1999/2000 . Proceedings of the Academy of Science 108/109 .122-14 4

MAMMALS OF THE GRAND RIVER. REGION

John O. Whitaker, Jr. : Department of Life Sciences, Indiana State University . Terre Haute, Indiana 4780 9

ABSTRACT . At least 37 of the 57 species of occurring in Indiana are found in the Calume t region. These include species as follows : the opossum, 3 shrews, I mole, 4 hats, I rabbit, 7 squirrels, th e heaver, 10 mice, 9 carnivores and the white-tailed deer. Keywords: Manunals, Indiana, Calumet, distributio n

The objectives of this paper are to describ e pation when humans populate the land be - the pre-settlement and present-day mamma l cause they are more feared (bear, wolf, moun- communities of the Grand ba- tain lion) than smaller , or they ar e sin and to discuss how dredging operation s hunted and trapped (deer, elk, bison, hsher, may affect these communities . A further ob- heaver) more than smaller mammals . Also , jective is to present some restoration option s they usually need larger tracts of undisturbe d that might be implemented during the dredg- habitat . Smaller mammals live alongside hu- ing operations to enhance the popu- mans more easily because they are not hunte d lations of the area . and they can use smaller patches of habitat . The extirpated species are discussed below . PRE-SETTLEMENT/EARLY SETTLEMENT MAMMAL COMMUNIT Y EXTIRPATED SPECIE S Pre-settlement records of mammals o f American porcupine (Erethizon dorsa- northwest Indiana airs scant and consist main- tam) . The American porcupine was clearl y ly of diary records .of explorers such as Mar- present in pre-settlement times ; skeletal re- quette and LaSalle, and of trading-post fur re - mains were found by Rand Rand (1951) . cords . Records from the I600s mentioned the The last known specimen was from 1918 . (I)idelphis virginiana), the Gray wolf (Canis iupns) . (here are sev - American beaver (Castor caiadensis) and th e eral reports of timber wolves from Indiana , bison (Bust bison) . "Panther" (mountain lio n but there is some question as to whether they or possibly bobcats) were reported in the were wolves or . The last report of a 1830s . White-tailed deer were plentiful unti l timber wolf in the state was in 1908 (Mum - the 1870s, but they and beavers were extir- ford Whitaker 1982) . pated from the state by the turn of the centur y Black bear (Ltrsns americanas) . ---There (Mumford Whitaker 1982) . Deer reintro- are records of black hears in the area in th e ductions began in the 1930s . There were a n pre-settlement records, and Rand Ran d estimated 900 deer in Indiana by 1943, 500 0 (19.51) found skeletal remains of black bear . by 1951 ; and there were probably deer in ev- The last report of a bear living in Indiana was ery county by 1966 . Both deer and heave r in 1850. The last time a bear was seen in th e were still scarce in the 1960s but have becom e was in 1871, but that individ- abundant in the last two decades in northwes t ual was apparently a stray driven south from Indiana and elsewhere . Wolves (possibly coy- Michigan by a great .fire (Brennan 1923) . otes) were reported as late as 1914 (Lyo n Fisher (Mantes pennanti) .----Rand Ran d 1923), and black bears (Ursus americana ) (1951) found fisher remains in the region, in- were present until about 1870 . dicating that they were clearly present . The A total of about 10 species of large mam- last report of a fisher in Indiana was in 185 9 mals that were here prior to European settle- (Mumford Whitaker 1982) . ment are no longer present (Table 1) . Larg e River otter (Lutra canadensis) . The las t mammals are generally most subject to extir - record of the river otter in northwest Indian a

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WHITAKI?R MAMMALS` OF THI GRAND CALUMET 12 3

Table I . Mammals taken by Mieriwa et al . (1991) in traps in the Basin . Area I = Dupont ; 2 = Clark and Pine ; 3 = Ivanhoe ; 4 = Big Marsh/Indiana Ridge ; 5 = Burnham Prairie / Powderhorn Prairie, 6 = Eggers Woods . A trap-night is one trap set for one night .

Gray area Lake Calumet are a 2 3 4 5 6 Tota l Trap-nights 1388 1444 1426 1310 1352 1265 818 5 Virginia opossum 0 0 0 0 0 1 Masked shrew 0 0 0 20 II 35 Short-tailed shrew 4 1 0 0 4 0 9 Gray squirrel 7 0 2 0 2 12 23 Franklins ground squirrel i 0 0 I 0 0 2 White-footed mouse 12 35 4 2 6 8 67 Prairie deermouse 6 0 23 0 0 30 Meadow I 3 0 8 13 0 25 House mouse 0 0 0 I 0 0 Norway rat 0 0 0 1 0 0 Totals 31 40 6 40 45 32

