AVISTA FORUM Association Villard de Honnecourt for the Interdisciplinary Study of Medieval Technology, Science, and Art

Volume 8 Number 1 Spring / Summer 1994 8

Fig 1: Beauvais Cathedral

Fig 2: Ebrach Abbey

CONTENTS Page

Directors ...... 2 A VISTA-ANS Sessions: 1994 Medieval Congress ...... 2 Call for Papers: 1995 AVISTA Sessions ...... 3 Abstracts of AVISTA-ANS Sessions ...... 3 Reviews of Articles Plan Design in Gothic Architecture: Beauvais Cathedral and Ebrach Abbey ...... 5 Saint-Maclou in Rouen ...... 7 Studies on Chartres Cathedral: Remote Sensing at Chames Cathedral ...... 8 Liturgy and Meaning in the Sculpture of Chartres ...... 9 The Mine as Workplace ...... 10 News from Members and Affiliated Societies ...... 11 Recent and Forthcoming Papers ...... 12 Activities ... Past, Present, Future ...... 19

~ - I I Editorial Board (Deadline, Fall 1994 issue) ...... 23 Fig 3: Ebrach Abbey A VISTA membership application ...... 23 Page 2 A VISTA AND AMERICAN NUMISMATICS SOCIETY SESSIONS SATURDAY, 7 MAY 1994

Medieval Metals and Metallurgy

29th International Congress on Medieval Studies AVISTA FORUM The Medieval Institute Western Michigan Universio Volume 8 Number 1 Kalamazoo, Michigan Spring / Summer 1994 Alan M. Stahl Editor: Michael T. Davis The American Numismatic Society New York, NY and O 1994 AVI~TAInc. Barbara S. Bowers Association Villard de Honnecourt for the Ohio State University Interdisciplinary Study of Medieval Organizers/ Chairs Technology, Science, and Art

Session I: 10:OO a.m. Room 104011050 Fetzer Fine Arts Presider: Alan M. Stahl Haverford College Haverford, PA 19041 U.S.A. Carol Meyer (University of Chicago) The Bir UmmFawakhir Survey Project 1992-1993: A Byzantine Officers 1992-1 993; Gold Mining Site in Egypt + President: Warren Sanderson Nancy L. Wicker Vice-President: George Saliba ((Mankato State University) Secretary: Bert Hall The Political andSocial Organization of Precious Metalworking Treasurer: Richard A. Sundt in Early Medieval Scandinavia: Fourth through Ninth Centuries Counsel: Holbrook Bunting, Jr. Helge Brinch Madsen European Director: Jean Gimpel (Det Kongelige Danske Kunstakedemi, Copenhagen) Casting during the Viking Age, AD 800-1050

North American Directors: Session 11: 1:30 D.m. Room 104011050 Fetzer James Addiss (1994) Presider: Barbara S. Bowers 1 William W. Clark (1994) Patrick Ottaway i Michael T. Davis (1994) (York Archaeological Trust) Bert Hall (1994) Blacksmithing in Tenth-Eleventh Century England: The Ar- chaeological Evidence \

Mark Infusino (1994) I Barbara M. Kreutz (1994) Gerry McDonnell , (University of Bradford) \ Vivian Paul (1994) The Metallurgy of English Medieval Iron Artefacts W. T. S. Tarver (1994) Harry B. Titus (1995) Geoff Egan I (The Museum of London) Knifemakers, Foundries and Fashions: Archaeological Evi- AVISTAFORUM is produced by dence for Production and Consumption of Metal Goods in The Laser Touch, Inc. based in The Great Valley Medieval London I Corpol-ate Center, Malvern, PA. Page 3

&ion 111.. 3.30. D. m.. Room 1040/1050 Fetzer Presider: Alan M. Stahl ABSTRACTS OF 3 0 1.998 A VISTA-ANS SESSIONS N.J. Mayhew (Ashmolean Museum, University of Oxford) T3e Bir Umm Fawakhir Survey Project, Medieval Mint Technology in Britain J- Carol Meyer

David W. Sorenson The Oriental Institute (Wollaston. MA) University of Chicago The Coin Factory: Metal-working and Standards in a Fifteenth- Century French Silver Mint HE ORIENTALINSTITUTE of the University of Chicago has T completed two short seasons of survey work at Bir Umm Marie-Claude Deprez-Masson ~awakhiiinthe central Eastern desert of ~~y~t.Long believed to (Universite de Montreal) be a Roman way-station on the route between the Nile and the Red Sea, the site can now be identified as a fifth-sixth century CI-eatinga Technical Vocabulary: A Study of Agricola's De re metallica 9 Byzantine gold-mining town. The main part of the site consists of over 200 buildings. of which 105 have been mapped in detail, ranging from one-room huts to multi-family houses of sixteen or more rooms. Peripheral features such as wells, a guard post, cemeteries, ancient roads, seven outlying clusters of ruins, gran- ite quarries, and numerous gold mines have been identified. specialists9 studies of the regional geology, the pottery, and the epigraphic evidence (labels on Gaza wine amphorae) have been CALL FOR PAPERS undertaken as well. In marking its tenth anniversary, AVISTA will sponsor: The Political and Social Organization of Precious Metal- 'I HAVE BEEN IN MANY LANDS': VILLARD working in Early Medieval Scandinavia: Fourth through DE HONNECOURT AND HIS WORLD Ninth Centuries Nancy L. Wicker Mankato State University 30th International Congress on Medieval Studies May 1995 HE STUDY OF CRAFI. PRODUCTION is important for the under- The Medieval Institute T standing of the economic and social processes of the early Western Michigan Universio medieval period in Scandinavia, both from the broader geo- Kalamazoo, Michigan graphical perspective of the study of trade or the exchange of goods but also from the perspective of its role in urbanization Michael T. Davis and Bert S. Hall, Organizers processes. In this paper, I demonstrate that new forms of the political and social organization of metal working were develop- Two sessions are planned: ing from the fourth through the ninth centuries. New evidence 1. 'En cest livre puet en trover': Villard and his Sketchbook indicating the presence of craft workers from Lundeborg, This session will focus on Villard-as artist, designer, drafts- Dankirke, Ribe, Ahus, Hedeby, and Birka, illuminates various man, thinker, traveler-as reflected in general aspects or specific types of craft organization, with metal workers first becoming problems of his Sketchbook. detached from rural production, resulting in a dependence upon 2. 'Contrefais a1 vif' and 'inter se disputando': Creation and bonds between craft workers and chieftains. This phase is suc- Process in Thirteenth-Century Art and Architecture ceeded by more or less transient "proto-towns" as centers of trade This group of papers will address issues which connect and production, finally replaced by essentially urban production Villard and his Sketchbook with contemporary architecture, the in towns with more permanent structure. craft of masonry, sculpture, and the precious arts. I will focus specifically upon production of jewellery of both precious and non-precious metals. In the earlier centuries, Papers will be limited to twenty minutes. One-page abstracts, jewellery manufacture is characterized by the production of including audio-visual needs should be sent to: unique pieces of precious metals. Examination of tool marks to Michael T. Davis identify the work of individual craftsmen contributes signifi- Department of Art cantly to our understanding of their organization during this Mount Holyoke College period. In the later, early Viking Period, lower quality, larger South Hadley, MA 01075- 1499 quantities, and evidence of copying techniques indicate signifi- phone: 4 13-538-2474 cant changes in the organization of production, distribution, and fax: 413-538-2144 consumption of metals. e-mail: [email protected]

Deadline for submissions is I October 1994 *:* Page 4 Blacksmithing in Tenth-Eleventh Century England - scanning-electron microscope examination of metal surfaces The Archaeological Evidence undertaken by colleagues provide further insights into aspects of Patrick Ottaway manufacture. The gradual infiltration into the mass market of Senior Field Officer. York Archaeological Trust. lead/tin buckles and other items from the mid-fourteenth century onwards (reflected in documented disputes between rival manu- HERE CAN BE LIITLE DOUBT that the blacksmith's craft had a facturing groups) has been identified. A proneness to frequent T vital part to play in the economy and society of Anglo-Saxon breakage among the cheaper wares was apparently acceptable to England. Little detailed evidence for the smith's products and customers in late medieval London. working methods, except in respect of weapon production, has, A distinctive type of decorative knife, once known only from however, been available until recent large-scale excavations of a single example, is now the kind most extensively represented Anglo-Saxon settlements. Work at sites in, for example, from medieval London. This is the result of the discovery of apit Southampton, Lincoln, Thetford and York have produced large full of handle manufacturing waste, including iron and copper- numbers of ironartefacts including tools, structural fittings, dress alloy sheeting together with bone and semi-precious stones. The fittings, riding equipment and horse trappings. In addition, the characteristic shape of the handles is also recognized among finds excavation at 16-22 Coppergate, York has revealed the remains from other sites, in versions in silver with fine wood, and in less of four urban properties where blacksmithing took place in the elaborate, cheaper examples made from a single material. The tenth century. A number of tools along with large quantities of manufacturing waste illustrates the readiness of workers in sheet slag, bar iron and other debris were recovered. This paper will metal to develop ways of overcoming technical difficulties in focus on iron working in the late Anglo-Saxon period and order to embrace a popular design which might seem unsuited to include a review of both iron artefact types and manufacturing their materials. technique. There will also be a discussion of the organization of urban blacksmithing based on the York evidence. Medieval Mint Technology in Britain N.J. Mayhew The Metallurgy of English Early Medieval Iron Artefacts Ashmolean Museum Geny McDonnell University of Oxford University of Bradford FTER A BRIEF CONSIDERATION of coin dies and the preparation HE METALLURGICAL ANALYSIS of iron artefacts from Anglo- A ofblanksof controlled weight, this paper willconcentrateon T Saxon Southampton and Anglo-Scandinavian York have assayers, and the assay of silver, gold, and bullion. Although for revealed that theearly medieval smiths were highly skilled. They centuries dependent on customary practice, advances in arith- were skilled in the selection and use of different irons for different metic in the later Middle Ages permitted an improved theoretical purposes. The analyses show that the smiths had access to four understanding and a tighter definition of alloys. The assayer was iron alloys, and could quench and temper steel to produce highly a central figure in the purchase of bullion by the mint, as well as effective cutting edges. Of particular interest is the use of phos- the issue of coin of controlled fineness. Quality control systems phoric iron alloys. This paper will review the evidence for iron and permitted tolerances will be discussed. In addition, assaying production and smithing technology in use in early medieval personnel will be considered to shed light on their abilities and England. levels of technical expertise. Connections with goldsmiths, min- ing experts and exchange dealers were normal, though typical assayers were as likely to be Italian bankers as local provinicial Knifemakers, Foundries and Fashions-Archaeological Evi- worthies. dence for Production and Consumption of Metal Goods in Medieval London Geoff Egan The Coin Factory: Metal-working and Standards in a Fif- Museum of London teenth Century French Silver Mint David W. Sorenson AJOR EXCAVATIONS IN THE CITY of London over the past Wollaston, MA M twenty years have produced an unparalleled range of evidence for several industries and for the usage of the products HE MINTS OF FRANCEwere virtual coinage factories, produc- from the period c. 1 15k.1450. This paper will concentrate on T ing vast quantities of metallic objects designed to fill a need copper alloy and leadhin accessories for dress, and knives with in the society. As such, they were among the most important users handles made from a variety of different materials, with some of certain metals (gold, silver, and copper), and they developed reference to other metal manufactures. certain techniques for dealing with them. The process of prepar- The publication of a large number of brooches, buckles and ing the metal, from purchase to striking, is fairly complicated. other items for medieval dress found in London (G. Egan and F. The metal must be alloyed to a specified standard, then cut into Pritchard, Dress Accessories, London: Her Majesty's Stationery suitable blanks for striking. This involves several distinct steps: Office, 1991) is supplemented by recently discovered evidence first, the bullion had to be assayed, then purchased according to for manufacture at several sites in the city, including ingots, the value of the precious-metal content. If it was too base or too molds for mass production, waste items and foundry plant. The pure, it had to be either refined or alloyed. It was then cast into range of products at different workshops, and various assembly ingots from which coin-blanks were produced. The blanks were methods can begin to be gauged and also related to patterns of "blanched", then struck. The coins, when struck, had to be consumption. A small number of patrons-master forms for assayed and weighed in the mint, then a sample sent to the Cour producing multiple molds-hint at workshops casting elaborate des Monnaies for judgment. Only if and when the sample passed items probably in precious metals, while chemical analysis and this latter test could the rest of the coins be released Page 5 It is possible from mint accounts to determine a great deal about Contemporary scholars are also separated by enormous meth- this process. Occasionally, documents refers specifically to the odological gulfs in their attempts to reconstruct the designs of various metal-working or testing processes. Most often, how- individual edifices which reveal the collision of "scientific" ever, information is supplied indirectly. Some mint accounts theory and practical "art." The distance may be gauged by the mention the purchase of supplies used in assaying: lead, for figures on the cover of this issue of AVISTA Forum (Figs. 1-3) example, indicates the determination of fineness by cupelation. which come from recent studies of Beauvais Cathedral in France Treasury accounts, when combined with fabrication accounts, and the German Cistercian Abbey of Ebrach. On the one hand, reveal such things as the number of coins used in assays. The both buildings clearly result from the manipulation of such basic fabrication accounts give information regarding specific stan- geometric figures as squares, rectangles, and triangles, the mul- dards and how well the minting process met those standards. It is tiplication and subdivision of modular units. But for Alain surprising to find that, despite methods which appear very crude Guerreau, simplicity and elegance must ring through any decod- at first glance, accurate results could be obtained. ing of a plan and elevation, while Wolfgang Wiemer postulates that a building represents not only the sum of individual geo- metrical and numerical relationships, but also an interwoven, Creating a Technical Vocabulary: A Study of Agricola's De astonishingly differentiated, learned system. re metallica (1556) Guerreau's essay is a critical review of Stephen Murray's Marie-Claude Deprez-Masson Beauvais Cathedral. Architecture of Transcendence, UniversitC de Montreal Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1989. Because Professor Murray will respond to the specifics of this article in theFall issue N ONE LEVEL, a technical treatise can be considered as a of AVISTA Forum, my purpose here is to offer a few comments 0 literary genre. For it to be effective and useful to the reader, concerning its implications for the processes of design and it must be clear and univocal: it must, therefore, describe each building. machine and each material and each procedure in a fashion that With the plan of Beauvais spread out before him and taking up will be simple to understand and easy to reproduce. In the first a ruler and compass (Fig. l), Guerreau discovers "that the apse is comprehensive treatise on metallurgy, the De re metallica, we articulated by seven adjacent isoceles triangles whose long sides will examine how Agricola created a new "technical" vocabu- are twice the length of the third side; adjacent to this short side, lary. This technical vocabulary consists of newly-coined words, seven equilateral triangles determine the depth of the radiating of words and illustration which complement each other, and of chapels" (p. 88). Further, the modular unit, which composes indexes which facilitate the search for technical information and these sequences of triangles, can be found throughout the three for descriptions of operating methods, beginning with prospect- straight bays of the choir: at 708 centimeters (with a margin of ing for the lode and ending with the acquisition of the metal. *:* error of two centimeters), it equals the royal perche of 22 feet. Its repetition knits the main parts of the choir plan together tightIy while demonstrating its conceptual unity. At first glance, Guerreau's geometry looks plausible because it is superimposed on the completed plan, but imagine it trans- lated into ropes and stakes on a cleared building site. In the REVIEWS OF ARTICLES straight bays, the modular grid would provide the total interior width to the inner surface of the walls as well the east-west Plan Design in Gothic Architecture alignment of the inner faces of the piers. On the other hand, the Beauvais Cathedral and Ebrach Abbey north-south spines of this grid which would lock in the location Michael T. Davis of the piers and exterior buttress salients were merely "eyeballed" Mount Holyoke College ('placCs plus ou moins 'au jugC'). The Beauvais master mason thus designed the choir in terms of large blocks of space rather Alain Guerreau, ~dijicesmkdikvaux, m&trologie,organisation than a coherently coordinated structural frame. de I'espace a propos de la carhkdrale de Beauvais, Annales. In the turning bays, Guerreau posits five converging isoceles econornie, societes, civilisations, 47 (1 992): 87-106; Wolfgang triangles, crowned by seven equilateral triangles, as the figures Wiemer, Das Massysrem der Abteikirche Ebrach. Ergebnisse behing the apse and radiating chapel design. Such a scheme, we eines Forschungsprojekres der angewandten Informatik, are assured, would be easy to lay out on the ground. Exactly how Kunstchronik, 45 (January 1992): 1-17 and (February 1992): would one go about this and what specific information it would 37-49. offer to the builders are not addressed. Because the piers at the base of the hemicycle belong to the system of the western bays, o TOPIC HAS SO consistently fueled debate, sparked discord, the suite of triangles has no geometrical anchor at its base and the N or frustrated understanding as the design process of Gothic western segment of the hemicycle is a zone of pragmatic transi- buildings. Italian, German, and French masters traded insults in tion. Only if the axial triangle were laid out first, followed by the a "dialogue des sourds" in the years around 1400 over the four flanking figures, could the module then serve to pin the two elevation of Milan Cathedral. The French mason, Jean Mignot, halves of the chevet together, producing in the process the grumbled that its flawed design was conceived and defended by eccentric angle of the western chapels' mouths. Further, the "ignorant people," "through passion" and "in a fashion more imposition of equilateral triangles on chapels configured as five willful than sound." "Art without science is nothing" he asserted sides of an octagon provides little information save that of chapel while the Milanese council retorted that "the science of geometry depth. should not have aplace in these matters." In other words, were the Despite the plausibility of a repeating module, there is abso- beauty and stability of a building products of the disciplined lutely no evidence that the design offered by Guerreau replicates application of higher geometrical principles or a more free- planning procedures used by Gothic masons and his implied wheeling play of ars? dichotomy between space and structure is contradicted by pri- Page 6 mary visual and verbal evidence. Consider the plans contained in era scanner for high resolution image digitizing and MILES Villard de Honnecourt's sketchbook. Although Villard may not software. I have been a practicing architect, his drawingireflect the graphic In scrutinizing the Ebrach data, Wiemer finds that the most strategies of preserved plans. In the "wire-frame" layout of the relevant figures for the construction of the chapel of Saint "church of squares for the Cistercian Order," a type also found on Michael and the church are derived from three geometrically the walls at Reutlingen, as well as the more detailed chevet of connected modules that appear as circle radii (Figs. 2,3). The first Cambrai Cathedral, comparable to the parchment plans of Paris circle encompasses the choir and transept of the main church; the and Orltans in Strasbourg, the placement of structural members second, the circle of the inner figure out of which a pentagon is is related directly to the geometry of the plan. Further, the Milan constructed and which also inscribes the cruciform section of the Cathedral debates demonstrate that geometry embraced the struc- Michael chapel; and third, the inner circle of the chapel which is ture, form, and space of an edifice which, in James Ackerman's the actual module of the chapel. Polygons were then constructed words, "are intimately related and interconnected in every step of out of these circles to yield the plan dimensions, One of the the creative process" ("Ars Sine Scientia Nihil Est" Gothic fundamental laws to emerge from this systematic connection of Theory of Architecture at the Cathedral of Milan, Art Bulletin, geometric figures is the reciprocal relationship of exterior, inte- , 3 1, 1949: 107), a conclusion confirmed by Linda Neagley's nor, and axial dimensions. Thus, the alteration of one dimension 1 recent analysis of Saint-Maclou, Rouen (see the review below). results in a different set of proportional relationships and all Finally, the sequences of contiguous triangles in Guerreau's dimensions must be changed to maintain the same set of propor- , scheme betray an additive approach to design far more character- tions. But the mere listing of a web of harmonic relationships istic of Romanesque planning than the Gothic. To quote Charles does not explain which of them stood in the foreground of the Radding and William Clark, Medieval Architecture, Medieval design nor does it demonstrate whether the master mason had 1 Learning, (New Haven, 1992): 66, Guerreau's Beauvais master them all in mind when he conceived the plan. The understanding , "worked ... taking each problem sequentially with the solution to of the guiding proportions (Leitproportionen) behind the build- one defining a context to which the next had to be adapted." On ing must be linked to the investigation of issues of style, exterior the other hand, Murray's proposed geometry, based on concen- massing, and interior space to create a picture of the particular tric circles and radii, accounts for the placement of all major decisions taken by a master mason. structural members, connects the straight and turning bays to- Where do the chains of geometrical figures and numerical nets gether at the western piers of the western ambulatory chapels, lead? As Wiemer points out, numerous concordances exist be- while the sweeping arcs used in drawing the plan perfectly tween numerical and geometrical relationships as well as be- , embody the shape of the interior space. Modules are in no way tween the irrational proportions of polygons. Thus, dimensions inimical to the dynamic geometry of circles, for they can be easily and proportional relationships can be derived in a variety of ways used as radii. For example, from point C, an arc with the radius and because of this basic ambiguity, a definitive "proof' does not I of oneperche would fix the inner face of the hemicycle supports, appear more possible with a computer than with previous graphic a two-unit arc the ambulatory piers, and a three-unit radius the methods. The sheer quantity of relationships generated by the outer faces of the buttresses between the chapels. computer turns out to be a double-edged sword for if the 1982 The fatal problem with Guerreau's plan analysis is the absence analysis of Ebrach demonstrated that Cistercian church design of acompelling bridge to link the triangles conjured up at his desk did not rest on simple numerical proportions, as is often postu- with the actual building site and the physical act of construction. lated, the dramatic expansion of the range of admissiblepossibili- His sought-after elegant simplicity ends in impractical ties frustrates concrete solutions. incompletion While we can only imagine the results of the In the end, Wiemer's "astonishingly differentiated, learned proposed design, it would not have produced Beauvais Cathe- system" remains a creation of his computer for it is never tied dral. convincingly to Gothic craft practice. As he admits, dimensional In reviewing, or rather demolishing, other studies of Gothic analysis neither refers to construction procedures nor the meth- plan design, Guerreau mentions (102, n.16) the analysis of the ods by which the design was transposed to the actual scale of Abbey of Ebrach: "One borders on the absurd in the text of execution. Not only can the applied geometrical figures be Wolfgang Wiemer ... where it is empirically shown, yet one more achieved by several methods, but, according to Wiemer, one time, that one can (by numerical or purely geometrical proce- must also assume that the empirical procedures used in the dures) impose complex geometrical figures on any plan Middle Ages differed from both classical and today's scholarly whatsoever ...On the contrary, we must proceed from the idea that practices. a reconstitution of the geometric structure of a medieval plan is This gap between the computer and the compass can be plausibleonly if it remains extremely simple."However,Guerreau illustrated by the comparison of a full-scale four-light window fails to distinguish Wiemer's elaborate analytical edifice from his plan engraved into the choir terrace of the Cathedral of Clermont exposition of Ebrach's geometry in whichmost complex figure ca. 1260(FigA) with Wiemer's 1992 drawing of the rose window proposed is an octagon. in Ebrach's chapel of Saint-Michael (Fig. 5). While the Ebrach The articles under consideration follow an earlier report, Die diagram "explains" the geometrical possibilities inherent in the Geometrie des Ehracher Kirchenplans-Ergebnisse einer form of the rose, it in no way corresponds to the terse practicalities Computeranalyse,Kunstchronik, 35 (1982): 42241, andcon- of the building site. In the Clermont window, we find nocomplete centrate upon the implications of the project's search for a geometrical figures that locate each feature of the tracery pattern computer method for the proportional analysis of medieval in an interwoven proportional web, only scattered center points churches. Because the graphic approaches to geometrical analy- from which arcs and circles were struck. The crucial determining sis often yield divergent results, as is all too clear in the case of factor in this design was the building itself: by the time Beauvais, Wiemer turns to the numerical analysis of proportional the master mason scratched out this plan, the dimensions of the relationships to furnish criteriaofjudgment. His results are based window were fixed by the rising walls and drawing the framing on approximately 800 measurementsof the church and contigu- arch was a simple mechanical act. To set out the other lancets, he ous chapel of Saint-Michael and were analyzed using a personal only needed to divide the opening in half to establish a central computer (PSt2, Graphic-adaptersystem 85 14) with a CCD cam- axis and in half again to establish the widths of the lower units. Page 7

