ajuga bracteosa Wall. Ex. Benth 6, 31 48 Mentha longifolia (L.) L. 6, 31 49 Isodon rugosus (Wall, ex Benth.) 38, 27, 10, 39, 4, 6 Codd. 50 Mentha spicata L. 17, 6, 3, 40 51 Mentha arvensis L. 6, 17, 3 52 Nepeta laevigata (D. Don) Hand.- 6, 39 Mazz. 53 Origanum vulgare L. 39, 6 54 Ocimum basilicum L. 18, 6, 17, 21 55 Salvia moorcraftiana Roxb 6 28 Liliaceae 56 Asparagus adscendens Roxb. 35, 6 29 Malvaceae 57 Malva neglecta Wall. 2, 4, 5 58 Hibiscus syriacus L. 2, 4, 5 59 Malva sylvestris L. 6,4,2,5 30 Meliaceae 60 Cedrela serrata Royle 31, 12, 7 61 Melia azedrach L. 16, 4, 6, 30, 10 31 Moraceae 62 Ficus palmata Forssk. 10, 6, 1, 4 63 Morus alba L. 1, 4, 12, 30, 10, 15, 16 64 Morus nigra L. 1, 4, 12, 30, 10, 15 32 Myrsinaceae 65 Myrsine africana L. 6, 10, 38, 27 33 Nyctaginaceae 66 Mirabilis jalapa L. 6, 18 34 Oleaceae 67 Jasminum grandiflorum L. 4, 36, 10, 29 68 Jasminum humile Linn. 21, 18, 29, 10 69 Jasminum officinale L. 21,18,29,10 70 Olea ferruginea Royle. 4, 1, 38, 10, 16, 9, 23 35 Paeoniaceae 71 Paeonia emodi Wall. 6 36 Fabaceae 72 Astragalus anisacanthus Bois 35, 6 73 Sophora mollis (Royle) Baker ssp 30, 37, 38, 10, 12, 41 mollis 74 Indigofera heterantha Wall. Ex 24, 37, 24, 45, 46, 44 Brandis var. heterantha 75 Lathyrus aphaca L. 4, 2, 5 76 Medicago denticulata L. 4, 14, 6,5 77 Robinia pseudoacacia L. 36, 10, 4, 29 37 Anacardiaceae 78 Pistacia chinensis Bunge ssp. 6, 4, 10, 29 Integerrima (J.L.S) Rech. f. 38 Plantaginaceae 79 Plantago lanceolata L. 4, 6 80 Plantago major L. 4, 6 81 Plantago ovata Forssk. 4, 6 39 Platanaceae 82 Platanus orientalis L 16, 30, 12, 18, 11 40 Poaceae 83 Aristida adscensionis Nees. 4, 5, 24 84 Aristida cyanantha Nees ex Steud. 4, 5, 24 85 Chrysopogon aucheri (Boiss) Stapf 4, 5, 24 86 Chrysopogon gryllus. (L.) 4, 5, 24 87 Chrysopogon serrulatus Trin. 4, 5, 24 88 Avena fatua L. 4, 5 89 Cenchrus cilliaris L. 4, 5 90 Cynodon dactylon L. 4, 5, 18

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S/No Family S/No Botanical Name Description of plant use 91 Saccharum spontaneum L. 4, 5 92 Phragmites australis (Cav.) Tri 37 93 Arundo donax L. 36, 37, 13 94 Themeda anathera (Nees ex Steud.) 37, 13 Hack. 95 Sorghum helepense (L.) Pers. 4, 5 41 Polygonaceae 96 Rumex acetosa L. 2, 6 97 Polygonum viviparum L. 6, 4 98 Rheum webbianum Royle. 6 99 Rumex dentatus L. 2, 6 42 Portulaceae 100 Protulaca oleracea L. 2, 6 43 Punicaceae 101 Punica granatum L. 1, 29, 10, 6, 17, 9 44 Ranunculaceae 102 Anemone obtusiloba D. Don. 4, 13 103 A. rupicola Comb. 4, 13 104 Aquilegia pubiflora Wall. 6 105 Delphinium pyramidale Royle. 18 106 Rananculus muricatus L. 4, 6 45 Rhamnaceae 107 Ziziphus jujuba Mill. 33, 1, 6, 10, 36, 37, 4 46 Rosaceae 108 Cotoneaster affinis (Lindl.) Schn. 6, 10, 37 109 Cotoneaster microphyllus Wall. Ex 10, 6, 1, 25 Lindl. 110 Cotoneaster numularia Fisah &M 10, 6, 25 111 Fragaria indica Andrews. 6,1 112 Pyrus pashia Ham.ex D.Don. 42, 10, 29 113 Rosa brunonii Lindl. 36, 44 114 Rubus fruticosus L. 29, 1, 6, 36 115 Rubus niveus Thunb. Non. Wall. 36, 29, 1, 6 116 Sorbaria tomentosa (Lindl.) Rehdr 29, 1, 6 117 Rubus ellipiticus Smith. 29, 1, 6 47 Rutaceae 118 Zanthoxylum armatum DC. 25, 36, 29, 17, 6 48 Salicaceae 119 Populus ciliata Wall. 10, 38, 16, 13 120 Populus alba L. 14, 30, 37, 13, 15, 38, 37 121 Populus nigra L. 30, 37, 10, 15 122 Salix denticulata Andersson 16, 4, 10, 32, 12, 13, 49 Saxifragaceae 123 Berginia ciliata (Haw.) Scernb. 6, 18 50 Scrophulariacea 124 Varbascum thapsus L. 6 125 Veronica persica Poir. 6 51 Simarubaceae 126 Ailanthus altissima 10, 4, 13, 15, 30, 29 (Mill.)Swingle. 52 Solanaceae 127 Solanum nigrum L. 2, 6 128 Solanum surattense Burm. f. 6 129 Withania somnifera Dunal. 7, 6 130 Datura metel L. 6,7 131 Datura stramonium L. 6,7 53 Thymeleaceae 132 Daphne mucronata Royle. 6,10 54 Ulmaceae 133 Celtis australis L. 6, 12, 30, 16 134 Celtis caucasica Willd. 1, 37 55 Apiaceae 135 Eryngium coeruleum M-Bieb. 6, 4 136 Trachyspermum ammi (L.) 6

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S/No Family S/No Botanical Name Description of plant use 56 Utricaceae 137 Urtica diocia L. 2, 6 138 Urtica pilulefora L. 2, 6 57 Valerianaceae 139 Valeriana jatamansi Jones 6 58 Verbenaceae 140 Vitex negundo L. 8, 6 59 Violaceae 141 Viola betonicifolia Sm. 6, 2 142 Viola biflora L. 6, 2 60 Vitaceae 143 Vitis vinifera L. 1, 4, 6 61 Zyghophyllacea 144 Tribulus terristris L. 6

FIGURE: 03 PERCENTAGES OF OTHER USES OF PLANTS

180

160

140

120

100 Series2 Series1 80

60

40

20

0

e s e t t y b e r r al r e e uit n id t m in r on ion ak ils r i onc ing ize eak tree n ye Ink per dles s lan f rage ic il r e D fu a tu at ruits rving coal ashketr here ois wood B r eads ni f isw a stock f s ld ot esti P B Re Fenc poism y c ar Fodder ed P el Timbeion plan ur la BroomsM Utens ot Ba wi P ev M oil bindend nam h Dr dge p Ch / B i e/pe h F s nstruction od Snuf yard th Fu S oil fert Shade s ick/han Fi e o Ro Hay Fodder e Torch Wood S W Or t rec H C o een P pice/flavoring S Cus W S Packing/ roping oil Bee attractants Fishing Checksanary Gr Agricultural tools Incen S Grav Smoking medicine Gr Table: 6 Key of plant uses 1 Wild fruit 16 Shade tree 31 Fish poison 2 Pot herb 17 Spice/flavoring agent 32 Soil reclamation 3 Beverage 18 Ornamental 33 Dry fruits 4 Fodder 19 Dye 34 Brooms 5 Hay Fodder 20 Ink 35 Miswak 6 Medicine 21 Incense/perfume 36 Hedge plant 7 Poison 22 Paper 37 Utensils 8 Green Pesticide 23 Beads 38 Construction 9 Graveyard things 24 Packing/ roping 39 Bee attractants 10 Fuel wood 25 Stick/handles 40 Smoking medicine 11 Torch Wood 26 Timber 41 Wood carving 12 Agricultural tools 27 Cushion plant 42 Root stock 13 Soil binder 28 Resin 43 Charcoal 14 Soil fertilizer 29 Fence 44 Fishing Checks 15 Wind Break 30 Furniture 45 Snuff ash 46 Granary/Basketry

