A NEW WESTERN ATLANTIC SPEARFISH, PFLUEGER!, \VITH A REDESCRIPTION OF THE MEDITERRANEAN SPEARFISH TETRAPTURUS BELONE1

C. RICHARD ROBINS AND DONALD P. DE SYLVA Institute of Marine Science, University of Miami

ABSTRACT Examination of specimens of Tetrapturus be/one Rafinesque from the type locality in the region of Sicily in the Mediterranean Sea permits the redefinition of this . Specimens from the western North Atlantic previously described and attributed to belone diverge decisively in several features, notably the number of dorsal spines and the lengths of the pectoral fin and bill. This western Atlantic form is diagnosed as a new species, Tetrapturus pfluegeri. The two species are contrasted and synony- mies are provided for each.

INTRODUCTION AND ACKNOWLEDGMENTS The recent description of Tetrapturus be/one based on western North Atlantic material (Robins and de Sylva, 1961) assumed the specific identity of Mediterranean and western Atlantic populations. After several efforts failed to obtain material from the Mediterranean Sea, the western Atlantic population was provisionally assigned to T. belone Rafinesque. Tn ] 960 and 1961 Col. John K. Howard, Research Associate of The Marine Laboratory, visited Mediterranean countries in an attempt to obtain speci- mens, particularly from Sicily, the type locality of T. belone. In 1961, ninety-five istiophorids were obtained from the Atlantic coast of southern Portugal and Spain (an additioml specimen was obtained from the Atlantic coast of southern Spain in 1960), the environs of the Straits of Gibraltar, and Sicily. Of them, thirty-five specimens from Sicily proved to be T. be/one. The other specimens have been reported on in part by Rodriguez- Roda and Howard (1962), and will be discussed more fully later. About the same time a juvenile was obtained at Malta and shipped to Miami. The senior author flew to Sicily to study this material, which represents a species distinct from that in the western Atlantic. He also examined the material in Spain and Portu~al and will report on this later. The Mediter- ranean spearfish is here redescribed, the of the western Atlantic is formally named and the two are compared. This paper should be used in conjunction with that by Robins and de Sylva (1961). Names of many who have aided the program of The Marine Laboratory and who were previously acknowledged by Robins and de Sylva (1961: 384-385) are omitted here. Col. John K. Howard made pos- sible this study with his preliminary work in the various seaports, in con-

IContribution No. 455 from The Marine Laboratory, Institute of Marine Science. Univer- sity of Miami. Publication of this paper was supported by the AI Pflueger Memorial Fund. 1963] Robins and de Sylva: Spearfishes New and Old 85 tacting fishermen and fisheries biologists, and in arranging for the collecting and purchase of the fish and their transport to freezers and subsequent storage. Those most responsible for the success at Sicily are: Dott. lng. Leopoldo Rodriques, Jr. (Rodriquez Shipyard, Messina), Capt. Simone Arena (Ganzirri), Capt. Santo Freni (Torre Faro), and Dr. Vito Fodera, Dr. Raimondo Sara, Commandante Carlo Niutta, Mr. Francesco Li Greci, and Mr. Pasquale Arena (all of the Centro Sperimentale Regione Siciliana per L'lndustria della Pesca e dei Prodotti del Mare, Palermo and Messina). Officers and personnel of the Frigor Sicula at Partanna, Mondello, were most helpful to the senior author and to Col. Howard. Special thanks are due to the late Robert E. Maytag, whose generous support of ichthyological research at the Institute of Marinc Sciencc made possible thc trip by the senior author to Europe and the purchase of many of the fish. William P. Davis and William N. Eschmeyer assisted preparation of tabular material, processing of data, and examination of specimens of T. pfluegeri. The late Al Pflueger, Miami taxidermist, and Joseph T. Reese, taxi- dermist at Fort Lauderdale, again made available specimens for study. Their cooperation in this and many other projects is greatly appreciated. We are also indebted to Col. John K. Howard for advice concerning the manuscript. The support of the National Science Foundation through Grant G-23745 is gratefully acknowledged by the junior author.

