History, Introduction, and Modern Condition of Trapa L

STUDY OF TERTIARY PERIOD RELICT – HISTORY, INTRODUCTION, AND MODERN CONDITION OF TRAPA L. GENUS IN UKRAINE

DIDUKH. A. Y. O.V. Fomina Botanical garden of Taras Shevchenko National University of Kiev. Ukraine

Inventory of Trapa L. genus modern condition was conducted, its history, introduction and possible use in agriculture and medicine were analyzed.

Nowadays existence of humanity on planet Earth greatly depends on conservation of basic functions of biosphere and presence of natural resources. Despite signifi cant anthropogenic pressure Ukraine, thanks to its geographical allocation, still preserves very rich biota. Ukraine is amongue countries with rich fl ora, which includes more then 25 thousand species. That is why protection and rational usage plant resources of Ukraine are of high priority. With passing of normative documents “Convention on Biodiversity” in Rio-de- Janeiro , concerning environment protection on pan-European level, directed on realization of pan-European strategy of biological and landscape diversity conservation principles. On the stat level pass of law “About state program on creating national eco-network of Ukraine in 2000-2015 years.” Solving tasks of aquatic fl ora and plants protection gained new stimuli. According to these principle programs river valleys will become natural eco-corridors of international, national and regional levels. Estuary of big rivers, systems of fl uvioglacial and karst lakes, particularly of Polisya region, and of fl oodplain lakes of Lisostep – natural cores. According to “Convention on protection of wild fl ora and fauna and natural habitats in Europe” [16] and other documents researches of fi todiversity, particularly of different water basins are conducted in Ukraine. Nowadays more than 600 species of plants in Ukraine are in need of protection. Especially timely is work with different separate species included to the Red book of Ukraine, so that for every species special necessary complex of measures of protection and conservation would be de- veloped. That is why one of the most important tasks of Botanical gardens at present moment is preservation of gene-pool of rare and disappearing species through introduction. Creation of aquatic and riverside-aquatic plants col- lections in conditions of covered and open soil can be considered as one of the forms of protection of aquatic fl ora and its biodiversity – part of general strategy of plant protection, devoted to protection of species existence in na- ture “Convention on protection of wild fl ora and fauna and natural habitats in Europe” [16].

170 Methods and materials Monitoring of natural populations of Trapa L. genus was conducted from 2000 till 2009. Field studies of aquatic fl ora of rivers were conducted using fi eld-expedition, semi stationary, visual, reconnaissance, eco-cenotic methods [2]. Classifi cation of plant groups of Trapa genus was done according to principles and methods of East-European geobotanical school [2]. Systematical analysis of Trapa genus specimens was conducted according to systems of A. L. Takhtadjan [29]; R. K. Brummitt [34]. Introduced plants of Trapa genus were used, which were cultivated in identical conditions of concrete basins, of covered and open soil of O. V. Fomina Botanical garden, department of tropical and subtropical plants [22; 23]. Results and discussion Trapa Genus belong to monotype family Trapaceae Dum., which was included into taxonomy of fl owering plants in 1828. According to A. L. Takhtadjan, plants of this genus belong to the relicts of tertiary epoch [29]. Quantity of species of Trapa genus is still undetermined, because researchers doesn’t have same point of view on taxonomic interpretation of numerous va- rieties and forms inside genus. For European territory of CIS (Commonwealth of Independent States) according to peculiarities of fruit shape 3 species were distinguished [30]. Later for European part of CIS and Caucasus in “Flora of USSR” 13 species were mentioned. In Ukraine “Flora of Ukrainian SSR” mentions 6 species, and in 10 years 9 species [6; 7]. Total number of species, in European part of CIS and Caucasus – 29, but this doesn’t include world- wide diversity of water caltrop forms [4]. In taxonomic summary of genus, around 30 species ore one polymorph species of Trapa genus are mentioned [35]. According to revised 8 systems Trapaceae family is represented by one genus – Trapa, but with different number of species [34]. According to classifi cation using Brown-Blanke method, all known groups of Trapa belong to association Тгapetum natantis Мüller еt Gегs 1960 of union Nymphaeon albae Oberd. 1957 of Potametalia order W. Koch 1926, Potametea class Klika in Klika et Novak 1941 [27]. Such species as T. danubialis Dobrocz, T. macrorhiza Dobrocz., T. maeotica G.Woron., T. pseudocolchica V.Vassil. and T. fl erovii Dobrocz. are narrow endemics and usually are found in backwaters of lower reaches of Dnipro, Dnister, Danube, Pivdenniy Bug rivers. In bayous and arms of Dnipro river are spread T. borysthenica V.Vassil. and T. ucrainica V.Vassil.; T. natans L. Is usually found in basin of Siverskiy Donets river, Backwaters of Zakarpattya region, and partially Polisya region. On the North- Eastern part T. rossica V.Vassil is spread. T. natans L. s.l. is now characteristic element of of aquatic rooted fl ora, which is part of above-water-aquatic-air