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The herbal recipes of Dir kohistan valley were broadly divided into ten classes viz abdominal pain, diarrhea, tonic, refrigerant, expectorant, antispasmodic, emollient and anti-jaundice. Recipes used for these ailments are given in Tables: 7-14. Table: 7 PLANTS IN USE FOR ABDOMINAL PAIN Botanical Name Family Vernacular Name Ajuga bracteosa Wall. Ex Bth. Lamiaceae Ghutti Chenopodium murale L. Chenopodiaceae Skha botay Foeniculum vulgare Mill. Apiaceae Kagaenalay Lepidium sativum Linn. Brassicaceae Alum Portulaca oleracea L. Portulacaceae Warkharay Mentha longifolia (L.) L. Lamiaceae Enalay Mentha spicata L. Lamiaceae Zanglai podina Papaver somniferum L. Papaveraceae Qash Qash Punica granatum L. Punicaceae Anangonry Rumex hastatus D. Don. Poly gonaceae Tarookay Thymus linearis Bth. Lamiaceae Sparikai Verbascum thapsus L. Scrophulariaceae Khardug Aconitum laeve Royle Ranunculaceae Zar butay Aconitum violaceum Jacq Ranunculaceae Gara zahar Aconitum heterophyllum Wall Ranunculaceae Sarbawalaey Nigella sativa L. Ranunculaceae Kalwangy Table: 8 PLANTS IN USE AS TONIC Botanical Name Family Vernacular Name Olea ferruginea Royle Oleaceae Khuna Zanthoxylum armatum DC. Rutaceae Dambora Tribulus terrestris L. Zygophylaceae Markondai Teucrium stocksianum Boiss. Lamiaceae Spairbotay Polygonatum cirrhifolium (Wall.) Royle Liliaceae Noory alam Polygonatum verticillatum All. Liliaceae Noory alam Eriobotrya japonica (Thunb.) Rosaceae Lokat Prunus amygdalus Batsch. Rosaceae Badam Prunus armeniaca L. Rosaceae Alocha Prunus bokhariensis Royle Rosaceae Alocha

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Table: 9 PLANTS IN USE FOR DIARRHOEA Botanical Name Family Vernacular Name Punica granatum L. Punicaceae Anangonry Verbascum thapsus L. Scrophulariaceae Khardug Quercus incana Roxb. Fagaceae Serai Plantago lanceolata L. Plantaginaceae Ghawajabai Pinus roxburghii Sargent Pinaceae Nakhtar Myrtus communis L. Myrtaceae Manroo Mentha longifolia (L.) L. Lamiaceae Enalay Daphne mucronata Royle Thymelaeaceae Legoney Plantago major L. Plantaginaceae Gwajabai Berberis lycium Royle Berberidaceae Kawari Table: 10 PLANTS IN USE AS BLOOD PURIFIER Botanical Name Family Vernacular Name Ajuga bracteosa Wall. Ex Bth. Lamiaceae Ghutti Cichorium intybus L. Asteraceae Kashni Portulaca oleracea L. Portulacaceae Warkharay Nasturtium officinale R. Br. Brassicaceae Tarmira Pistacia chinensis Bunge Anacardiaceae Shanai Tribulus terrestris L. Zygophylaceae Spairboay Juglans regia L. Juglandaceae Ghuz Melia azedarach L. Meliaceae Shandai Table: 11 PLANTS IN USE AS EXPECTORANT Botanical Name Family Vernacular Name Justicia adhatoda L. Acanthaceae Baikar Calotropis procera (Ait.) Ait. f. Asclepiadaceae Spalmai Pinus roxburghii Sargent Pinaceae Nakhtar Eucalyptus globulus Labill. Myrtaceae Lachi Isodon rugosus (Wall. ex Bth.) Codd Lamiaceae Sperboty Olea ferruginea Royle Oleaceae Khuna Hypericum perforatum L. Hypericaceae Shan chay Podophyllum emodi Wall. Ex Royle Podophyllaceae Kakora Paeonia emodi Wall. ex Royle Paeoniaceae Mamekh

254 CHAPTER 03 RESULTS

Plantago major L. Plantaginaceae Gatjabbai Ammi visnaga (L.) Lam. Apiaceae Spairkay Anethum graveolens L. Apiaceae Sowah Angelica archangelica L. var. Himalaica Apiaceae Derae pana (Clarke) Table: 12 PLANTS IN USE AS ANTISPASMODIC Botanical Name Family Vernacular Name Justicia adhatoda L. Acanthaceae Baikar Berberis lycium Royle Berberidaceae Kowary Datura stramonium L. Solanaceae Batura Foeniculum vulgare Mill. Apiaceae Kagah Dioscorea deltoidea Wall. Ex Kunth Dioscoraceae Kanis Papaver dubium L. Papaveraceae Redegulaey Papaver hybridum L. Papaveraceae Redegulay Verbena officinalis L. Verbanaceae Oudey Valeriana himalayana Grub. Valerianaceae Muskebala Valeriana jatamansi Jones Valerianaceae Shingatai Table: 13 PLANTS IN USE AS EMOLLIENT Botanical Name Family Vernacular Name Verbascum thapsus L. Scrophulariaceae Kharghwag Ziziphus jujube Mill. Rhamnaceae Markhanari Salvia moorcroftiana Wall. Ex Bth. Lamiaceae Khardog Bergenia ciliata (Haw.) Sternb. Saxifragaceae Makanpath, Gat Panra Bergenia stracheyi (Hk.f. & Thoms.) Engl. Saxifragaceae Gat Panra Epilobium hirsutum L. Onagraceae Lotuguley Calotropis procera (Ait.) Ait. f. Asclepiadaceae Spulmay

255 CHAPTER 03 RESULTS

Table: 14 PLANTS IN USE FOR JAUNDICE Botanical Name Family Vernacular Name Berberis lycium Royle Beberidaceae Kowary Cichorium intybus L. Asteraceae Kashni Nasturtium officinale R. Br. Brassicaceae Tarmira Teucrium stocksianum Boiss. Lamiaceae Spairbotay Ziziphus nummularia (Burm. f.) Wight & Arn. Rhamnaceae Markanai Sageretia thea (Osbeck) M.C. Rhamnaceae Karawa The main aim of this traditional recipes study is to bring to the screen that which type of medicinal plants are used by the people of the valley.

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3.5 RESULTS ANTIMICROBIAL ACTIVITY In view of the above mentioned ethnobotanical study, 25 different plants were used for antimicrobial activity, collected from the unexplored study area. Out of the 25 species, 13 showed anti-microbial activity and 12 species showed no activitiy against bacteria. Table: 15 Plants used for Antimicrobial activities S/NO Plant Name Code # Part used Weight in gm Chemical used 01 Ranunculus hirtellus Royle R1 W.plant 200g Methanol 02 Ranunculus muricatus L. R2 W.plant 200g Methanol 03 Ranunculus sceleratus L. R8 W.plant 200g Methanol 04 Ranunculus arvensis L. R4 W.plant 200g Methanol 05 Ceratocephala falcata (L.) Pers. R5 W.plant 200g Methanol 06 Delpinium uncinatum Hk. f. & T. R6 W.plant 200g Methanol 07 Nigella Sativa L. R7 W.plant 200g Methanol 08 Adonis aestivalis L. R3 W.plant 200g Methanol 09 Aconitum heterophyllum Wall. Ex R9 W.plant 200g Methanol Royle 10 Pistacia chinensis Bunge ssp. R10 Bark 200g Methanol Integerrima (J.L.S) Rech. f. 11 Monotheca buxifolia (Falc.) A. DC. R11 Fruit 200g Methanol 12 Diospyros kaki L. R12 Bark 200g Methanol 13 Rumex hastatus L. R13 Leaves 200g Methanol 14 Helianthus annuus L. R14 Leaves 200g Methanol 15 Mentha longifolia L. R15 Leaves 200g Methanol 16 Solanum nigrum L. R16 Fruit 200g Methanol 17 Dodonaea viscosa L. R17 Leaves 200g Methanol 18 Cannabis sativa L. R18 Leaves 200g Methanol 19 Thymus vulgaris L. R19 W.plant 200g Methanol 20 Rosmarinus officinalis L. R20 Leaves 200g Methanol 21 Salvia officinalis L. R21 Leaves 200g Methanol 22 Ocimum basilicum L. R22 Leaves 200g Methanol 23 Achillea millefolium L. R23 Flower 200g Methanol 24 Punica granatum L. R24 Pericarp 200g Methanol 25 Polygonum plebjum R. Br. R25 w.plant 200g Methanol Note: R= Sample code W.Plant = Whole plant g = gram

257 CHAPTER 03 RESULTS

3.5.1 ANTIBACTERIAL ACTIVITY The antibacterial activities for the extracts obtained from the plants under study are shown in Tables: 16 to 21. Agar Well Diffusion Method was used to screen crude extracts for their antibacterial activity. Different types of bacterial strains such as Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Salmonella typhi, Bacillus subtilis and Bacillus cereus were used as test organisms. The test sample that contained antibacterial agent inhibited the growth of bacterial strains producing a zone of inhibition. i.e. observing a clear zone where the growth of bacteria did not occur. All these cultures were kept at 4°C prior to testing. They were sub cultured in liquid nutrient broth and incubated at 30°C for 18-24 hrs and then used for the screening. The result indicated in tables: 16-21, was that the crude extract of (R1, R2, R3, R4, R6, R8, R19, R20, R21, R22, R23 and R24) showed no activity while (R5, R7, R9, R10, R11, R12, R13, R14, R15, R16, R17,R18 and R25) showed good and significant activity (with 16-18 mm inhibition zone).

