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Home , 2005 in spaceflight, Arianespace, Ariane 5, Ariane 6, Copernicus Programme, Long March 9

Main trends and challenges in the space sector June 2019

pwc.fr/space

Introduction 05

Cross-cutting macro trends 07

Earth observation 09

Satcom 13

Navigation 15

Access to space 17

Space Situational awareness 20

Space exploration 21

Space law, regulation, procedures 23

pwc.fr/space | Main trends and challenges in the space sector | 3 PwC’s dedicated space practice with leading edge insights and global reach

PwC Space practice and Strategy& - Who are we?

• The PwC Space Practice, with its global reach and a dedicated core consulting team based in Paris, is unique among large firms

• Supported the and the for the last 10 years

• Working with the and with other space agencies in and worldwide.

• Active in space data exploitation for business purposes, offering technical capacity to non-space companies, and pioneering the use of space data to do business consulting

• The PwC Space Practice operates in the wider PwC and Strategy& and Defence network, with more than 2000 professionals worldwide

4 | Main trends and challenges in the space sector | pwc.fr/space The space sector is diverse, and driven by complex dynamics that go beyond simple market forces

Introduction

Policy and regulatory environment A diverse sector with multiple specificities • Multiple domains with different trends and

Access to space specificities Cross-cutting Wider societal and macro trends economic impacts • An ever evolving In- economy Main space domains services regulatory and policy environment • A significant reach and implications into other industrial sector, with Exploration & science Space Situational Awareness subsequent dependency on general macro-trends • Considerable wider societal and economic impacts, justifying the still prevalent government spending in the sector

pwc.fr/space | Main trends and challenges in the space sector | 5 Space is experiencing revenue and mindshare growth, as well as increasing implications in multiple downstream industries

Introduction

Figure 1: 2016 Figures of the space economy per stream – CAGR calculated between 2012 and 2016

UPSTREAM MIDSTREAM DOWNSTREAM END-USERS €92bn / $102bn €28bn / $31bn €187bn / $207bn (CAGR +1%) (CAGR +2%) (CAGR +2%)

• Oil and gas Commercial satellite market • €12bn / $14bn (CAGR -8%) Operators revenues • Space Services €19bn / $21 bn (CAGR +2%) €95bn / $105bn (CAGR +3%) • Marine economy Launch market • Telecom €5bn / $5.5bn (CAGR -7%) Ground infrastructures and Consumer equipment operations • Smart cities €92bn / $102bn (CAGR +2%) Institutional budgets €9bn / $10bn (CAGR +1%) • LBS €74bn / $82bn (CAGR +3%) • Defence and • Etc.

Space is... • A diverse sector with multiple specificities, driven by complex geopolitics and market dynamics • A halo sector, with spillovers and implications in many others domains • A sector with a growing mindshare (Musk, Bezos, etc.) and impact worldwide (multiple new actors in the last decade)

6 | Main trends and challenges in the space sector | pwc.fr/space Macro-trends impacting the space sector transversally include market evolutions and disruptions

Cross-cutting macro-trends

Expanded demand from new New entrants and business Reduced cost to serve Shift of risk calculus segments and players models

-- Increased satellite -- Emphasis on commercial constellation capacity from -- Rapid expansion of value of space over Gbps to Tbps -- Move from long- emerging markets (e.g. government/ term returns on large Africa, Southeast Asia) -- New designed-to-cost investments to rapid -- Use of space as a means space infrastructures come -- Ubiquitous demand renewal to provide access to content up beside conventional driving commercial mobility and services space upstream systems -- Fast failure approach to segment, and replacing, in some cases, dwindling -- Increased vertical -- Emphasis on ‘good enough’ demand from linear content integration covering rather than state-of-the-art -- Shift from typical risk platforms and services, appetite of defence -- Additional capacity need involving all major upstream -- Launch costs declining companies to tech from connectivity, of players, and leading to and projected to decline companies things, 5G backbone consolidation in the industry further by 40% with reusable

pwc.fr/space | Main trends and challenges in the space sector | 7 The societal and economic impacts of investing in space are vast and far reaching for all space domains

Cross-cutting macro-trends

Figure 2: Overview of impacts assessed by PwC for European space programmes

Transactional impacts of spending into assets Enabled and catalytic impacts Domains / programmes