1 The third-point arches !THE FALLOF 1991, the architect Peter Eisenman gave a lecture that form- these four I at the School of Architecture at the University of Michigan. lights and the two The auditorium was packed, and Eisenman warmed to the occa- , above each pair (not sion, becoming more and more effusive in his comments as the 1 shown) were drawn evening wore on. Ultimately, he made two statements that he from a base line that seemed to think were importarit; at least he repeated them several corresponds to the times. The first was his claim that he was presently engaged in capital level of the producing "post-Cartesian" architecture-which he apparently window. Finally, the felt was architecture that went beyond the restrictive boundaries quadrilobes could be of logical analysis, rather than buildings that somehow managed fitted empirically into to reconcile the subject-object split in thinking so commonly the space between the blamed on the hapless Frenchman. The second was that the lancets (note that the computer was the new god for the architect. Eisenman himself center of the smaller could scarcely refrain from genuflecting as he spoke with awe of quadrilobe would be computer generation. When the less easily cowed in the audience located halfway be- began to question him about details, it became apparent that tween the apexes of "post-Cartesian" architecture could not be explained, a%d what the lower and upper he meant about computer-generated drawings was simply that arched openings). Of they were produced more quickly by machine than by the human course, I am not more hand. . Here Eisenman's argument essentially boiled down to a Window Design certain than Wiemer kind of high-tech version of the John Henry story, though this that my narrative time the hero was not the "pile-drivin' man," but the one who corresponds to the la- operated the machine. The sense of unbounded admiration for the ---.. , bors performed the achievements of the machine that was evident in Eisenman's talk / Clermont master one came back to me from time to time as I read Linda Neagley's i day in the later thir- excellent article about the plan design of the fifteenth-century teenth century. Yet, church of St.-Maclou at Rouen. in my opinion, geo- The article is a lucid account of the ideas that Pierre Robin, a metrical nets are ir- Parisian architect, used to create the plan for the new parish relevant because the church of St.-Maclou in the 1430s. Neagley begins with what still design of this window seems to be a necessary defense of Flamboyant-style architecture was embedded in the as something other than effete and decadent Gothic, then moves process of the con- to the four main points of her study (p. 398): ,,,,,,,, struction of the build- 1. The identification of the "geometric design schemes that ,;. ,;. ing as a whole. determined the proportional and spatial divisions of the plan," l,rl In our present state showing how these can explain the unusual features of the -I 1 of knowledge, actual church. Fig 5: Ebrach Abbey Gothic design meth- 2. To see how these abstract design schemes were translated into Geometry of Rose Window ods must remain an practical constructional terms. St.-Michael Chapel open question. Nev- 3. Accurately to recover the design scheme used to lay out the ertheless, the value of church. these articles lies in their methodological meditations and sug- 4. To demonstrate how the plan design of St.-Maclou will gestions for the direction that future work might take. The provide a "new criterion" for the consideration of Flamboyant computer is, after all, only a tool like pen, ink, and mylar, one architecture in France. whose applications must be regulated by precision in the gather- A new plan for the church, created through an on-site survey and ing of data, the determination of an acceptable margin of error using computer-assisted design, becomes the means by which and the testing of proportional connections against the total Neagley achieves these goals. matrix of the dimensional system (p. 17). In turn, this information Anyone who has ever seriously attempted to measure and must be joined to the built structure, preserved construction draw a building will already know why it is that so many drawings, descriptions, and comparative analyses with other nineteenth-century plans reappear in twentieth-century articles buildings. Only by rigorously observing such basic procedures about medieval architecture. It is frustratingly. hard and su- can we win a glimpse into the elegant play of discipline and premely boring work to take all the measurements necessary to artistry by which these edifices were created and dispel the ghosts construct an accurate plan. The application here of large (by art of improbability which have haunted the literature on Gothic historical standards) amounts of money, sophisticated technol- architectural design. ogy, and teams of field workers has produced what we sorely lack in the study of medieval ecclesiastical architecture: a reliable plan. But especially in the appendix (pp. 419-421), with its Saint-Maclou in Rouen defensive insistence on the accuracy of themeasurements ("varia- Robert Russell tions of five-tenths of a millimeter were tolerated..."), there is University of Michigan-Dearbom more than a hint of the idea of a baukunstliche Methode that will reveal all truth. Linda Elaine Neagley, Elegant Simplicity: the Late Gothic Plan Despite Neagley 's insistence that precisely dimensioned plans Design of St.-Maclou in Rouen, Art Bulletin, 74 (1992): 395- provide the key to unlock the enigma of Gothic church design (p. 422 399), it is her analysis of the plan, and her translation of the abstract measurements into the geometry used by the medieval Page 8 masons, that makes this article so valuable. Her expositions of the of electricity differently. The second category includes aerial geometry of the west porch and the east end of the church as photography and magnetic prospection camed out with devices developed from a sequence of rotated squares are absolutely like a proton magnetometer, or now more commonly, a fluxgate convincing. Less sure,however, is her discussion of the straight gradiometer. These devices measure small differences in mag- bays. The three nave bays and the two of the choir all have netic attraction and are particularly sensitive to the consequences different dimensions. Since so much of her argument relies on the of human presence on a site. For example, a pottery kiln, precise measurements of the survey and implies that Robin's magnetized by firing, can be distinguished from surrounding whole church was as precisely laid out as her own measurements soils. of it, the large discrepancies in the sizes of these straight bays All remote sensing techniques have advantages and disadvan- stand out all the more in that they cannot be accounted for by the tages. Some work better in drier conditions, others in wet. The geometry used for the east and west ends. In fact, they appear to depth to which information can be read varies from technique to be an example of an intuitive telescoping of space, much like the technique. Some methods are time-efficient while others are not. nave at Amiens Cathedral, as she herself admits (p. 416) Most methods are best employed in concert with others and all This is not to denigrate the effort that has gone into or the need to be used and interpreted by specialists. Summary descrip- results that have come from Neagley's work at Rouen. She is tions of the techniques, illustrations of their results, and discus- quite right to suggest that we do not know the buildings we claim sions of their potential can be found in most introductory archae- to know half as well as we should and that technology can help ology textbooks. In the interest of making the specialist literature us to know them better. At least it can speed up the processes accessible to the architectural historian, a bibliographical note is whereby we get to know them. But we have to stand ready at all included at the end of this review. times to recognize what Eisenman calls "post-Cartesian" and Recently. Dabas, Stegeman, et have completed a multi- Neagley terms "intuitive:" and that is the hand of the artist at method series of tests in and around the Gothic cathedral of work, making a great building out of simply a good one. Chartres to explore the potential of remote sensing techniques for helping historians to understand the pre-Gothic phases of the monument. Specifically, they prospected three zones: 1) a lorn x 20m triangular area north of the chevet in the space between the Studies on Chartres Cathedral sacristy and the first two radial chapels; 2) an 8m x 20 m area inside the choir; 3) a 13m x 42 m area within the central vessel of Remote Sensing at Chartres Cathedral the nave. The interpretations they offer, based on their Clark Maines prospections, are conditioned in part by the discoveries, and Weslyan University subsequent interpretations, of excavations carried out previously in each of the three zones. Zone 1: excavations in 1936137, known M. Dabas, C. Stegeman, A. Hesse, A. Jolivet, A. Mounir, A. only through oral testimony, are said to have revealed an early Cases, Prospection gkophysique duns la cathkdrale de Chartres, baptistery with an 8m diameter. Zone 2: excavations in the north Bulletin de la SociCte archeologique d'Eure-et-Loir, 3611 side choir crypt by Rent Merlet revealed, among other features, (1993): 5-25. an intact pier base from an earlier building. Zone 3: excavations near the western end of the nave by E. Lefevre-Pontalis revealed ODERN REMOTE SENSING AIMED at the recovery of the past walls which were identified as belonging to the western limits of M began more than fifty years ago with the first applications the eleventh-century cathedral. of aerial photography to archaeology. Geophysical prospection The results of the prospection outside the church were am- is younger, but has formed acomponent of the research strategies biguous. Magnetic survey revealed an anomaly suggesting a used by the ancient monuments services in many European centrally-planned structure of less than 3m diameter. While this countries since the 1960s. Initially used to identify and map sites anomaly might relate to an early baptistery, the authors observe or groups of sites without standing remains, these techniques are that their results do not correspond to the 8m diameter reported now being applied within extant major monuments. They have by oral testimony. In the choir, magnetic, resistivity, and radar the potential to bring important new (and sometimes bewilder- surveys identified several anomalies which may correspond to ing) information to the architectural historian. piers belonging to an earlier structure. Here, the authors call Remote sensing techniques fall into two principal categories. attention to the relationship between these anomalies and the Active techniques are those which alter the environment by location of the pier base excavated by Merlet. These surveys also passing energy of various types through the ground in order to revealed amass of masonry lying across the choir which they hint "read" what lies buried by recording the anomalies, or patterns, may mark a limit of an earlier building. The prospection in the encountered by that energy. Passive techniques are those that nave located two anomalies which appear to reflect walls extend- record minor variations in the earth's surface, or measure small ing across the nave on a north-south axis. The westernmost of differences in its magnetic field, caused by buried features. The these coincides with the area of Lefevre-Pontalis's wall-hunting first category now typically includes ground penetrating radar expedition of c. 1900. The anomaly is identified by the authors, (known as GPR) and electric resistivity survey (ERS). GPR can as the walls have been by most scholars, as the remains of the provide high resolution records of the shape and estimates of the fa~adeof the eleventh-century church built by bishop Fulben. depth of below-ground features by measuring different responses The easternmost of these possible cross-walls, the authors sug- of radar pulses reflected back from the surfaces of buried struc- gest, "could be the (western) limit of the Carolingian church" (p. tures. For example, walls reflect radar pulses differently than 21). does surrounding soil. Electrical resistivity surveys determine Part of what the Chartres prospections have accomplished is variations in subsurface deposits by measuring the difference in to provide another field test for a relatively new remote sensing resistance to the passage of electrical pulses. As such they depend device that is non-intrusive; that is, one which measures resistiv- on the influence that archaeological remains have on the distribu- ity without pushing electrodes into the ground (see Bibliographi- tion of moisture in the ground. For example, walls tend to hold cal Note: Tabbagh, d.,1993). In this goal, the prospections moisture better than surrounding soils and thus resist the passage were clearly successful. In assessing the results of the surveys for Page 9 the architectural history of the building, however, the issues are GPR and assesses its utility in light of the excavations that more complex. First, better illustrations intended for architec- followed. B.W. Bevan, The Search for Graves, Geophysics, 561 tural historians would have facilitated understanding the surveys 9 (1 99 1): 13 10-1 3 19, describes the application of GPR and other and their results. Second, while acknowledging-that remote techniques to unmarked grave sites, assessing the results by sensing techniques can tell us a great deal about the location of comparison to readings taken from marked graves rather than buried walls on a given site, we need to remember that there is from subsequent excavation. A. Tabbagh, A. Hesse, and R. much information these techniques do not provide. Most impor- Grand. Determination of Electrical Properties of the Ground at tantly, they tell us nothing about stratigraphic context or masonry Shallow Depth with an Electrostatic Quadrupole:FieldTrials on technique, and very little about architectural phasing, all of which Archaeological Sites, Geophysical Prospecting, 4 1 (1993): are essential to interpretation and dating. Archaeology, like 579-597, describes a new technique for measuring electrical Charles Bonnet's meticulous excavation and recording of the resistivity and permittivity without penetrating the soil. Results carefully superimposed walls of sequential buildings lying be- of the survey done in the choir of Autun Cathedral are compared neath the church of La Madeleine in Geneva, makes clear that to excavated results. This technique was also used at Chartres and different chronological phases in a building's history can only be is, in part, designed to work in areas, like a paved church interior, revealed through excavation, recording, and analysis. In the case where insertion of electrodes is not possible. D. Goodman, of the Chartres anomalies, we know where they are, but we do not Ground-Penetrating Radar Simulation in Engineering and Ar- and cannot know what they were. chaeology, Geophysics, 5912 (1994): 224-232, uses simulation Architectural historians need to remember that "Science" techniques to help avoid pitfalls in radargram interpretation and does not proceed in a vacuum or produce unassailably objective to predict the GPR response of different types of buried remains. results. Rather, it proceeds by the actions and interactions of J. Scollar, A. Tabbagh, A. Hesse, and J. Herzog, Archaeological scientists who choose which techniques to use, which questions Prospecting and Remote Sensing, Cambridge, 1990, is written to ask (and not to ask) and which data, from among the effectively for scientists and presents a systematic treatment of the theory limitless bits of information available, are to be selected for and practice of archaeological prospecting. In spite of its scien- emphasis and interpretation. Today, we can look back at the tific orientation, this volume contains historical notes on the excavations of RenC Merlet in the crypt of Chartres nearly 100 development of various techniques in archaeology, as well as years ago to observe critically, and correctly, that he discovered bibliography, of interest to the architectural historian. what he sought to find because he confused criteria of sufficiency All of these studies report on "hard sciences," but are never- with criteria of necessity. In this "archaeological context," it theless accessible to historians and archaeologists. All contain needs to be said that the remote soundings within Chartres bibliographies which expand on the short survey of recent work Cathedral were camed out "...in the hope ofconfirming certain given here. hypotheses about the location of pre-Fulbert buildings by scien- tific means" (p. 5), specifically those of Stegeman regarding the sequence and plan of the pre-Romanesque cathedrals. Testing Liturgy and Meaning in the Sculpture of Chartres Cathedral hypotheses is good science and good archaeology, but treating a Walter Cahn single set of hypotheses as constituting all possible ones merely Yale University repeats Merlet's methodological error. The historian's question of remote sensing data should never be, "Could this anomaly be Margot Fassler, Liturgy and Sacred History in the Tujelfrh- the limit to the Carolingian church?" Rather hisher question Century Tympana atchartres, Art Bulletin, 75 ( 1993):499-520 ought to be, "Viewed historically and architecturally, what are all possible explanations for this anomaly?" The former merely ARGOT FASSLERAPPROACHES THE SCULFTURE of the Chartres justifies preconceived ideas and, in truth, really seeks to do no M west fa~adeas a student of liturgical texts and practices, more than that. The latter opens the door for an historically valid bringing to bear on this much discussed work a welcome and application of scientific techniques to an ancient monument. It is heretofore rather neglected perspective. We may expect liturgy unfortunate that the former course of inquiry seems to be the one to give us a sense of the ways that a medieval structure worked followed by the authors of the article here under review. for the clerical community which was, after all, its primary client In sum, remote sensing is not (and may never be) a substitute and user. Liturgical compositions are also a potential source of for archaeological excavations; rather it can be a useful guide the symbolical discourse attached to the elements of architecture when undertaken prior to digging. As such, the use of remote and decoration, whether we think of this symbolism as intended sensing to help explain complex building chronologies on sites by the builders, or given body only after the fact, in the very where excavation cannot happen risks draping hypotheses that process of ritual performance. Fassler cites for her purposes can be neither proved nor disproved with the cloth of scientific mainly the tropes for the introit of the Mass, basing herself on the certainty. repertory of texts and chants contained in a thirteenth-century Chartres Gradual preserved in the Municipal Library at Provins Bibliographicat Note: (Ms. 2). She also fortifies her case with the help of liturgical Something of a watershed in remote sensing studies appeared commentaries, as well as para-liturgical and theological writings as Geophysics in Archaeology, ed. J.C. Wynn, a special issue of by such authors as Ivo of Chartres, Hugh of St,-Victor, and the journal Geophysics, 5113 (1986): 533-639. Since then a somewhat less pertinently, Durandus of Mende.' number of important articles have appeared including: A.J. Fassler lays emphasis on the significance of the bishop's Clark, Archaeological Geophysics in Britain, Geophysics, 5 1/l ceremonial entrance into his cathedral, which was at Chartres in (1986): 1404-14 13 which summarizes a wide range of resistivity all probability staged in the imposing setting of the Royal Portal. and magnetic prospection in Britain since the 1960s. It gives clear She is interested in the metaphoric constructions of the commen- explanations and excellent illustrations. T. Imai, T. Sakayama, tators on the theme of entrance, and especially their interpretation and T. Kanemori, Use of Ground-Probing Radar and Resistivi~ of this liturgical rite as a reenactment of Christ's "entry" into the Surveys for Archaeological Investigations, Geophysics, 5212 world.2 This is the point of departure for her reading of the (1987): 137-150, provides a lucid, well-illustrated discussion of portal's imagery, which she sees as focusing in a Page I0 sequential fashion on three distinctive moments of Christ's that confront the viewer of the Chartres fa~ade,selectivity is revelation in history. The story begins with the south portal. Its surely unavoidable, and it might well be argued that it is the larger subject is not the Ascension, as generally believed, nor, as J. van strands of meaning that count, not the subordinate or ancillary der Meulen has argued, the Creation, but Christ who is to come, matter. Still, the urge to uncover a unitary theme ormessage in the "having existed as both savior and agent of the creation from the complex visual language of a monument like Chartres exercises beginning, actively present in history, even before he had been an undeniable pressure on the process of interpretation, tending born in human time" (p. 509). The ten seated figures with books to give it an abstract, idealizing character, and blinding it to and scrolls on the second lintel are not the Apostles, but Old uncertainty, contradiction or aporia. One must also wonder Testament Prophets, who offer testimony of Christ's presence, whether such a procedure is not in the final analysis more a though he is hidden from them by the clouds that angels seem to reflection of a Romantic conception of the Middle Ages than of drape around his feet. The Labors of the Months and Signs of the a messier, more intractable reality. Zodiac in the archivolts are to be understood as marks of a time still under the sway of nature and custom unredeemed by grace. Notes The second episode in this tripartite scheme is represented in the 1. Fassler believes that the commentary on the liturgy found in south portal, devoted to the Incarnation, and thus to Christ's Durandus's Rationale divinorum officiorum may have some "entrance" into the realm of temporal existence on this earth. The additional reference to Chartres because the author "may have third and final stage in the sequence is exhibited in the Apocalyp- spent part of his life as a canon" of the cathedral (pp. 501-2). tic figure of the central doorway, which points to the Second Durandus was appointed dean of the chapter in 1279 by Nicholas Coming, the ultimate "entrance" of the Lord at the end of time.7 111, but soon afterward, was dispensed from residence at Chames Fassler further believes that this progressive actualization of the by that pope's successor, Martin IV. So far as is known, he never divine plan is registered in the Chartres sculpture by a corre- set foot in the city (see P.-M. Gy, ed., Guillaume Durand, sponding quickening of gesture and expression, the Old Testa- ev@quede Mende (v. 1230-1296, Paris, 1990 [1992]: 15). ment figures of the north portal manifesting only a partial or incipient understanding of the unfolding of providential history, 2. An important study on the background and significance of this while the fully comprehending Apostles and Apocalyptic Elders theme is missing from Fassler's bibliography:E.H. Kantorowicz, of the central portal are "enraptured by revelation" (p. 5 17). This The 'King's Advent' and the Enigmatic Panels in the Doors of is a claim that, in my view, makes the poses and physiognomies Santa Sabina, Art Bulletin, 26 (1944): 207-231 (repr. in the of the Chartres sculpture bear an expressive burden at once too author's Selected Studies, Locust Valley, 1965: 37-75) large and too literal for them. Previous readings of the Chames west fa~adesculpture gen- 3. While "entrance" is a notion well-grounded in the liturgy, the erally took the Incarnation portal (south) as their starting point, tri-partite scheme that serves as Fassler's interpretive construct proceeded to the supposed Ascension (north) and concluded with seems to me a feature better localized in medieval typologies of the central portal. Fassler, as has been seen, reverses the order history, as illustrated in different ways in the Klosterneuburg with respect to the place where the argument begins, and her Altar (1 181) or later, in the writings of Joachim de Fiore thesis also works to reinforce the threads that connect the three doorways into a comprehensive statement. As she herself notes (p. 508), her interpretation of the south and central portals agrees The Mine as Workplace in Late MedievalIEarly Modern in a large measure with explanations now current. It is the Europe composition of the tympanum and lintels of the north portal that Pamela 0.Long have elicited her most original insights and here, no doubt, is Washington, D.C. where her case will be judged to have been won or lost. Unfortu- nately, there seems to be no way to confirm her argument by Susan C. Karant-Nunn, From Adventurers to Drones: The Saxon reference to an identifiable set of antecedents or pictorial tradi- Silver Miners as an Early Proletariat, pp. 73-99, and Christina tion. The figure of Christ in the tympanum, appearing in the midst Vanja, Mining Women in Early Modern European Society, pp. of clouds seemingly borne by angels and one of the most striking 100-1 17 in The Work Place Before the Factory: Artisans and inventions of the Chartres sculptors, has no known parallels, and Proletarians: 1500-1800 ed. Thomas Max Safley and Leonard the identification of the ten seated figures in the lower lintel N. Rosenband, Ithaca and London: Cornell University Press, (Fassler, like earlier authors, has no ready explanation for their 1993. number) is only an unsubstantiated guess. It is Fassler's grand historico-theological scenario alone that we must rely on to bear USAN KARANT-NUNNEXPLORES the condition of miners- out her proposed identification,though since the correspondence S physical and fiscal, as well as the development of the miner's between textual sources and the imagery cannot in the nature of "mentality" from the fifteenth through the sixteenth centuries in things be expected to be wholly airtight, a certain leap of faith central Europe. During this time, period mining was changed may still be necessary to secure full conviction. Chartres, how- from small local operations to larger scale capitalist enterprises. ever, is a special case, and readers may well find themselves The change was brought about in part because of the greater tempted to make the jump. expense of digging deeper mines and financing the waterremoval Fassler, like earlier writers who have sought to interpret the necessary for such mines. Although this aspect of late-medieval imagery of the Royal Portal in greater or lesser detail, is per- mining is well known, the condition of the miners themselves has suaded that it harbors a coherent and well-formulated message. received less attention. Karant-Nunn emphasizes that those con- Yet her interpretation makes a selective reference to the subjects ditions varied greatly during this period "both in time and from on display, omitting entirely from consideration the statue col- place to place." umns, the compendious New Testament narrative of the capital The pivotal event in the historical narrative was the "silver frieze, while drawing the archivolt sculpture of the lateral portals rush" of the late fifteenth century, in which all manner of people into her scheme of explication only with a certain strain. Should rushed to a comparatively underdeveloped part of central Ger- she be faulted for this? Given the amount and variety of images many in the hope of becoming rich. The rush was aided by an Page 11 expanding population. Individuals and families humed to loca- Vanja's article includes fascinating images of women work- tions where new veins had been discovered, leaving their previ- ing in mining and ore-processing. As she points out, illustrations ous support systems and livelihoods behind, often living under are important sources of knowledge for a subject which often trees or in caves, and buying or stealing food from the local lacks adequate documentation. 0% peasants. The great risks and frequent failures of the potential hewers were in some ways compensated by the authorities. Miners had the right to move around, bear arms, avoid much taxation, form their own society or Knapschaft, and administer NEWS FROM MEMBERS AND their own relief fund. Interestingly, the smelters soon separated from the hewers and formed their own organizations. AFFILIATED ASSOCIATIONS: The rise of miners' organizations is of great interest. In the Peasant's War of 1525, the miners made demands that were AVISTA members and affiliates, please send items for this quite different from those of the peasants. There is some diffi- column to the News Editor. New's items should he of interest to culty in interpreting a number of these demands, since some of AVISTA membership but need not be about n~emhersor affili- the "miners" were investors, rather than laborers. Nevertheless, ates. after 1525, the privileges that miners enjoyed were gradually taken away by rulers who sought greater control over the wealth of the mines which was an important source of their power. A Projects, Institutions and Societies: series of mining ordinances in various localities confirms this strategy of control and constitutes, I would add, an important Interscripta is a topical on-line forum for medievalists that will source for labor and economic history. Gradually, miners be- focus on the discussion of a specified topic for a designated length came wage earning employees ofprinces and rulers. Deep mining of time; the topic will change on a regular basis. Each topic was financed by small and large investors who bought shares, but will be proposed and moderated by a scholar in the field; at the lost money in these financial ventures more frequently than they close of the discussion the moderator will shape the material earned it. into an article which will be distributed to all participants for The issue of whether the miners can be considered an early review and commentary before its final revision. Finished ar- proletariat has often been addressed by Marxist historians. How- ticles will be published in the on-line journal Interscripta. ever, Karant-Nunn makes the point that the miners' organiza- The opening topic will be the project itself, its shape and tions were in many ways similar to other late medieval guilds and potential future. To subscribe, send the message "sub interscripta organizations of artisans and craftsmen, as well as to mercenary [your professional name]" to [email protected]. soldiers and day laborers. She is particularly knowledgeable and Questions and comments may be addressed to Deborah insightul in her discussion of the influence of the Protestant Everhart ([email protected]) or William Schipper Reformation on miners and on those who sought to control them. ([email protected]). This article concludes with a discussion of miners' songs and sermons which the author suggests helped to form the identity of The Labyrinth is a network server providing centralized access miners. Particularly interesting is her account of Johannes to electronic resources in medieval studies, making it easier for Mathesius (1504-1565) whose sermons, preached in medievalists to use Internet. The Labyrinth will provide a uni- Joachimsthal, were filled with references to mines and mining. form hypertext interface for existing databases, on-line library Every year at Carnival, Mathesius dressed up as a miner and then catalogues, bibliographies, discussion lists, hypertexts, and other preached on mining. Karant-Nunn paints an interesting picture of electronic projects without intmding upon the autonomy of the daily work lives of the miners. However, it is a picture for individual projects. The Labyrinth will also offer a unified which much greater detail is needed. I would especially have reference center for conference news, job bulletins, and other liked to see how those working in and near the mines were information of the kind that appears in newsletters. A Labyrinth affected by technology and technical changes. prototype will be demonstrated at Kalamazoo 1994, and a sub- Christina Vanja examines the work of women in the mines of stantial range of resources will be available by fall 1994. Contact: preindustrial Europe, particularly in Germany. Although she Martin Irvine, Dept. of English, 306 New North Bldg., emphasizes that much research remains to be done, she points to Georgetown Univ., Washington, DC 20057; Deborah work from the early 1980s, including her own and that of Susan Everhart ([email protected]); or [email protected]. Karant-Nunn, that has begun an exploration of female labor in georgetown.edu. mining and oreprocessing. Much women's work was centered on ore-processing from the time of its removal from the mine until The History Computerization Project offers free workshops it was delivered to the smelter. Women also managed the work of and a printed tutorial on the use of computer database manage- food supply for mine workers. They often worked in small, ment for historical research, writing and cataloguing. Those family-owned or leased pits and mining teams of husbands and unable to attend workshops can obtain the 80-page workshop wives persisted until the nineteenth century. tutorial by mail. Contact: History ComputerizationProject, 2485 1 Vanja emphasizes that the role of women in the large-scale, Piuma Rd., Malibu, CA 90265; 8 18/591-937 1 or 8 18/HISTORY. deep mine enterprises that arose in the late fifteenth century was "far more complex and peripheral". Here, women neither entered The Thesaurus Musicarum Latinarum (TML) is an evolving the pits, nor worked in specialized metallurgy. Rather, they were full-text database that is intended eventually to contain the concentrated in low-skill, heavy-labor activities: hauling, break- entire corpus of Latin musical theory from the Middle Ages ing, sorting, and rinsing ore. In the smelting process women and the early Renaissance. TML will be centered at the School of transported coal and charcoal and produced briquettes made of Music at Indiana University, with additional funded centers at coal and loam for fuel. Whatever they did, however, women were Princeton University, the University of Nebraska-Lincoln, paid less than men for performing the same jobs. By the eigh- the University of Colorado-Boulder, Louisiana State University teenth century, women had been excluded from mining. and Ohio State University. Contact: T.J. Mathiesen, Page 12 Project Director, TML, School of Music, Indiana Univ., The Canadian Centre for Architecture is a study center and Bloomington, IN 47405; 8 121855547 1 or 8 121876-3592; museum devoted to the art of architecture and its history. In the e-mail: [email protected] or MATHIESE@ 1992-93 academic year, CCA began awarding fellowships to UCS.INDIANA.EDU. encourage discourse among architects, historians, conservation- ists and the public. Contact: Office of the Director, Canadian CANTUS is a database that assembles indices of the chants in Centre for Architecture, 1920 Baile, Montreal, Quebec H3H2S6, manuscripts and early printed sources of the Divine Office. Since Canada; 5 141939-7025; fax 5 141939-7020. CANTUS files are in standard data format (system data format), searches and modifications can be made on a mainframe or a The Bibliographical Society of America awards short-term microcomputer using any standard word processing software. fellowships to help support American and foreign scholars un- Users requesting CANTUS fileson diskette also receive adBASE dertaking research on the history of books and printing. Contact: file structure and a READ ME file explaining how to use it. Executive Secretary, BSA, PO Box 397, Grand Central Station, CANTUS data can also be incorporated into the file structure of New York, NY 10163; 2121995-9151. the database program of the user's choice. CANTUS files are distributed via Internet without charge; there is a nominal charge Oregon State University Center for the Humanities awards a for postage and handling for diskettes sent by mail. Contact: minimum of three fellowships each year to scholars in the School of Music, Catholic Univ., Washington, DC 20064; or humanities or in related fields, with stipends up to $27,000. [email protected]. Contact: P. Copek, Center for the Humanities, Oregon State Univ., 8 1 1 SW Jefferson, Corvallis, OR 97333-4506. Selections from acomprehensive bibliography on the family and marriage in medieval Europe, begun by Fr. Michael M. Sheehan The Rutgers Center for Historical Analysis offers senior and in 1976 and still in progress under the direction of Jacqueline postdoctoral fellowships for individuals researching War,Peace, Murray, have been published as Domestic Society in Medieval and Society in Historical Perspective. Contact: J.W. Chambers Europe: A Select Bibliography, by M.M. Sheehan and 11, Rutgers Center for Historical Analysis, 88 College Ave., New J. Murray (Toronto, PIMS,1990). Continuing publication, in Brunswick, NJ 08903. e3 both book and electronic formats is anticipated. Contact: J. Murray, Dept. of History, Univ. of Windsor, Windsor, Ont. N9B 3P4 Canada; 5 1912534232 x2323; fax 5 19/97 1-3610; [email protected].