258 CHAPTER 03 RESULTS

Table: 16 Antibacterial activities of fractions (R1-R25) against Escherichia coli S.C CPE ZI S CC Z ISD R1 100 0.0±0.0 100 35.7± 2.2 R2 100 0.0±0.0 100 35.7± 2.2 R3 100 0.0±0.0 100 39.4± 1.2 R4 100 0.0±0.0 100 39.4± 1.2 R5 100 16.3± 3.2 100 30.3± 0.2 R6 100 0.0±0.0 100 31.2± 1.3 R7 100 17.0± 4.3 100 30.3± 0.2 R8 100 0.0±0.0 100 30.3± 0.1 R9 100 18.6± 5.2 100 30.3± 0.1 R10 100 26.3±0.5 100 36.1± 0.2 R11 100 30.1±0.5 100 36.1± 0.2 R12 100 27.8±0.5 100 36.1± 0.2 R13 100 25.4±0.3 100 39.8±0.3 R14 100 36.6±0.1 100 39.8±0.3 R15 100 26.1±0.5 100 39.8±0.3 R16 100 20.0±0.0 100 25±0.3 R17 100 18.6±1.1 100 25±0.3 R18 100 23.3±0.5 100 25±0.3 R19 100 0.0±0.0 100 36.1± 0.2 R20 100 0.0±0.0 100 36.1± 0.2 R21 100 0.0±0.0 100 36.1± 0.2 R22 100 0.0±0.0 100 36.1± 0.2 R23 100 0.0±0.0 100 36.1± 0.2 R24 100 0.0±0.0 100 36.1± 0.2 R25 100 20.3±0.2 100 36.1± 0.2 Note: 1. S.C= Sample code 2. CPE (Mg/ml) = Concentration of plant extract (Mg/ml) 3. ZIS = Zone of inhibition of sample (mm ±SE) 4. CC (Mg/ml) = Concentration of Ciprofloxacin (mg/ml) 5. ZISD = Zone of Inhibition of Std. Drug (ciprofloxacin) (mm) 6. SE = Standard error

259 CHAPTER 03 RESULTS

Table: 17 Antibacterial activities of fractions (R1-R25) against Bacillus subtilis S.C CPE ZI S CC Z ISD R1 100 0.0±0.0 100 35.7± 2.2 R2 100 0.0±0.0 100 35.7± 2.2 R3 100 0.0±0.0 100 39.4± 1.2 R4 100 0.0±0.0 100 39.4± 1.2 R5 100 16.11± 0.2 100 30.3± 0.2 R6 100 0.0±0.0 100 31.2± 1.3 R7 100 17.00± 0.3 100 30.3± 0.2 R8 100 0.0±0.0 100 30.3± 0.1 R9 100 15.01± 0.4 100 30.3± 0.1 R10 100 22.7±0.4 100 25.6± 0.3 R11 100 27.0±0.2 100 25.6± 0.3 R12 100 26.1±0.1 100 25.6± 0.3 R13 100 26.0±0.6 100 31.1±0.5 R14 100 21.0±0.2 100 31.1±0.5 R15 100 23.4±0.2 100 31.1±0.5 R16 100 0.0±0.0 100 0.0±0.0 R17 100 10.00±0.0 100 0.0±0.0 R18 100 13.66±0.2 100 0.0±0.0 R19 100 0.0±0.0 100 36.1± 0.2 R20 100 26.66±0.2 100 36.1± 0.2 R21 100 0.0±0.0 100 36.1± 0.2 R22 100 0.0±0.0 100 36.1± 0.2 R23 100 0.0±0.0 100 36.1± 0.2 R24 100 25.00±0.4 100 36.1± 0.2 R25 100 23.11±0.2 100 36.1± 0.2 Note: 1. S.C= Sample code 2. CPE (Mg/ml) = Concentration of plant extract (Mg/ml) 3. ZIS = Zone of inhibition of sample (mm ±SE) 4. CC (Mg/ml) = Concentration of Ciprofloxacin (mg/ml) 5. ZISD = Zone of Inhibition of Std. Drug (ciprofloxacin) (mm) 6. SE = Standard error

260 CHAPTER 03 RESULTS

Table: 18 Antibacterial activity of fractions (R1-R25) against Bacillus cereus S.C CPE ZI S CC Z ISD R1 100 0.0±0.0 100 35.7± 2.2 R2 100 0.0±0.0 100 35.7± 2.2 R3 100 0.0±0.0 100 39.4± 1.2 R4 100 0.0±0.0 100 39.4± 1.2 R5 100 17.11± 0.2 100 30.3± 0.2 R6 100 0.0±0.0 100 31.2± 1.3 R7 100 15.00± 0.3 100 30.3± 0.2 R8 100 0.0±0.0 100 30.3± 0.1 R9 100 16.01± 0.4 100 30.3± 0.1 R10 100 29.1±0.3 100 32.7± 0.3 R11 100 20.0±0.5 100 32.7± 0.3 R12 100 3001±0.2 100 32.7± 0.3 R13 100 20.3±0.4 100 26.1±0.4 R14 100 24.6±0.4 100 26.1±0.4 R15 100 25.0±0.4 100 26.1±0.4 R16 100 16.33±1.1 100 0.0±0.0 R17 100 15.66±0.3 100 0.0±0.0 R18 100 11.33±1.5 100 0.0±0.0 R19 100 0.0±0.0 100 36.1± 0.2 R20 100 0.0±0.0 100 36.1± 0.2 R21 100 0.0±0.0 100 36.1± 0.2 R22 100 0.0±0.0 100 36.1± 0.2 R23 100 0.0±0.0 100 36.1± 0.2 R24 100 26.00±0.4 100 36.1± 0.2 R25 100 20.00±0.0 100 36.1± 0.2 Note: 1. S.C= Sample code 2. CPE (Mg/ml) = Concentration of plant extract (Mg/ml) 3. ZIS = Zone of inhibition of sample (mm ±SE) 4. CC (Mg/ml) = Concentration of Ciprofloxacin (mg/ml) 5. ZISD = Zone of Inhibition of Std. Drug (ciprofloxacin) (mm) 6. SE = Standard error

261 CHAPTER 03 RESULTS

Table: 19 Antibacterial activity of fractions (R1-R25) against Staphylococcus aureus S.C CPE ZI S CC Z ISD R1 100 0.0±0.0 100 35.7± 2.2 R2 100 0.0±0.0 100 35.7± 2.2 R3 100 0.0±0.0 100 39.4± 1.2 R4 100 0.0±0.0 100 39.4± 1.2 R5 100 15.11± 0.2 100 30.3± 0.2 R6 100 0.0±0.0 100 31.2± 1.3 R7 100 16.00± 0.3 100 30.3± 0.2 R8 100 0.0±0.0 100 30.3± 0.1 R9 100 17.01± 0.4 100 30.3± 0.1 R10 100 20.0±0.3 100 20.1± 0.4 R11 100 25.3±0.1 100 20.1± 0.4 R12 100 31.3±0.1 100 20.1± 0.4 R13 100 21.3±0.4 100 26.1±0.4 R14 100 20.6±0.4 100 26.1±0.4 R15 100 23.0±0.4 100 26.1±0.4 R16 100 17.33±1.1 100 0.0±0.0 R17 100 16.66±0.3 100 0.0±0.0 R18 100 13.33±1.5 100 0.0±0.0 R19 100 0.0±0.0 100 36.1± 0.2 R20 100 0.0±0.0 100 36.1± 0.2 R21 100 0.0±0.0 100 36.1± 0.2 R22 100 0.0±0.0 100 36.1± 0.2 R23 100 0.0±0.0 100 36.1± 0.2 R24 100 22.00±0.4 100 36.1± 0.2 R25 100 26.00±0.0 100 36.1± 0.2 Note: 1. S.C= Sample code 2. CPE (Mg/ml) = Concentration of plant extract (Mg/ml) 3. ZIS = Zone of inhibition of sample (mm ±SE) 4. CC (Mg/ml) = Concentration of Ciprofloxacin (mg/ml) 5. ZISD = Zone of Inhibition of Std. Drug (ciprofloxacin) (mm) 6. SE = Standard error

262 CHAPTER 03 RESULTS

Table:20 Antibacterial activity of fractions (R1-R25) against Pseudomonas aeruginosa S.C CPE ZI S CC Z ISD R1 100 0.0±0.0 100 35.7± 2.2 R2 100 0.0±0.0 100 35.7± 2.2 R3 100 0.0±0.0 100 39.4± 1.2 R4 100 0.0±0.0 100 39.4± 1.2 R5 100 16.11± 0.2 100 30.3± 0.2 R6 100 0.0±0.0 100 31.2± 1.3 R7 100 16.00± 0.3 100 30.3± 0.2 R8 100 0.0±0.0 100 30.3± 0.1 R9 100 17.01± 0.4 100 30.3± 0.1 R10 100 16.1±0.2 100 23.7± 0.1 R11 100 24.3±0.1 100 23.7± 0.14 R12 100 19.1±0.3 100 23.7± 0.1 R13 100 24.3±0.5 100 32.4±0.1 R14 100 18.3±0.4 100 32.4±0.1 R15 100 17.3±0.1 100 32.4±0.1 R16 100 20.0±0.0 100 0.0±0.0 R17 100 17.66±0.8 100 0.0±0.0 R18 100 14.33±0.6 100 0.0±0.0 R19 100 22.0±0.0 100 36.1± 0.2 R20 100 0.0±0.0 100 36.1± 0.2 R21 100 0.0±0.0 100 36.1± 0.2 R22 100 24.0±0.0 100 36.1± 0.2 R23 100 0.0±0.0 100 36.1± 0.2 R24 100 23.00±0.4 100 36.1± 0.2 R25 100 14.00±0.0 100 36.1± 0.2 Note: 1. S.C= Sample code 2. CPE (Mg/ml) = Concentration of plant extract (Mg/ml) 3. ZIS = Zone of inhibition of sample (mm ±SE) 4. CC (Mg/ml) = Concentration of Ciprofloxacin (mg/ml) 5. ZISD = Zone of Inhibition of Std. Drug (ciprofloxacin) (mm) 6. SE = Standard error