is from 1900 . Otte rs were reintroduced into species possibly present now that was absen t Indiana at several localities between 199 .5 an d in pre-settlement times is the western harves t 1999 ; they could be reintroduced or mak e mouse, Reithrodonlumvs mega/oils. It moved their own way into the Calumet region . across between 1953—1969 and into Mountain lion (Felix concolor) .—Panther s Newton County, Indiana around 1969, where were reported in the I660s, and the last moun- it was first found at Willow Slough Fish an d tain lion recorded Iron) Indiana was seen i n Wildlife Area (Whitaker Si Sly 1970) . B y 1830 . There is some question as to whether i t 1974 (Ford 1977), this species occurred in a t was identified correctly . least seven counties, but it had not crossed th e Canada lynx (Fells lynx) . The last Can - Kankakee River. If it is not already in the vi- ada lynx in the region was reportedly kille d cinity of the Grand Calumet River, the harves t by Hunter Green in 1873 at Tremont, althoug h mouse will likely make its way across th e the identification of this species in Indiana ha s Kankakee to the Grand Calumet area relative- been questioned . The last record in the stat e ly soon . is from 1880 . MAMMALS CURRENTLY PRESENT O R Bobcat (Fells ruins) . The bobcat is rare in Indiana, but there have been 42 confirme d LIKELY TO BE PRESEN T reports in the state since 1970 . it is possibl e Much information is available on mammal s that this species still occurs at the Indian a of Indiana (Mumford Whitaker 1982), Illi- Dunes National Lakeshore (INDU), but th e nois (Hoffineister 1989) and INDU (Whitake r last record there was in 1888 . et al. 1994) ; hut little is available specificall y Bison (Bison bison) . The bison was pre - on mammals of the Grand Calumet River ba- sent in northwest Indiana until well into th e sin . Three papers present data from areas ac- 19th century . The last record was in 1850 . tually within the Grand Calumet River basin : American elk (Cervus canadensis) .— Whitman et al . 1990), Mieriwa et al . (1991) , Rand Rand (1951) found skeletal materia l and Whitaker et al . (1994) . of elk at INDU . Whitman et al . (1990) found 16 species o f All but two of the species of mammals no w mammals at : opossum, short - present were probably present in pre-settle- tailed shrew, masked shrew, eastern mole, cot- ment times . The exceptions are the old worl d tontail, white-footed mouse, prairie dee r rats and mice : the housemouse, Mus muscu - mouse, meadow vole . , fox squirrel , /tts, and the Norway rat, Ratios nc~rvegicus. gray squirrel, thirteen-lined ground squirrel , They are exotics that arrived in North Amer- red squirrel, raccoon, long-tailed weasel an d ica on ships with the early settlers . Another white-tailed deer.

124 PROCEEDINGS OR TILE INDIANA ACADEMY OF SCIENC E

Indiana Dune s Indiana Dune s National Lakeshore State Par k 0 Beverly Shores Central Beac h Chellberg Farm South Shore & South Bend Railroad 0 Clark arid Pine area 0 Cline Avenu e Cowles Bog 0 Dunes Acres DuPont area Furnessvill e ei Mt Baldy Grand Calumet Rive r e Ogden Dunes Heron Rookery Pinhook Bog Ivanhoe area Porter Beac h Kemil Beach Port of Indian a Kemil Road Roxanna Mars h Lake Calumet Salt Creek Little Calumet Rive r Town of Pine s Long Lake ®° Trail Creek Miller Statio n Tremont Miller Woods Waverly Road Mineral Springs Roa d West Beach

Figure I . —The Grand Calumet River area that parallels the shore oh ( . Sites mentioned in the text are indicated by the numhers .

Mierzwa et al . (1991) studied mammals a t vole, muskrat, Norway rat, house mouse,. red I5 sites in live different study areas in north - fox, raccoon, long-tailed weasel, mink and eastern Illinois and northwest Indiana as pos- striped skunk . He did not personally observ e sible sites at. which to establish an airport . specimens of eastern mole, muskrat, Norwa y Two of the areas were in the Grand Calumet rat, raccoon (a few were taken for fur eac h River area : one in Gary, the other near Lake year) or long-tailed weasel . He apparently fel t Calumet . However, they reported only 10 spe- these records were reliable . That he personall y cies of mammals in these two areas (Table I) : saw no raccoons would indicate that this spe- Virginia opossum, masked and short-taile d cies must have been uncommon at that time. shrews, gray and Franklin's ground squirrels , He reported that white-tailed deer, althoug h deer and white-footed mice, meadow vole , extirpated for many years, had been fairly nu- house mouse and Norway rat . merous around 1875 . Lyon reported that the Whitaker et al . (1994) included informatio n white-footed mouse was the most abundan t on Miller Woods, but otherwise they did no t mammal at INDU, and it was especially abun- study areas within the Grand Calumet Rive r dant in wooded dunes, swamps and marshes . basin; however, the habitats, and therefore th e From foredunes he reported prairie deer mice mammals, of the Grand Calumet River basi n and a few house mice . From interdunal mead- are similar to those of 1NDU . Therefore, in - ows, he reported white-footed mouse, prairie formation from that work and from other pa- deer mouse, , pine vole and short- pers on the Indiana Dunes was used exten- tailed shrew. Lyon did not take the masked sively in this work . shrew, the meadow vole or the meadow jump- The first significant publication on th e ing mouse. In addition to the 22 species tha t mammals of the Indiana Dunes was by Lyo n he observed, Lyon (1923) listed nine specie s (1923) . Lyon reported 22 species: opossum , as "almost certain to be found" : little brow n short-tailed shrew, eastern mole, eastern red myotis, northern myotis (Keen's myotis unti l bat, eastern cottontail, eastern chipmunk , recently), big brown bat, silver-haired hat , woodchuck, thirteen-lined ground squirrel , hoary hat, meadow vole, meadow jumping fox squirrel, red squirrel, prairie deer mouse , mouse, southern flying squirrel and gra y white-footed mouse, prairie vole, woodland squirrel . He listed six species as probably oc-