Dumbarton Oaks Byzantine Library: Acquisitions Lists. The RECENT AND Dumbarton Oaks Byzantine Library will publish a bi-monthly list covering all monographic titles in Byzantine subjects re- FORTHCOMING PAPERS: ceived by the library and including additional coverage of peri- odical literature, i.e. all articles relevant to Byzantine studies This column will list papers read or to be read at professional appearing in approximately 850 journals. In the first issues, both meetings (whether or not meant for publication), papers com- current acquisitions and books received by the library since 1991 plete but not yet published, and papers recently published. Its will be included. Once the listings for 1991-1 993 are completed, purpose is to inform readers of work being done in a variety of current literature will be covered systematically. The annual disciplines. The News Editor has selected papers of interest to subscription rate will be $40 for individuals and $80 for institu- AVISTA members and welcomes information for this column. tions. Checks may be made payable to Dumbarton Oaks and sent to Enhanced Acquisitions ListByzantine Library, Dumbarton Papers Oaks, 1703 32nd Street, N.W., Washington, D.C. 20007. (dates are 1994 unless otherwise specified):

Grants and Prizes: Oct. 1-2, 1993: Renaissance Venice: Continuity and Change was held at the Folger Shakespeare Library. Papers included: D. Malkiel (Ben Gurion Univ.): Jewish Wills from Renaissance Yale University's Program in Agrarian Studies will be offer- Veneto;A. Smith (Wagner Coll.): Locating Power andlnfluence ing four to six Visiting Research Fellowships, tenurable from within the Provincial Elite of Renaissance Verona; P. Lanaro September 1995-96. The program is designed to maximize the (Univ. of Venice): The Ossification of Political Life in Sixteenth- intellectual links between western and non-western studies, Centu~yVerona; R. Mackenney (Univ. of Edinburgh): The contemporary work and historical work, the social sciences and scuole piccole of Venice, ca. 1250-1600; D. Romano (Syracuse the humanities in the context of research on rural life and society. Univ.): MaterialCultureandServant Culture; B. Ravid (Brandeis Fellowships range from $15,000 to $30,000 per academic year, Univ.): Jews, Ottomans, and Other Foreigners and the Venetian Fellows must have finished the dissertation and have a full-time Levant Trade; A. David (Jewish National and Univ. Library): position to which they can return. They are expected to reside in The Cairo Genizah Records on the Involvement of Egyptian New Haven, pursue their own research and participate in a Jewry in Venetian Commerce; E.C. Pavan (Univ. of Lille 111): colloquium series entitled Hinterlands, Frontiers, Cities, and Venice and Torcello; T. Cooper (Temple Univ.): Modelling an States: Transactions and Identities. The deadline for receipt of Urban Vision: Vincenzo Scamozzi and Piazza San Marco; D. the first fellowship application stage for the 1995-96 academic Calabri (Univ. of Venice): Two Squares of San MarcoandRialto; year is January 3,1995. Contact: J.C. Scott, Yale Univ. Program M. Knapton (Univ. of Venice): Venetian Public Finance (Four- in Agrarian Studies, Box 208300, Yale Station, New Haven, CT teenth-Seventeenth Centuries);A. Stahl (American Numismatic 06520-8300; fax 2031432-3296. Society): OfPlce Holding and the Zecca in Early Renaissance Venice; S, Chojnacki (Michigan State Univ,): Social Identity in Page 13 Fifteenth-Century Venice: The Second Serrata; J. Grubb (Univ. Jan 27: R.H. Rouse lectured on The History of the Book, the of Maryland, Baltimore County): Memory and Identity, or Why inaugural address of a new series of annual public lectures, The Venetians Didn't Keep Diaries; R. Chavasse (King's Coll, Lon- History of the Book, on aspects of the Medieval and Renais- don Univ.): Venetian Humanism in Practice: the Role of sance book at the UCLA Center for Medieval and Renaissance Marcantonio Sabellico; 1. Fenlon (Univ. of Cambridge): Music, Studies. Contact: Center for Medieval and Renaissance Studies, Liturgy, and Identity in Renaissance Venice. 212 Royce Hall, Univ. of California, Los Angeles, 405 Hilgard Ave., Los Angeles, CA 90024-1485. Oct. 18, 1993: Patrick Geary (Univ. of California, Los Angeles) presented a lecture on Charlemagne and the Birth of Europe at Feb. 15: Fr. Columba Stewart (St. John's Univ.) presented an the UCLA Center for Medieval and Renaissance Studies. Con- occasional paper on Monks up a Creek: George of Choziba and tact: Center for Medieval and Renaissance Studies, 212 Royce Lifeata Seventh-Century Monastery in Palestine, at Hill Monas- Hall, Univ. of California, Los Angeles, 405 Hilgard Ave., Los tic Manuscript Library, P.O. Box 7300, St. John's University, Angeles, CA 90024- 1485. Collegeville, Minnesota 56321-7300.

Nov. 5,1993: The Fifth Biennial Conference on the Medieval Feb. 15: B. Frischer lectured on The Endof theRenaissance: The City and Its Image: Women and the Medieval City was held Inquisition and the Italian Humanists, at the UCLA Center for at the City University Graduate Center. Papers included: J. Medieval and Renaissance Studies. Contact: Center for Medi- McNamara (Hunter Coll.): The City as Enclosed Garden; J. eval and Renaissance Studies, 212 Royce Hall, Univ. of Califor- Oliver (Colgate Univ.): Burgervrouen, Beguines, and Urban nia, Los Angeles, 405 Hilgard Ave., Los Angeles, CA 90024- Book Production; M. Howell (Columbia Univ.): Rewriting Mar- 1485. riage in Late Medieval Douai; E. Robertson (Univ. of Colorado): Private Bodies and Civic Domains: Two Contrasting Examples Feb. 18-19: Figures of Speech: The Body in Medieval Art, from Chaucer and Shakespeare; D. Wolfthal (Manhattanville History, and Literature, the eleventh annual meeting of the Coll.): Woman as Sexual Aggressor: Images of Potiphar's Wife; lllinois Medieval Association, took place at Loyola University E. Fowler (Yale Univ.): The Architecture of Rape: Political Chicago. Papers included: D.G. Santinga (Princeton Univ.): Ara Theory and Chaucer's Knight's Tale. Crucis: Old Testament Blood Sacrifice and the Suffering Body of Christ in Romanesque Art; D.S. Areford (Florida State Univ.): Dec. 27-30, 1993: The annual meeting of the Archaeological The Wound of Christ: Relic,Amulet, and Mystical Threshold; M. Institute of America was held in Washington, D.C. Papers Easton (New York Univ.): Mysticism and Medicine in the Four- included: M. MacKinnon (Univ. of Alberta): Pig's Head Revis- teenth Century: The Feminine Wound of Christ; G. Guest (New ited: Recent Analysis of the Faunal Remains fr-om the Late York Univ.): The Beggar's Body in Later Medieval Art; L.A. Roman Villa at S. Giovanni di Routi; S. Tuck (Univ. of Michi- Kapp (Columbia Univ.): 'Rotting' Heads and 'Too too solid gan): Roman Lighthouses, Imperial Propaganda, and the Ter- jlesh:Images of a 'Womanwith Skull' atsantiagode Compostela; mini Imperii; Carla Goodnoh (Univ. of Michigan): Footprints in R.F. Johnson (Northwestern Univ.): The Immaterial Body in the Sand: Evidence for an Evolving Geography of Pilgrimage in Medieval English Representations of St. Michael; N.P. Stork Fifh-Sixth Century Topographic Mosaicsfr-om Transjordan;M. (Stanford, CA): Did Margery Kempe Suffer from Tourette Syn- Georgopoulou (Yale Univ.): Patterns in Urban Design: The drome? L.B. Wilson (Univ. of Colorado at Boulder): Threads of Ideology of Medieval Cities? V.R. Andrson-Stojanovic (Wilson Belief: Medical, Religious, and Magical Ideas about Childbirth Coll.): Tanners and Dyers, Past and Present: Ethnoarchaeology in the Late Middle Ages and Early Modern Period; M.F. Hensen in Morocco; J.C. Fant (Univ. of Akron): Visconti's Emporium (Univ. of Copenhagen): Corporeal Buildings: Representations 'Excavation' (1868-1870) and Rome's Marble Supply; C.L. ofArchitecture in Visual Arts in the Later Middle Ages; J. Snyder Connor (Univ. of North Carolina): The Color of Ivory: Poly- (Columbia Univ.): Clothing as Communication: A Study of the chromy on Late Antique and Byzantine Ivories; P.N. Kardulias Body and Clothing in Northern French Early Gothic Sculpture; (Kenyon Coll.) andR.W. Yerkes (Ohio State Univ.): Stone Tools M. Kobialka (Univ. of Minnesota): Figures and Spaces of and Agricultural Technology: Microwear Analysis of Threshing Representation: The Spiritual and Physical Body in the Twelfh Sledge Flints from the Eastern Mediterranean; P. Visona (Univ. Century; L.N. Simmons (Univ. of Chicago): Female Monastics of Colorado at Denver): Monetary Circulation on the Island of and the Tradition of Learning: Bodily Presence and Participa- Vis (ancient Issa) in Dalmatia, ca. 380 B.C. - A.D. 600; C.A. tion in the Images of the Hortus Deliciarum; T. Tavormina Marinescu (Columbia Univ.): Style and Chronology of the (Michigan State Univ.): Sensual Motherhood: The Joys of Mary Lysimachi of Byzantium; W.G.H. Liebeschuetz (Univ. of in Henry ofLancasterfs Livre de Seyntz Medicines; V. Rutledge Nottingham): Polytheistic Mythology in a Christian World; C.R. (City Univ. of New York); Engendering Meanings: Galveo-Sobrinho (Yale Univ.): Funerary Epigraphy and the (Re)lnterpreting the Mother of Mercy; R. Ousterhout (Univ. of Spread of Christianity in West; H. Saradi (Univ. of Guelph): Illinois): The Material andlmmaterial Body; C. Barber (Univ. of Persistence of Pagan Beliefs in Byzantium Regarding Cult Ob- Illinois): Writing on the Body; R. Greenberg (Ryerson jects; G. Ince (King's College, Univ. of London) and A. Ballantyre Polytechnical Univ.): The Just Measure; F. Paxton (Connecticut (Univ. of Newcastle upon Tyne): A Diachronic Study of Social Coll.); Body and Soul: Metaphors ofHealing in the Early Middle Stratification in Medieval Houses on the Island of Kythera. Ages.

Jan. 11: D.B. Weiner (Charles E. Culpeper Scholar of the Feb. 25-26: Medieval Medicine: Healing Body and Mind was Medical Humanities, Univ. of California, Los Angeles), lectured the subject of the Twenty-fourth Annual Conference of the on The Hospital as Hotel: The Origins ofNursing, at the UCLA Center for Medieval and Renaissance Studies at the Ohio State Center for Medieval and Renaissance Studies. Contact: Center University. Papers included: W. Bowen (Scarborough Coll., for Medieval and Renaissance Studies, 2 12 Royce Hall, Univ. of Univ. of Toronto): Music as Medicine: Marsilio Ficino on the California, Los Angeles, 405 Hilgard Ave., Los Angeles, CA Therapeutic Power of Music; G. Bos (Wellcome Institute, Lon- 90024- 1485. don): Maimonides on the Preservation of Health; A. Hayum Page 14 (Fordharn Univ.): Disease and the Visual Arts at the End of the circa 1270 after the Sainte-Chapelle of Paris; A. Isler-de Jongh Middle Ages: Examples and Considerations; G. Jaritz (Austrian (Univ. of Victoria): 'Pastiche' or. 'Panneau d'antiquaire':prob- Academy of Sciences): 'Popular' Medicine and the 'Elites' in lems with North American stained-glass collections. the Late Middle Ages; J.M. Riddle (North Carolina State Univ.): A Saint's, a Pope's, a Bishop's, and a Theologian's Practical Mar. 8: Fr. Nathaniel Hauser (Hill Monastic Manuscript Library) Advice on Birth Control; L. Voigts (Univ. of Missouri): Popular lectured on Shared Imagery: Icons and Western Art, in the Access to Learned Medicine: The Vernacularization of Texts in History of the Book series at Hill Monastic Manuscript Library, Fourteenth CenturyEngland;M. Wack (Washington State Univ.): P.O. Box 7300, St. John's University, Collegeville, Minnesota .Medicine and the Chivalric Body in the Knight's Tale 5632 1-7300.