263 CHAPTER 03 RESULTS

Table: 21 Antibacterial activity of fractions (R1-R25) against Salmonella typhi S.C CPE ZI S CC Z ISD R1 100 0.0±0.0 100 35.7± 2.2 R2 100 0.0±0.0 100 35.7± 2.2 R3 100 0.0±0.0 100 39.4± 1.2 R4 100 0.0±0.0 100 39.4± 1.2 R5 100 16.11± 0.2 100 30.3± 0.2 R6 100 0.0±0.0 100 31.2± 1.3 R7 100 16.00± 0.3 100 30.3± 0.2 R8 100 0.0±0.0 100 30.3± 0.1 R9 100 17.01± 0.4 100 30.3± 0.1 R10 100 14.9±0.5 100 24.3±0.3 R11 100 22.0±0.2 100 24.3±0.3 R12 100 17.4±0.4 100 24.3±0.3 R13 100 22.5±0.2 100 26.5±0.2 R14 100 20.3±0.3 100 26.5±0.2 R15 100 22.0±0.5 100 26.5±0.2 R16 100 16.66±1.1 100 0.0±0.0 R17 100 14.33±0.4 100 0.0±0.0 R18 100 24.0±0.3 100 0.0±0.0 R19 100 0.0±0.0 100 36.1± 0.2 R20 100 0.0±0.0 100 36.1± 0.2 R21 100 0.0±0.0 100 36.1± 0.2 R22 100 0.0±0.0 100 36.1± 0.2 R23 100 0.0±0.0 100 36.1± 0.2 R24 100 0.0.00±0.4 100 36.1± 0.2 R25 100 15.00±0.0 100 36.1± 0.2 Note: 1. S.C= Sample code 2. CPE (Mg/ml) = Concentration of plant extract (Mg/ml) 3. ZIS = Zone of inhibition of sample (mm ±SE) 4. CC (Mg/ml) = Concentration of Ciprofloxacin (mg/ml) 5. ZISD = Zone of Inhibition of Std. Drug (ciprofloxacin) (mm) 6. SE = Standard error

264 CHAPTER 03 RESULTS

PINACEAE

B. Name Pinus wallichiana A.B. Jackson Plate No:01 Voucher No: 40 PINACEAE PINACEAE

B. Name Pinus gerardiana Wall. ex. Lamb B. Name Picea smithiana (Wall.) Boiss. Plate No:02 Voucher No:28 Plate No:03 Voucher No:

265 CHAPTER 03 RESULTS

PINACEAE CUPRESSACEAE

B. Name Cedrus deodara (Roxb. ex D. Don) G. Don B. Name Juniperus excelsa M. Bieb Plate No:04 Voucher No:80 Plate No:05 Voucher No: 1004 HAMAMELIDACEAE OXALIDACEAE

B. Name Parrotiopsis jacquemontiana (Dcne.) Rehder B. Name Oxalis corniculata L. Plate No:06 Voucher No: 561 Plate No:07 Voucher No: 977

266 CHAPTER 03 RESULTS

THYMELAEACEAE

B. Name Daphne mucronata Royle Plate No:08 Voucher No: 967 MELIACEAE JUGLANDACEAE

B. Name Melia azedarach L. B. Name Juglans regia L. Plate No:09 Voucher No: 947 Plate No:10 Voucher No: 937

267 CHAPTER 03 RESULTS

APIACEAE APIACEAE

B. Name Angelica glauca Edgew. B. Name Pleurospermum candollei (DC.) Plate No:11 Voucher No: 907 Plate No:12 Voucher No:1007 APIACEAE APIACEAE

B. Name Bupleurum falcatum L B. Name Bupleurum longicaule Wall. Ex DC. Plate No:13 Voucher No: 996 Plate No:14 Voucher No: 887

268 CHAPTER 03 RESULTS

APIACEAE APIACEAE

B. Name Chaerophyllum reflexum Lindl. B. Name Coriandrum sativum L. Plate No:15 Voucher No: 566 Plate No:16 Voucher No: 567 APIACEAE APIACEAE

B. Name Pimpinella acuminata (Edgew.) B. Name Scandix pecten-veneris L. Plate No:17 Voucher No:926 Plate No:18 Voucher No:906

269 CHAPTER 03 RESULTS

APIACEAE APIACEAE

B. Name Torilis japonica (Houtt.) DC. B. Name Torilis leptophylla (L.) Reichb. f. Plate No:19 Voucher No:896 Plate No:20 Voucher No:570 APIACEAE APIACEAE

B. Name Eryngium coeruleum M-Bieb. Plate No:21 Voucher No:946

270 CHAPTER 03 RESULTS

LINACEAE

B. Name Reinwardtia trigyna (Roxb.) Planch. Plate No:22 Voucher No:972 PLANTANACEAE GROSSULARIACEAE

B. Name Platanus orientalis L. B. Name Ribes alpestre Decne. Plate No:23 Voucher No:964 Plate No:24 Voucher No:963

271 CHAPTER 03 RESULTS

GROSSULARIACEAE

B. Name Ribes orientale Desf. Plate No: 25 Voucher No: 578 HYPERICACEAE (GUTTIFERAE) HYPERICACEAE (GUTTIFERAE)

B. Name Hypericum dyeri Rehder B. Name Hypericum perforatum L. Plate No: 26 Voucher No: 934 Plate No:27 Voucher No: 824

272 CHAPTER 03 RESULTS

DATISCACEAE

B. Name Datisca cannabina L. Plate No:28 Voucher No:825 MIMOSACEAE MIMOSACEAE

B. Name Acacia modesta Wall. B. Name Acacia farnesiana (L.) Willd. Plate No:29 Voucher No:970 Plate No:30 Voucher No:577

273 CHAPTER 03 RESULTS

SAPINDACEAE CANNABACEAE

B. Name Dodonaea viscosa (L.) Jacq. B. Name Cannabis sativa L. Plate No: 31 Voucher No: 953 Plate No:32 Voucher No: 668 DIOSCOREACEAE CAESALPINIACEAE

B. Name Dioscorea deltoidea Wall. Ex Kunth B. Name Caesalpinia decapetala (Roth) Alston Plate No: 33 Voucher No: 884 Plate No: 34 Voucher No: 827

274 CHAPTER 03 RESULTS

BRASSICACEAE BRASSICACEAE

B. Name Alliaria petiolata (M.Bieb.) Cav.&Grande B. Name Arabidopsis himalaica (Edgew.) Schulz Plate No: 35 Voucher No: 505 Plate No: 36 Voucher No: 893 BRASSICACEAE BRASSICACEAE

B. Name Capsella bursa-pastoris (L.) Medik. B. Name Cardamine impatiens L. Plate No: 37 Voucher No: 504 Plate No: 38 Voucher No: 883

275 CHAPTER 03 RESULTS

BRASSICACEAE BRASSICACEAE

B. Name Cardamine loxostemonoides O.E. Schulz B. Name Coronopus didymus (L.) Smith Plate No: 39 Voucher No: 864 Plate No: 40 Voucher No: 941 BRASSICACEAE BRASSICACEAE

B. Name Isatis costata C. A. Mey. B. Name Lepidium pinnatifidum Ledeb. Plate No: 41 Voucher No: 983 Plate No: 42 Voucher No: 807

276 CHAPTER 03 RESULTS

BRASSICACEAE BRASSICACEAE

B. Name Nasturtium officinale R. Br. B. Name Sisymbrium irio L. Plate No: 43 Voucher No: 844 Plate No: 44 Voucher No: 982 BRASSICACEAE BRASSICACEAE

B. Name Thlaspi andersonii (H. & T.) Schulz B. Name Thalaspi cochleariforme DC. Plate No: 45 Voucher No: 742 Plate No: 46 Voucher No: 834

277 CHAPTER 03 RESULTS

BRASSICACEAE BRASSICACEAE

B. Name Thalaspi kotschyanum Boiss. & Hohen. B. Name Thalaspi perfoliatum L. Plate No: 47 Voucher No: 942 Plate No: 48 Voucher No: 920 PODOPHYLLACEAE

B. Name Podophyllum emodi Wall. Ex Royle Plate No: 49 Voucher No: 733

278 CHAPTER 03 RESULTS

BUDDLEJACEAE

B. Name Buddleja crispa Both Plate No: 50 Voucher No: 792 OLEACEAE

B. Name Olea ferruginea Royle Plate No: 51 Voucher No: 723

279 CHAPTER 03 RESULTS

OLEACEAE PAPAVERACEAE

B. Name Jasminum humile L. B. Name Papavar somniferum L. Plate No: 52 Voucher No: 171 Plate No: 53 Voucher No: 501 PAPAVERACEAE PAPAVERACEAE

B. Name Papaver dubium L. B. Name Papaver hybridum L. Plate No: 54 Voucher No: 761 Plate No: 55 Voucher No:1002

280 CHAPTER 03 RESULTS

PLANTAGINACEAE PLANTAGINACEAE

B. Name Plantago himalaica Pilger B. Name Plantago major L. Plate No: 56 Voucher No: 932 Plate No: 57 Voucher No: 713 PLANTAGINACEAE BUXACEAE

B. Name Plantago lanceolata L. B. Name Sarcococca saligna (D. Don) Muell.Arg. Plate No: 58 Voucher No: 833 Plate No: 59 Voucher No: 912

281 CHAPTER 03 RESULTS

ALISMATACEAE AMARANTHACEAE

B. Name Alisma plantago- aquatica Linn. B. Name Achyranthes bidentata Blume. Plate No: 60 Voucher No: 902 Plate No: 61 Voucher No: 823 AMARANTHACEAE AMARANTHACEA

B. Name Celosia argentea L. B. Name Amaranthus caudatus L. Plate No: 62 Voucher No: 882 Plate No: 63 Voucher No: 813

282 CHAPTER 03 RESULTS

FUMARIACEAE FUMARIACEAE

B. Name Corydalis govaniana Wall. B. Name Corydalis diphylla Wall. Plate No: 64 Voucher No: 684 Plate No: 65 Voucher No: 674 FUMARIACEAE ZYGOPHYLLACEAE