ERRATAFOR 1961 PAPER A few emendations in the paper by Robins and de Sylva (1961) arc necessary. 1. P. 399: In the addendum, specimen 21 should be listed as 21a and data associated with this specimen are reported below in Tables 1 and 2 under 21a. 2. P. 389, line 4 from bottom: "Fig. 2a, b" should read "Fig. 3a, b." 3. P. 389, last line: "anal profile" should read "ventral profile." 4. P. 396, line 17: "Fig. 2a" should read "Fig. 3a." 5. P. 397: Xiphias imperator has indeed persisted in the literature longer than it deserved but it was not used by Lozano y Rey (1952). It has been used as recently as 1948 (by Breder) in the combination Tetrapterus rsic] imperator. 6. P. 405, line 14: "larger" should read "large." 7. P. 406, the authors did not intend to sanction the use of Istiompax and at the subgeneric level. 8. P. 407, line 1: "twenty-two" should read "twenty-five." 86 Bulletin of Marine Science of the Gulf and Caribbean [13(1) Tetrapturus pfluegeri, new species Longbill Spearfish Figs. 1-2, Tables 1-2, 5-7 Tetrapturus belone; LaMonte, 1955: 326 (in part; reference to Florida only). Hoese, 1958: 341 (compiled; Texas).-Migdalski, 1958: 70 (Puerto Rico and Florida; lower figure opposite p. 100 except for fish at upper right) .-Robins and de Sylva, 1961 (in part; diagnosis, de- scription and data on helone in Tables 1-3, and Figs. 1, 2, 3b, 4 entirely referable to pfluegeri; those items in synonymy which are based solely on Mediterranean specimens or accounts and discussion based on photographs of Mediterranean specimens are not referable to pfluegeri) .-Tortonese, 1962: 8-9 (in part; information referring to Florida only) .-Cavaliere, 1962: 171 (in part; reference to western Atlantic material reported by Robins and de Sylva, 1961). Young Makaira: LaMonte, 1955: 346-347 (fish taken in "Spring of 1939 half-way between Bimini, Bahamas and Miami, Florida"). Spearfish, Swann, 1957: 15, 28 (photograph of specimen captured off Port Aransas, Texas; subsequently reported on by Springer and Hoese [1958] as Tetrapterus helone [?] and listed by Hoese [1958] as Tetrapturus he/one). Tetrapterus belone; Robins, 1958: 16 (in part, Florida only). Tetrapterus helone (?): Springer and Hoese, 1958: 345-346 (Port Aransas, Texas; measurements, counts, coloration). Tetrapturus he/oni [sic]: Briggs, 1958: 287 (listed from Florida; distri- bution, habitat). Tetrapterus Robins, 1958: 17 (southeastern Florida). Erdman and Roman, 1959: fig. on p. 117 (Puerto Rico). Tetrapturus sp., Migdalski, 1958: 70-71, lower fig. opposite p. 100, ex- cept for fish in upper right (Florida and Texas). Diagnosis.-First dorsal elements 45-53 (usually 46-50), second dorsal elements 6-7 (usually 6), first anal elements 12-16 (usually 14), second anal elements 6-7 (usually 7), pectoral rays 18-20 (usually 19); second anal elements usually one more than second dorsal elements. Vertebrae 24 (12 precaudal, 12 caudal). Anus far anterior to anal-fin origin, distance 8.4-11 per cent body length (tip of lower jaw to fork of tail) and usually greater than the anterior height of first anal fin. First dorsal fin unspotted and with high profile, especially in juveniles, its 25th element varying from 17 per cent of body length (at 914 mm body length) to 7.7 per cent of body length (at 1790 mm body length). Pectoral fin becoming propor- tionally longer with growth of fish (12-13 per cent of body length at 914 mm to 20-22 per cent at 1460 mm or larger). Dorsal profile straight from origin of first dorsal-fin to a point in front of eyes. Bill long, the distance from the tip of the upper jaw to the anterior margin of the eye 27-19 per cent of body length, the lower figures characterizing the larger specimens (bill growth is negatively allometric). More complete descriptive data are provided by Robins and de Sylva 1963] Robins and de Sylva: Spearfishes New and Old 87

FIGURE I. Tetraptllrlls pf/llegeri, female, 1807 mm body length, taken off North Miami Beach, Florida (spec. 35). Photograph courtesy of Doris M. Barnes.

(1961: 389-398) and in Tables 1-2 below, which provide supplementary data on specimens seen since preparation of the earlier paper. Frequency distributions of fin-ray counts are presented in Table 5. Name.- The 10ngbill spearfish is dedicated to the memory of Albert Pflueger, Sr., Miami taxidermist, who was a ready source of valued in- formation and who first called to our attention the presence of a spearfish in western Atlantic waters. Many specimens reported on by Robins and de Sylva (1961) and in this paper were studied at Mr. Pflueger's shop. Some gifts of specimens to us by anglers were arranged by Mr. Pflueger. Range.-T. pfluegeri is known with certainty only from the western North Atlantic where it occurs from off southern New Jersey to Venezuela and from Texas to Puerto Rico. The map presented by Robins and de Sylva ( ] 96]: Fig. 4) has not been changed substantially by the additional ma- terial listed below. Material examined.-For data on specimens 1 through 23 see Robins and de Sylva (1961: 398-399). See also correction 1 above. Unless otherwise stated the specimens were not kept, although in some instances mounts may be in possession of the anglers. Spec. 24: 1650 mm, 40 Ibs., off Palm Beach, Florida, Dec. 26, 1960, caught by Miller Haugh.