Mar. 1: Dr. Getatchew Haile, Cataloguer of Ethiopian Manu- Mar. I I: The Byzantine Heritage was the theme of the 1994 scripts at Hill Monastic Manuscript Library, presented an occa- Biennial European Art Symposium of the Art History Depart- sional paper on African Mountaineers: A Survey of Ethiopian ment of the University of Delaware. Papers included: J. Scott Monasticism, at Hill Monastic Manuscript Library, P.O. Box (Harvard Univ.): The Iconography ofprivate Devotion at Sardis 7300, St. John's University, Collegeville, Minnesota 56321- in the Early Byzantine Period; J.S. Crawford (Univ. of Dela- 7300. ware): Personal Piety in the Byzantine World: Christian and Jewish Objects from the Byzantine Shops at Sardis; T. Mathews Mar. 3-5: The Fourteenth Canadian Conference of Medieval (New York Univ.): A Clash of Gods: The Formation ofByzantine Art Historians met at the University of Victoria. Papers in- Art; G. Vikan (Walters Art Gallery): The Development of Icons cluded: L. Hoey (Univ. of Wisconsin-Milwaukee): Reafirming and Icon Piety in Early Byzantium; A.M. Weyl-Can (Southern the 'NormanArchitecturalRevolution'; M. Thurlby (York Univ.): Methodist Univ.): A Miraculous Icon from Cyprus and Its Tra- Durham Cathedral, Old St. Peter's and the iconography of the dition; A. Christ (Univ. of Kentucky): Russian Icons in the rib; H. Boker (McGill Univ.): 'Per Graecos Operarios': a Nineteenth Century: Selections fiom the Burgess-Jastak Foun- Byzantine building type and its reception in western Romanesque dation Collection. architecture; P. Coffman (York Univ.): The Romanesque vault ribs ofSouthwellMinster-;D. Mayne (York Univ.): Non-western- Mar. 15: Dr. Diane Warne Anderson, Cataloguer of Western facing Romanesque portals: positional functionalism; J. Addiss Manuscripts at Hill Monastic Manuscript Library, lectured on A (City Univ. of New York): St. Etienne ofNevers: a new study; J. Medieval Library: Books and History in the Cologne Cathedral, Mann (Wayne State Univ.): The monastery of San Salvador de in the History of the Book series at Hill Monastic Manuscript Leyre: 'capitaland heart' of the realm ofNavarra; G. Gunnhouse Library, P.O. Box 7300, St. John's University, Collegeville, (Univ. of Alberta): Pictorial Narrative as Gospel Truth; C. Minnesota 56321-7300. Hoeniger (Queen's Univ.): Simone Martini's Beato Agostino Novello altarpiece and child healing miracles; M. MacLachlan Apr. 7-10: The Annual Meeting of the Renaissance Society of (NSCAD): The iconography of the Magdalen chapel at Assisi America was held at the University of North Texas in Dallas. and Angevin patronage of her cult in late medieval Italy; J. Papers included: A. Fitz-James (Beaune): Fel et Mel: A New Campbell (Univ. of Alberta): The Lady in the CouncilChamber: Interpretation of the Two Vases Inlaid in the Exterior Marble the Maestaas Civic Image; J. Bain (Univ. of Warwick): Obser- Pavement of Siena Cathedral; V. Plesch (Princeton Univ.): The vations on thefunction of the painted decorative program of the EndJustifies the Means: Giovanni Canavesio's Graphic Sources; abbey ofPomposa; C. Warr (Univ. of Warwick): Painting in late R. Stefaniak (Univ. of California, Riverside): Parmigianino's fourteenth-century Padua: the patronage of Fina Buzzacarina; Vision of St. Jerome; M.J. Gill (Vassar Coll.): Jerome, Church- H. McCague (York Univ.): To Build and Measure the Temple of men, and a Sculptur-a1 Panegyric in Fifreenth-Century Rome; Solomon; W. Clark (City Univ. of New York): Deconstructing C.L. Joost-Gaugier (Univ. of New Mexico); The Intervention of the Gothic: l'iollet-le-Duc at Saint-Denis; R. Sundt (Univ. of Humanist Authority in Raphael's Stanza della Segnatura; K.M. Oregon): The g~.eatportalofBatalha's Capellas Imperfeitas: the Alhadeff (Boulder): 'Maledictus omnis quipendet in ligno' :The question of its English sources re-examined; M. Bismanis (Univ. Soteriology ofMichelangelo's PunishmentofHaman; C. Moffatt of Regina): Medievalarchitecture ofLivonia; L. Jessop (Victoria, (Pierce Coll.): The Image of theArchitectandHisCrafr: Filarere's B.C.): Images as text: reading the Carrand diptych; C. Neuman Treatise on Architecture; K.A. McIver (Univ. of Alabama, deVegvar (Ohio Wesleyan Univ.): The travelling twins:Romulus Birmingham): The Object and the Individual: The Portrayal of and Remus in early Anglo-Saxon England; D. Kelly (Univ. of Women Making Music in Renaissance Italy; K.J. Fomey (Cali- York): Monastic devotion and the art of the Benedictional of fomia State Univ., Long Beach): 'Nymphes gayes en abry du Aethelwold and the Sacramentary of Robert of Jumiiges; C. Laurier': Music Instruction for the Bourgeois Woman; J.M. Knicely (Univ. of British Columbia): The question of female Lattis (Univ. of Wisconsin): Christopher Clavius, Kill-Joy: No authority in the medieval reliquary and cult of Ste. Foy; S.A. Celebration of Diversity in Sixteenth-Century Cosmology; S.J. Brown (York Univ.): The Bayeux Tapestry and the poetry of Rabin (St. Peter's Coll.): Astrology and Mysticism and Kepler's Baudri of Bourgeuil; S. MacKinnon (Univ. of Winnipeg): The Reform of the Cosmos; I.A. Kelter (Univ. of St. Thomas, Hous- tapestries of the Blessed Virgin at Notre-Dame-de-Beaune; J. ton): A Coincidence of Opposites: Thomas White and the Recon- Bugslag (Univ. of Victoria): Changing attitudes towards picto- ciliation ofAristotle and Copernicus in the Seventeenth Century; rial space in the stained glass of the St. Piat chapel in Chartres C. Esche (Max-Plank-Institut, Bibliotheca Hertziana): 'In che cathedral; K. Macias-Valadez (U. Laval): The stained glass of modi si commendi el nome delle famiglie a sempiterna laude et the choir of Quimper Cathedral as a programme of visual immortalita (Albert;,Della famiglia): The Holy and the Profane propaganda for Brittany's duchy; R. Schneider (York Univ.): Family, Genealogy, and Blood Relatives in Fifteenth-Century 'Artistic originality' in a trade workshop? The design and Art; C. Olsen (Univ. of Pennsylvania): From Low to High: stylistics of the Bourges Good Samaritan window; R. Sanfa~on Fifreenth-Century Tarot Cards in Northern Italy; M.A. Sullivan (U. Laval): The Beheading of John the Baptist panel in the (Norwich, VT): The Genre of 'Genre':An Unresolved Problem Montrkal Museum of Fine Arts and stained glass production in Northern Renaissance Art; P.M. Simmonds (Bethesda, MD): Page I5 Gazing on Beauty Bare: Three Female Nudes on an English T. O'Keeffe: The Romanesque portal of Clonfert cathedral and Chimney-Piece of the Renaissance; J. Kristof (Portland State its iconography; P. Harbison: TheBiblical iconography of twelfth- Univ.): Eve in Renaissance Imagery; J. Clifton (Rhodes Coll.): century architectural sculpture in Ireland. Gender and Shame in Masaccio's Expulsion from the Garden of Eden; C. Getz (Baylor Univ.): A Historical and Cultural Context Apr. 8-9: A Conference on the Continuity of the Classical for the Musical Commemorations of the Battle of Pavia; J.E. World in the Early Middle Ages was held at the Pennsylvania Glixon (Univ. of Kentucky): Con canti et organo: Music at the State University. Speakers included: A. Deyermond (Univ. of Venetian scuole piccole in the Renaissance; G.M. Ongaro (Univ. London): Apollonius of Tyre in Medieval Spain; J. Bloom of Southern California): The Social World of Venetian Singers in (Muqarnas): The Persistence of Late Antiquity in Early Islamic the Late Renaissance; D.S. Peterson (Univ. of Texas, Austin): Art; J. McKinnon (Univ. of North Carolina at Chapel Hill): The Civic Religion, Legitimation Strategies, and the Church; W.J. Carolingian Reception ofRoman Chant;D. Kinney (Bryn Mawr Connell (Rutgers Univ.): Religion and Community in Florentine Coll.): Rape or Rescue of the Past? Spoliation and Rescue in Tuscany, Fifeenth-Sixteenth Centuries; L. Polizzotto (Univ. of Fourth-Century Rome; S. MacCornack (Univ. of Michigan): A Western Australia): Holy Women,the City,and Salvation; L. Pon City Built in Heaven; R. Brague (Univ. of Paris/Sorbonne): (Harvard Univ.): La Vita del Gran Michelagnolo: A 1568 Off- Eorum praeclara ingenia: Striving for Continuity and Con- printfrom Vasari'sLivesandltsReaders; R. Wollman (Simmons sciousness ofNovelty in some Medieval Philosophers; P. Harvey Coll.): 'Speak that I may see thee': Manuscript Culture and Ben (Pennylvania State Univ.): Devil Women and Holy Virgins: Jonson's Print Poetry; P. Solon (Macalester Coll.): Renaissance Continuity and Innovation in Female Asceticism; A. Cameron Monarchy and UrbanRepublics: Theory and Practice in Toulouse, (Columbia Univ.): Literature andsociety in the Fourth and Fifh ca. 1435-1562; W.S. Gibson (Case Western Reserve Univ.): Centuries;M. Herren (York Univ.): Writing in Code: Remarks of Hieronymus Bosch and the Particular Judgement; T. Conley Latin Literature from the Fifh to the Eighth Century. Contact: R. (Univ. of Minnesota): Jokes and Their Relation to Alchemy; M. Kephart, Dept. of History, The Pennsylvania State Univ., 101 Randall (Emory Univ.): Daisies and Pearls: Alchemical Meta- Weaver Building, University Park, PA 16802. phors in Jean Molinet and Jean Lemaire de Belges; C.R. Coats (Barnard Coll.): Alchemy and Metaphysics in Bernard Palissy's Apr. 9: The Wilton Diptych: Image, Meaning, and Context, a Recepte veritable and Leon Huarte's Examen des esprits; K. symposium, was heldat the University of Massachusetts, Amherst. Perry (Cornell Univ.): Transcendent Abjection in the Works of Speakers were R.G. Calkins (Cornell Univ.), Bringing the Wilton Salomon Trismosin and Michael Maier. Dipfych Up to Date; M. Keen (Balliol Coll., Oxford Univ.): The Wilton Diptych: the Case for a Crusading Context; C.T. Wood Apr. 7-1 1: The Third International Conference on Insular (Dartmouth Univ.): Saints, Dates, and Meaning in the Wilton Art was held at the Ulster Museum, Belfast. The keynote speaker Diptych; J.J.G. Alexander (New York Univ.): The Westminster was Charles Thomas: The artist and the people - a foray into Portrait of Richard 11; L.F. Sandler (New York Univ.): The uncertain semiotics. The closing address was by Sir David Wilton Diptych and Manuscript Images of Devotion. Wilson. Papers included: D. Kelly: Some representations of the Virgin and Child in lrish early Christian sculpture; J. Hawkes: Apr. 12: Fr. Eric Hollas, Director of Hill Monastic Manuscript Mercian icons at Sandbach; J. Cronin: Blueprints of eternity; J. Library, presented an occasional paper on The Medieval Monas- Higgitt: Monasteries and inscriptions in early Northumbria; K. tery and its Urban Environment, at Hill Monastic Manuscript Forsy th and M. Spearman: The inscriptions on the Dupplin cross; Library, P.O. Box 7300, St. John's University, Collegeville, C. Swift: Dating of cross-slabs: the evidence of the annals; M. Minnesota 5632 1-7300. Ryan: The ornamented Donore discs; J. Carroll: Millejiori in the context of early Irish enamelling; L. Swan: Fine metalwork from Apr. 14-1 6: The Medieval Academy of America held its annual the early Christian site at Kilpatrick, Co. Westmeath; Rhoda meeting in Knoxville, TN. Papers included: N. Watson (Univ. of Cronin: Aspects of the art and iconography of the Kilfenora Western 0ntario):The Idea of Universal Salvation in Late-Medi- crosses, Co. Clare;A. Hamlin: The Blackwater group of crosses; eval England; S. Lipton (SUNY, Purchase): Womanish or Wom- N. Netzer: Cultural amalgamation in the Stuttgart Psaltel-;D. 0 anizer? Men, Women,and Sexuality in Anti-Cathar Polemics of Croinin: The Salaberga Psalter; C. Farr: History and mnemonic the Albigensian Crusade; A. Hood (Univ. of California, Berke- in Insular gospel book decoration; M. Redknap: Insular metal- ley): Dissent as Heresy: Viterbo, 1280-1310; R. Cornier (Wil- work from Wales of the Eighth to Tenth centuries; C. Neuman de son Coll.): Which Cathedral School? Searching for the Roman Vegvar: Drinking horns in Ireland and Wales: documentary d'Eneas Author and His Scriptorium; J.A. Nightingale (Miami sources; N. Edwards: Eleventh-century Welsh illuminatedmanu- Univ.): Alain de Lille's Conjointura and Chre'tien de Troyes's scripts: the nature of the lrish connection; C. Newman: Dress- Conjointure: Marriage as Metaphor for Poetic Process in fasteners of the late Iron Age; N. Whitfield: The depiction of Chartrian Allegory andcourtly Romance; C.M. Radding (Michi- animals in Insular metalwork; H. Kilbride-Jones: Early Chris- gan State Univ.): Literacy forDocumentsandLiteracy for Books; tian symbolism with particular reference to objects of lrish origin M. Driver (Pace Univ.): The Literate Laywoman and Her Book - interpretation and application; M.A. Gelly: The lrish high in the Later Middle Ages; J. Boffey (Queen Mary and Westfield cross: methods of design; D. Mac Lean: Technique and contact: Coll., Univ. of London): Vernacular Reading for Gentlewomen; carpentry-constructed insular stone crosses; H. Richardson: The C. Nelson (Tufts Univ.): Hrotsvit von Gandersheim: From jewelled cross and its canopy; S. Marx: Aspects oflnsular animal Scholar to Philosopher; C. Riggs (California State Univ., San ornament in illuminated manuscripts (Seventh and Eighth centu- Bernardino): . Julian of Norwich, Scholar and Theologian; C, ries AD); F. O'Reilly: Vellum and stone; C. Karkov: The Insular Maitre (CNRSDRHT, ParislOrlCans): TheReception ofBoethius's Adam and Eve; B. Megaw :The Calf-of-Man crucifurion: a Tenth- De institutione musica in the Early Universities; J. Fiori- century version of an Eighth-century original? ; S. Youngs: Blanchfield (Utica Coll. of Syracuse Univ.): Gothic Tapestry: Its Cloisonne' work and the origins of Insular polychrome enamel- Relationships to Music, Numbers, and Musical Notation in the ling; R. 0 Floinn: Clonmacnoise: art and patronage in the early Later Middle Ages; P. Higgins (Univ. of Notre-Dame): From medieval period; E. R ynne: The Celtic renaissance in Insular art; Maitriseto University: The Position of Magister puerorum in the Page 16 Fifteenth Century; papers by E. Kanarfogel (Yeshiva Univ.) Statutes of the Paraclete; E.H. Reiter (Univ. of Toronto): The Talmudic Studies; M. Singer (Univ. of Notre-Dame): Biblical Reader as Author in a Manuscript Culture;S. Lusignan (Univ. de Exegesis; A. Ivry (New York Univ.): Philosophical Studies; E. Montreal): The University of Paris and the Monarchy: PrbvGte' Wolfson (New York Univ.): Mystical Studies were read for a and Parlement; J.A. Brundage (Univ. of Kansas): From Class- panel on Jewish Schools and Scholarship; C. Nee1 (Colorado room to Courtroom: The Paris Canon Law Curriculum and the Coll.): Reinventing Augustine for Twelfth-Century Audiences: Practice of the Courts; H. Thijssen (Univ. of Nijmegen): Aca- Rupert of Deutz's and Philip of Harvengt's Vitae Augustini; C. demic Heresy and Teaching Authority in the Fourteenth Cen- Quillen (Rice Univ.) Reading Augustine in the Fourteenth Cen- tury: Paris or Avignon?; P.B.G. Shoemaker (Brandeis Univ.): tury; M.P. Kuczynski (Tulane Univ.): Lollards and Latinity; S. Communitas Regni Christi: Sacr-a1 Space and the Construction Ebbesen (Univ. of Copenhagen): Aristotle and Medieval Phi- of Unity in Anglo-Saxon England, 950-1040; S.E. von Daum losophy; J. Halverson (Univ. of Iowa): Aristotle, Simplicius, and Tholl (Boston Univ.): Anglo-Saxon BookProduction inan Eighth- PeterAureol's Doctrine of Connotative Concepts; N. van Deusen Century Continental Writing Center: Cutbercht at Salzburg; (Claremont Graduate Sch.): Planus, cantus planus, and the C.N. de Vegvar (Ohio Wesleyan Univ.): Open Book or Silent Aristoteles Latinus: Theological Orientation and Aristotelian Image: Insular GospelIllumination andthe Liturgy; M. Calabrese Transmission in the Early Thirteenth Century; J.S. Eriksen (Univ. of West Florida): Ovid's Heroides and the Voice of the (Vanderbilt Univ.): Discerning Eve in Genesis B; E. Green Women in the De Amore and the Troilus; R.R. Edwards (Penn (Boston Univ.): Between History and the Future in Beowulfand State Univ.): Source and Context in 'The Franklin's Tale';P.G. Alfred's Laws; S. Gwara (Southeastern Louisiana Univ.): The Pizzorno (New York Univ.): Exemplum, Metaphor, andNovella: Origin and Transmission of the Old English and Latin Glosses to Rhetoric and Literary Experimentation in 'The Nun's Priest's Aldhelm of Malmesbury's Prosa de Virginitate; S. Boynton Tale';A. Hunt (UCLA): Friends in High Places: Patron-Client (Brandeis Univ.): Latin Hymn Glosses as a Reflection of Monas- Relations in Three Twel'h-Century Friendship Tales; E. Rothrauff tic Education; W.M. Stevens (Univ. of Winnipeg): Latin Geom- (Univ. of California, Berkeley): Mapping Charity in Thirteenth etry in Early Monastic Schools; M.E. Kalinke (Univ. of Illinois): Century Pisa; E. E. Whitaker (Univ. of Alabama, Birmingham): The Icelandic Legend of the Hairy Anchorite; L.A. Smoller Books as Castles: John Fastolf s Reading as Consumption;L. al- (Stanford Univ.): The Popular Meanings of the Miraculous in Imad (East Tennessee State Univ.): The Physician asstudent and Fifteenth-Century Brittany: The Miracles of St. Vincent Ferrar as Teacher: Medical Education in thelslamic World; D. Stewart (d.1419);D. Robertson (Augusta Coll.): The Old French Saints' (Emory Univ.): Specialization and thelslamic Doctorate oflaw; Lives: Reflections on Vernacularization; E. NightIinger G. Newby (Emory Univ.): A Typological Study of the University (Marymount Univ.): The Christian Hercules: Folkloric Hero of of Naples, the First State University; J.T. Snow (Michigan State the Triumph ofthe OrthodoxChurch of Cyprus;K. Eden (Colum- Univ.): Observations on Narrative Sequences in Alfonso's Pro- bia Univ.): Economy in the Hermeneutics of Late Antiquity; M. fane Poetry; M. Presilla (Weehawken, NJ): Alfonso X and the Camargo (Univ. of Missouri): Si dictare velis: Versified Artes Cantigas de Santa Maria: The Politics of Artistic Patronage in dictandi and Late Medieval Writing Pedagogy; M. Carmthers Thirteenth-Century Spain; R. P. Kinkade (Univ. of Arizona): (New York Univ.): Inventional Mnemonics and the 'Ornaments Alfonso's Fraternal Feud with Enrique of Castile: A Mirror or ofstyle';J. Leyerle (Univ-ofToronto): TheGuest-Host Relation- the Matter of Empire. For information contact the Medieval ship: An Outline of a Central Structure in Medieval Society; J. Academy of America, 1430 Massachusetts Ave., Cambridge, Verger (Ecole Normale Supkrieure, Paris): A New Appraisal of MA 02 138. the Role of Universities within Medieval Society; C.C. Willard (Ladycliff Coll.): Marie de Brabant, Queen of France; G. Apr. 14-17: An Unknown Territory: the Art and Architec- Kornbluth (Youngstown State Univ.): Richildis and Her Seal: ture of Albania in a Balkan Context was held at the University Cultural Patronage as Commentary on Power; A.L.McClanan of Minnesota. Papers read by: K. M. Petruso (Univ. of Texas- (Harvard Univ.): Beyond Procopius: Alternative Sources for- the Arlington): New Light on the Old Stone Age in Albania; N.C. Patronage of Empress Theodora; L. Riccetti (Deputazione di Wilkie (Carleton Coll.): Albania and Its Neighbors to the South Storia Patria per l'umbria): Conflicts and Urban Planning: The in Early Neolithic Times;N. Ceka (Inst. of Archaeology, Tirana): Medieval Orvietan Evidence; D. Smail (Univ. of Michigan): Byllis: An Example of the Illyrian City in the Fourth to First Factional Discord and Judicial Intervention in Fourteenth- Century B.C.; I.D. Schrunk (Univ. of Minnesota): Roman Ce- Century Marseille; K. Edwards (Univ. of Southern Mississippi): ramics around the Adriatic: Imports and Imitations; V. Shtylla Public Dissent, Subversion, and Social Ordering in Late-Medi- (National Institute of Cultural Monuments of Albania): The Via eval Burgundy; D. Phillips (Yale Univ.): A Devotional Manu- Ignatia of Albania; M. Spiro (Univ. of Maryland): Fifh andsixth script in a University Milieu: An Illuminated Meditations on Century Christian Mosaic Pavements and Architecture in Alba- the Life of Christfiom Bologna; T.B. Lynn (Chapman Univ.): nia and Adjacent Countries; G.Karaiskaj (National Institute of Iconography andsociety: The Evolution ofthe Temptation Scene Cultural Monuments of Albania): Albanian Cities and Fortifica- in Genesis II and Its Impact on the Status of Women;C. Karkov tions During the Transitionfrom Late Antiquity to the Medieval (Miami Univ.): The Spaces of Women in Anglo-Saxon Manu- Period; P.Vokotopoulos (Univ. of Athens): Church Architecture scripts; R.F. Yeager (Univ. of North Carolina, Asheville): Latin of the Tenth to Thirteenth Century in Albania; G. Koch (Univ. of as a Language of PoliticalReform: AuthorandAudience in Late- Marburg): St.