B. Name Fumaria indica (Hausskn.) Pugsley B. Name Tribulus terrestris L. Plate No: 66 Voucher No:872 Plate No: 67 Voucher No: 870

283 CHAPTER 03 RESULTS

VERBENACEAE

B. Name Verbena officinalis L. Plate No: 68 Voucher No: 714 LYTHRACEAE HIPPOCASTANACEAE

B. Name Woodfordia fruticosa (L.) S. Kurz B. Name Aesculus indica (Wall. ex Camb.) Hk. f. Plate No: 69 Voucher No: 675 Plate No: 70 Voucher No: 455

284 CHAPTER 03 RESULTS

ALLIACEAE

B. Name Allium humile Kunth Plate No:72 Voucher No: 793 COMMELINACEAE BERBERIDACEAE

B. Name Commelina benghalensis L. B. Name Berberis chitria Lindl. Plate No: 73 Voucher No: 794 Plate No: 74 Voucher No: 464

285 CHAPTER 03 RESULTS

BERBERIDACEAE BERBERIDACEAE

B. Name Berberis lycium Royle B. Name Berberis pseudumbellata Parker Plate No: 75 Voucher No: 683 Plate No: 76 Voucher No: 673 CORNACEAE MYRSINACEAE

B. Name Cornus macrophylla Wall. B. Name Myrsine africana L. Plate No: 77 Voucher No: 818 Plate No: 78 Voucher No: 846

286 CHAPTER 03 RESULTS

ACERACEAE DIPSACACEAE

B. Name Acer cappadocicum Gled. B. Name Scabiosa candollei DC. Plate No: 79 Voucher No: 463 Plate No: 80 Voucher No: 453 BETULACEAE BETULACEAE

B. Name Betula utilis D. Don. B. Name Alnus nitida (Spach) Endl. Plate No: 81 Voucher No: 731 Plate No: 82 Voucher No: 721

287 CHAPTER 03 RESULTS

FABACEAE FABACEAE

B. Name Desmodium elegans DC. B. Name Astragalus anisacanthus Boiss. Plate No: 83 Voucher No: 692 Plate No: 84 Voucher No: 434 FABACEAE FABACEAE

B. Name Astragalus pyrrhotrichus Boiss. B. Name Astragalus graveolens Buch.-Ham. ex Bth. Plate No: 85 Voucher No: 415 Plate No: 86 Voucher No: 695

288 CHAPTER 03 RESULTS

FABACEAE

B. Name Astragalus psilocentros Fisch. Plate No: 87 Voucher No: 425 FABACEAE FABACEAE

B. Name Indigofera heterantha Wall. Ex Brandis B. Name Indigofera heterantha Wall. Ex Brandis var. var. heterantha gerardiana (Wall. Ex Baker) Ali Plate No:88 Voucher No: 725 Plate No:89 Voucher No: 715

289 CHAPTER 03 RESULTS

FABACEAE FABACEAE

B. Name Lathyrus aphaca L. B. Name Lathyrus humilis (Ser.) Fischer ex Sperengel Plate No: 90 Voucher No: 424 Plate No:91 Voucher No: 862 FABACEAE

B. Name Medicago laciniat a (L.) Mill. Plate No: 93 Voucher No: 735

290 CHAPTER 03 RESULTS

FABACEAE FABACEAE

B. Name Medicago lupulina L. B. Name Medicago minima (L.) Grufb. Plate No: 94 Voucher No: 745 Plate No: 95 Voucher No: 755 FABACEAE FABACEAE

B. Name Medicago polymorpha L. B. Name Rubinia pseudoacacia L. Plate No: 96 Voucher No: 404 Plate No: 97 Voucher No: 850

291 CHAPTER 03 RESULTS

FABACEAE FABACEAE

B. Name Sophora mollis (Royle) Baker B. Name Crotolaria juncea L. Plate No: 98 Voucher No: 384 Plate No: 99 Voucher No: 395 FABACEAE FABACEAE

B. Name Trifolium repens L. B. Name Trifolium resupinatum L. Plate No: 100 Voucher No: 364 Plate No:101 Voucher No: 931

292 CHAPTER 03 RESULTS

FABACEAE FABACEAE

B. Name Vicia faba L. B. Name Trigonella foenum-graecum L. Plate No:102 Voucher No: 891 Plate No:103 Voucher No: 911 VALERIANACEAE VALERIANACEAE

B. Name Valeriana himalayana Grub. B. Name Valeriana jatamansi Jones Plate No:104 Voucher No: 383 Plate No:105 Voucher No: 334

293 CHAPTER 03 RESULTS

PUNICACEAE

B. Name Punica granatum L. Plate No:106 Voucher No: 342 FAGACEAE FAGACEAE

B. Name Quercus baloot Griffth B. Name Quercus dilatata Royle Plate No:107 Voucher No: 711 Plate No:108 Voucher No: 701

294 CHAPTER 03 RESULTS

FAGACEAE

B. Name Quercus incana Roxb. Plate No: 109 Voucher No: 681 SAXIFRAGACEAE SA XIFRAGACEAE

B. Name Bergenia stracheyi (Hk.f. & Thoms.) Engl B . Name Bergenia ciliata (Haw.) Sternb. Plate No:110 Voucher No: 471 Plate No:111 Voucher No: 353

295 CHAPTER 03 RESULTS

CELASTRACEAE

B. Name Maytenus royleanus (Wall. ex Lawson) Cuf. Plate No:112 Voucher No: 462 EBENACEAE EBENACEAE

B. Name Diospyros kaki L. B. Name Diospyros lotus L. Plate No: 113 Voucher No: 461 Plate No:114 Voucher No: 343

296 CHAPTER 03 RESULTS

ARACEAE ARACEAE

B. Name Arisaema flavum (Forsk.) Schott B. Name Arisaema jacquemontii Blume Plate No:115 Voucher No: 452 Plate No:116 Voucher No: 442 PAEONIACEAE COLCHICACEAE

B. Name Paeonia emodi Wall. ex Royle B. Name Colchicum luteum Baker Plate No:117 Voucher No: 412 Plate No:118 Voucher No: 678

297 CHAPTER 03 RESULTS

CONVOLVULACEAE MALVACEAE

B. Name Convolvulus arvensis L. B. Name Malva neglecta Wall. Plate No:119 Voucher No: 765 Plate No: 120 Voucher No: 155 AMARYLLIDACEAE URTICACEAE

B. Name Narcissus tazetta L. B. Name Urtica dioica L. Plate No:121 Voucher No:122 Plate No:122 Voucher No: 458

298 CHAPTER 03 RESULTS

POACEAE POACEAE

B. Name Avena fatua L. B. Name Arundo donax L. Plate No:123 Voucher No:243 Plate No:124 Voucher No:253 APOCYNACEAE

B. Name Nerium oleander L. Plate No:125 Voucher No:708

299 CHAPTER 03 RESULTS

GERANIACEAE

B. Name Geranium wallichia num D. Don ex Sweet Plate No:126 Voucher No:202 ASCLEPIADACEAE CUCURBITACEAE

B. Name Calotropis procera (Ait.) Ait. f. B. Name Cucurbita maxima Duch. ex Lam Plate No:127 Voucher No: 289 Plate No:128 Voucher No: 614

300 CHAPTER 03 RESULTS

SIMARUBACEAE

B. Name Ailanthus altissim a (Mill.) Swingle Plate No:129 Voucher No: 304 ORCHIDACEAE VIOLACEAE

B. Name Cypripedium cordigerum D. Don B. Name Viola canescens Wall. ex Roxb. Plate No:130 Voucher No: 372 Plate No:131 Voucher No: 795

301 CHAPTER 03 RESULTS

SOLANACEAE SOLANACEAE

B. Name Solanum nigrum L. B. Name Withania somnifera (L.) Dunal Plate No:132 Voucher No: 179 Plate No:133 Voucher No: 822 SOLANACEAE SOLANACEAE

B. Name Hyoscyamus niger L. B. Name Datura stramonium L. Plate No:134 Voucher No: 290 Plate No:135 Voucher No: 219

302 CHAPTER 03 RESULTS

ULMACEAE MORACEAE

B. Name Celtis caucasica Willd. B. Name Ficus palmata Forssk. Plate No:136 Voucher No: 404 Plate No:137 Voucher No: 391 MORACEAE MORACEAE

B. Name Morus nigra L. B. Name Broussonetia papyrifera (L.) L’Herit. ExVent. Plate No:138 Voucher No: 802 Plate No:139 Voucher No: 15

303 CHAPTER 03 RESULTS

EUPHORBIACEAE EUPHORBIACEAE

B. Name Euphorbia helioscopia L. B. Name Euphorbia peplus L Plate No:140 Voucher No: 756 Plate No: 141 Voucher No: 128 CAPRIFOLIACEAE CARYOPHYLLACEAE

B. Name Viburnum grandiflorum Wall. ex DC B. Name Silene conoidea L. Plate No:142 Voucher No: 821 Plate No:143 Voucher No: 138

304 CHAPTER 03 RESULTS

CARYOPHYLLACEAE ACANTHACEAE

B. Name Stellaria media (L.) Vill. B. Name Justicia adhatoda L. Plate No:144 Voucher No: 981 Plate No:145 Voucher No: 801 RUBIACEAE LAMIACEA E

B. Name Galium aparine L. B. Name Ajuga bracteosa Wall. ex Bth. Plate No: 146 Voucher No: 1000 Plate No:147 Voucher No: 308

305 CHAPTER 03 RESULTS

LAMIACEAE LAMIACEAE

B. Name Nepeta brachyantha Rech. F. & Edelb. B. Name Nepeta laevigata (D. Don) Hand.Mazz. Plate No:148 Voucher No:295 Plate No:149 Voucher No:285 LAMIACEAE LAMIACEA E