FIGURE2. Tetraplllrlls pf/llegeri, juvenile, 368 mm body length, taken off Fort Lauderdale, Florida (spec. 31). Drawing by Donald P. de Sylva. 88 Bulletin of Marine Science of the Gulf and Caribbean [13(1) Spec. 25: approximately 6 feet (total length ?), sex ?, off San Juan, Puerto Rico, Aug. 19, 1960, caught by Nicholas Stern. Spec. 26: 1770 mm, male, Tongue-of-the-Ocean, off Fresh Creek, Andros Island, Bahamas, Feb. 6, 1961, caught by William Entenmann. Spec. 27: 777 mm, male, off Marathon, Florida, April 6, 1961, caught by George E. Vonnah. Spec. 28: 169'0 mm, sex 7, 9 miles off Miami, Florida, May 21, 1961, caught by R. Whitehouse. Spec. 29: 1550 mm, sex 7, off San Juan, Puerto Rico, Sept. 29, 1961, caught by David Rodriguez. Spec. 30: 1405 mm, male, just off Hollywood Beach Hotel, Hollywood, Florida, Nov. 17, 1961, caught by Jack Christiansen. Spec. 31: 368 mm, sex 7, UMML 11095, off Fort Lauderdale, Florida, from stomach of Makaira nigricans, April 1, 1962, Capt. George Vaughan (Fig. 2; x-rayon file). Spec. 33: 249 mm, sex 7, off Miami Beach, Florida, June 26, 1962, caught by Frank Foree, Ir. Spec. 34: 68 inches total length, wt. 11 lbs., sex 7, 1 mile offshore and 1 mile North of Port Everglades, Broward Co., Florida, June 23, 1961, caught off KINGFISHERIV (data from Joseph T. Reese). Spec. 35: 1807 mm, 54 Ibs., female, off North Miami Beach, Florida, Oct. 8, 1962, caught by John Best (Fig. 1). Spec. 36: 1305 mm (specimen in sections), 17 lbs., several oz., at 40-fm. line ca. 62-65 miles on 130° course from Great Egg Inlet, New Jersey, Sept. 12, 1962, caught by Herbert K. Clofine. Data and photograph were received from J. Carroll Atkinson through Mr. Henry Fowler and Dr. James E. Bohlke, Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia. Type designations.-HOLOTYPE.-UMML 2231, (spec. 5), an adult, 1530 mm, caught by R. E. Maytag off San Juan, Puerto Rico, October 1, 1957, photo, (this specimen will be transferred to the United States Na- tional Museum). PARATYPES.-UMML 5955, an adult, 1790 mm, caught by M. A. Madden on June 1, 1958, East of Miami Beach. Florida, photo (spec. 15). UMML 2230, a juvenile, 914 mm, caught off Palm Beach, Florida, March 23, 1958, photo (spec.7). UMML 5956, an adult, ] 665 mm, caught 1.5 miles off Hillsboro Light, late December, 1957, or early January, 1958 (spec. 8). UMML 3484 (skeleton only) 1482 mm, caught off Miami, Florida, August 14, 1957, by S. Bergman, photo (spec. 4). Spec. 21a, 1740 mm, female, lat. 12°38'N. long. 69°17'W, M/V OREGONstation 2764, Apdll0, 1960 (specimen at the American Museum of Natural History). Spec. 22, 1620 mm, female, lat. 12°36'N, long. 63°40'W, M/V OREGONstation 2768, April 14, 1960 (specimen at the American Museum of Natural History). UMML 11095, juvenile, 368 mm (spec. 31), see data listed above and Figure 2. 1963] Robins and de Sylva: Spearfishes New and Old 89 Morphometric data for the holotype and each para type are recorded under their specimen numbers by Robins and de Sylva (1961: Tables 2-3) except for 21a and 22. Data for these specimens are provided in Tables 1-2 in this paper. Meristic data for the holotype are indicated by an asterisk (*) in Table 5. Tetrapturus belone Rafinesque Mediterranean Spearfish Figs. 3-5, Tables 3-7. Tetrapturus belone Rafinesque, 1810: 54-55, Fig. 1 (original description; type locality: Sicily) .-Cuvier, 1829: 201 (redescription, distribu- tion) .-Valenciennes, 1831: 280-286, PIs. 227-228 (description of specimen from Messina).-Costa, 1850: 10 (Taranto, 1837). Gulia, 1861: 12 (compiled).-BarceI6 y Combis, 1868: 388 (Mallorca, rare).-Gulia, 1871 (Malta).-Canestrini, 1872: 12 (Taranto, rare: Scheponopodus typus Nardo synonymized).-Liitken, 1876b: 1-21 (compared).-Trois, 1880: 643-645 (description of vertebral column and comparison with Xiphias).-Goode, 1883: 296, 306-307, 347 (1'. imperator lSchneiderJ has priority over T. belone Rafinesque; synonymy, distribution, size, food habits).-Goode, 1884: 337 (distri- bution) .-Cocco, 1884: 37 (Messina) .-Kolombatovic, 1886 (Split). -Carus, 1889-1893: 676 (description, distribution in Mediterranean, synonymy).-Lo Bianco, 1903: 127, 166, 238 (two larvae taken near Capri, off Punta Campanella). - Lo Bianco, 1909: 755 (compiled).-Ninni, 1912: 271 (Venice).-Jordan and Evermann, 1926: 30-31 (distribution lMediterraneanJ, description, measure- ments, counts, size, synonymy) .-De Buen 1935: 101 (in part, com- piled) .-Tortonese, 1940: 173-178 (comparisons) .-LaMonte and Marcy, 1941: 21-22, fig. (reproduction of Rafinesque's original draw- ing; systematics and relations; considered as possibly a young specimen of Makaira).-Soljan, 1948: 376,389 (Adriatic Sea; synonymy).- Tortonese and Trotti, 1949: 134 (Ligurian Sea; discussion, synonymy, habitat, specimen deposited in Genoa Museum). Sparta, 1953: 58- 62, pI. (eggs and larvae from Straits of Messina; adults are caught off Messina in August and September).-LaMonte, 1955: 325-326 (in part; references to Florida based on pfluegeri, those from the Pacific on angustirostris, those from northern France are uncertain but not helone).-Albuquerque, 1956: 855, Fig. 360 (listed from without basis [see comments below under Range]; counts, descrip- tion).-Padoa, 1956: 513-516, pI. 36 (in part, reference to adults from Gulf of Naples, larvae from Capri, probably T. belone). -Migdal ski, 1958: 70 (only the reference to the Mediterranean region) .-Robins and de Sylva, 1961 (in part; Fig. 3a and that por- tion of p. 396 dealing with fish from off Split, Yugoslavia) .-Torton- ese, 196]: 80 (discussion of relationships).-Sparta, 1961 (descrip- tion of two postlarvae from the Straits of Messina).- Tortonese, 1962: 8-9, Fig. 3 (all information based on Mediterranean material -information referring to Florida based on T. pfluegeri). Cavaliere, 1962 (data based principally on a juvenile and adult from the Straits of Messina with comments on biology and the fishery). 90 Bulletin of Marine Science of the Gulf and Caribbean I J 3(1) Skeponopodus Nardo, 1832: 99 (original description, no species in- cluded). Skeponopodus Iypus Nardo 1834: 416-419 (description; type locality: Adriatic Sea).-Bonaparte, 1846: 80 (S. typus a synonym of Tet- raplerurus [sic] be/one) .-Canestrini, 1872: 112 (a synonym of Tetrapturus be/one Rafinesque). Telraplerurus be/one: Bonaparte, ] 84]: 19 (emended spelling; compared with Xiphias).-Bonaparte, 1846: 80 (listed; Skeponopodus lypllS Nardo a synonym).-Nardo, 1847: 461-463 (description, compari- sons, synonymy). Telraplerus be/one: Agassiz, 1843: 7, 89-90, Table E (description of skeleton, figured) .-Canestrini, 1861b: 263 (listed from Taranto).- Desbrosses, 1938: 48-58, PI. 1, upper figure only (in part; listed from Mediterranean; compared with other species) .-LaMonte, ]946: 32-34 (distribution, color, size, characters) .-Robins, 1958: 16 (in part; Mediterranean) .-De Buen, ]95 8: ]9 (Telrapterus Isic] re- ferred to synonymy of Makaira but combination M. belone not used). Telrap/urus he/one: Verany, 1847: 492-494 (Camogli; misprint for Tel- raplurus?) Hisliophorlls be/one: GUnther, 1860: 5 I3 (listed from Mediterranean: synonymy, description, color, counts, discussion of species) .-Gig- liogli, 1880 (listed from Palermo) .-Parona, 1898: 368 (rare or accidental in Ligurian Sea; T. /essonae Canestrini placed in synonymy in error). Scheponopodus prototypus Canestrini, 1872: 112 (variation in spelling; description) .-Carus, 1889-1893: 676 (a synonym of Tetrapturus be/one Rafinesq ue) . Histiophorus (Tetrapturus) he/one: Liitken, 1876a: 60-63, PI. 3 (com- pared with other species; differences in rostrum and dorsal fin of Tel- raplurus and Histiophorus do not warrant generic distinction: Tet- rapturus a subgenus of Histiophorus). Tetrapturus imperator: Goode, 1882: 417-418 and 1883: 296,306-307, 347 (in part; T. belone erroneously placed in synonymy of imperator, a synonym of Xiphias g/adius. Makaira he/one: Tortonese, 1958: 330 (new combination; listed, Med- iterranean Sea).