-Mary ofhbova;C.L. Striker (Univ. of Pennsylva- Medieval England; Maria Morras (Universidad autonoma de nia): Possiblitiesfor the Tree Ring Dating ofHistoric Building in Barcelona): Latin Masters, Romance Readers: The Two Versions Albania; J. Alchermes and F.A. Cooper (Univ. of Minnesota): of Hernan Nliriez's Commentario a las Treszientas de Juan de Vernacular Architecture in the Southern Balkans; P. Thomas Mena (1499-1505); R.D. Peckham and D. Pigg (Univ. of Ten- (Byzantine Monuments Agency, Thessaloniki): The Character- nessee, Martin): A Quest for Equivalence: Assessing MS Harley istics of Post-Byzantine Architecture in Albania; I.A. Bierman 682'sEnglish Version of Charles d'orle'ans Narrative Poems; S. (UCLA): Building Cultur-elMaking Space Ottoman; E. Riza Paulsell (Chicago, IL): Scriptio divina: Reading, Writing, and (National Academy of Science, Albania): Seventeenth to Nine- Authoriallden tity in the WorksofMarguerite d' Oingt;D. Everhart teenth Century Residential Architecture in Albania: Formal (Georgetown Univ,): The Feminine Reception ofAuthority in the Development Within Historical Context; K. Kalamata (National Page 17 Institute of Cultural Monuments of Albania, Korce): The Post- (Univ. of Louvain): Notger's Church of St. Jean, LiPge: Form Byzantine Basilicas of Voskopoie;A. Pasic (MIT):The Intermix- and Iconography; H.J. Boker (McGill Univ.): The Double Sto- ing of Islam and Christianity: The Case of Bosnia; A. Arapi ried Chapel Over a Square: Copy of Aachen? Also of note was (Harvard Univ.):Preservation vs. Fossilization: Governmental the session: Romanesque Architecture: The State of Research Policy Towards 'Museum Cities' and its ldeological Underpin- organized by C.E. Ami (Univ. of California, Santa Barbara) in nings; E. Soppi (National Institute of Cultural Monuments of which the following papers'were read: L. Hoey, (Univ. of Albania): The Protection and Restoration of Historic Images in Wisconsin at Milwaukee): Looking for the Aesthetic of Ro- Albania; M. Velo (Artist, Albania): Sanctioned and Subversive manesque Architecture; T.W. Bizzaro (Rosemont Coll.): Narratives: SocialRealism and Dissent; D. Katsiaficas (Univ.of Prolegomena to Contemporary Romanesque ArchitecturalSchol- Minnesota): Images of Passage. Contact Shirley Mueffelman, arship: Still the Ugly Duckling?; A. Baud (Univ. of Lyon):The Professional Development and Conference Services, 220 Nolte Latest Discoveries at Cluny 111; J. Morganstern (Ohio State Center, 315 Pillsbury Drive, S.E., University of Minnesota, Univ.):The Church of Notre-Dame at JumiPges: A Report on Minneapolis, MN 55455-0139; phone: 612-625-3850. Work in Progress; M. Kerr (Reed Coll.):TheConstruction His- tory of the Romanesque Church at Paray-le-Monial Reconsid- Apr. 15-17: Vasari's Florence: Artists and Literati at the the ered; J. D'Emilio (Univ. of South F1orida):RomanesqueArchi- Beinecke Rare Book and Manuscript Library and the Yale Art tecture of the Late Twelfth Century in Le'on and Castile: Where Gallery. Papers included: P. Barolsky (Univ. of Virginia):The Do WeGo From Here? Other papers presented at the conference Trick of Art; F. Jones (Virginia Commonwealth Univ.):The Life included: B. Abou el-Haj (SUNY, Binghamton):Patterns of and Epitaphs of Prosperzia De'Rossi, Scultrice; E. Pilliod (Or- Urban Unrest in Abbey and Cathedral Towns; N. Rabbat egon State Univ.): Representation, Misrepresentation and (M1T):TheUrban Role ofMedieva1Citadels: The Case ofMamluk Nonrepresentation: VasariandHisCompetitors; P. Rossi (Univ. Cairo; D. Shaw (Univ. of California, Berke1ey):Boundaries in ofLancaster): Literature, Fact,andFiction in Benvenuto Cellini's Medieval London: Putting the Private in Private Property; B. Autobiography; D. Cast (Bryn Mawr Coll.): Vasari on the Wilson (Univ. ofBritish Co1umbia):Mapsof Venice: Redefining Practical; F. Harb (Univ. of Vienna): Modes and Models in the Republic in the Sixteenth Century; K.K. Ashraf (Univ. of Vasari's Early Drawing Oeuvre;C.A. Luchinat (Soprintendenza Pennsy1vania):FromSacred Groves toArchitectura1 Paradigms: per i Beni Artisici e Sorici, Florence): Vasari's Last Paintings: The Forest in Greekand Indian Imagination; T.N. Howe (South- the Cupola of S. Maria del Fiore; C. Monbeig-Goguel (MusCedu western Univ. and American Academy in Rome):Vitruvius and Louvre): Vasari's Attitude toward Collecting; A. Cecchi (Galle- the Invention of the Professional Myth. A roundtable discussion ria degli Uffizi):Giorgio Vasari's Collection ofpaintings and its was held on Teaching Medieval Architectural History: Western, Provenance: theArchiva1 Evidence; C. Gilbert (Yale Univ.):The Byzantine, lslamic or All of the Above with the participation of Inventory of an Art Collection in the Vasari Household; R. J.C. Smith (Univ. of Pennsylvania); 0. Grabar (Institute for Williams (Univ.of California, Santa Barbara):Vincenzo Borghini Advanced Study, Princeton); D. Kinney (Bryn Mawr Coll.); D. and Cultural Politics of the Gran Ducato: the Precedence Fairchild Ruggles (Cornell Univ.) Contact The Society ofArchi- Controversy between Florence and Ferrara; R. Scorza (Warburg tectural Historians, 1232 Pine Street, Philadelphia, PA 19107- Institute): The Pictorial Program of Vasari's Foundation of 5944. Florence and Terzo Cerchio in the Sala Grande of the Palazzo Vecchio; A.M. Testaverde (Instituto degli Studi sul Rinasci- Apr. 29-30: Medieval Art History-Now, a research sympo- mento, Florence): From the Sala d'Apparato to the Salone sium was presented by the Department of Art History atNorth- delle Commedie: Florentine Scenography from Vasari to western University. Papers were presented by: A Wharton (Duke Buontalenti; H.T. van Veen (Open Universiteit, Heerlen, Neth- Univ.): The Permeable Body and Post Classical Space; W. erlands): Cosimo, Vasari, and Florentine Republicanism in the Diebold (Reed Coll.): The Carolingian Language of Art; C. 1560's; J. de Jong (Rijksuniv. Groningen); Papal history and Rudolph (Univ.of California, Riverside): The Multiplication and historical invenzione: Vasari's frescoes in the Sala de'Cento Systematization of Imagery in the Early Twelfth Century; O.K. GiorniandSalaRegia. Contact: P. Jacks, Dept. ofHistory ofArt, Werckmeister (Northwestern Univ.): Romanesque Geopolitics; Yale Univ., 2031432-2667. J. Dodds (City Coll. of New York):Having Your Way with the Other: Voice, Representation, and the Cult of Objectivity in Apr. 19: Patricia Eldred (St. John's Univ.) lectured on Pilgrims Medieval Art History; S. Hindman (Northwestern Univ.):Is the on Parade: llluminating the Canterbury Tales, in the History of Voice the Text? Cultural Constructions of Medieval Authorship; the Book series at Hill Monastic Manuscript Library, P.O. Box J.W. Williams (Univ. ofArizona): Gendered Narratives: Repre- 7300, St. John's University, Collegeville, Minnesota 56321- sentations of Power Topography at Chartres; J. Hamburger 7300. (Oberlin Coll.):lmages versus Texts in Context: The Literature of Female Spirituality from an Art Historian's Perspective; I. Apr. 27-May 1: The Forty-Seventh Annual Meeting of The Forsyth (Univ. of Michigan): Narrative in the Round; C. Hahn Society of Architectural Historians was held in Philadelphia, (Florida State Univ.): The Structuring of Medieval Vision; M. PA. Ofinterest toAVlSTA members was the session organized by Camille (Univ. of Chicago): llluminating Philosophy: Art and Warren Sanderson, AVlSTA President, on Carolingian Architec- Science at the Medieval University; E. Sears (Univ. of Michi- ture a Millenium LaterSurvivals, Revivals, and Metamorpho- gan): The Exegetical Capacity of Medieval Imagery; L. Weigert ses, c.760-950 which included papers by: D. Parsons (Univ. of (Northwestern Univ.): Performing the Lives of the Saints: Lit- Leicester): Some Churches of the Anglo-Saxon Mission in Cen- urgy and Narrative in French Choir Tapestry. For further infor- tral Germany:A Reconsideration; S. Gruber (World Monuments mation write Medieval Art History-Now, Department of Art Fund) and R. Hodges (British School of Classical Studies, History, 254 Kresge Hall, Northwestern Univ., Evanston, IL Rome): Sun Vicenzo a1 Volturno: A Carolingian Monastery in 60208; phone: 708-491-3230. the Principate of Benevento; U. Lobbedey (Westphalian Mu- seum ofArchaeology, Munster): Tradition andlnnovation in the May 3: Dr. Elaine Martin (St. John's Univ.) will present an Late Carolingian Abbey Church at Meschede; L.-F. Genicot occasional paper on Augustine and Jerome: The Exercise of Page 18 Authority in Church andMonastery, at Hill Monastic Manuscript G. Klaniczay (Central European Univ.): The Cinderella-Effect: Library, P.O. Box 7300, St. John's University, Collegeville, The Changing Image ofHoly Princessesfr-om Centi.al Europe to Minnesota 5632 1-7300. Italy; J. Cardero-Gillette (Princeton Univ.): Iconography ofHoly Princesses (Elisabeth and Margaret of Hungary and Blanche of May 10: Frs. Gregory Sebastian and Peregrin Berres (Hill Mo- Castille); M. Saghy (Central European Univ.): Ambivalent Im- nastic Manuscript Library) will lectureon TheCalendarinBooks ages ofAngevin Queens in Hungary and France; C. Barr (Catho- ofHours and Some Psalters, in the History of the Book series at lic Univ. of America): What the Archbishop of Suzdal Really Saw Hill Monastic Manuscript Library, P.O. Box 7300, St. John's and Heard: An Archival Study of the Decorative Elements of the University, Collegeville, Minnesota 5632 1-7300. Sacred Plays Staged During the Council of Florence, 1439; F. Michaud (Univ. of Calgary): Juvenile Labor and Working Con- July 4-7: The First International Medieval Congress will be ditions among Apprentices and Journeymen in Thirteenth and held at the University of Leeds. (EDITOR'S NOTE: In the Fourteenth Century Marseille; S.T. Lowry (Washington and Lee interests of brevity, papers have been selected for this entry with Univ.): Medieval Monetary Practices and Economic Under- regard to the interests of AVISTA members as more narrowly standing; K. Kriiger (Institut fiir Geschichtswissenschaften, Ber- defined by the name of the organization: Science, Technology lin): Bildlichkeit und innere Anschauung: Funktionen des and Art. Readers are encouraged to contact the Congress Admin- religiosen Tafelbildes im Trecento; J. Cannon (Courtauld Insti- istration for further program information.) Papers will include: tute): Presentations and Representations of a Holy Woman; B. English (Univ. of Hull): 'Laid Waste for the Castles': The V.M. Schmidt (Rijksuniv. Groningen): Functions of Panels for Destruction of Urban Propertyforthe Building of the Conqueror's Private Devotion in the Early Trecento; J.M. Addiss (City Univ. Castles; D.M. Palliser (Univ. of Hull): Town Defenses in Medi- of New York): Measurement and Proportion in Romanesque eval England; R. Cormack (Courtauld Institute): Styles andlor Architecture: A Case Study; H. McCague (York Univ.): Practi- Artists; L. James (Univ. of Sussex): The Artist in Byzantium; M. cal Geometry and Measurement in Medieval Architecture; S. Vassilaki (Univ. of Crete at Rethymnon): The Byzantine Artist in Severance (Pennsylvania State Univ., Delaware County): Dis- Transition: The Case of Agelos; R. Allen (Univ. of London): cordant Images, Concordant Numbers: An Aesthetic of Twelfth Whatever Happens to the Armour? J. Snow-Smith (Univ. of Century Roman Churches; L. Polezzi (Warwick Univ.): Literary Washington): A New Iconographic Interpretation of Two Cross and Pictorial Images of Italy Seen Through the Eyes of Late Pages From the Lindisfarne Gospels and the Book of Kells: Medieval Travailleurs; C. Muir (Banbury Coll. of Art): The Musical Harmony, SacredGeometry and the Monks' itinerarium Revolutionary and the Traditional in Piero's Perspective: Theory ad deum; B. Kemp (Univ. of Reading): Sacred Imagery on and Practicality; M. Kissane (Univ. Coll. Dublin): The English Church Monuments; H.-W. Goetz (Univ. of Hamburg): Camposanto Monumentale, Pisa: History, Decoration and In- Methodological Problems of the History of Everyday Life in the terpretation; G. Carta (Univ. di studi di Palermo): L'affresco del Earlier Middle Ages: G. Jaritz (Austrian Academy of Sciences): Trionfo della Morte (1441)nell'Ospedale Grande e Nuove di Methodological Aspects of the History of Everyday Life in the Palermo; T.A. Heslop (Univ. East Anglia): The Castle, in Com- Late Middle Ages; H. Witthoft (Univ. of Siegen): Numbers as a fort and Grandeur-;M. Strickland (Univ. of Glasgow): Castles: Means of Perception and Communication about Mutter-; J.-C. A Defensive Prospect?; H.C. Turrentine (Southern Methodist Hocquet (Univ. Charles de Gaulle, Lille 111): Weights and Mea- Univ.): Oratory of Sun Bernardino of Siena and the Angel sures in Medieval Venice; Jens Ulff-Moller (Brandeis Univ.): Musicians ofAgostino di Duccio; L.D. Cheney (Univ. of Massa- Early Medieval Systems of Calculation in Northern Europe; E.C. chusetts at Lowell): Giorgio Vasari's Interpretation of 'Nature' Block (Misericordia International): Faces of Eve on Medieval and 'Rebirth" in the Lives: A. Simonson (San Jose State Univ.): Misericords; I. Gnarra (Kean Coll.): Woman Healers in French Northern Renaissance Painting:A MinorArt? ;J. Rabby (Oxford Romances;C. Lord (Kean Coll.): The Library ofJeanned'Evrew; Univ.): Luxuries from the Levant; H.C. Evans (Metropolitan D. O'Connor (Univ. of Manchester): The East Window of Selhy Museum of Art): Cilician Armenia: Between Byzantium and the Abbey; P.D.A. Harvey (Univ. of Durham): Local Maps in Medi- West; J. Johns (Univ. of Oxford): Caliph, Emperor and King: eval England; P. Barber (British Library): Mappaemundi: World Representations of Royal Authority in Norman Sicily; A. Curry Maps or Cosmological Maps? ; C.D. Smith (Univ. of London): (Univ. of Reading): Military Equipment and Uniforms in the Maps and Text: Cosmology and Exegesis; C. Neuman de Vegvar Fifteenth Century English Army -the Documentary Evidence; (Ohio Wesleyan Univ.): Images of Anglo-Saxon Women: The M. Lacy (Univ of Reading): Evolution ofCIoth-CoveredArmour. Rhetoric of Models and the Discourse of Art; C. Farr (Univ. of 1250-1 500; K. DeVries (Loyola Coll., Baltimore): The Produc- Alabama at Huntsville): Ruthwell and the Female Audience for tion and Use of Gunpowder Weapons in the Burgundian Low Sculpture; C. Karkov (Miami University, Ohio): Women on the Countries; H.M. Sonne (Univ. of Toronto): The Changing Rela- Edge: Liminality and the Female Body in Anglo-Saxon Manu- tionship of Mary and Joseph in Twelfth and Thirteenth Century script Illumination: P. Lock (Univ. of York): Castles and Lord- Depictions of the Nativity; M. Schauder (Berlin): Konrad Witz's ship in Frankish Greece; K. Molin (Univ. of Leeds): The Role of St. Peter-Altarpiece for the Cathedral of Geneva -Pictorial Castles in Cyprus in the Thirteenth Century;F. Theuws (Univ of Propaganda for an Anti-Pope; K. Simonneau (Univ. of Tours): Amsterdam): Early Medieval Burials and the Construction of Study of a Wedding Chest (Florence, Fifteenth Century): Meta- Power-; H. Steuer (Univ. of Freiburg): Measurement Systems in morphosisofMetamorphosis;T. Hunt (Univ. of Oxford): Salerno the Viking Age Baltic Area; J.H. Munro (Univ. of Toronto): The and the Anglo-Norman Kingdom; P. Jones (Univ. of Cambridge): Marcde Troyes in Late Medieval FIandersandFrance: Did They The Realities of Medical Practice in the Fifteenth Century; L. Weigh the Same? ; W.C. Schultz (Univ. of Chicago): Bahri Olsen (Northeast Louisiana Univ.): Charms for Healing in the Mamluk Metrology: The Literary and Numismatic Data; J.P. Fourteenth and Fifteenth Centuries; J. Laszlovszky (Eotvos Canning (Cleveland Museum of Art): The Nave Ceiling at Lorand Univ.): Medieval Daily Life and the Interregionalism of Peterborough Cathedral: Reassessing a Romanesque Arche- MaterialCulture; C. Kroetzl (Univ. ofTampere): Hagiographical type;N. Hiscock (Oxford Brookes Univ.): VillarddeHonnecourt SourcesandMedieval Everyday Life; Simon-Muscheid (Univ. of and designing ad quadratum; W. Armstead (Univ. of Wales, Basel): Court Records and Everyday Life; E. Welch (Courtauld Lampeter): Placing Misericords in their Architectural Context; Institute): Commanding the Condottieri: Images of Military Page 19 Organization in Sforza Milan; S.S. Kenesson (Univ. of Edin- Scholarly Arguments: Strategies for Writing Persuasive Pro- burgh): From Hamah to Halsingborg: the Migration and Loca- posals in the Humanities, by Christina Gillis, a grants adminis- tion of Medieval lslamic Glass; E.A. Congdon (Univ. of Cam- trator and advisor, is a guide for scholars applying for individual bridge): Levantine Trade in the Late Fifteenth Century: Venetian fellowship funding. To obtain a copy, send a check for $5.00, Merchants in Syria; A. Christophersen (Directorate for Cultural payable to UC Regents, to: Doreen B. Townsend Center for the Heritage, Trondheim): New Aspects on the Early Urbanization Humanities, 460 Stephens Hall, Univ. of California, Berkeley, in Trondheim;S.W. Nordeide (Directorate for Cultural Heritage, CA 94720. 0:. Trondheim): Late Medieval Mint Workshops in theArchbishopls Palace. Contact: The Director, International Medieval Congress, IMB Unit, Univ. of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK.