WIIITAKER -MAMMALS OF THE GRAND CALUMET 125

Figure I . .Continued .

curling: star-nosed mole, least shrew, masked eastern mole (exceedingly common as indi- shrew, southern bog , American bad- cated by burrows), woodchuck (thousand s ger and . Lyon listed I 1 species as "no t present), red squirrel, gray squirrel, badger, now extant but whose remains may possibl y and fox squirrel . be round ." as "extinct," or as "probably ex- Lyon (1936) reported the least shrew, tinct," : timber wolf (Canis lupus), fisher masked shrew, silver-haired hat, Franklin s (Manes pennanti), black bear (Ursus anreri - ground squirrel, meadow vole, meadow jump- ( anus), river otter (Lutra canaden,sis), moun- ing mouse and badger from the Lakeshore . tain lion (Fells ronrolor), Canada lynx (Fe/is Rand Rand (1951) reported skeletal re- ls-rrx), bobcat (Fe/is rufus), porcupine (Ereth- mains of 32 species of mammals in blowout s inon dorsatum), snowshoe hare (Le pus arrre r- in Indiana Dunes State Park, including 26 spe- iccnrus), bison (Bison bison), and elk (Certus cies still present : opossum, masked shrew , canaderrsi .$). We have listed evidenced extir- northern short-tailed shrew, eastern mole, sil- pated species of the Grand Calumet basin ex- ver—haired bat, big brown bat, eastern red hat, cept Ior the snowshoe hare, for which pres- eastern cottontail rabbit, eastern chipmunk , ence we find no evidence . woodchuck, thirteen-lined ground squirrel , Brennan (192 .3) relates early reports of bi- Franklins ground squirrel, fox squirrel, red son, black bean mountain lion, Canada lynx, squirrel, southern flying squirrel, white-footed bobcat, whits-tailed deer (the last one sho t and prairie deer mouse, meadow vole, musk - was in the early 1870s), elk, coyotes (Brennan rat, southern , Norway rat, house cited many reports of timber wolves, and stat- mouse, raccoon, least weasel, long-tailed wea- ed that there were a few left between Dune s sel, mink and striped skunk . They also re - Park and Michigan City until 1919 . It is sus- ported six extirpated species : black hear, fish- pected by Whitaker et al . (1994) that all or er, beaver, porcupine, elk and white-tailed many of these were actually coyotes .), por- deer. New species recorded by Rand . Rand cupine, river otter, and heaver. Brennan re- were big brown bat, southern flying squirrel, ported several mammals as still present as of southern bog lemming and least weasel, so th e 1923: opossum, red fox (near the Furnessvill e new total species number from the area wa s Blowout), gray fox, raccoon, mink (in stream s 34. and marshes), eastern skunk, muskrat (thou - A Texas Instruments team studied th e sands in the marshes), cottontail (common), Cowles Bog area from 1975 to 1980, and they