Diagnosis.-First dorsal elements 39-46 (usuaIly 41-46), second dorsal elements 5-7 (usuaIly 6), first anal elements 11-15 (usuaIly 12-14), second anal elements 6 or 7, pectoral rays 16-20 (usuaIly 17 or 18); second anal elements usuaIly equal to or one more than second dorsal elements. Verte- brae 24 (12 precaudal, 12 caudal). Anus far anterior to anal-fin origin, distance 7.8-11 per cent body length (tip of lower jaw to fork of tai!), the distance equal to or exceeding height of first anal fin. First dorsal fin unspotted and with high profile, especiaIly in juveniles, its 25th element varying from 13 per cent of body length (at 1268 mm) to 5 or 6 per cent at 17'00 mm or longer. Pectoral fin smaIl (10-13 per cent body length throughout range studied). Dorsal profile straight from first dorsal-fin 1963] Robins and de Sylva: Spearfishes New and Old 91

230 0 230 0 DEPTH OF BODY 210 AT 1ST 210 ANAL FIN 0 0 00 0 0 190 0 0 CDO 0 0 170 00 0 250 0 0 r9:?00 0 CD 150 Cb 0 230 8 0 0 0 130 0 210 0 0 DEPTH AT 190 1ST DORSAL FIN o§ Q) 0 0 0 0 <%8 0 '0 0 cP 0 WIDTH. AT 1STANAL FI~ co o 0 o 0 0 000:> 8 0 r9 0 00 00 110 0 WIDTH OF BODY 0 AT PECTORAL FIN 0 0 0 0 0 00 CO: cPo 90 000)619 6) LENGTH OF PECTORAL FIN 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 o 00 0 0 160 0 o~ 0 950 0) o <9>% 00 0 0 0 0 120 900 00 00 850 0 850 0 800 800 0 TIP OF .MANDIBLE o 000 (9,0 TO ANUS 750 0 750 06' 700 290 0 0 0 0 0 0 270 0 BILL LENGTH 250

1500 BODY LENGTH FIGURE 3. Tetrapturus belone. Analysis of growth of certain body parts basec1 on data from Sicily. 92 Bulletin ot Marine Science ot the Gult and Caribbean [13(1) origin to in front of eyes. Bill short, the distance from tip of upper jaw to anterior margin of eye 20-15 per cent of body length (the lower figures characterizing the larger specimens so that the growth of bill shows negative allometry) . Description.-Frequency distributions of fin-ray counts are given in Table 5. Morphometric data are provided in Tables 3 and 4. Only those features of body form that seem important to the recognition of belone are men- tioned here. For comparison of growth analysis of certain features, Figure 3 is prepared in a manner comparable to that of pfluegeri (see Robins and de Sylva, 1961: Fig. 2). Total vertebrae were counted on seven speci- mens. All had 12 caudal and 12 precaudal vertebrae. As the total number of 24 is not known to vary in the Istiophoridae, only caudal vertebrae were counted on 27 specimens; all had 12. The general body form of T. belone changes with growth. Specimens of moderate size (Fig. 4 [upperl; Robins and de Sylva, 1961: Fig. 3a) are not unlike pfluegeri, although belone is heavier (Table 6). As they become larger they become more robust forward (Fig. 5) and in this respect resemble angustirostris. The dorsal profile from the origin of the spinous dorsal fin to the base of the bill is straight (Fig. 1 a-c), a feature enhanced by the usual slope of the partly folded dorsal fin. T. be/one does not have a dorsal hump as in T. albidus (see Robins and de Sylva, 1961: Fig. 3c). The dorsal and anal profiles are subparallel except in the larger specimens, which are deeper anteriorly. Both T. belone and T. pfluegeri are fiat- or slab-sided but belone is thicker (in width) (see graph, Fig. 3) and proportionately deep posteriorly (Fig. 4). The dorsal fin is lower throughout than in T. pfluegeri though the form is much the same. Its anterior height varies from 13-15 per cent of body length (at 766 to 1500 mm body length), gradually decreasing to 12-13 from 1500-1900 mm. This is a gradual trend with considerable variation. The 25th spine is correspondingly reduced and as the posterior spines do not continue to grow the reduction in percentage of body length is great, from 16 per cent (at 766 mm body length) to 5.1 per cent (at 1868 mm body length). The corresponding proportional reduction, though slight, in anterior height of the spinous dorsal, coupled with increasing depth at the origin of the spinous dorsal, means that in the] 000- to 1500-mm range the fin is higher than the corresponding depth, whereas the reverse is true in the larger specimens. To show the overall height of the spinous dorsal fin, additional measure- ments were made in two instances. Med-22: spine 14 (97 mm), 20 (107), 25 (122), 30 (108), 35 (102). Med-26: spine 10 (99), 16 (107), 20 (122),25 (117, slightly broken), 30 (26), 35 (81). The first anal fin is low, its anterior height less than the distance from its base to the anus (in one specimen the two distances are equal). Pro- 1963] Robins and de Sylva: Spearfishes New and Old 93