Summer, 1994: AVlSTA member Dr. Ervin Bonkalo will lecture ACTIVITIES. . .PAST, PRESENT in Europe in July: at Honnecourt-sur-Escaut, on designing the AND FUTURE Gothic rose window with a compass; and at Rimini, in conjunc- tion with an exhibit on medieval technology, on Gothic tracery designs drawn with the compass, focussing on the rose window This column reports activities relevant to the interdisciplinary at Milan Cathedral. In mid-October, Dr. Bonkalo will address a interests of AVISTA members. The list is selective rather than congress of independent scholars in Berkeley on two topics, comprehensive, and will not replace reports of activities pub- Gothic tracery; and self-publishing. lished by professional societies of the various disciplines repre- sented by AVISTA members. Neither will it always constitute due notice of an activity, because of AVISTA FORUM'S bian- nual publication schedule. On the other hand, scholars may be Periodicals and serials: informed of activities that their own professional groups do not report. The purpose of the column is to facilitate the exchange of Virtu is a quarterly eight-page newsletter edited and published information and ideas across the boundaries of various disci- by Charles A. Taormina, that focuses on creativity and the plines. Please send reports of activities to the News Editor. Items enhancement of the work of practitioners across a wide spectrum are not neces~arilylisted in chronological order. All dates are of art and science. Contact: Renaissance Workshop, PO Box 902- 1994 unless otherwise specified. activities cited under RECENT r, Uniontown, PA 15401-0902. AND FORTHCOMING PAPERS will not be repeated here.