126 PROCEEDINGS OE THE INDIANA ACADEMY OF SCIENC E

collected or observed 25 species of mammals . DIDELPHIDA E Some of their more interesting records includ e (opossums ) the little brown bat, woodland vole, and least Virginia opossum, Uidelphis virginiana weasel . Surprisingly, they failed to captur e Kerr . The opossum is common in the Lake - any prai rie deer mice, meadow , or prai- shore area, and likewise it is surely commo n rie voles . Species reported for the first tim e throughout the Grand Calumet River region . from the area by Texas Instruments were th e It was found in 10 of the 24 habitats sample d little brown bat and the white-taiiled deer , at INDU, and 93 were recorded as roadkill s making a total of 36 species known from th e (Whitaker et al . 1994) . Texas Instruments, Inc . area. found this species in all six of the terrestria l Krekeler (1981) stated that the gray squirre l habitats they sampled, and Whitman et al . had been extirpated at one time but is no w (1990) commonly found it at Miller Woods. common in certain areas . He also indicated Mierzwa et . al . (1991) recorded one in Egger s that the beaver had been extirpated but rein- Woods near Wolf Lake . troduced, and it had caused high water prob- lems at Dune Acres . His was the first definite INSECTIVORA recent record of the beaver at the Lakeshore . (shrews and moles) Krekeler states that skunks forage on th e The Insectivore consists of the moles an d beach and that tracks of the white-tailed (lee r shrews, six species of which conceivabl y are now regularly seen at the Lakeshore . could occur in the Grand Calunnet River area : These additional species bring the total num- four species of shrews and two of moles . The ber of species recorded at the Lakeshore to 37 . presence of only three species of shrew s Whitaker et al . (1994) reported opossum , (masked, short-tailed and least) and one mol e two species of shrews (masked and northern (eastern) have been confirmed there . short-tailed), eastern mole, three bats (red, sil- Northern short-tailed shrew, Marina ver-haired and big brown), eastern cottontail , brevicauda. The short-tailed shrew is one o f seven squirrels (chipmunk, woodchuck, thir- the most common mammals in northwest In- teen-lined ground squirrel, and fox, gray, re d diana, and it is common in the Grand Calume t and southern flying squirrels), beaver, eigh t River basin (Mum)ford Whitaker 1982 ; mice and rats (white-footed mouse and prairi e Krekeler 1981 ; Texas Instruments 197580 ; deer mouse, Norway rat, house mouse, prairie , Whitman et al . 1990; Whitaker et al . 1994) . woodland and meadow voles and meado w Whitaker et al . (1994) took short-tailed shrew s jumping mouse), ten species of carnivore s in 17 of the 24 habitats studied . They were (coyote, red and gray foxes, raccoon, long - most abundant in upland terrestrial shrubland , tailed and least weasels, mink, American bad- wet prairie, old field, ephemeral lowland for- ger. striped skunk and feral cat) and white- est and mixed deciduous savanna . Mierzwa et tailed deer . Gray fox brought to 38 the numbe r al. (1991) trapped nine short-tailed shrews : of species known to the Lakeshore . four at the DuPont area, four at the Burnha m The diverse habitats of the Lakeshore thu s Prairie/Powderhorn Prairie area, and one a t create a home for approximately 38 of the 5 7 the Clark and Pine area . species of mammals presently known to occu r Least shrew, Cryptotis parva (Say) . Th e in Indiana . Franklins ground squirrel wa s least shrew is a small, brownish short-taile d probably present at the Lakeshore through th e shrew, much smaller than Marina. Its tota l 1940s, but then it apparently disappeared . length is only about 63—88 mm ; its tail is onl y However, it was recorded in the Grand Calu- 11—20 mm . It usually is found in fairly dr y met River basin by Nllierzwa et al . (1991) . Fe- open fields . It occurs throughout Indiana, but ral dogs and cats are present, and they ma y it is not taken often . There are few records i n partially fill the predator niche . Signs of bob - the northern part of the state . Lyon trapped a cat (state endangered) have been reported i n least shrew in "subdunal woods" on 31 Oc- the Heron Rookery area of the Lakeshore, bu t tober 1924 . It was apparently from "Tremont, their presence has not been verified . as Sanborn (1925) reported drat Lyon too k Species of mammals suspected to currentl y one there in the fall of 1924 . The specimen reside in the Grand Calumet River basin are was deposited in the U .S. National Museu m discussed below and are indicated in Table 2 . (#240630) . Whitaker et al . (1994) did not take

WtitIAKFR MAMMAI .S OF '1'HF: GRAND CAI t VFI 127

it at INDU, but it most likely lives sparingl y tremely reduced, thus only three unicuspid s in dry fields in the Calumet River area. are readily visible from the side) . Masked shrew, Sorex cinereus Kerr . The masked shrew is common in several hab- TALPIDA E itats at INDU and in the Grand Calumet River (moles ) area, especially in vet areas . Mierzwa et al . Eastern mole, Scalopaus aquaticus (Lin - (1991) captured 35 individuals in their Lak e naeus) . The eastern mole is common at Calumet study area : lour in the Big Marsh/ INDU (Krekeler 1981 ; Whitman et al . 1990: Indiana Ridge area, 20 in the Burnham Prai- Whitaker et al . 1994) and in the Grand Cal- rie/Powdcrhorn Prairie area, and I I at Egger s umet River region . Whitaker et al . (1994 ) Woods . Mumford Whitaker (1982) found found burrows of the eastern mole in 10 of. 24 masked shrews in several habitats east of th e habitats examined at INDU . This species wa s Bailey Generating Station, and 124 of 17 8 most abundant in pine plantations, oak savan- mammals (69 .7%) taken at Cowles and Pin - na, excavated sand, and mixed deciduous for- hook Bogs and at Trail Creek Fen were est . The author saw a number of its burrow s masked shrews . Whitman et at . (1990) rc in the sand on 20 July 1996 at the DuPont an d ported masked shrews from Miller Woods . Clark and Pine areas in the Grand Calume t Whitaker et ad . (1994) took only 35 durin g River basin . The eastern mole is common i n their study of mammals at INDU . This in- many of the drier habitats at the Lakeshore . cluded individuals from eight habitats, al - Star-nosed mole, Condylura cristata (Lin- though they were most abundant in wet prairi e naeus) . The star-nosed mole lives in muck - (1 .83 per 100 trap-nights) and marsh (I .17 per land habitats . This habitat makes its burrow s 100 trap-nights) . Shrew populations were ap- quite evident ; burrows of eastern moles ar e parently low at the time of this study . Th e usually in drier areas . The star-nosed mole has masked shrew liver, in areas where the soi l been documented only in the northeast portio n retains moisture sufficient to maintain burrow s of the state, and its range has apparently con- 100% saturated . Because of this moisture re- tracted in the 20" century . This species ha s quirement, the species often lives in dense never been taken at INDU . However, on 2 8 vegetation or in mossy areas . October 1982, Whitaker trapped one at Trai l Pygmy shrew, Sorex (Microsorex) hoy i Creek Fen, a site east of INDU . This recor d Baird . The pygmy shrew has long been pre- suggests its presence at INDU . Muckland hab- sumed rare, but pitfall trapping has show n itats suitable for star-nose moles are abundan t otherwise . The pygmy shrew could inhabit th e in the Grand Calumet River basin, and it ma y Calumet River basin. but it has not been foun d occur there. at INDU or elsewhere in northern Indiana . I t does not occur in the southern portion of th e CHIROPTER A lower peninsula of Michigan either (Bake r (hats ) 1983) . There are records from Wisconsin, in- Twelve species of hats are found (or wer e cluding_ one at the extreme southeast corner, f(und--two are probably extirpated) in Indi- or less than 80 miles (128 km) from the Gran d ana, all in the family Vespertilionidae . All are Calumet River area. Also, one was taken i n nocturnal and have well-developed echoloca- mid-winter in a garage 50 miles (80 kin) fro m tion abilities, and all feed almost exclusivel y the Grand Calumet . No pygmy shrews wer e on flying insects . Little information is avail - taken in extensive trapping at Badly, Cowles , able on bats of INDU or northwest Indiana . or Pinhook Bogs (Mumford Whitake r There are records at INDU for only three spe- 1982) : and none ware taken in other areas a t cies : big brown bat, red hat and silver-haire d INDU (Whitaker et al . 1994) . Thus, thi s hat . There is an early record of the evenin g shrews occurrence in the Grand Calumet Riv- hat, but no recent records . There is an unver- er area is unlikely . However, the unicuspi d ified record of the little brown myotis, but thi s teeth of all long-tailed shrews (Sores) fro m species surely exists there . The northern my- that area should be carefully examined . (Sorex otis and hoary hat are undoubtedly present , cinereus has four "large" unicuspids and on e and it is likely that the Indiana myotis is als o small unicuspid, all easily visible from th e there . Rand Rand (1951) reported silver- side . Sorer hoyi has the third and fifth ex - haired, red and big brown bats . Information