FIGURE 4. Tetraptllrlls be/one. Upper: Neotype, USNM 196527, 1268 mm body length, Straits of Messina, Sicily (spec. Med-l). Lower: 1500 mm body length, Straits of Messina, Sicily (spec. Med-9; preserved in Sicily); note position of anus and relative lengths of pectoral and pelvic fins. portionally, the first anal fin varies from 7.2 to 9.3 per cent of body length with no allometry in the size series studied. A characteristic feature of T. belone is its short pectoral fin. It varies somewhat in length and in shape (see Figs. 4-5) but is always quite short (10-13 per cent of body length) and has the upper (or anterior) edge curved, the lower (or posterior) edge nearly straight. The arch of the lateral line ends between the mid-point and the tip of the pectoral fin. The body is not banded (if bands are present they must not be promi- nent), but fresh material was not seen by the authors. Body color varied from dark slate above to dull whitish or grey below. The dorsal fin was unspotted in all specimens. While it may be argued that spots may fade, we have always found spots in that portion of the dorsal fin below the edge of the groove in the dorsum in such species as white and , even in very poorly treated specimens. Also, Col. Howard saw some specimens within a few hours of their capture, and noted that none had bands On the body or spots on the spinous dorsal fin. An unspotted dorsal characterizes T. belone as it does pfluegeri and probably angustirostris. 94 Bulletin of Marine Science of the Gulf and Caribbean [J 3( 1)

FIGURE 5. Tetrapturus belone. Upper: male, 1670 mm body length, Straits of Messina, Sicily (spec. Med-5). Lower: 1500 mm body length, Straits of Messina, Sicily (spec. Med-9; preserved in Sicily).

The flesh is pale in belone except for the tissue under the lateral line. The importance of this feature in istiophorid is uncertain for it may reflect nothing more than feeding habits. The gas bladder was examined in most specimens and its chambers were arranged in two rows, one layer deep, extending back to the level of the 1963] Robins and de Sylva: Spearfishes New and Old 95 second anal fin. The species has a large pineal window nearly the size of a half dollar. One juvenile (UMML 11056, Med-36) 766 mm in body length is available to us. Morphometric data are not included in Figure 3 but are available in the tables. At this size it has the characteristic features of the larger specimens.

Food.-The method of collection of individual specimens of T. belone is unknown. However, according to Col. John K. Howard, the fishermen of Messina and neighboring regions start out early in the morning (5: 30- 6 :'00 am) and fish until about 4: 00 pm, depending on weather conditions. During this time they harpoon fish, although some smaller specimens are caught with nets. In any event, bait need not be considered in analyzing stomach contents. All stomachs of T. belone were examined. Two or three, as indicated by their small diameters, were truly empty. Owing to the long time in storage, several thawings, and strong gastric juices, most contained only unrecognizable remains. Many had fish skeletons, and from the small and numerous vertebrae (of several types), sauries (Scomberesox saurus) and some sardine-like fish probably accounted for most fish remains. Most fish were small, under I foot in length. A few contained the needlefish, Belone belone, one in good condition. Cephalopod beaks and crustacean remains were especially searched for but were not found. Dr. Sparta informs us that T. belone follows the schools of costardella (Scomberesox saurus) into the Straits of Messina.

Reproduction.-Little is known of the reproduction and early development of T. be/one. Sparta (1953) reported eggs and larvae. We have no com- ment on the eggs but the two larvae, 4.88 and 5.24 mm, were identified primarily on the 12 preanal (=precaudal) and 12 postanal (=caudal) segments corresponding to the 12 + 12 vertebral counts of Tetrapturus and perhaps by their capture in the Straits of Messina where T. be/one is common. However, 24 vertebrae is a character common to many spiny- rayed fishes (e.g., Serranus-see Robins and Starck, 1961) and the larvae reported by Sparta must be referred elsewhere. Larvae of all istiophorids closely resemble one another and bear resemblances to larvae of the Gempylidae and Xiphiidae. It is unbelievable that belone would have such strikingly distinct larvae; compare for example the four larvae of T. angustirostris (2.4-5.9 mm) figured by Ueyanagi (1962, Figs. 1-4) with those illustrated by Sparta. This conclusion is underscored by the close adherence to the istiophorid plan of 29-mm and 54-mm prejuveniles of belone (Sparta, 1961). Also, two larvae were reported by Lo Bianco (1903:127,166,238; 1909:755) from about nine kilometers ENE of Punta Campanella near Capri. No description was included, but Padoa 96 Bulletin of Marine Science of the Gulf and Caribbean [13(1) (1956:514-516, pI. 36, fig. 7) illustrated one of the two specimens. It is clearly an istiophorid and, because of geography at least, probably represents T. belone. Non-Mediterranean larvae mentioned by Padoa and other authors must represent other species. Except for the neotype (see designation below) and another specimen (Med-9) all were cut open and the gonads examined. Sex was difficult to determine and in some instances determinations were uncertain but both sexes were present; there were 19 males and 8 females. Some males may have been approaching spawning condition but certainly this was not true of any female. If Sparta (1961) is correct about the occurrence of eggs in the plankton then May would be in the spawning period. Certainly our specimens suggest no spawning in August or September. The concentration at Messina in these months therefore may be associated with food. The gonads of all fish were asymmetrical, A-shaped (the left side longer in one female, the right side longer in most others) and very orange in color, more so than of other billfish examined by the senior author. Comparison of sex and weight did not yield useful information. Fishery.- The fishery which is complementary to that for the has been discussed briefly by Sparta (1961) and recently in more detail by Cavaliere (1962: 174). It is centered in the Straits of Messina, particu- larly on the southern or Ionian Sea side and involves both the Sicilian and Calabrian coasts. Fish are harpooned and caught with several types of nets. In some areas of Sicily (e.g., Gulf of Castellammare and near the towns of Torretta Granitola and Marinella) a few are caught in traps set for tuna.