B. Name Phlomis bracteosa Royle ex Bth. B. Name Salvia moorcroftiana Wall. ex Bth. Plate No:150 Voucher No: 307 Plate No:151 Voucher No: 178

306 CHAPTER 03 RESULTS

LAMIACEAE LAMIACEAE

B. Name Mentha spicata L. B. Name Mentha longifolia (L.) L. Plate No:152 Voucher No: 697 Plate No:153 Voucher No: 707 LAMIACEAE

B. Name Lamium amplexicaule L. Plate No:154 Voucher No: 686

307 CHAPTER 03 RESULTS

RANUNCULACEAE RANUNCULACEAE

B. Name Aconitum laeve Royle B. Name Aconitum heterophyllum Wall. Plate No:155 Voucher No: 11 Plate No:156 Voucher No: 753 RANUNCULACEAE RANUNCULACEAE

B. Name Aconitum violaceum Jacq. ex Stapf B . Name Actaea spicata L. Plate No:157 Voucher No: 98 Plate No:158 Voucher No: 27

308 CHAPTER 03 RESULTS

RANUNCULACEAE RANUNCULACEAE

B. Name Adonis aestivalis L. B. Name Adonis dentatus L. Plate No:159 Voucher No: 66 Plate No:160 Voucher No: 507 RANUNCULACEAE RANUNCULACEAE

B. Name Anemone falconeri Thoms B. Name Anemone obtusiloba D.Don Plate No:161 Voucher No: 782 Plate No:162 Voucher No: 08

309 CHAPTER 03 RESULTS

RANUNCULACEAE RANUNCULACEAE

B. Name Consolida ambigua (L.) B. Name Ceratocephala falcata (L.) Pers. Plate No:163 Voucher No: 07 Plate No:164 Voucher No: 763 RANUNCULACEAE RANUNCUL ACEAE

B. Name Caltha alba Camb. B. Name Clematis grata Wall. Plate No:165 Voucher No: 752 Plate No:166 Voucher No: 894

310 CHAPTER 03 RESULTS

RANUNCULACEAE RANUNCULACEAE

B. Name Clematis graveolens Wall. B. Name Clematis orientalis (L.) Plate No:167 Voucher No: 510 Plate No:168 Voucher No: 904 RANUNCULACEAE RANUNCUL ACEAE

B. Name Clematis aspleniifolia Buch. B. Name Delphinium himalayai Munz. Plate No:169 Voucher No: 135 Plate No:170 Voucher No: 923

311 CHAPTER 03 RESULTS

RANUNCULACEAE RANUNCULACEAE

B. Name Delphinium uncinatum Hk. f. &T. B. Name Delphinium roylei Munz Plate No:171 Voucher No: 951 Plate No:172 Voucher No: 913 RANUNCULACEAE RANUNCUL ACEAE

B. Name Delphinium denudatum Munz B. Name Nigella sativa L. Plate No:173 Voucher No: 845 Plate No:174 Voucher No: 58

312 CHAPTER 03 RESULTS

RANUNCULACEAE RANUNCULACEAE

B. Name Ranunculus muricatus L. B. Name Ranunculus hirtellus Royle Plate No:175 Voucher No: 994 Plate No:176 Voucher No: 816 RANUNCULACEAE RANUNCULACEAE

B. Name Ranunculus laetus Wall. ex Hk. F. & Thoms B. Name Ranunculus pulchellus C.A Mey. Plate No:177 Voucher No: 865 Plate No:178 Voucher No: 914

313 CHAPTER 03 RESULTS

RANUNCULACEAE RANUNCULACEAE

B. Name Ranunculus sceleratus L. B. Name Ranunculus arvensis L. Plate No:179 Voucher No: 875 Plate No:180 Voucher No: 961 RANUNCULACEAE

B. Name Thalictrum foliolosum DC. Plate No:181 Voucher No: 826

314 CHAPTER 03 RESULTS

IRIDACEAE IRIDACEAE

B. Name Moraea sisyrinchium (L.) Ker Gawl. B . Name Iris hookeriana Foster Plate No:182 Voucher No:294 Plate No:183 Voucher No:274 CHENOPODIACEAE CHENOPODIACEAE

B. Name Chenopodium botrys L B. Name Chenopodium album L. Plate No:184 Voucher No:447 Plate No:185 Voucher No:467

315 CHAPTER 03 RESULTS

CHENOPODIACEAE

B. Name Chenopodium ambrosioides L. Plate No:186 Voucher No: 457 POLYGONACEAE PO LYGONACEAE

B. Name Rumex nepalensis Spreng. B. Name Bistorta amplexicaulis var. speciosa (M). Plate No: 187 Voucher No: 377 Plate No:188 Voucher No: 267

316 CHAPTER 03 RESULTS

POLYGONACEAE

B. Name Rumex hastatus D. Don Plate No:189 Voucher No: 407 POLYGONACEAE POLYGONACEAE

B. Name Rumex dentatus L. B. Name Polygonum plebjum R. Br. Plate No:190 Voucher No:397 Plate No:191 Voucher No:126

317 CHAPTER 03 RESULTS

ASTERACEAE ASTERACEAE

B. Name Scorzonera mollis M. Bieb. B. Name Conyza canadensis (L.) Corgn. Plate No:192 Voucher No: 245 Plate No:193 Voucher No:266 ASTERACEAE ASTERACEAE

B. Name Centaurea iberica Trev. ex Spreng. B. Name Taraxacum officinale Wigg. Plate No:194 Voucher No:306 Plate No:195 Voucher No:102

318 CHAPTER 03 RESULTS

ASTERACEAE ASTERACEAE

B. Name Calendula officinalis L. B. Name Sonchus oleraceus (L.) Hill Plate No:196 Voucher No:316 Plate No:197 Voucher No:156 ASTERACEAE ASTERACEAE

B. Name Sonchus asper (L.) Hill B. Name Carthamus oxyacantha M.B. Plate No:198 Voucher No:738 Plate No:199 Voucher No:764

319 CHAPTER 03 RESULTS

ASTERACEAE ASTERACEAE

B. Name Cousinia minuta Boiss. B. Name Cirsium falconeri (Hf. k.) Petrak) Plate No:200 Voucher No: 615 Plate No:201 Voucher No: 602 ASTERACEAE ASTERACEAE

B. Name Artemisia scoparia Waldst. & Kit. B. Name Artemisia vulgaris L. Plate No:202 Voucher No: 356 Plate No:203 Voucher No:366

320 CHAPTER 03 RESULTS

ASTERACEAE ASTERACEAE

B. Name Artemisia biennis Willd. B. Name Artimisia santolinifolia Turcz. Ex Krasch Plate No:204 Voucher No: 177 Plate No:205 Voucher No: 167 ASTERACEAE ASTERACEAE

B. Name Senecio chrysanthemoides DC B. Name Silybum marianum Gaertn. Plate No:206 Voucher No:225 Plate No:207 Voucher No:768

321 CHAPTER 03 RESULTS

ASTERACEAE ASTERACEAE

B. Name Xanthium strumarium L. B. Name Cichorium intybus L. Plate No: 208 Voucher No:786 Plate No:209 Voucher No: 296 ASPHODELACEAE

B. Name Asphodelus tenuifolius Cav. Plate No:210 Voucher No: 438

322 CHAPTER 03 RESULTS

HYACINTHACEAE

B. Name Scilla griffithii Hochr. Plate No:211 Voucher No: 924 LILIACEAE LILIACEAE

B. Name Asparagus gracilis Royle B. Name Gagea elegans Wall. ex Royle Plate No:212 Voucher No: 885 Plate No:213 Voucher No: 954

323 CHAPTER 03 RESULTS

LILIACEAE LILIACEAE

B. Name Notholirion thomsonianum (Royle) Stapf B. Name Gagea pseudoreticulata Vved. Plate No:214 Voucher No: 985 Plate No:215 Voucher No: 895 LILIACEAE LILIACEAE

B. Name Polygonatum verticillatum All. B. Name Polygonatum cirrhifolium (Wall.) Plate No:216 Voucher No: 1008 Plate No:217 Voucher No: 915

324 CHAPTER 03 RESULTS

LILIACEAE LILIACEAE

B. Name Trillium govanianum Wall. Ex Royle B. Name Tulipa clusiana DC. Plate No:218 Voucher No: 847 Plate No:219 Voucher No: 856 ROSACEAE ROSACEAE

B. Name Agrimonia eupatoria L. B. Name Cotoneaster microphyllus Wall. ex Lindl Plate No:220 Voucher No: 138 Plate No:221 Voucher No: 877

325 CHAPTER 03 RESULTS

ROSACEAE ROSACEAE

B. Name Duchesnea indica (Andr.) Focke B. Name Eriobotrya japonica (Thunb.) Lindley Plate No:222 Voucher No: 540 Plate No:223 Voucher No: 950 ROSACEAE ROSACEAE

B. Name Potentilla reptans L. B. Name Potentilla supine L. Plate No:224 Voucher No: 542 Plate No:225 Voucher No:989

326 CHAPTER 03 RESULTS

ROSACEAE ROSACEAE

B. Name Potentilla nepalensis Hk. B. Name Prunus armeniaca L. Plate No:226 Voucher No: 940 Plate No:227 Voucher No: 979 ROSACEAE ROSACEAE

B. Name Prunus cornuta (Wall. ex Royle) Steud. B. Name Prunus bokhariensis Royle ex C.K.Schn. Plate No:228 Voucher No: 545 Plate No:229 Voucher No: 969