128 PROCEEDINGS OF THE INDIANA ACADEMY OF SCIENC E

on bats of northwest Indiana is provided be- about over openings in Indiana Dunes Stat e low . Most of these species should occur in th e Park and vicinity which could be this specie s area of the Grand Calumet River, at leas t or the northern myotis, Myotis ,septentriona/is . where there is adequate woodland . The little brown myotis migrates to the kars t Big brown bat, Eptesicus fuscus (Reau- regions of southern Indiana where it hiber- vois) . Whitaker et al . (1994) found one bi g nates in caves . brown bat in a large building north of Rout e Silver-haired bat, Lasionyrteris nocliva- 12 and west of Mineral Springs Road, and a gans (LeConte) . Hahn (1909) reported thi s post-lactation colony is located behind th e species from Michigan City . LaPorte County. barn doors at Chellberg Farm . A total of 11 3 Mumford Whitaker (1982) reported thre e hats emerged from behind this door on 27 Au - individuals taken at the Indiana Dunes State gust 1988 . Several maternity colonies were Park : a female on 24 September 1928 by W.A . found by Whitaker et al . (1994) : 1) about 10 0 Weber, and two individuals on .3 May 1936 b y individuals in a brick house 0.2 miles east of J . Schmidt. Whitaker et al. (1994) netted on e 33E on U S . Route 20 ; 2) about 20 individual s individual on 9 September 1988, about on e at the Lutheran Church at the south end of mile northeast of the visitor center at INDU . Mineral Springs Road (just north of 1-94) ; 3 ) The silver-haired hat is a migratory solitar y about 80 individuals on 9 September 1988 at bat . It spends the summer and has its young the Portage Park barn, southwest of 1-94 an d north of Indiana and then migrates south . A State Road 249 ; 4) 43 individuals in the soffi t few individuals hibernate in caves or mines i n of an old but well-preserved brick house nea r southern Indiana, but most winter in souther n U .S. Route 49 north of Route 6 . There are states . This species is fairly common in Indi- undoubtedly many maternity colonies of bi g ana during migration from about 18 April t o brown bats in buildings in the Grand Calume t 28 May and from about 29 August to 6 No- basin . This is the only species likely to winte r vember, when it should be relatively commo n (hibernate) at INDU, since it is the only spe- at the Lakeshore (Mumford Whitake r cies in Indiana that hibernates in buildings . 1982 ) Red bat, Lasiurus borealis (Muller). Evening bat, Nycticeius karmeralis (Raf- Lyon (1923) observed a female red bat roost- inesque) . Russell E . Mumford shot an even - ing in blackberry hushes in the Lakeshore re- ing bat two miles (3 km) northwest of Porte r gion . Whitaker (Mumford Whitaker 1982 ) (Porter County) on 5 August 1958 . Popula- shot a female red bat at daybreak on 26 Au - tions of this species have decreased greatly i n gust 1963 as it was flying over the beach i n Indiana in recent years, and we doubt that i t what is now the Lakeshore . Whitaker et al. is currency present in northwest Indiana . Th e (1994) recorded several red bats : 1) a youn g single record could have been a stray . female collected in July of 1987 at the West Beach bathhouse ; 2) an individual observed BAT SPECIES PROBABLY PRESEN T flying at Indiana Dunes State Park on 27 Au - Northern myotis, Myotis septentrionalis gust 1988: and 3) two individuals netted (le , (Merriam), This species has often been re - 1?) over Dunes Creek, Indiana Dunes Stat e ferred to is Keens hat, Myotis keeriii sewn- Park, on 23 September 1988 . The red bat i s trionalis . However, populations in eastern re- solitary and hangs in trees during the daytime . gions of the are currentl y It is one of the most common bats in wooded recognized as a separate species from popu- areas of northwest Indiana, and it should in - lations in the western U .S. (Van Zyll de Jon g habit areas of the Grand Calumet River basi n 1979) . The eastern species is known as th e where enough trees are present . northern myotis, Myotis septerurionalis . Ther e Little brown myotis, Myotis lucifugus are no records of this species for any of th e (Leconte) . Neither Lyon (1936) nor Mum - Lakeshore countries (Mumford Whitaker ford Whitaker (1982) recorded the littl e 1982) . Because wooded habitat is abundan t brown myotis in Lake, Porter or LaPort e and it is a northern species, the author sus- Counties . The only specific record of this spe- pects its presence. It forms small summer col- cies at INDU is that of Texas Instrument s onies under the bark of trees or in buildings , (1975-80), but this record needs verification . and it then migrates to caves and mines where The author has often seen small bats flying it hibernates individually rather than in