Copernicus, ESA EO Programmes

PwC observed a trend of 1.4 to 2.0 GDP multipliers over multipliers of 4 to 8 GovSatcom many recent European Space Programme studies Galileo and EGNOS Spillover factors of 1.8 to 3.2 PwC observed a trend of 1.2 to 2.4 employment multipliers 5, , , Vega-C, Micro- over many recent studies on European space programmes launchers Sizeable societal impacts Space Situational Awareness Government (Tax) revenues a sizeable percent of the original investment for all programmes (generally >35%) Environmental impacts Science, Exploration

In Orbit Economy

Assessed space programmes have instrumentally contributed to European soft power, strategic independence and competitive advantage

Stimulation of Establishment of Improved relations Increased European European data Increased European space Europe as a space with non MS nations influence & soft independence innovation industry leader & entities power

8 | Main trends and challenges in the space sector | pwc.fr/space Observation is a long-established domain experiencing growth and an interest boost, and key disruptions

Earth observation

Figure 3: Earth Observation value chain

Earth Observation satellite Key facts and figures Raw data Upstream €2.6bn to €2.8bn -- Infrastructure Global revenues of the EO downstream industry in 2017 – split between revenues from data -- Launch services sales at EUR 1.5B and Information products & Big Data solutions at 1.3B Pre-processed data 651 Number of EO sent – 213 in the >100kg category and 438 in the <100kg category

Image processing €4bn Downstream Pre-processed images 7% projected CAGR for the EO downstream market up to 2022 primarily driven by Information products and Big Data solutions -- Data acquisition -- Data storage -- Data processing 25% -- Consulting Image processing Projected CAGR for the Information products & Big Data solutions up to 2022 - expected to Geographic Information Systems experience the largest growth (GIS) products

Examples of end-users and applications

Public Natural resources Defence & Energy Other Industries Weather forecast authorities Intelligence resources services

pwc.fr/space | Main trends and challenges in the space sector | 9 The market trends point towards a democratisation of the EO market, but new markets’ adoption of EO has yet to take off

Earth observation

Trends in the EO Market Trends in the EO Market Key Challenge: Low Market Adoption

Changing Market Dynamics -- - Data providers are becoming analytics Upstream Market providers Trends Technology -- Cost Reduction - Access to computing power and storage Push -- HAPS capacity is becoming cheaper thanks to cloud

-- Small Sat & Move towards Open Innovation Constellations -- A number of open data sources for EO data are becoming available (Landsat, Copernicus) -- On-board Processing -- Increase in innovation with open source tools (GitLab, Jupyter, Docker) Data Exploitation Market Market Trends Emerging Platform Paradigm -- Thanks to digitalization of geospatial marketplaces, satellite -- Learning & AI data providers are moving to a subscription-based business -- Cloud Computing model

-- Data Fusion & Need for Actionable Intelligence Solutions -- Lack of awareness from executive Analytics -- End-users of Earth Observation data do not have strong decision-makers technical knowledge or storage capacity in-house, and so -- Reluctance to invest in large digital require very specific insights transformation projects

10 | Main trends and challenges in the space sector | pwc.fr/space The market trends point towards a democratisation of the EO market, but new markets’ adoption of EO has yet to take off

Earth observation

Trends in the EO Market Trends in the EO Market Figure 4: Segmentation of EO HR Market by industry vertical applications -- Between 2011 and 2017, -- The revenue shares of the number of EO medium and low resolution sent has been multiplied imagery is decreasing; there by more than 7, thanks to is a growing demand for open Industrial 5% the growing nano-satellites data services (such as services Services Defence & Intelligence market. from Copernicus data). 7% 51% Agriculture, living -- Incumbent market leaders -- High Resolution (HR) and resources such as Digital Globe and Very High Resolution data are 8% are facing increasing strongly driven by defence competition from New and intelligence markets, Energy, natural Space companies such with commercial markets resources 11% as and Spire who catching up and presenting establish their differentiation high growth rates, with CAGR

on analytics and insights. between 12% and 16% Public authorities expected in the coming years. 18% -- Advancements in High- Altitude Platforms -- Revenue from data-based (HAPS) and unmanned products and big data aerial vehicles offer analytics are growing and complementary solutions are expected to become the to satellite-based earth largest share of revenues by observation. 2020.