Comitatus: A Journal of Medieval and Renaissance Studies is devoted to publishing new scholars and seeks articles with a Nov 6, 1993: Deviance and Dissent in Medieval Culture was pronounced interdisciplinary emphasis and translations of cul- the subject of the fourth annual conference of the Columbia turally or historically interesting works. Manuscripts should not Medieval Guild. The following topics were considered: the exceed 25-30 pages. Contact: Editor, Comitatus, Center for construction and clarification of deviance and deviants; deviant Medieval and Renaissance Studies, Univ. of California, Los and corrosive discourses; the role of the body in social, religious Angeles, 405 Hilgard Ave., Los Angeles, CA 90024-1485. and political dissent; gender performance andlas dissent; sexual deviance and sexual categorization; racial, ethnic, and regional dissent; deviance andlin the arts. Contact: B.W. Holsinger, Columbia Medieval Guild, Dept. of English and Comparative Publications: Literature, 602 Philosophy Hall, Columbia Univ., New York, NY 10027. Domus Perspectivae: Documents and Historical Studies of Perspective is a new series of texts and studies edited by Jan. 11: Italian Drawings in the Cinquecento was an interna- Rocco Sinisgalli. For further information, contact: Professor tional symposium held at the Metropolitan Museum of Art in Sinisgalli, University of Rome, La Sapienza, Dipartimento di conjunction with the exhibition Italian Drawings in New York Rappresentazione e Relievo, Piazza Borghese, 9 001 86 Rome, Collections. Contact: Education, Metropolitan Museum of Art, Italy; fax 06-5043779. The publisher is Cadmo Edizioni, via 1000 Fifth Ave., New York, NY 10028; 2121570-3710. Benedetto da Maiano, 3 50014 Fiesole (Florence) Italy; fax 055.598895. Feb. 4: A Hildegarde of Bingen Symposium was sponsored by Yale Divinity School. Contact: J. Weber, Religion and the Arts, Peter van der Krogt has recently published Clobi Neerlandici: Yale.Divinity School, 409 Prospect St., New Haven, CT 0651 1; The production of globes in the Low Countries, the first 20314325325. comprehensive survey of globe production in the Netherlands, available in limited edition (1000 copies) from Hes Publishers Feb. 4: The annual Sephardic Studies Colloquium at the UCLA BV, P.O. Box 129,3500 AC Utrecht, The Netherlands. Center for Medieval and Renaissance Studies concerned Iberian crypto-Jews. Contact: Center for Medieval and Renaissance AVlSTA member Dr. Ervin Bonkalo has recently incorporated a Studies, 212 Royce Hall, Univ. of California, Los Angeles, 405 scholarly-book publishing company, KALOBON INC., and is Hilgard Ave., Los Angeles, CA 90024-1485. interested in receiving manuscripts from AVISTA members. KALOBON has recently published Dr. Bonkalo's Computer of Feb. 4-6: Spanien und dieeuropaische Architektur der Cotik, the Medieval Mason: the Compass (available in both English a conference, was sponsored by the Kunstgeschichtliches Semi- and French). Inquiries and orders should be addressed to: nar and Kunstsammlung der Georg-AugustUniversitiit Gottingen KALOBON, Suite 153, Lasalle Blvd., Sudbury, Ont. P3A 4V4, and the Carl-Justi Vereinigung. Papers were read on Cistercian Canada. architecture, French influence in the Iberian peninsula, major Page 20 buildings including Santa Catalina in Barcelona, the Cathedrals Apr. 7-10: Peripheral Visions: Reading the Margins in the of Sevilla, Tortosa, Mallorca, Gerona, and Astorga. For further Middle Ages was the theme of a conference at the University of information contact: Dr. Christian Freigang, Kunstgeschichtliches Oregon, featuring Michael Camille, William Calin, and Lee Seminar, Nikolausberger Weg 15, D-37073, Gottingen, Ger- Patterson. Contact: J.W. Earl, Medieval Studies Program, many; fax: 055 1-399612. Univ. of Oregon, Eugene, OR 97403; 5031346-3960: [email protected]. Feb. 25-26: Strangers in Medieval Society was the theme of a conference sponsored by the Center for Medieval Studies at the Apr. 8: The History of the Illuminated Manuscript Book, a University of Minnesota. The medieval concept of the stranger symposium at the UCLA Center for Medieval and Renaissance was examined from the historical, art historical, sociological, Studies, included presentations by T. Kren, M.A. Rouse, and legal, scientific, psychological and literary points of view. Con- R.H. Rouse on late-medieval illuminated manuscripts, including tact: S. Mueffelman, Professional Development, 22 1 Nolte Cen- cooperative production by scribes and illuminators. Contact: ter, 315 Pillsbury Dr. SE, Univ. of Minnesota, Minneapolis Center for Medieval and Renaissance Studies, 2 12 Royce Hall, 55455. Univ. of California, Los Angeles, 405 Hilgard Ave., Los Ange- les, CA 90024- 1485. Feb. 25-26: The Book in Performance:Rethinking Codicology was the subject of a colloquium sponsored by the Department of Apr. 9: Mediterranean Interactions was the title of the 1994 French and Italian and the Interdisciplinary Humanities Center of Yale Graduate Symposium on Art and Archaeology. Contact: P. the University of California, SantaBarbara. Contact: M. Arnold, Davies, Dept. of Classics, P.O. Box 208266, Yale University, French and Italian Dept., Univ. of California, Santa Barbara, New Haven, CT 06520-8266; 2031432-0977; fax 2031432-1079. Santa Barbara, CA 93 106-4 140; 8051893-3 11 1. Apr. 9: Dialogue and Discovery: Collaboration between Con- Feb. 27 - Mar. 1: Christians, Muslims, and Jews in Medieval servators and Art Historians was a symposium held at Mount and Early Modern Spain: Interaction and Cultural Change Holyoke College in conjunction with the exhibition, Altered was sponsored by the Medieval Institute at the University of States: Conservation, Analysis, and the Interpretation of Notre Dame. Contact: M. Meyerson, Dept. of History, Univ. of Works of Art. Papers by D. Carrier, M. Leveque, A. Beale, W. Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556-5685. Agee, T. Branchick, M. Butler, J. Martin, K. Davenport, and S. Castile addressed scientific, philosophical, ethical, conceptual, Mar. 4-5: Constructing Medieval Sexuality was the subject of and art historical issues involved in the conservation of works of the 1993-94Renaissance Conference sponsored by the Newbeny art. Contact the Mount Holyoke College Art Museum, South Library, the University of Illinois at Chicago, Loyola University, Hadley, MA 01075-1499 and DePaul University. Contact: Newbeny Library Center for Renaissance Studies, 60 W. Walton St., Chicago, IL 60610- Apr. 14-17: Quatrieme Forum International de la Reliure 3380; 3 121943-9090. d'Art was held in Luxembourg. Contact: Les Amis de la Reliure d' Art, 34 rue de Metz, 3 1000 Toulouse, France; or Bibliothkque Mar. 10-12: Cultural Identity in a Multicultural State: Mus- Nationale, Dtpartement de la Reserve Prtcieuse, 37, boulevard covy 1359-1584, aconference at the UCLA Center for Medieval F.-D. Roosevelt, 2450 Luxembourg. and Renaissance Studies, explored the lives and influence of culturally diverse populations as the city of Moscow extended its Apr. 15-16: The Third Annual Symposium on the Decorative domain. Contact: Center for Medieval and Renaissance Studies, Arts: Renaissance through Modern, was sponsored by the 212 Royce Hall, Univ. of California, Los Angeles, 405 Hilgard Cooper-Hewitt National Museum of Design and Parsons School Ave., Los Angeles. CA 90024-1485. of Design, was held at the Cooper-Hewitt Museum. Contact: M.C. Conelli, Master's Program in the History of the Decorative Mar. 12: Crossing the Boundaries, a Medieval and Renaissance Arts, Cooper-Hewitt National Museum of Design, 2 E. 91st St., seminar at the University of Western Ontario, considered medi- New York, NY 101289990; 2 121860-6345. eval and Renaissance studies and interdisciplinarity. Contact: N. Watson or R. Hillman, Dept. of English, Univ. of Western Apr. 16: Conference on violence in the Middle Ages, sponsored Ontario, London, Ont. N6A 3K7, Canada. by the Medieval Studies Center, Fordham University. Topics included: public and domestic violence, social unrest, discussion Mar. 24-27: Gender, Culture, and Society in Renaissance of violence in treatises and laws, and representations of violence Europe was the theme of the Regional Central Renaissance in literature and art. Contact: W. Storey, Director, Medieval Conference in St. Louis. Plenary speakers were M.B. Roe Studies Center, Keating 107, Fordham Univ., E. Fordham Rd., (Newbeny Library) and Anthony Molho (Brown Univ.). Con- Bronx, NY 10458. tact: P. Gavitt, Director, Center for Medieval and Renaissance Studies, Suite 240, O'Donnell Bldg., St. Louis Univ., 3663 Apr. 21-22: Attending to Early Modern Women, a sympo- Lindell Blvd., St. Louis, MO 63 1083342; 3 141658-7 18011; fax sium, was sponsored by the Center for Renaissance and Baroque 3141658-3943; e-mail ANDREWB@SL WCA.SLU.EDU or Studies at the University of Maryland at College Park. Contact: [email protected]. S. Jenson, Associate Director, Center for Renaissance and Ba- roque Studies, 1120 Francis Scott Key Hall, Univ. of Maryland, Mar. 25-29: Mount Athos was the topic of the 28th Spring College Park, MD 20742; 3011405-6830. Symposium of Byzantine Studies at the University of Birming- ham. Contact: A. Bryer, Centre for Byzantine, Ottoman, and Apr. 22-23: Food and Drink in the Middle Ages and Early Modem Greek Studies, Univ. of Birmingham, Birmingham B 15 Renaissance was the subject of the 21 st Annual ACTA Confer- 2TT, England. ence at the Center for Medieval and Early Renaissance Studies, Binghamton University. Terence Scully was plenary speaker. Page 21 Contact: M.J. Am, Dept. of English, Bakeless Center for Hu- at the Bibliothkque Nationale, Paris. Papers will be read by R.H. manities, Bloomsburg Univ., Bloomsburg, PA 17815; 7 171389- Bautier, M. Bent, E.A.R. Brown, K. Brownlee, M. Camille, M. 4427. Davis, M. Kauffmann, E. Lalou, C. Page, N. Regalado, A. Wathey and others. For further information, contact Professor Apr. 22-24: Byzantine Court Culture from 829 to 1204 was Margaret Bent, All Souls College, Oxford OX 1 4AL England; the Annual Byzantine Symposium at Dumbarton Oaks. Contact: phone 0865-279379; fax: 0865-239299. Dumbarton Oaks, Byzantine Center, 1703 32nd St. NW, Wash- ington, DC 20007; 2021342-3245. July: The Dowling College Mediterranean Conference will be held in Pau; the art history session will focus on aspects of French May 6: Renaissance Dress and Its Meanings, an interdiscipli- architecture from the Middle Ages to the present, with emphasis nary symposium, was held at the UCLA Center for Medieval and on the Gascogne region. Contact: S. Lamia, Dept. of Visual Arts, Renaissance Studies. Contact: Center for Medieval and Renais- Fortunoff Hall, Dowling Coll., Oakdale, NY 11769. sance Studies, 2 12 Royce Hall, Univ. of California, Los Angeles, 405 Hilgard Ave., Los Angeles, CA 90024-1485. Summer, 1994: National Endowment for the Humanities Institutes for College and University Faculty will include: May 13-1 5: Byzantine Cyprus: In Memory ofDoulaMouriki: Embodiment: The Intersection of Nature and Culture, (contact: Conference of the Program of Hellenic Studies, Princeton Uni- D. Hoy, Cowell Coll., Univ. of California, Santa Cruz, CA versity. Contact: C. Mayer, Center for Visitors and Conference 95064; 4081459-4056); The Graphic Revolution in Early Mod- Services, 7 1 University Pl., Princeton, NJ 08544-2088; 6091258- ern Europe: The Politics and Technologies of Representation in 3901. the Visual, Literary, and Theatrical Arts from 1400 to 1600, (contact: L.C. Orlin, The Folger Shakespeare Library, 201 East May 14: The Material of Culture in Early Modern Europe, Capitol St. SE, Washington DC 20003; 2021544-4600); Mos- conference sponsored by the Institute for Research on Women cow: Art and Architecture in Historical Context, (contact: J. and Gender at Columbia University. The conference will be held Curtis, Dept. of GRAS, 45 1 GCB, Univ. of Missouri-Columbia, at Dag Harnmarskjold Lounge, 6th floor, International Affairs Columbia, MO 652 11 ; 3 141882-3368); and Medieval Western Bldg., 420 W. 118th St., Columbia University. The goal of the Europe 1100-1500: Reading the Latin Archives, (contact: M.B. conference is to advance current work in feminist cultural his- Rose, The Newbeny Library, 60 W. Walton St., Chicago, IL tory; it is anticipated that this will be the first of a series of such 60610). interdisciplinary conferences sponsored by the Intitute. Speakers will include Peter Stalleybrass (Univ. of Pennsylvania) and Ann Aug. 29-Sept. 3: The Impact of Humanism: Continuations Jones (Smith Coll.). Contact: Institute on Women and Gender, and Transformations will be the theme of the Ninth Interna- Columbia Univ., New York, NY 10027; 21218543277; fax: 2 121 tional Congress of the International Association for Neo-Latin 854-7466. Studies at Bari. Contact: M. de Nichilo, Dipartimento di Italianistica, Univ. di Bari, 70121 Bari, Italy. May 20-22: The Bienniel Universit of California Celtic Stud- ies Colloquium will be held at the UCLA Center for Medieval Sept.: Towns in the High Middle Ages will be the theme of the and Renaissance Studies. Contact: Center for Medieval and 26th Conference of Medieval Archaeology. Contact: Dr. J. Renaissance Studies, 212 Royce Hall, Univ. of California, Los Spacek, Mestske Muzeum, CeIakovice, Czech Republic. Angeles, 405 Hilgard Ave., Los Angeles, CA 90024-1485. Sept. 13-16: The 29th Kolner Mediaevistentagung will be May 21-22: Treasures in Heaven: Armenian Illuminated entitled: "Individuum und Individualitat im Mittelalter." Con- Manuscripts a symposium at the Pierpont Morgan Library, will tact: A. Speer, Thomas-Institut der Universitat zu Koln, be held in conjunction with the eponymous exhibition. Papers Univeritatsstrasse 22, D-5000 Koln 41, Germany; phone: 0221- will be presented by R. Hewsen, K. Bardakjian, N. Garsoian, R. 470-2309; fax 022 1-470-5 155. Taft, A.M. Can, P. Soucek and others. Contact: Public Programs Department, Pierpont Morgan Library, 29 E. 36th St., New York, Sept. 21-25: Healing, Magic and Belief in Europe, 15th -20th NY 10016-3490; 2 121685-0008; fax 2 121685-4740. Centuries: New Perspectives wiIl be held at the University of Amsterdam. Contact: M. Gijswift-Hofstra, History Dept., Univ. May 29-June 3: The Fourth International Seminar on Jewish of Amsterdam, Spulstraat 134, 1012 VB Amsterdam, Nether- Art will be held in Jerusalem. Topics will include: the Second lands. Commandment in Jewish, Christian, and Islamic art, Jewish topics in Christian illumination, and Christian topics in Jewish Oct. 7-9: The Nineteenth International Patristic, Mediaeval, illumination. Contact: Seminar Steering Committee, Center for and Renaissance Conference will take place at Villanova Jewish Art, PO Box 4262, Jerusalem 91042, Israel. University. R. Ousterhout (Univ. of Illinois) will deliver one of the plenary addresses: The Medieval Builders of Constantinople. July 8-10: Undefined Fields in the Medieval Book: Margins, Contact Thomas A. Losoncy, Conference co-chair, Philosophy Borders, Spaces, the Seminar in the History of the Book to 1500, Dept., Villanova University, 800 Lancaster Ave., Villanova, PA at Oxford, will focus on the exploration and exploitation of 19085- 1699; phone: 610-5 19-47 17. undefined fields in medieval books, western or oriental, by authors, editors, artists, and decorators. Contact: M.M. Smith, St. Oct. 13-16: Annual Meeting of the History of Science Society, John's St., Oxford, or L.L. Brownrigg, 13040 AltaTierraRd. Los in New Orleans. Contact: HSS Executive Office, DR-05 Univ. of Altos Hills, CA 94022. Washington, Seattle, WA 98195; or C. Elliott, University Ar- chives, Harvard Univ. Library, Cambridge, MA 02138; or R. July 11-13: A conference on the Roman de Fauvel: chronicle Kremer, Dept. of History, Dartmouth Coll., Hanover, NH 03784. allegory, music, and image in Paris, B.N. f.fr. 146, will be held Page 22 Oct. 20-23: The Twentieth Annual Byzantine Studies Con- Contact: The J. Paul Getty Museum, 17985 Pacific Coast High- ference will be held at the University of Michigan, Ann Arbor. way, Malibu. CA 90265; 3 101459-7611. Questions about local arrangements at Ann Arbor may be di- rected to Ellen Schwartz, Dept. of Art, Eastern Michigan Univ., The Currency of Fame: Portrait Medals of the Renaissance Ypsilanti, MI 48 197, phone: 3 13-487-12 13; or Rudi Lindner, was at the National Gallery of Art, January 23-May; and will be Dept. of History, Univ. of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109; shown at the Frick Collection in New York, May 24-August 22. phone: 3 13-763-2290. Contact: National Gallery of Art, 6th St. and Constitution Ave. NW, Washington, DC 20560; 202/737-4215. Oct. 2 1-23: Nicholas of Cusa's De coniecturis will be the focus of the Fifth Biennial Conference of the American Cusanus Margins and the Medieval Imagination at the University of Foundation, at Gettysburg Lutheran Seminary. Speakers will Oregon Museum of Art, February 27-April 24. Contact: J.W. include William DupreandDavid Burr. Contact: G. Christianson, Earl, Medieval Studies Program, Univ. of Oregon, Eugene, OR Gettysburg Lutheran Seminary, Gettysburg, PA 17325; 7171 97403; 5031346-3960; [email protected]. 334-6286. Girolamo Savonarola: Piety, Prophecy and Politics in Re- Dec. 3: Alternative Realities: Medieval and Renaissance naissance Florence at the Elizabeth Perkins Prothro Galleries, Inquiries into the Nature of the World will be the theme of the Bridwell Library, Southern Methodist University; March 20- Fourteenth Barnard College Medieval-Renaissance Studies Con- July 30. Bridwell Library is one of the largest repositories of ference. Contact: C.R. Coates, Dept. of French, or A. Ansani, works by and about Savonarola, including 39 incunable editions Dept. of Italian, Barnard Coll., 3009 Broadway, New York, NY of Savonarola's works. Guest curator is Donald Weinstein (Univ. 10027. of Arizona). Contact: 2 14/768-344 1 for hours; free admission.