WHItAKLR--MAMMALS OF THL GRAND CALUMLT 129

groups . Kuria (1982) found it was relativel y ver; two sigmodontine (= old (rice- uncommon in southern Michigan, and Lon g tinae), both of which are in the genus Peco- (1974) reported it as less common than th e mi]scuv ; four or five species of arvicolin e little brown myotis in the Lake Michigan rodents (= old Microtinae muskrat, thre e drainage . voles and probably the hog lemming) ; two Hoary hat, Lasiurus cinerens (Palisot d e Old World rodents (Murinac) ., the Norway ra t Beauvois) . Like the red and silver-haire d and the house mouse ; and the meadow jump- bats, this is a solitary, migratory species tha t ing mouse (Zapodinae . Dipodidae) . roosts in trees . it is the largest and one of the most colorful bats of Indiana . It occur s SCIURIDAF, throughout the state, but it is not commo n (squirrels ) anywhere . It probably lives in the Grand Cal- There are seven species of squirrels i n umet River basin in areas with adequate trees . northwest Indiana, including the state-endan- Indiana myotis, Myotis soda/is (Miller gered Franklins ground squirrel . Squirrels are Allen). —The Indiana myotis is listed as en- some of the most conspicuous mammals, part- dangered . There are no records for the north - ly because most are diurnal. The largest mem- western 15 or so counties of the state (Mum - ber of the squirrel family is the woodchuck . fiord Whitaker 1982) ; however, Kuri a Also, the re are many fox and red squirrels at (1982) recorded this species, and Kuria et al . INDU . Besides being diurnal, these two ar e (1993) later recorded a mate rnity colony o f common and quite noisy . The gray squirrel this species from southern Michigan . The In- and chipmunk . are obvious where. common . diana myotis is probably present in northwest The flying squirrel may often he common, bu t Indiana in areas forested with large trees,in- it is seldom observed because it is nocturnal . cluding the Grand Calumet River area . I t The thirteen-lined ground squirrel has a spott y forms small summer colonies under the har k distribution, but it is found at several IND U of dead trees, often along watercourses . It hi- localities (Whitaker et al . 1994) . Gray an d bernates in large numbers in a very few caves , Franklins ground squirrels have been docu- some of which are found in southern Indiana . mented within the Grand Calumet River basi n (Mierr.wa et al . 1991) . The various squirrel s I .AGOMORPI-I A are discussed below . (rabbits and hares ) Eastern chipmunk, "Lanzias striatus (Lin- Eastern cottontail, Sylvilagus floridann s naeus) . The chipmunk is common in man y (Allen) . The eastern cottontail is the onl y of the wooded habitats of northwest Indiana , lagomorph in northwest Indiana . Lyon (1923) , although it is sporadic in occurrence . Lyo n Krekeler (1981), Texas Instruments, and Whi- (1923) stated that "chipmunks do not appea r taker et al . (1994) all listed it as common iii to be very common in the dunes ." Krekele r the area of INDU . It was observed occasion - (1981) listed it as abundant in open woods , ally in Miller Woods by Whitman et al . thickets and suburbs . Texas Instrument s (1990) . Fecal pellets and tracks are commonl y (1975—80) recorded numerous captures o f seen throughout INDU, and 65 cottontail s chipmunks in several habitats . Whitman et . al . were recorded as roadkills (Whitaker et al . (1990) did not mention then in their Mille r 1994) . This species was often seen by Mier - Woods report . Whitaker et . al . (1994) capture d /ma et al . (1991) at Clark and Pine, Lakeshor e 24 chipmunks in nine habitats at INDU, an d Railroad Prairie, and DuPont and Burnha m sign or sight observations were made in I I Prairie . Cottontails are fairly common in th e plots in seven habitats . Seventeen roadkill s Grand Calumet River basin . were seen, and numerous individuals wer e seen elsewhere at INDU . The chipmun k RODFNTI A should be fairly common in the Grand Calu- (rodents) met River basin, but Micr/wa et al . (1991) did Rodents constitute the largest group o f not report it . mammals in northwest Indiana (and in th e Woodchuck, Marnzota rnonax (Linnae- world) in number of species and individuals . us) .—Lyon (1923) Whitaker et al . (1994) The total number of species include s commonly found woodchuck, in several hab- seven species in the squirrel family ; the hea - itats at INDU. Whitman et al . (1990) does not