171 groups. In these groups except names species also dominate Nuphar lutea (L.) Smith, Nymphodes peltata (S.G.Gmel.) O.Kuntze and Nymphaea alba L. These are rare for Ukraine relict groups, which are included in “Green book of Ukraine” [11]. That is why inventory of Trapa L. genus – relict plant of tertiary period, became very topical in Ukraine. T. natans L. s.l. – water caltrop was included into Red book of Ukrainian SSR [17], Red dook of Ukraine [31], Red book of Ukraine [32], as extincting species, which h is charaterused by signifi cant shortening of areas in second half of previous century. This species stands out because of high variability, which made some researchers destinguish depending of form of whole plant, leaves, fruit, several taxons on level on species and subspecies. Mention of T. natans in Lugansk region of Ukraine is given [14; 28], but in 10 years during dedicated search to fi nd water caltrop in last documented habitat – Zymovne lake (Lugansk region, Kremenetske forestry), resulted in not fi nding this species there. Increased anthropogenic pressure on the rivers and lakes of Siverskiy Donets river basin in Kharkiv and Lugnsk regions in second half of XX century, and also harsher climate conditions in comparison to North-Western coast of Black sea, lead to disappearance of this species. In the same time Ukraine has regions rich in T. natans. Thus association of T. natans in upper reaches of Predniproviye, from estuary of Berezina river till Kyiv was not large. But in fl oodplain reservoir Velyke according to surveys of 1935-1936 plants occupied signifi cant area [12]. In other basins of river Dnipro upper reaches T. natans was found only as small component of as- sociations. After constructing cascade of water reservoirs on river Dnipro, especially after building Kyivskiy reservoir, T. natans occurs as separate plants. After water reservoir was constructed water caltrop occupied shallow waters. In Ukraine’s territory Trapa genus includes 9 species: T. borysthenica, T. danubialis, T. fl erovii, T. macrorhiza, T. maeotica, T. natans, T. pseudocolchica, T. rossica, T. ucrainica [6]. According to A. N. Krasnova [19] other species of this genus is found in Ukraine: T. сolchica Albov. та T. cruciata (Gluck) V.Vassil. A. A. Kuzmichov [21] mentioned one more species T. vilkoviensis V.Vassil., which grown is Danube’s estuary. But fundamental researches in the fi eld of species taxonomy were not conducted for last 40 years. In the second half of 20th century, according to observations signifi cant decrease of Trapa genus population in Ukraine was noted [8]. Main factors are: decease of water level in basins because of melioration and pollution, which signifi cally infl uenced on shortening of area occupied by Trapa groups [8]. Reasons for decline of Trapa numbers are: melioration, drying out, pollution and saliniza- tion of rivers and lakes, direct destruction through harvest of its fruits. But in

172 present times growth of Trapa numbers in Kyiv and Kaniv water reservoirs is observed, especially in upper reaches, where he became wide spread and formed signifi cant totally covered areas. This ability – to form dense covered areas – is source of problems for fi shery in upper reaches. Though in 1967-68 was marked low quantity of Trapa in Kyiv and Kaniv water reservoirs [18]. Groups were found only on fi rst year after fl ooding territories, in 1965, on the second year after fl ooding in 1966 no groups were found. Trapa was seen only in few places, which were subsequently fl ooded when water reservoir were built, thou in some places it formed dense covers (near village Okunivo) [18]. In 1965 very small rosette (not more then 10-15 cm in diameter) of this plant were found on the depth of 3,5 meters in two places; in 1966 Trapa was not found during research; and in 1967 one small specimen was found near Nove Glybovo. It was noted, if active development of Trapa population in basin is present then this can point to favorable physical-chemical conditions of its growth, or absence or insignifi cant development of fi tophage. Mass growth of water caltrop, which likes eutrophic closed or with weak current basins, is observed in upper reaches of Kyiv and Kaniv water reservoirs in last 10-15 years. This was possible due to easement of anthropogenic pressure on the region, and especially shortening of ship traffi c in the region. Some of our hydrobotanists P. I. Potulnytskiy, A. N. Molyaka [25] think that mass growth of plants in the upper reaches is a result of natural succession processes, which are inevitable when fl ora of any artifi cial basin is formed. They also note that in nearest future population of this plant should decline. In 1978 T. natans was found in Chernigiv Polissya. Populations of this genus were also found in some backwater lakes of left bank of Desna river (on the border of Chernigiv oblast, Novgorod-Siverskiy district and Sumska oblast, Shostkinskiy district). Population of Polissya T. natans on the right bank of Dnipro river, in bayou was described by D. M. Dobrochaeva et al. [7]. In 1982 D. B. Dubyna [8; 9] summarized data about spread of water cultrop after accident on Chernobylska NPP in 1986-1993 in Prypyat river, in the area of Chernobyl town, on shallow waters of Kaniv and Kyiv water reservoirs a tendency to widening of growth areas of T. natans was observed. Monitoring of T. natans cenosa in Kiliyska estuary of Danube river was conducted for 40 years. It was found out that Trapetum natantis association in 60-s of previous century was found only in young freshwater bays (except Taraniv bay). Nowadays cenosa of this association can be found across Kiliyska estuary, except salty water bays [10]. In estuary of Dnipro river (Khersonskiy region), where biggest areas of plants are located in lake Bublytsya , in shallow waters of Zubrivskiy, Kardashanskiy and Porizhskiy fi rths.