Range.-T. belone is known with certainty only from the Mediterranean Sea, and is most frequent in that portion around Italy. According to Cavaliere (1962: 172) the preferred area is that of the Straits of Messina where it is most numerous in August and September. Cavaliere reports that in the first 15 days of August (year?) more than 200 specimens (7-25 kilograms) were caught in the Straits. Our material listed below is also from the vicinity of the Straits of Messina, taken in August and September of 1961. Other records in the literature include Mallorca to the west, the Ligurian, Adriatic, and Ionian Seas and Malta. The fish from off Split, Yugoslavia, discussed by Robins and de Sylva (1961: 396), may now be identified certainly with belone, for its characters are typical of larger specimens. The eastern limit of the range of T. belone in the Mediterranean is un- known. It is unrecorded in the Black and Aegean Seas. Dr. Adam Ben- Tuvia writes us that T. belone was not encountered during Israeli experi- mental tuna-fishing trips in the eastern Mediterranean, including the Aegean Sea. Methods used and areas explored were reported by Oren, et al. (t 959). Sixty istiophorids were examined by the senior author at Cadiz, Spain, 1963] Robins and de Sylva: Spearfishes New and Old 97 and OIMo, Portugal. These specimens were obtained from the western Alboran Sea (just east of Gibraltar) and mostly in the Atlantic Ocean from the vicinity of Gibraltar to as far west as southern Portugal. Most were taken in August and September, 1961. Of them, 57 were , T. albidus; none was T. belone. (For a report on the istiophorids examined at Cadiz see Rodriguez-Roda and Howard, 1962). The record of T. be/one from the coast of Brittany (Legendre, 1928) is accompanied by a photograph and is clearly to be referred to T. albidus, the white marlin. His subsequent record from Concarneau, France (Legen- dre, 1935), as Tetrapturus belone Rafinesque (?) is of a rather small fish (80 cm from the eyes to the tail) and is less easily placed. The bill length (526 mm), no matter how measured, is vastly too long for T. belone. Probably T. albidus is again involved. The Madeiran record (Albuquerque, 1956: 855-856) is also uncertain. The illustration is from Valenciennes's (1831) account which is based on Sicilian material. The description is apparently compiled rather than based on personal study of Madeiran specimens. Desbrosses (1938: 54-55), who distinguished T. belone from albidus (for which he used lessonae), listed belone only from the Mediterranean while including the Mediterranean, Madeira, and the Atlantic coast of France for albidus. Gon~alves (1942: 54-55) reported a specimen of Tetrapturus sp. from off the port of Tavira, southern Portugal, taken in 1929. After some discussion he suggests that this may represent T. albidus Poey. This seems likely for T. albidus is common off Tavira, at least in August. In any event there is no reason to suggest that Gon~alves's record is T. belone. Maul (1948: 154) lists T. belone from Madeira without comment, but there is no reason to accept this as a basis for extending the known range of T. be/one beyond the Mediter- ranean. Noronha and Sarmento (1948: 120) include T. belone in their list of Madeiran vertebrates, commenting that it occurs in Portugal (basis unknown to us) but has not been encountered by them in Madeira. Thus, so far as is known, T. belone does not occur outside of the Mediter- ranean Sea, though data are as yet too few for a decisive statement to this effect. At first glance it seems unlikely that a giant , such as a spearfish, is restricted to the Mediterranean Sea. This doubt has been expressed by Tortonese (1961: 80) and was certainly part of the thinking that led Robins and de Sylva to treat, erroneously, western Atlantic speci- mens as be/one. Tentatively, T. belone may be added to the list of endemic Mediterranean species (see Tortonese, 1960). A distribution from the vicinity of Mallorca eastward to the eastern limits of the Ionian Sea is reasonable from a hydrographic standpoint. The eastern Mediterranean, particularly the Levantine Basin, is an area of excessive evaporation and high-salinity waters (Wiist, 1959: 7, Fig. 2; 1961: Fig. 8). Studies of these two papers by Wiist, principally on inter- 98 Bulletin of Marine Science of the Gulf and Caribbean [13(1) mediate and deep waters, and of that by Lacombe and Tchernia (1960) on superficial layers show profound changes in water characteristics in the area roughly between the 20th and 25th parallels East Longitude. Similarly, hydrographic changes occur as one enters the Alboran Sea to the west and comes into increased influence of Atlantic surface water flowing through the Gibraltar Straits. In addition to these possible salinity factors, associated changes occur in the same areas in temperature and dissolved oxygen. Material examined.