327 CHAPTER 03 RESULTS

ROSACEAE ROSACEAE

B. Name Prunus jacquemontii Hk. f. B. Name Prunus persica (L.) Batsch. Plate No:230 Voucher No: 959 Plate No:231 Voucher No: 546 ROSACEAE ROSACEAE

B. Name Prunus prostrata Labill. B. Name Pyrus pashia Ham. ex D. Don Plate No:232 Voucher No: 919 Plate No:233 Voucher No:939

328 CHAPTER 03 RESULTS

ROSACEAE ROSACEAE

B. Name Rosa webbiana Wall. ex Royle B. Name Rubus ellipticus Smith Plate No:234 Voucher No: 889 Plate No:235 Voucher No: 869 ROSACEAE

B. Name Rubus niveus Thunb. non. Wall. Plate No:236 Voucher No: 849

329 CHAPTER 03 RESULTS

ROSACEAE ROSACEAE

B. Name Sibbaldia cuneata Kunze B. Name Sorbaria tomentosa (Lindl.) Rehdr Plate No:237 Voucher No: 998 Plate No:238 Voucher No: 552 ROSACEAE ROSACEAE

B. Name Malus pumila Mill. Plate No:239 Voucher No: 930

330 CHAPTER 03 RESULTS

ROSACEAE

B. Name Spiraea canescens D. Don Plate No:240 Voucher No: 968 SCOPHULARIACEAE SCOPHULARIACEAE

B. Name Pedicularis pectinata Wall. B. Name Kickxia ramosissima (Wall.) Plate No:241 Voucher No: 918 Plate No:242 Voucher No: 938

331 CHAPTER 03 RESULTS

SCOPHULARIACEAE SCOPHULARIACEAE

B. Name Verbascum thapsus L. B. Name Veronica persica Poir. Plate No:243 Voucher No: 559 Plate No:244 Voucher No: 560 SCOPHULARIACEAE SCOPHULARIACEAE

B. Name Wulfenia amherstiana Wall. ex Bth. B. Name Scrophularia nudata Penn Plate No:245 Voucher No: 137 Plate No:246 Voucher No: 898

332 CHAPTER 03 RESULTS

MYRTACEAE

B. Name Eucalyptus globulus Labill Plate No:247 Voucher No: 848

333 CHAPTER 04 DISCUSSION

4 DISCUSSION

Dir, Kohistan is a part of Pakistan floristically rich particularly in medicinal plants. About 6000 plant species of Angiosperms and Gymnosperms have been frequently reported from different climatic zones of the country (Nasir and Ali 1972). Among them 700 species with medicinal properties were estimated in the early expeditions conducted by Stewart (1967). The assessment of medicinal properties of plants in the early inventories was not attempted properly. However, interest in the ethnobotany was developed and a number of medicinal plants, with respect to their local uses were assessed primarily focused in northern areas (Shinwari et al., 2003). The present project is carried out in the categories of ethnobotany, Taxonomy, Plant Resources and anti-microbial activities, in order to fill the gapes left by the previous researchers.

The research area is mountainous, surrounded on all sides by the offshoots of Hindu Raj Range, a continuation of the western Himalayas. The mountains are steep on all sides that provide alpine, sub alpine and alpine meadows, in the valley. The valley provides small tributaries like streams and nallas which flow into river Panjkora.

Most of the people depend on agriculture, forest and mountain resources. They collect a lot of medicinal plants, fodder, fuelwood, and timber wood from the forests. Human existence grazing and cultivation exerts enormous stress on the vegetation and results in the environmental degradation. Some other causes included ignorance, poverty, joblessness and lack of scientific knowledge for collection of medicinal plants. Kohistan valley was Taxo-ethnobotanically unexplored, during the present study an attempt was made to document the indigenous knowledge of the people and ethnobotanically important plants. Such type of study is also conducted by Abbasi et al., (2010) who reported the important plant species for wound healing. Similarly Qureshi et al., (2005) presented the ethnobotanical uses of different medicinal plants. while Sultan and Saqib, (2005) also conducted an ethnobotanical survey in Swat areas, and attempted to sum up the preexisting ethnobotanical information. Similarly, Jan et al., (2011) by exploring the

334 CHAPTER 04 DISCUSSION

Dir Kohistan, collected 360 species of Angiosperm and Gymnosperms and just limited their study to ethnobotany. The present project/ research work is not limited to ethnobotany but also extended to Taxonomic study and antimicrobial activities. The area of Dir Kohistan was explored for the fist time, for this type of study. The data was collected the people of Kohistan valley, for the purpose to record the diverse knowledge regarding the ethnobotanically important plants of the area. The study revealed that plants are collected from the surrounding hills, planes and forests. The plants were tested for the treatment of different ailments. Some of these medicinal plants are sold to the local Hakims. Hakims prepare crud drugs and provide medication to the local population. The need of the medicinal plants increases with the increases in population of the area. The people of the area use the plants for various diseases are Abdominal pain, Tonic, Diarrhoea, Blood purifier, Expectorant, Antispasmodic, Emollient, Jaundice. These plants are also used as Fodder, Fuel wood, Timber , Agricultural tools, Constructions, Wild fruit, Pot herb, Furniture, Dry fruits , Miswak , Hedge plant, Dye, Fence, Soil binder, Stick/handle, Beverage, Poison, Graveyard things, Ink, Spice/flavoring agent, Packing/roping, Perfume , Cushion plant, Paper, Bead, Resin, Soil reclamation, Brooms, Snuff ash, Charcoal, Bee attractants, Granary/Basketry and Fishing checks.

Plant Resources of the Valley

In Dir Kohistan Valley, huge quantities of precious medicinal plants are wasted during collection and post collection processing. The local people are failing to maximize the return they could get on medicinal plant sale. Some of the reasons found during present study are:

• Unawareness of the locals peoples about proper collection of the desired plant parts.

• Use of plastic bags for plant collection for a long time, until they are fully rotton, instead of cheap equipments,

• Unavailability of the proper space for storing and drying of medicinal plants because most of the plants are collected by those families which have small and congested

335 CHAPTER 04 DISCUSSION

houses, with one to three rooms, where they live with their large families. These houses are even insufficient for them because of joint family systems.

• Suppliers, who collect the medicinal plants from local collectors, buy these medicinal plants at very cheaply rates/prices, which has a negative effect on the economic conditions of local collectors. As a result, the locals do not take proper care during plant collection and further processing. The collection of medicinal plants remains their additional business in addition to farming and wood cutting. It was observed that when females and children go to the forest for the collection fuel wood or for grazing live stock, they collect medicinal plants and make a bundle of it in their shawls, cotton or plastic bags.

• No economic analysis exists to date for the marketing chain from collection to consumption systems. It is also necessary to know that how much plant material is collected and how much quantity reaches to the market after passing through the whole process of refinement. This absence of the proper record of the quantity of these medicinal plants, may also be one of the reasons overexploitation of highly valuable and endangered medicinal plants. All the available data is related to quantities traded in markets at a specific time and their approximate values.

• During market survey, it was noticed that there was a monopoly of few persons in the whole market, at local as well as national level. While all the Pansara/Hakims shops sold these plants at smaller scale. It was also observed that, these big dealers bought items from the local people on a very low price and sold them at very high prices in national markets.

“Some recommendations were made, which may give aid to medicinal plants sustainability, better drug quality and more profit for the collector”.

• Local community should be trained regarding methods of collection, drying, identification and sustainable harvesting.

336 CHAPTER 04 DISCUSSION

• Plant collectors should be encouraged and educated, in order to increase their bargaining power, thus increasing their revenues from medicinal plants.

• The locals should be educated about the importance of medicinal plants in their socio economic conditions and ecosystem.

• There should be more coordination and cooperation among various agencies, such as govt. departments and pharmaceutical firms, pertinent to the utilization and regeneration of selected medicinal plants.

• Traditional manufactures of medicines and scientists should be encouraged to carry out research in the field of cultivation of medicinal plants.

• Cultivation of threatened medicinal plants should be encouraged in order to decrease pressure on these plants.

• Direct link between collectors and users should be established to secure higher level price.

Fodder species constitute a major component for ethnobotanical research. The availability of fodder in different forms and their consumption status was surveyed in the valley.

The existence and substantial use of these species is essential for future stability of livestock in the valley. Various conservation strategies such as rotatory grazing is needed for saving the vegetation.

Livestock keeping is one of the vital economic sources, forming an integral part of the traditional tribal community. It provides calories in the form of animal fats, milk, and its products and the essential proteins for the livelihood of the local people. It also yield earning through its trade and selling its products. The local people keep the cattles for milk and agricultural needs. And for this purpose, they have to depend on fodder availability. The fodder is obtained from filed boundaries of their farms/fields and also from within the field crops. It is also obtained from nearby hills owned by each person /

337 CHAPTER 04 DISCUSSION member of the community or the community forests. Each plot containing different types of grass species that are cut and brought for livestock. But those who have no share in the hills purchase grasses for their cattles. Large leaves and stems of grasses are preferred as compared to the small one.

Fodder is collected in large quantities from valley except in winter. Tree fodder is also used but it is less significant than herbaceous fodder. Fodder obtained from the area is used directly in the fresh state. The cattles prefer fresh grasses and herbs as compared to dried fodder, because they are more nutritious and also increase the milk capacity of the cattle. Arshad and Ahmad (2002), Ahmad et al., (2003), Hamayun (2003), Saqib and Sultan (2005), Hussain et al.,(2006), Iqbal and Hamayun (2008) also reported fodder species from different parts of Pakistan and they discussed their impact on the area.

For improvement of fodder situation in Dir Kohistan Valley, the following recommendations are suggested:

• Permanent pastures in the valley bottom should be improved for example Sheringal, Patrak, Lamoutai etc.