173 According to monitoring we conducted in 2000-2009 years we provide inventory of species of Trapa genus, which need protection and can be found in Ukraine: T. borysthenica found in Northern part of Ukraine , Kyivskiy region, Golosiyev forest, lake Didorivka; “Pshenyshne” hole, fi eld research sta- tion near Kozarovychy village; Zhytomyrskiy region, ponds near village Korotnyky; Central Ukraine, Poltavskiy and Vinnytskiy regions, rivers Pivdenniy Bug, Sob; Southern Ukraine , Dnipropetrovkiy region, backwaters of Dnipro river; Khersonskiy region, Holo-Prystanskiy district , fl oodplains of Dniprovskiy estuary; Beryslavskiy district, Orehovay arm of Dnipro river; Eastern Ukraine, Kharkivskiy district valley of river Udy. T. danubialis – Southern Ukraine, Odesliy egion, Vilkovo districts, Danube estuary, Izmail district, Kartal fi rth, Kiliskiy district, Lazarky reservoir, Chilian estuary of Danuve. T. fl erovii – Southern Ukraine, Odessa region, backwater of Dnister river. T. macrorhiza – Southern Ukraine, Khersonskiy region, Zyuryupinsk town, bays of Konka river, bayous of Dnipro river. T. maeotica – Southern Ukraine, Khersonskiy region, Zyuryupinsk town, bays of Konka river. T. natans – Western Ukraine, Zakarpattya region, Chorna voda, Uzh, Latorytsya rivers. Northern Ukraine, Kyivskiy region, Dnipro river bay near Kazarovychi village. Zhytomyrskiy and Chernigivskiy regions, watercourse of Ubort and Teteriv rivers. Southern Ukraine, Zaporizkiy region, backwater “Zazhnoy” of Kozhka river; Odessa region, Izmail district, Delyukiv Kut, Dunayski Plavni Natural reserve. Beloye lake, backwater of Dnipro river. T. pseudocolchica – Northern Ukraine, Zhytomyrskiy, Chernigivskiy regions, rivers Myka and Dnipro. Central Ukraine, Vinnytskiy region, Pivsenniy Bug river; Kievskiy region Golosievo park ponds; island “Zhukiv Ostriv”, bay of Dnipro river, Rzhyschev village. T. rossica – in Northern part of Ukraine, Zhytomyrskiy region, Chernigivskiy region, Myka river, Dnipro river; Central part of Ukraine, Vinnytskiy region, Pivdenniy Bug; Kyivskiy region, Golosievkiy park ponds; “Zhukiv Island”, Dnipro river bay, Rzhyschev village. T. ucrainica – Southern Ukraine, Odeskiy region, Kiliyskiy district, basins of Kiliyska estuary islands of Danube river. Species of Trapa genus have survived ice ages. V. I. Matveev, M. P. Shilov [24] mention cultivation of water caltrop as food-plant in neo- lith. But as a result of progressing cooling, borealisation and continentali-