pwc.fr/space | Main trends and challenges in the space sector | 11 The European EO Programme Copernicus provides various economic, social, environmental and strategic benefits

Earth observation - The Copernicus case

Copernicus Programme - In a Nutshell Cumulated economic impacts Example of impacts of Copernicus

-- As of 2018, a total of EUR 6.5 billion has been co-invested by the European Commission and Social impacts the European Space Agency into the Copernicus €8.2bn -- Reduced casualties in natural disasters programme, EU’s flagship EO programme. Overall investment in the -- Improved robustness for food security programme from 2008 to 2020 -- Improved management of air quality in -- By the end of 2020, the programme is expected to cities represent a total of EUR 8.2 billion in investments. €11.5bn Environmental impacts Cumulated economic value from -- Includes the EO satellites (Sentinels and contributing -- Reduced areas burnt by missions) and numerous in-situ sensors. the Upstream to the Downstream through better civil protection including... responses -- Copernicus has six thematic services - Land, -- Higher accuracy for the monitoring of Marine, Atmosphere, , Emergency and compliance with environmental policies Security - supporting the development of many €4.7bn to €9.8bn -- Reduced damages on applications. ...for intermediate users ecosystems (downstream) and end-users (93% -- Improved fish stock management -- Generates economic benefits between EUR 16.2 of these economic benefits are and 21.3 billion (excluding non-monetary benefits), associated to end-users) Strategic impacts through the added value created in the upstream -- Strengthened collaboration between , the sales of Copernicus-based 17,260 jobs years states at global scale for civil protection applications by downstream suppliers and -- Development of EU industry supported in Europe competitiveness the exploitation of Copernicus-enabled products by end users in various economic sectors.

12 | Main trends and challenges in the space sector | pwc.fr/space The satellite domain is still by far the largest services market

Satcom

Figure 5: Satellite Communication Value Chain Key facts and figures

Satellite operator Around $130 bn Estimated global market for satcoms, from upstream to downstream (2017) Teleport Facility Around 80% Share of the revenues of the satcom market generated in the Hub Infrastructure downstream (2017)

470 Network Operations Estimated number of satcom in operation in 2017

5 Prominent LEO operators Service Provider Oneweb, , Telesat, SpaceX and LEOsat all eyeing services from LEO markets

End-user Business Model Focused around the management of end user segments by leveraging the capabilities of the network infrastructure

pwc.fr/space | Main trends and challenges in the space sector | 13 The SatCom domain presents several challenges, due to terrestrial competition and maturing markets

SatCom

Satcom trends Key facts and figures

• New services to address (IFE, Pressure Points M2M/IOT…) -- Capacity Prices – A steep fall in capacity pricing of 18% in 2018 • Aviation and Maritime domains as potential growth sectors New Business models and Architecture -- Hybridisation of network – Combining MEO and GEO assets to form a unified network • Broadband (BB) connectivity -- LEO Smallsat constellation – Drive towards developing high throughput, global coverage mega constellations with as a main focus of consumer hundreds or thousands of satellites per operator markets

GEO Communication Trends • Managed services (corporate -- – Entrance of small satellites in GEO targeting specific market segments (consumer broadband) and regions (North America). Eg. Astranis networks, VSAT, Governmental -- Large satellite – Sharply declining GEO satellite orders, going from 15+ in 2014, to a few in 2017 services) as fast growing markets

Space Segment Technology • Mega constellations as enablers -- – Drive for high throughput satellites across GEO, MEO and LEO to compete with terrestrials -- Inter-satellite links – Development of inter-satellite links to reduce the pressure on ground networks system and have a global BB coverage Ground Segment Technology -- Flat Panel Antenna: Drive towards developing antennas with a low drag profile for mobility applications (e.g. IFC) • Multi-service consumer -- Compatible Antenna: Drive for developing an single antenna solution with orbital (LEO, MEO and GEO) and equipment as a big market spectrum compatibility (Ku-Band, Ka-Band)

14 | Main trends and challenges in the space sector | pwc.fr/space satellites provide positioning and timing data to an ever-expanding user base

Navigation

A vital asset for safety, Pushing for greater Capitalising on existing Key facts and figures performance and leisure accuracy markets