• Fodder crops should be introduced in the area on arable lands which would cause an important addition in fodder production for example Trifolium repens etc

All such measures for fodder improvement do not demand much investment but require some understanding and adaptation of appropriate management practices.

There are three major sources of energy, fuelwood, agricultural residues and livestock manure in Dir Kohistan Valley. As a matter of fact, these sources meet about 85 % the total domestic energy requirements. Fuelwood accounts for 80 % of the total fuel supply. It has been widely accepted that the production and conservation of forests considerably improves the environment. Its ruthless exploitation greatly damages the land and water resources of an area and strangles its aesthetic values, leading to total deforestation of the ecological landscape. Personal observation during field visit.

338 CHAPTER 04 DISCUSSION

The analysis of data revealed that 100 % of sampled households use fuel wood in various quantities to meet their domestic needs for cooking and heating. 35% of the sample units consume fuelwood along with other fuel sources such as kerosene oil, liquefied petroleum gas and wood waste, in various proportions. 40% use kerosene, 15 % use liquefied petroleum gas and 45 % use wood waste. The rest 65 % of the households use only fuelwood for domestic energy in the study area (Jan et al, 2008).

The average fuel wood consumption per household figured out to be 5.43 Kg per day. Against this, the consumption of kerosene was 0.76 Liter and Liquefied Petroleum Gas. was 0.06 cylinders per day, while waste wood consumption was about 0.23 Kg. per day per household. If we apply these results to the total population of the area taking 10 as mean household size of the sample population, the total fuel wood consumption for the population of Dir Kohistan Valley 20818568.45 kg per annum. In addition to this the people need about 3268488.22 Liters kerosene, 263874.66 cylinders Liquefied Petroleum Gas. and 1181668.33 Kg of wood waste to meet their total energy needs. The total cost on fuel consumption is Rs: 2722.5 per capita per annum. If we apply these results to the total population of the area, the total cost on fuel consumption for the whole population would be Rs: 341777356.7/-per annum in the study area (Jan et al, 2010).

Due to this indiscriminate cutting, not only the forest area is declining but valuable indigenous species are in danger and if this trend continues, the ultimate result would be the extinction of these species from the area. For relieving pressure on fuel wood species, following recommendations are suggested.

• Natural gas should be introduced as an alternate fuel source in the area. If the provision of natural gas is not possible, then liquid petroleum gas (L.P.G.) cylinders can be used as an alternate source. However, the prices should be kept in the reach of locals.

• Introduction of fuel efficient stoves will also helpful in reducing pressure on forests for fuel wood requirements.

339 CHAPTER 04 DISCUSSION

• The people of the area are ignorant about the importance of biodiversity and conservation status of the area. They also show poor selection of fuel wood species. As a result valuable indigenous flora is used as fuel wood species. Awareness programs at grass root level should be introduces in the area to solve the problem.

• The study area is a vast area. A-forestation projects should be launched in this area. on cultivated waste lands. These projects will not only help in conserving the local flora, but also improve the socio-economic conditions of the area.

• It is also suggested that the old trees may be replaced with new plants. As most of the world forests had been destroyed due to the fact that old trees were not replaced by the young ones.

Biological Activity

The results representing antibacterial activity of Methanol extract of different plant species is presented in Table: 15. The highest activity of plant extract was 18mm diameter of zone inhibition and the lowest 1-9 mm presented in Table: 16-21.

This study shows that some medicinal plants may indeed be potential sources of new antibacterial agents even against some antibiotic-resistant strains. Using the disk diffusion method in this study, it was observed that extracts of Aconitum heterophyllum, Cannabis sativa , Ceratocephala falcata, Nigella sativa, Pistacia chinensis, Monotheca buxifolia, Diospyros kaki, Rumex hastatus, Helianthus annuus, Mentha longifolia, Solanum nigrum, Dodonaea viscose and Polygonum plebjum produce antibacterial activity against both gram negative and Gram positive bacterial pathogens. Similarly the plant species like Ranunculus hirtellus, Ranunculus muricatus, Ranunculus sceleratus, Ranunculus arvensis, Delphinium uncinatum, Adonis aestivalis, Salvia officinalis, Ocimum basilicum, Achillea millefolium Rosmarinus officinalis, , Thymus vulgaris and Punica granatum, shows no activity against any type of bacteria. The crude methanol extract and subsequent fractions of the above 25 species of Medicinal plants were screened for antibacterial activities. Against tested pathogens, crude extract and subsequent fractions demonstrated moderate to excellent antibacterial

340 CHAPTER 04 DISCUSSION activities. Agar Well Diffusion Method was used to screen crude extracts for their antibacterial activity. Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Salmonella typhi, Bacillus subtilis and Bacillus cereus were used as test organisms. The test sample that contained antibacterial agent inhibited the growth of bacterial stains (purchase from market) producing a zone of inhibition. i.e. observing a clear zone where the growth of bacteria had not occurred. All these cultures are kept at 4°C prior to testing they were sub-cultured in liquid nutrient broth and incubated at 30°C for 18-24 hrs and then used for the screening. The results indicated (Tables 16 to 21), that the crude extract of (R1, R2, R3, R4, R6, R8, R19, R20, R21, R22, R23 and R24) showed no activity and (R5, R7, R9, R10, R11, R12, R13, R14, R15, R16, R17, R18 and R25) good and significant activity (with 16-18 mm inhibition zone).

341 CHAPTER 04 DISCUSSION

4.1 CONCLUSION

This study concluded that even though the accessibility of Western medicine for simple and complicated diseases is available. Many people in the studied area of Dir kohistan still continue to depend on medicinal plants, at least for the treatment of some simple diseases such as cough cold, fever, bites, headache, skin diseases and tooth infections. The experts of medicinal plants (Hakims) have good interactions with patients and this would improve the quality of healthcare. Today traditional system of treatment was very old. Due to lack of interest among the younger generation as well as their tendency to migrate to cities for beneficial jobs, there is a possibility of losing this wealth of knowledge in the near future. It is necessary to get hold of and preserve this traditional system of medicine by proper documentation and identification of specimens.

The present project, results offer a scientific basis for the traditional use of medicinal plants. However, further studies on these medicinal plants are necessary to determine their active constituents. The antibacterial activities may be enhanced if active components of these plants are purified. This may be the first preliminary report on the anti-microbial activity of these medicinal plants.

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361 APPENDIX-I QUESTIONNAIRE

ETHNOBOTANICAL AND HOUSEHOLD CONSUMPTION SURVEY OF PLANTS IN DIR KOHISTAN, DISTRICT DIR UPPER

Questionnaire No: ______Date: ______Locality: ______General Information Name: ______Age: ______Gender: ______Occupation: ______Education:______a. Matric b. FA/FSc. c. BA/BSc d. MA/MSc e. Illiterate f. Other Ethnobotanical Uses: Local Name of plant: ______Botanical Name: ______Growing /Flowering seasons: ______Fruiting seasons:______Used for Ailment or other: ______Totally depends for herbal medicines: Yes No If yes, self collected: Yes No If No, buy from: Market or Hakims Plants collected by: Men Women Child Part used: Root, Rhizome, Bark, Stem, Leaves, Flower, Fruit, Seed, Whole plant Major Component/ Constituents: ______Fodder plants available: ______Fodder collector: ______Daily Visit: ______Duration: ______Grass plot size: ______Price: ______No. of grass species: ______Fodder collection Areas: ______Grazing sites: Protected: ______Non protected: ______Season wise_____

362 Fodder available: Spring _____ Summer______Autumn____ Winter______Livestock present: Cow__ Buffaloes____ Goat__Sheep__Horses___Others______Education level of the household head______Occupation of the household head______Highest education of a members______Household size including servants______Adults______Minor______Total______Main source of income of the household______1. Earning members relation with household head______Occupation______Monthly income______2. Average monthly income from agriculture. Land holding size______Production ______Price______Net income______3. Average monthly income from livestock Species______No______Milk production______Incom______Meat production ______Incom______4. Average monthly income from orchard: Fruit type______Quantity______Incom______5. Average income from forest trees: Type______Area______Total No______Quantity______Incom______6. Total income from all above______7. Income status High______Medium______Low______8. Main fuel type used for: Mode of use______Fuel type______Source______9. Fuel wood______Purchase______collect______10. Average monthly fuel requirements in summer: Fuel type______Quantity______Approx.cost______11. Average monthly fuel requirements in winter______Fuel type______Quantity______Approx.cost______12. Favorite fuel wood species ______13. Do you familiar with the medicinal plants present in this area? Yes No

363 14. Do you use the medicinal plants? Yes No 15. If yes, from where you collect these plants? a. Forest b. Pasture c. Farmland d. Any other (Please specify)______16. Do you collect medicinal plants by your self or buy them? a. Buy b. Collect myself c. Sometime collect & some time buy 17. For what purposes you use these plants mostly? a. For Domestic b. For Commercial c. For both 18. People involve in collection: a. Men b. Women c. Children 19. Which is best season for the collection of medicinal plants? a. Summer b. Winter c. Spring d. Autumn e. Monsoon 20. Number of Hakim/venders in the village: ______21. Dispensaries/hospitals in village______22. Is there is any market in the village or in city for the marketing of medicinal plants? Yes No 23. The plants on which you are dependent are: - a. Increased b. Decreased

364 24. Name of plants that are used for the cure of disease at your own or vise versa Plant Disease Part use Method of use

25. Plants sell for Medicinal uses Plant To whom you Quantity/Kg, Rates Rs./Kg or others sell other units

26. From where you mostly collect these plants? a. Forest/pastures______

365