174 sation of Eurasia’s climate warm loving hydrophilic elements of fl ora dis- appeared. In Ukrain water caltrop, in 60-s of XX century was cultivated in ponds of Prykarpattya – in fi shing farms of Ivano-Frankivsk region [1; 5]. Systematic researches were conducted to fi nd out possibilities of introduction of T. natans into culture of food-plants in basins of coniferous forests of Northern USSR, deciduous forests zone of moderate climate and steppe zone. More than 30 years ago T. natans was also successfully cultivated in Middle Povolzhye (Rusia, Samarska oblast, water reservoir of Saratovsk). Systematic introduction was conducted in order to conserve unique gene pool of disappearing populations of species. In 80-s of XX century rises interest to aquatic and riverside-aquatic plants, which can be used for greening of botanical institutions’ and parks’ basins. Among these plants are rare, relict species such as T. natans. In second half of XX century T. natans was introduced in Livoberezhniy Lisostep, specifi fcally in Kharkivskiy region. In outskirts of Zolochiv village, by damming up small stream of Uday river [32]. But some authors think that reintroduction of water caltrop in former places of its growth scientifi cally unjustifi ed [26]. The question of necessity of Trapa introduction is still disputable. Constant monitoring of introduced or reintroduced rare plants should be conducted. Review of expositions of botanical institutions of Ukraine had shown that due to lack of fi nancing not only specialist of aquatic and riverside aquatic plants cultivation are absent, but also there are no conditions for such cultivation. Thus in M. M. Gryshko National botanic garden of NAoS (National Academy of Sciences) of Ukraine 30 years ago small artifi cial basin was created to demonstrate aquatic plants. Researches in the fi eld of water caltrop cultivation were conducted here by D. V. Dubyna. Alas this basin did not survive till present day. Though this in- stitution is very promising in aspect of cultivating aquatic higher fl ora, especially of Trapa genus plants, and what is more important near botanical garden in backwater of Dnipro river a Vydubetske lake is located which has total area of surface of 30 ha. In the times when Chernivtsi was part of Austria-Hungary a basin was created in its botanical garden of University of Chernivtsi. In botanical garden “Podillya” (Vinnitsya), in botanical garden of IvanFranko National University of Lviv areas of riverside-aquatic and aquatic fl ora were created, in Botanical Garden of V.N. Karazin National University of Kharkiv and in botanical garden of V.I. Vernadskiy Tavriyskiy National University active work on rebuilding collection of hydrophytes is conducted. Dendrology parks, such as “Velyki-Bokovenki” (Dolynsliy district of Kirovograd region), “Oleksandriaya (Bila Tserkva, Kyiv region), “trostyanets” (Trostyanets village, Ichnyanskiy district of Chernigiv region) have experience in cultivation

175 of aquatic plants [15; 20]. Reconstruction of “Sofi ivka” Dendropark (Uman, Cherkassy region) with construction of new basins gives new possibilities for introduction of rare hydrophyte plants. Perspectives for cultivation of Trapa genus plants have forest-parks of Kyiv: Golosiyevo forest, forest-grassland complex Koncha-Zaspa, forest-park Pushcha-Vodytsya [13]. At present moment sole collection of aquatic and riverside aquatic plants is present in O. V. Fomina Botanical garden of Taras Shevchenko National University of Kiev. Basis for collection of hydrophytes of temperate climate zone was founded in 1956, and in 1956 after construction of “Victorna Conservatory” collection of hydrophytes of tropical and subtropical zones was created. In 1976 collection included 136 species. In 1983 reconstruction of old conservatory and construction of new conservatory was conducted. While forming new collection the goal was to create expositions which fully represented natural peculiarities and biodiversity of ponds and rivers and their shores. Starting with 1990 works are conducted to create an exposition of hydrophyte plants. Collection of hydrophilic plans of Botanical garden includes 578 species and intraspecies taxa in covered and open soil. Trapa genus is represented by such species: T. borysthenica, T. japonica, T. maximowiczii, T. natans, T. natans var. natans, T. natans and T. sibirica. Quantative composi- tion of hidrophyte population in open soil is changing because of syngenetic changes, caused by intensive sevelopment of active soecies, and pecularities of discharged for winter basins. Characteristic trait of collection on family level is that obligatory-aquatic families (gogromorph type) are represented in large numbers. Placement of plants on the limited area of two conservatories is designed in form of 5 artifi cial ecotopes, based on the humidity of soils, in 90 bins. These are 5 basins of water (overall area of 116,9 sq. m), banks for plants with periodically drying soils and permanently humid soils of river- sides for plants of tropical rainforest and “waterfall” for cliff plants (total area pf 397 sq. m). Conclusions On the ground of conducted inventory of Trapa genus, it can be con- cluded that nowadays system of organization and protection of reserved sub- jects, such as relict species of Trapa genus, and also conservation and protection of landscapes and territories cannot provide necessary reproduction of fl ora of hydrophytes, or even more to manage these processes. Not taking into account unity of environment, and dynamic changes of hydrophilic fl ora of river network with surface waterintake and runoff is the main reason, which demands urgent solution. Conservation and study of rare and disappearing hydrophyte species in Ukraine is possible through constant monitoring of their

176 populations and continuous introduction using complex methods. Conditions of aquatic environment are very complex and vary greatly, that is why for thorough study of plants of this group, the most objective is methodology of controlled conditions of existence modeling in Botanical institutions, with si- multaneous complex study of bioecological properties of introduced species, with consequent reintroduction into natural environment.

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