4 Today global navigation GNSS constellations providing The development of multi- Location-Based Services systems provide global signals: GPS, Glonass, constellation receivers (LBS) and in- information about Galileo and Beidou satellites (compatible with multiple equipment are undergoing positions, routes, speed GNSS signals) is expected significant development, and timing, and are used to result in greater uptake with LBS benefiting from by an extremely wide range by end users and enhance the fast growing apps of users in every economic 82 performance in terms of market. Global and regional navigation sector. accuracy and integrity. satellites in operation in 2018 GNSS-enabled businesses Navigation signals are freely In addition, navigation (device manufacturers and emitted by public entities, signals will have to resist service providers) are not and their exploitation jamming and spoofing expected to change greatly €94.8bn drives significant economic threats. in the years to come. Estimated global navigation activity. market revenues in 2015 and €96.8bn projected market revenues for the Asia-Pacific region in 2025

End-user demand is expected to grow in the years to come, especially for high precision and indoor positioning. Augmented signals enable cross-market applications such as precision farming, oil and gas exploration and fleet management.

pwc.fr/space | Main trends and challenges in the space sector | 15 Galileo is Europe’s GNSS civil programme, providing a highly accurate, guaranteed, global positioning service

Navigation

First GNSS to be Key facts and figures Providing a set of four high-performance services worldwide under civil control

Free of charge to user, providing positioning and €7.1bn Open Service synchronisation information for high-volume navigation Financial envelope covering applications the development, deployment The aim of the and management of the Galileo Galileo programme programme between 2014 and 2020 is to provide the first High Accuracy More secured and precise service delivered through global navigation Service encrypted signal for applications such as safety-of-life satellite system under civil control, for the 30 Public Restricted to government-authorised users, for sensitive Number of satellites composing the public and private final Galileo constellation. As of May use of European and Regulated applications requiring a high level of service continuity, Service free of charge for European institutions and MS 2019, 26 Galileo satellites have been global entities. deployed

Contributing to COSPAS-SARSAT, Galileo will offer a Search and unique link alert informing the sender that their distress Rescue Service message has been received 728M Estimated number of Galileo- enabled smartphones

The Galileo programme was created to answer Europe’s strategic need of a reliable European signal, and to foster the development of economic and societal benefits

16 | Main trends and challenges in the space sector | pwc.fr/space Today, different classes of orbital launchers are being used around the world, almost exclusively by 6 spacefaring regions

Access to space

Figure 6: # orbital launches (2014 to 2018) per vehicle class, family and launching region Key facts CZ - 3 37 CZ - 5 2 31 • The launch market is estimated at $8bn (2018 5 37 figures) -2 4 Heavy Delta-4 Heavy 3 • The US, , , Europe, and 1 Lift A5 1 are the most mature spacefaring nations M 25 1 • The sector is heavily supported by public GSLV Mk.2 6 agencies through subsidies, share of assets GSLV Mk.3 2 H-2A/B 20 (e.g. launch infrastructures) and a recurring CZ-2 Medium 2 launch demand CZ - 4 22 CZ - 7 2 • The launch market can be segmented by two Medium ST 14 7 types of customer: institutional and commercial Lift Delta-4 Medium 10 Falcon-9 58 • On the institutional market, most of the Soyuz 68 launches are not open to competition (use of PSLV 20 local vehicles for local institutional customers) CZ - 11 5 CZ - 2 Light 34 • On the commercial market, there is currently a CZ - 6 2 4 duopoly between SpaceX ( and Falcon Vega 11 Heavy) and (Ariane 5, Soyuz ST, Light 2 Lift 3 Vega) 9 Europe Soyuz light 3 USA • Russia progressively lost confidence of 1 China commercial satellites operators due to several 1 launch failures in the last 10 years -XL 1 Russia Super-Strypi 1 Japan • China is commercially aggressive in providing 1 India Micro Shavit 2 turn-key solutions (launcher + satellite) to Others Lift S-Series 1 emerging countries Electron 4 Source:-3 PwC Launch1 database

pwc.fr/space | Main trends and challenges in the space sector | 17 There are several trends around the development of new capabilities aiming at lowering the cost to access to space

Access to space

Reduction of the cost to Pushed by a fiercer competition, launcher companies are aiming at reducing the development, manufacturing and operation costs access to space with the objective to be price competitive.