July 9-13, 1995: Transmission and Transformation in MSS At the Pierpont Morgan Library: Gutenberg and the Genesis of and Printed Books, 1300-1550 will be the subject of the next Printing, January 19-April 17; also Treasures in Heaven: biennial conference of the Early Book Society, at the University Armenian Illuminated Manuscripts, May &August 7, on the of Nottingham. Suggestionsand specific session proposals should Armenian illuminated Gospel book, represented by approxi- be sent to: M. Driver, Early Book Society, Box 732, Murray Hill mately ninety examples, from the tenth through the eighteenth Station, New York, NY 10156-0602. century. Contact: Pierpont Morgan Library, 29 E. 36th St., New York, NY 10016-3490; 2 121685-0008; fax 2 121685-4740. Aug. 27-Sept. 3, 1995: The next colloquium of the Interna- tional Commission for the History of Universities will be held At the Textile Museum: From Kuba to Kars: Flat-Woven in Montreal in conjunction with the Congress of the International Textiles of the Caucasus, Mar. 25-Sept. 4; A Stitch Through Committee of Historical Sciences. The subject, The Transmis- Time: The Journey of an Islamic Embroidery Technique to sion of Learning and the Creation of Universities, will focus Europe and the New World, May 274ct. 16. The Textile on the comparatist study of how the university has taken root Museum is at 2320 S Street NW, Washington, DC 20008; 2021 wherever the enhancement of learning has been perceived as 667-044 1. essential. Submissions of 20-minute papers and a brief resume should be sent by Dec. 1, 1994 to: S. Lusignan. Dept. d'etudes The Mount Holyoke College Art Museum has organized an medievales, Univ. de Montreal, C.P. 6128, Succ. A, Montreal exhibition entitled Altered States: Conservation, Analysis, H3C 357. Canada. and the Interpretation of Works of Art that examines the ways in which historical inquiry intersects with conservation science. The show investigates the means by which modern technology Exhibits: can enable the art historian and the general viewer to understand more fully the circumstances of a work's creation and the Coins and Costume in Late Antiquity, 300-700 A.D. was at the transformations caused by inherent physical properties, aging, or Dumbarton Oaks Center for Byzantine Studies to Jan. 31; a outside forces that have brought it to its current physical state. catalogueby Jutta-Annette Bruhn is available. Contact Dumbarton Also addressed are questions of artistic technique and authentic- Oaks, 1703 32nd Street, N.W., Washington, D.C. 20007 ity, the ethical concerns posed by conservation treatment, and recent advances in the field of conservation science, such as the Splendour of the Middle Aqes: Flemish Miniatures before use of computer imaging, isotopic analysis of sculptural media, Jan van Eyck was presented at the Katholieke Universiteit of and the development of new materials for the cleaning and Louvain, Sept. 8-Nov. 7,1993. Contact: Het Gasthuys, Cultureel preservation of objects. For the schedule of events connected Centrum Romaanse Poort, Brusselsestraat 63, B-3000 Leuven, with the exhibition during its run at Mount Holyoke or to order Belgium. a catalogue, contact the Mount Holyoke College Art Museum, SouthHadley, MA01075-1499;phone: 413-538-2245; fax:413- At the J. Paul Getty Museum: Gilding the Dome of Heaven: 538-2144. Theexhibition will be atMountHolyokeApril2-May Gold Ground Paintings in Medieval and Renaissance Italy, 29; the Sterling and Francine Clark Art Institute, Williamstown, September 2 1, 1993-July 10, 1994; The Cult of Saints in the MA July 23-September 18 and the National Academy of Design, Middle Ages and Renaissance, October 26, 1993-January 9, New York. NY October 5- November 27. 1994; Harmonies of Heaven and Earth: Musicians and In- struments in Medieval and Renaissance Manuscripts, Janu- There is a new permanent exhibition of the medieval collection ary 25-April 10; Fouquet's Century: Transformations in of the Moravian Museum at Brno. Catalogues in Czech and French Painting, 1415-1530, April 26-July 10; Sixteenth- German are available. Century Ornamental Drawings, includes designs for stained glass windows and other ornamental objects, June 1-August 14. Medieval technology will be the subject of an exhibition in Rimini in July. -3 Page 23

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Editor-in-Chief Michael T. Davis, 233 Mosier Street, South Hadley, MA 01075

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News, Papers, Activities Carol Neuman de Vegvar, Fine Arts Dept., Ohio Wesleyan University, Delaware, OH 43015

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