-NEOTYPE: USNM ] 96527, a male, body length ] 268 mm, Sicily, 2'00 meters off the coast of Punta S. Ranieri, August 2, ]96] (Spec. Med-l). Little has been known of Tetrapturus belone. Rafinesque's specimen has been long lost, if indeed it ever was preserved. He makes no mention of any specimen in his description and his account is generalized (e.g.) it reaches a length of 4 to 5 feet). Other species of Istiophoridae occur in the eastern Atlantic, including representatives of Tetrapturus (in the sense of Robins and de Sylva, 196] ), at least one of which occurs in the Mediter- ranean. It is our conviction that the species described in this paper as belone is that of Rafinesque and that the neotype named above and figured (Fig. 4) represents it. Rafinesque (18] 0: 54-55) gave but a brief account of his genus and species and his figure is crude. His mention of pelvic fins and their position, and their inclusion in his figure excludes the swordfish, Xiphias gladius. The form of the dorsal fin, his remarks on lstiophorus, and the locality exclude lstiophorus. The pertinent points of his description are the lower jaw which is a little shorter than the upper, the figure of a short pectoral fin (shorter than the arch of the lateral line ), and thc reference to Sicily where T. belone, as described above, is clearly the most abundant istiophorid. Istiophorids are of economic and commercial importance and they are increasingly treated in popular and scientific literature. This neo- type designation is in the interests of nomenclatural stability. The locality, Sicily, is the same as for Rafinesque's original material. OTHER MATERIAL (all except Med-36 from Sicily, or the adjacent toe of Italy) : Spec. Med-2: 1340 mm body length, wt. 25.1 Ibs., male, Zona Scaletta, south of Messina, Aug. 7, 1961. (pectoral girdle, UMML 11074). Spec. Med-3: 1290 mm, 26.4 lbs., male, Torre Faro, Aug.-Sept., 1961. Spec. Med-4: 1545 mm, 40.7 Ibs., male, off Sicily, Aug.-Sept., 1961. Spec. Med-5: 1670 mm, 50.6 lbs., male, Straits of Messina, Aug. 7, 1961. Spec. Med-6: ] 730 mm, 51.7 Ibs., male, Straits of Messina, Aug.-Sept., 1961. Spec. Med-7: 1680 mm, 59.4 lbs., male, Straits of Messina, Aug.-Sept., 1961. 1963) Robins and de Sylva: Spearfishes New and Old 99 Spec. Med-8: ]430 mm, 24.2 Ibs., male, off coast of Messina, south side, Aug. 8, 1961. Spec. Med-9: 1500 mm, 29.5 Ibs., male (?), Scaletta, Aug., 1961. Spec. Med-l0: 1522 mm, 28.5 Ibs., male, Tropea, Aug. 9, 1961. Spec. Med-ll: 17] 5 mm, 46.2 Ibs., sex unknown, Straits of Messina, Aug. 7, 1961 (piece of skin, UMML 11075). Spec. Med-12: 1745 mm, 57.2 Ibs., male, coast of Calabria, region of Calabria, August 7, 1961. Spec. Med-13: 1855 mm, 60.5 lbs., female, Straits of Messina, Aug. 17, 1961. Spec. Med-14: ]565 mm, 41.8 Ibs., male, Scaletta, southern section of Straits of Messina. Spec. Med-]5: 1450 mm, 34.1 Ibs., male, Straits of Messina, Aug. 10, ]961. Spec. Med-]6: 1345 mm, 23.5Ibs., male, Straits of Messina, Aug., 1961. Spec. Med-17: 1265 mm, 17.6 lbs., male, Straits of Messina, Aug. 3, 1961. Spec. Med-18: 1350 mm, 24.2 lbs., male, Sicily, Aug., 1961. Spec. Med-]9: 1435 mm, 26.4 Ibs., sex unknown, Straits of Taormina, Aug. 7, 1961. Spec. Med-20: 1510 mm, 30.4 Ibs., female, Straits of Messina, Aug. 4, ]961. Spec. Med-2]: 1465 mm, 32.8 lbs., female ?, Coast of Messina, Aug. 8, 1961 (pectoral girdle UMML 11073). Spec. Med-22: 1455 mm, 30.8 lbs., male, Zona Scaletta, South of Mes- sina, Aug. 8, ]961. Spec. Med-23: 1370 mm, 21.3 Ibs. (gutte:l), sex unknown, Coast of Calabria. Spec. Med-24: 1410 mm, 23.1 Ibs., ft:male, Straits of Messina, Aug. 3, 1961. Spec. Med-25: 1375 mm, 24.2 lbs., female, Straits of Messina, Aug. 7, 1961. Spec. Med-26: 1460 mm, 29.7 Ibs., female, Straits of Messina, Aug. 3, 1961. Spec. Med-27: ] 326 mm, 22 Ibs., female, Straits of Messina, Aug. 2-3, 1961. Spec. Med-28: 1307 mm, 20.9 lbs., female, Straits of Messina, Aug., 1961. Spec. Med-29: 1390 mm, 26 lbs., male, Straits of Messina, Aug. 2-3, 1961. Spec. Med-30: 1382 mm, 22 Ibs., male, Torre Faro, Aug.-Sept., 1961. Spec. Med-31: mutilated, 20.5 Ibs., male, Contesse, 500 meters off coast, Aug.-Sept., 1961. 100 Bulletin of Marine Science of the Gulf and Caribbean [13(1) Spec. Med-32: 1493 mm, 50.6 lbs., sex unknown, Straits of Messina, Aug. 4, 1961. Spec. Med-33: 1640 mm, 44.4 lbs., female, Straits of Messina, Aug. 4, 1961 (pectoral girdle UMML 11071). Spec. Med-34: 1360 mm, 26.4 lbs., male, Straits of Messina, Aug.-Sept., 1961. Spec. Med-35: 1868 mm, 81.4 lbs., sex unknown, Sicily, Aug.-Sept., 1961. Spec. Med-36: UMML 11056, 766 mm, juvenile, vicinity of Malta, between Oct. 1-13, 1961, Joe Barbara. In addition, Walter A. Starck, II, measured and photographed three mounted specimens at the Museo Civico di Storia Naturale di Genova in September, 1960, through the courtesy of Dr. Enrico Tortonese. These data are not included in our tables nor were they used in obtaining the ratios used in the text. All represent T. belone, however, and were so iden- tilled by Tortonese (1940: 175). Photographs of all are in Col. Howard's files. Museo Civico Storia Naturale, 18388, 1773 mm, Laigueglia, West Ri- viera, Bay of Genoa, Italy, May 18, 1924. Museo Civico Storia Naturale, uncat., 1522 mm, no data. Museo Civico Storia Naturale, uncat., 1605 mm, no data.