Development of partial to Several companies are developing launch systems that could be operated like conventional aircraft (launch, land, fuel, re-launch). fully reusable launchers

Progressive introduction The current families of orbital capable launchers are expected to be replaced starting from 2020. Examples of new generation of new generation of vehicles include Ariane 6, Angara, H-3, Vulcan and . launchers worldwide

Development of modular Launcher companies are aiming at creating economies of scale by maximizing the modularity of their vehicles through the use of launch systems components on different launcher families (e.g. Epsilon first stage as a booster of H-3, Vega-C first stage as a booster of Ariane 6).

The use of and methane as would lead to significant gains such as simpler and lighter launcher , Engines using LOX/ reusable-friendly engines and easier storage and handling. US, Europe and Japan are known to be currently developing methane Methane propellants engines.

Development of super- Super-heavy launch vehicles are being developed by the US, China and Russia for deep-space missions or the delivery of heavy heavy launchers aiming at payloads such as space stations modules. Examples include Starship/Super Heavy, and SLS. or missions

Development of micro- Pushed by a promising market for the delivery of small satellites, currently more than a hundred of micro launchers projects are launcher systems from being developed around the world, often by new entrants, supported by local agencies. new entrants

18 | Main trends and challenges in the space sector | pwc.fr/space The trend related to the development of micro-launcher projects is driven by the need of operational responsiveness

Access to space

Figure 7: #smallsats (<500 kg) for single missions and constellations to be Key facts launched from 2011 to 2030 • PwC forecasts that in the coming years, a large volume Historical data Forecast of satellites below 500 kg will be launched, with a large majority coming from constellations programmes. 1012 1010 956 • 80% of the smallsat demand will be driven by the 928 892 896 commercial market stimulated by the demand from Single-missions commercial Earth Observation and Constellations 821 806 constellations. 765 737 • To deliver these small payloads, satellite operators are looking for cost effective and flexible launch solutions that cannot currently be offered by larger vehicles.

548 • To capture this market, several small launcher projects are ongoing with currently more than a 100 micro-launcher projects announced with diverse degree of maturity. • Launcher manufacturers involved in heavier are 342 352 319 also developing solutions to address the smallsat market (e.g. dispensers).

195 172 • In order to develop local access to space capabilities 129 131 and thanks to lower entry barriers (compared to heavier- class launchers), several emerging space nations 53 38 announced their support in micro-launcher and projects. 2011 2015 2020 2025 2030 Source: PwC Launch database, more than 70 constellations projects are considered in the forecast

pwc.fr/space | Main trends and challenges in the space sector | 19 The issue of space security is a global concern necessitating a common and international alignment

Space Situational Awareness

Space threatening the sustainability of space Global SST Capabilities and actors Ways forward being considered

Space debris in the context of SST refers to man- Space Surveillance and Tracking (SST) is the made objects in space (as opposed to meteoroids and monitoring and analysis of the evolution of space Removal of large debris in order to support ) that have lost their functionality. objects in order to issue adequate warning in case of Active the long term sustainability of space . Debris Consisting of de-orbiting debris into Earth’s is mostly present in regions of space potential threats. Removal atmosphere, or sending them to a graveyard closer to Earth, such as the LEO, MEO and GEO. Even if main space faring nations possess SST orbit. capabilities, there is no international mechanism for Figure 8: estimated #debris per orbit and size verifying exchanged SST information. Servicing dysfunctional by refuelling Large network of sensors providing the most In-Orbit Global SST it, repairing it or performing maintenance in comprehensive catalogue of space objects. Servicing 18,300 Capabilities order to expand the spacecraft’s lifetime. Will soon be updated with the “”, and actors which can track up to 200,000 objects.

Enforcement of technical and regulatory USA Pooling of national SST capabilities, improving Space Traffic standards ensuring that all current and future Space SST data sharing across Member States and Management space activities coexist without jeopardising Surveillance setting up a common SST service provision one another. Network front desk.