130 PROCEEDINGS OF THE INDIANA ACADEMY OF SCIENC E

mention them from Miller Woods, but Mier- monly found it at Powderhorn Lake, and i t zwa noted them from DuPont and Burnham was present at Burnham Prairie and near Lake Prairie. Calumet . These records are exceedingly inter- Thirteen-lined ground squirrel, Spermo- esting since this species is listed as endan- p/u/us tridecenzlineatus (Mitchell) . Lyon gered in Indiana. Most of the currently know n (1923) found this species "not uncommon populations are along railroads, although a along the Chicago, Lake Shore and South few are along roadsides . Bend Railway just south of the dunes," an d Gray squirrel, Sciurus carolinensi s reported one "just north of Oak Hill Statio n (Gnlelin). Lyon (1923) did not report thi s and a few feet above the subdunal swamp ." species from the Lakeshore area; however, Krekeler (1981) listed it as "common" a t Krekeler (1981) recorded it as common i n INDU and indicated its habitat as "pastures , woods and suburbs, and Texas Instrument s road borders, dunes, weedly or cultivate d (1975–80) reported 23 from three habitats a t fields ." Texas Instruments (1975–80) reported the Lakeshore . Whitaker et al . (1994) recorde d three individuals : two from Cowles Bog and it in upland oak forest and in oak savanna and one from the transmission corridor. Whitman also several roadl

WH1"tAKER -MAMPdALS OF THE GRAND CALUMET 13 1

(1994) trapped two flying squirrels : one i n group in the Grand Calumet River basin, al - black oak forest and one in black oak savanna . though one of them, Peroni ens /auctions, i s Scrubby black oak is a good habitat for flyin g the most abundant mammal there . squirrels because old woodpecker holes an d Western harvest mouse, Reithrodontonays other openings can be used as nest sites o r rnegalotis (Baird) . The western harves t refuges for this species . Flying squirrels were mouse was first taken in Indiana in 1969 at not reported by Mierzwa et al . (1991), an d Willow Slough State Fish and Wildlife area i n they are probably not common in the Gran d Newton County (Whitaker Sly 1970) . B y Calumet area because of the lack of suitabl e 1975 it had extended its range to include at forest . Flying squirrels feed heavily on nuts least seven counties of northwest Indian a and seeds hut will readily eat insect materia l (Ford 1975), but it had not crossed north o f or even young birds and their eggs . the Kankakee River into Lake and Porte r Beaver, Castor canadensis Kuhl . Bea- Counties . By 1994 (Whitaker unpuhl . data), i t vers had nearly disappeared from Indiana b y had extended its range south into Vigo Coun- 1840 (Lyon 1936) . They were reintroduced ty. By 1995 it had crossed the Wabash Rive r into Jasper-Pulaski and Kankakee Fish an d into Clay County, and by 1997 it had crosse d Wildlife Areas in 193 .5 from Wisconsin an d the Kankakee. Now that harrier has been Michigan, and later introductions were mad e crossed, harvest mice should become part o f into other areas . Brooks (1959) knew of 32 6 the fauna of northwest Indiana . colonies in 43 counties of Indiana . The ma- Deer mouse, Perornyscus rnanicu,(atu .s jority were in portions of northwest Indiana , (Wagner) . The deer mouse occupies a va- including Lake County . There is a 1968 pho- riety of habitats ranging from woods to dry tograph of a beaver lodge at Cowles Bo g open areas . Its prime habitat in Indiana is i n (Lindsey et al . 1969) . Krekeler (1981) listed cultivated fields where it lives even when th e the beaver as uncommon at INDI but sai d fields are bare (Whitaker 1967) . However, that it had caused high water problems on th e only the prairie deer mouse, P. in. bairdii i s road leading into Dune Acres (at Cowle s present in Indiana . It lives in dry open areas . marsh). There is currently a heaver colony o n It is never found in woods, although it can b e the Salt Creek watershed, and signs of beave r abundant in savanna with open sand . Unlik e were seen by Whitaker et al . (1994) on th e all of the other species of small mamrnals i n lower portions of the Little Calumet River. Indiana, its habitat is inversely related to plan t There was a colony on the Little Calume t cover ; and it can live in areas with little o r north of Chesterton, but all of those beaver s even no herbaceous vegetation, such as re- have been trapped . Mierzwa et al . (1991) di d cently plowed or harvested fields or ope n not mention beaver in their studies of th e sandy areas. Its prime habitat in Indiana is i n Grand Calumet River area. The beaver shoul d cultivated fields (Whitaker 1967 ; Mumford he a prominent species in wooded portions o f Whitaker 1982) . Its tracks are often obviou s a clean Grand Calumet River. in loose sand on dunes, or in light snow i n plowed fields, where it emerges from one bur - MI JRIDA E row and enters another. It probably inhabited (mice and rats ) areas of open sand such as on dunes in pre - Most mice and rats are currently placed i n settlement times . the family Murinae, which contains three sub- Hahn (1909) recorded this species fro m families : the Sigmodontinae (previously the only five counties and did not think it wa s Cricetinae), the (previously th e common in Indiana . Evermann Butle r Microtinae) and the Murinae. The Murinae are (1894) stated that it was abundant on th e the Old World rats and mice, Mus and Ratios. dunes along Lake Michigan . Lyon (1923 ) found numerous footprints of this species i n Sigmodontina e the loose sand on the dunes but took few spec- File Sigmodontinae are native rats and mice imens . Krekeler (1981) recorded it as abun- and constitute one of the largest groups o f dant in foredunes, grasslands, thickets and ol d mammals in North America, both in numbe r fields . Whitman et al . (1990) found it fro m of species and individuals . However, there are Miller Woods . Whitaker et al . (1994) recorde d only two (or possibly three) species in this Peroinvscus rnaniculatus from 10 habitats, but