COMPARISONS AND RELATIONSHIPS In our previous paper (Robins and de Sylva, 1961) we placed in the genus Tetrapturus four species: belone (here separated into pfluegeri and belone), angustirostris, albidus, and audax, inferring from our dendro- gram (Fig. 5) that audax and angustirostris were the most distantly related of the four. The delineation of belone and pfluegeri now makes smoother the transition from that type of Tetrapturus represented by the white and striped (albidus and audax) to Tetrapturus of the angustirostris type. Robins and de Sylva (1961: 403), after considering descriptive and photographic evidence, noted that formosana is a synonym of T. audax, as was amply shown by Ueyanagi (1957). Aside from the 12 caudal and 12 precaudal vertebrae that all share, the important characters of the species of Tetrapturus involve the number of dorsal spines, shape and pigmentation of the spinous dorsal fin, height and shape of the anal fin, length of the pectoral fin in the adult, position of anus, shape of dorsal profile from the base of the bill to the spinous dorsal, and bill length. Others may be mentioned, but these are most cogent. Table 7 summarizes these features. One can not say whether T. belone is closer to angustirostris or to pfluegeri. True, belone has the short pectoral fin and the general form (particularly in large specimens) of angustirostris of the Indo-Pacific, and 1963] Robins and de Sylva: Spearfishes New and Old 101 the tropical element of the Mediterranean ichthyofauna shows Indo-Pacific affinities. But the dorsal spines of pfluegeri are numerous as in angusti- rostris. The three are equally well-marked species presumably differentiated in post-Tethyan times. In addition to number of dorsal spines and length of pectoral fin (10-13 per cent body length in belone vs. 16-23 in pfluegeri at body lengths of 1250-1900 mm), T. belone and pfluegeri differ in the following characters (all figures are in per cent of body length). T. belone is deeper bodied on the average particularly when specimens of the same length are considered: distance from the spinous dorsal-fin origin to pectoral-fin origin 13-15 vs. 11-14; distance from second dorsal-fin origin to second anal-fin origin 7.5-9.7 vs. 6.2-8.6; greatest body depth 12-15 vs. 10-14; depth at spinous dorsal origin 11-14 vs. 9.5-13; depth at first anal-fin origin 11-14 vs. 8.1-12. T. belone is also thicker-bodied: width at first anal-fin origin 6.3-8.0 vs. 4.0-7.5. T. belone has a decidedly shorter bill: 16-20 vs. 19-25. The spinous dorsal fin of belone, though similar to that of pfluegeri in its various growth stages, is lower throughout: height of anterior lobe 12-15 vs. 13-18, height of 25th spine 5.1-13 vs. 7.7-14 (consideration of specimens of the same body length is especially important here). The pelvic fin of belone is shorter (13-20 VS. 18-24). See Table 6 for comparisons of weights of belone and related species. T. pfluegeri (under the name T. belone) has already been distinguished from other istiophorids by Robins and de Sylva (1961: 399-400). Many of these features serve to distinguish T. belone from these species as well. All data that follow are in percentage of body length. Thus the eye (fleshy orbit) of belone is larger (2.4-3.0) than in Istiophorus albicans (1.9-2.4) and smaller than in Tetrapturus albidus (3.1-3.4), but the same as in pfluegeri (2.4-2.9). In specimens longer than 1000 mm, belone has a short pectoral fin (it is also short in juveniles) (10-13) compared to 1. albicans (14-19) and especially T. albidus (19-25). The height of the first anal fin is low in belone (7.6-9.3) about as in pfluegeri (6.3-11) and in 1. albieans (8.6-11) but decidedly lower than in T. albidus (11-16). Both I. albieans and T. albidus have a humped nape, long bills (26-31 in I. albieans and 26-35 in T. albidus vs. 16-20 in T. be/one and 19-25 in T. pfluegeri), the anus relatively close to the anal-fin origin (5.5-6.2 in in I. albieans and 4.8-5.8 in T. albidus vs. 7.8-11 in T. belone and 6.3-10 in T. pfluegeri), and a dark-spotted spinous dorsal fin. In their delineation of Tetrapturus and placement of it with Istiophorus on one branch of the istiophorid dendrogram, Robins and de Sylva (1961: 402) referred to Nakamura (1949). Nakamura (1938), though recording the vertebral differences, neither defined nor suggested such a subdivision of the Tstiophoridae. This dichotomy actually dates from the work of Hirasaka and Nakamura (1947). These subdivisions are natural, but need 102 Bulletin of Marine Science of the Gulf and Caribbean [J 3(1) not be accorded subfamily rank, although some ichthyologists will choose to do so. It was not our intent in our earlier paper to suggest such ranking for in small families like the Istiophoridae subfamilies are unnecessary and serve no important purpose. These subdivisions are defined as follows (in each instance the first condition applies to that containing Tetrapturus and Istiophorus, the second to that containing Makaira). 1. Precaudal verte- brae 12, caudal vertebrae 12 vs. precaudal vertebrae 11, caudal vertebrae 13 (these vertebral differentiations into precaudal and caudal elements are clear [see Nakamura, 1938 and PIs. 4-5 of 1955 translation 1 and no variant is known for any species). 2. The bill is proportionately longer in juveniles than in adults vs. the opposite condition (this is independent of the ultimate length of the bilI of any species). 3. Size relatively small, less than 200 lbs., except for T. audax which sometimes exceeds 400 lbs. (as previously noted [Robins and de Sylva, 1961: 4031 the world-record 692-lb. is misidentified and is really Makaira nigricans, the blue marlin) vs. size very large, both species approaching 2000 lbs. 4. An- terior lobe of dorsal fin high, equal to or exceeding the body depth at this point vs. anterior lobe of dorsal low, less than the body depth at this point. Additional characters may be forthcoming when detailed studies of the swim-bladder, gonads, pelvic fins, pectoral girdle, skull, and lateralis system are available. Serological studies also should be conducted. The relative lengths of the pectoral and pelvic fins used by Hirasaka and Nakamura ( 1947: 10-1 1) does not hold at least for adults of T. albidus.

SUMMARY Thirty-six specimens of Tetrapturus belone from Sicily and Malta in the Mediterranean were studied. Previous assumptions of the identity of Medi- terranean and western Atlantic spearfish populations proved incorrect. T. belone, the Mediterranean spear5sh, is redescribed and a neotype is desig- nated. The longbill spearfish of the western Atlantic is diagnosed as a new species, T. pfluegeri. The two are compared and relationships with other species of Tetrapturus are discussed. 1963] Robins and de Sylva: Spearfishes Ne"H!and Old 103 ~o~~~ O~O-M~~~~~~~~-M~ O~~ MOO~~N~~-OOO~~~ ~~~~ OOM~v~O~"""N"""OONN~...... -I .•....•

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