Challenges posed by the security paradox 4,400 Contains a catalogue of space objects similar Space debris removal capabilities can in principle be Russia to that of the US but does not involve itself in used to damage and disable other satellites. 2,600 2,000 1,800 SKKP data sharing on the same scale as the US, nor Sharing of SST data related to the position of a nation’s 1,200 does it have a publicly available catalogue. 900 500 satellites presents a conflict of interest with national 100 security as SST capabilities can be utilised for defence purposes. LEO LEO LEO MEO MEO MEO GEO GEO GEO China maintains a “Space Debris Monitoring >10cm >50cm >1m >40cm >1m >5m >50cm >1m >5m China and Application Centre” as part of CNSA. It LEO: MEO: Between GEO: Unknown is therefore believed to have space tracking Below 2,000km 2,000 and 36,000km 36,000km assets, but information on this is scarce.

Collaborative efforts are highly important towards a global catalogue of space debris. It is important that nations also maintain an independent SST capability and not rely solely on their allies for information.

20 | Main trends and challenges in the space sector | pwc.fr/space is a collaborative activity that requires , hence an integrated global exploration roadmap

Space Exploration

Exploring: Where ? Major agencies worldwide Goals Expand presence in the system Cislunar -- Ensure continuity of human space- and continued utilization of LEO

-- Enable sustained living and working around and on the Moon

-- Enable sustainable human missions living Mars and working around and on Mars

Understand our place in the universe

-- Study the origin and evolution of the Earth and the Moon system, the solar Moon system and the Universe -- Search for evidence of past and present life and the origin of life on Earth

-- Investigate habitability of potential human destinations

pwc.fr/space | Main trends and challenges in the space sector | 21 Commercial players are already playing a role in space exploration and exploitation, and are attracting capital

Space Exploration

Figure 9: Space activities conducted by commercial players in the field of space exploration Key facts

• A sector driven by government , spending, producing High efficiency LOX/ extensive economic Commercialization Methane engines, spillovers Space (E.g. Axiom, Ixion, Exploitation landers Bartolomeo, Future Transportation (E.g. ULA, SpaceX, • Private ventures are platforms) BlueOrigin, starting to appear, ArianeGroup) mostly around SRU, but also leveraging technology spillovers towards low-earth orbit economy

Space Resource • Government Habitat and life- Utilisation, Robotics agencies and support (e.g. and automation Sustainable Infrastructure are considering Bigelow, Nanoracks, (E.g. Offworld, innovative ways long-staying development ) iSpace, Metalysis) to finance risky, long-term return endeavours like space exploration

22 | Main trends and challenges in the space sector | pwc.fr/space Space regulations must comply with international laws that directly impact the domestic regulation of space activities

Space law, regulations, procedures

Figure 10: International space laws and regulations

Outer Space Treaty (OST, 1967) International Conventions UNOOSA Guidelines

--1972: Convention on international liability --State Supervision and Liability for damages caused by space objects --Non-appropriation and freedom of --1975: Convention on the registration of --2010: Space Debris Mitigation Guidelines exploration objects launched in --Non-militarization and non-weaponization --1979: Agreement governing activities on the of space Moon and other bodies

Figure 11: Domestic laws and regulations

Compliance with international law & guidelines The operation of space objects

--Space Debris Mitigation --Sounding rockets & sub-orbital launches --Environmental protection --Orbital launches --Liability to third-party and space insurance Domestic laws directly --Launch permit --Safety of and properties affect the regulation of --Satellite operations the operations of space objects

pwc.fr/space | Main trends and challenges in the space sector | 23 Regulatory differentiation has become an attractiveness lever for space nations

Space law, regulations, procedures

Space regulations are mostly country- Elements affecting the attractiveness of a Levers for attractiveness specific - Overview licensing / authorization process

Time duration of licensing procedures: Duration of procedures can vary from 1 to 6+ months Regulatory levers can impact the attractiveness States that have enacted national space to space players of a country in several ways. legislations have taken highly divergent Pre-consultation processes: Pre-consultations approaches: Space regulation levers include: can shorten application delays --Some countries only have a national space --Procedures duration law, others have several laws or a number of regulations under the law --Application fees Inter-agencies process: Inter-agency processes --Insurance amount to be underwritten by can increase application delays --States have defined their legal/regulatory applicants framework according to the state of national space industry, actual commercial space Traditional regulatory levers include: activities, or national governance Fast-track procedure: Fast-track procedures shorten application delays --Tax law --The governance and namely the allocation of responsibilities between the different competent --Corporate law (including bankruptcy law) governmental bodies is country-specific Insurance: Can be tailor-made or be fixed at (Cabinet Office, a ministry, an agency or even sometimes more than $600M and may have --Economic law in general impacting the ease of several agencies) deterrent effects for smaller businesses doing business

Fees: Can be tailor-made or be fixed at sometimes more than $6,000 and may have deterrent effects for smaller businesses

24 | Main trends and challenges in the space sector | pwc.fr/space Several new regulatory challenges lie ahead of the space community

Space law, regulations, procedures

Figure 12: Examples of regulatory challenges

“Flags of Current race towards loose regulations in order to attract more spacecraft and activity (regulatory competitiveness). This creates a problem of “flag of convenience”, like in maritime law, where everybody convenience” in goes for the same country, creating potential safety hazards for passengers, other spacecraft and the outer space environment.

Prospects of a There is a current trend towards the development of new space military capabilities including military militarization of space forces or energy-directed weapons that could violate the or go against space guidelines such-as the space debris mitigation guidelines (2010).

Commercial A new legal framework to develop in relation to the insurance of crew members, third-parties and the Human Space- registration of the space object (orbit, …). flight

Laws governing The Moon Agreement is set to evolve in order to allow for the installation of permanent lunar bases and the colonization should protect the “Lunar Heritage Sites”. This also extends to challenges regarding the regulation of of celestial bodies Space Resources Utilization. (Moon, Mars)

pwc.fr/space | Main trends and challenges in the space sector | 25 Recent developments in : ’s space policy is designed to favour business attractiveness

Space policy – Luxembourg case study

Luxembourg’s long- -- Luxembourg entered into space in 1985 (creation of SES) and became the 17th Member State of ESA on June 2005 lasting involvement in -- A Luxembourg Space Policy was initially drafted in 2008 to detail the priorities in terms of developing space activities -- In 2017, Luxembourg’s pioneer space resources economy initiative is introduced through the Law on the Exploration and commercial Space has Utilization of Space Resources been renewed in the -- The law ensures legal stability and guarantees a high level of protection for investors, explorers and miners regarding their rights past years on resources extracted

Main objectives of the Luxembourg Sets of policy tools developed to Companies present along the entire Space Policy attract businesses value chain:

--Contribute to the diversification and sustainability of economic activities in Upstream --The Luxembourg Space Agency Luxembourg --Luxspace / Spire / GomSpace / iSpace… --LuxIMPULSE, the --Consolidate and enhance skills in the space, --Luxembourg Space Fund (a VC vehicle) telecoms and media sectors as well as in Midstream -- Programs funded at national ground systems --SES / Luxspace / Teralink Solutions… level --Give an international dimension to Luxembourg --Various national attractiveness initiatives space activities and their competitiveness Downstream including an investor-friendly environment --Implement the space resources utilization --KLEOS / Blue / Earthlab … initiative (The spaceresources.lu initiative)

26 | Main trends and challenges in the space sector | pwc.fr/space pwc.fr/space | Main trends and challenges in the space sector | 27 www.pwc.fr/space

If you have any questions or wish to discuss the space sector and the challenges it faces, please contact our team leader:

Luigi Scatteia Partner, PwC Space Practice Leader +33 6 42 00 71 67 [email protected]

About the PwC Network At PwC, our purpose is to build trust in society and solve important problems. We’re a network of firms in 157 countries with more than 236,000 people who are committed to delivering the highest quality solutions.

About the PwC Space Practice The PwC Space Practice is part of PwC Advisory and fully dedicated to the space sector. The core team based in Paris includes specialised professionals supported by additional contacts handling space consulting across the global PwC network. Our expertise covers the entire space sector and spans the value chain, from upstream to downstream. We help entities, public and private, face their business, technological and governance challenges in constantly changing environments.

© 2019. PricewaterhouseCoopers. All rights reserved. This content is for general information purposes only, and should not be used as a substitute for consultation with professional advisors. In no event shall PricewaterhouseCoopers Advisory or any member firm of the PwC network be liable for any consequences of a decision made on the basis of any information contained herein.