132 PROCEEDINGS OF THE INDIANA ACADEMY OF SCIENC E

it was most common in dry prairie and o n al. (1991) captured 25 meadow voles in fiv e INDU right-of-ways. Mierzwa et al . (1991 ) of their six study areas near the Grand Calu- recorded 30 individuals in open sand on Clar k met River, but they found them most abundan t and Pine Complex, and stated that they wer e at the Big Marsh/Indian Ridge site . "so common at Lakeshore Railroad Prairi e Prairie vole, ochrogaster (Wag- that we were able to find them under hoard s ner) . Lyon (1923) took seven prairie voles . and debris without even trapping for them ." Krekeler (1981) listed this species as uncom- White-footed mouse, Peromyscus leuco- mon in relatively dry fields with cover o f pus (LeConte), --Pc roinv .scus leuco/nrs is th e grasses or weeds . Whitaker et el. (1994) too k most abundant small mammal at INDU (Lyo n 17 individuals in eight plots five habitats . 1923 ; Texas Instruments 1975—80 ; Krekeler The species was most abundant in old fields. 1981 ; Whitman et al . 1990) .. Whitaker et al . Mierzwa et al . (1991) did not capture an y (1994) took a total of 445 individuals in 2 2 prairie voles, but additional trapping in th e of 24 habitats they studied and in 98 of the drier grasslands of the Grand Calumet Rive r 168 (58 .3%) plots in which they trapped . Th e will undoubtedly yield prairie voles . This spe- only habitats from which the white-foote d cies lives in drier and sparser vegetated area s mouse was not taken were barren grounds an d than the meadow vole, and it is much les s excavated areas, both habitats lacking plan t abundant to the north . cover. The highest numbers were taken i n Woodland vole/Pine vole, Microtus pine- ephemeral lowland forest, oak upland forest , /arum (Le Conte) .—Lyon (1923) found man y mixed deciduous savanna, mixed deciduou s subterranean burrows probably used by thi s upland forest, coniferous savanna, and pin e species but trapped only two woodland vole s plantations . It is probably also the most abun- in the Indiana Dunes area . Krekeler (1981 ) dant species in the area of the Grand Calume t listed it as uncommon and Texas Instrument s River, as Mierzwa et al . (1991) took 67 indi- (1975—80) caught two individuals in blac k viduals of this species and found it in ever y oak/swamp forest . Whitaker et al . (1994) di d one of their study sites (Table I) . not take any individuals in their study plots , but they did take four in pitfall traps set fo r Arvicolinae (microtines or voles ) this species in black oak woods . Mierzwa e t All five species of microtines present in In- al . (1991) did not take any woodland voles i n diana are probably present both at the Lake - studies using surface trapping methods . The shore and in the area of the Grand Calume t woodland vole lives in underground burrows , River. and thus it is often under-represented in sur- Meadow vole, Microtus pennsylvanicus face trapping surveys . It is found at INDU , (Ord) . The meadow vole is found through - and undoubtedly it also occurs in the area o f out northern Indiana where it is usually th e the Grand Calumet River. most abundant small mammal of moist grass y Muskrat, Ondatra zibethicus (Linnae- meadows and wet prairies . In dry fields wit h us) . The muskrat is common in the marshes , sparse vegetation, it tends to be replaced b y streams and ponds of northwest Indiana (Lyo n the prairie vole, M . oclrrogustcr. Lyon (1923 ) 1923 ; Krekeler 1981 ; Texas Instrument s took prairie voles and pine voles at INDU, bu t 1975—80 ; Whitaker et al . 1994) . Whitman e t inexplicably, he did not take meadow voles . al . (1990) trapped it along ponds in Mille r Krekeler (1981) and Texas Instrument s Woods . Mierzwa (pers . comm .) saw a road- (1975—80) indicated it as abundant . Whitma n killed individual on Route 12 near the Gar y et al . (1990) trapped them in low-lying area s Regional Airport . Their population in the Cal- around one pond at Miller Woods . Whitake r umet River basin could increase if the river i s et al . (1994) trapped 171 individuals in 2 8 cleaned up . plots in 13 habitats . These animals were mos t Southern hog lemming, ,Synaptomys coop- abundant in old field and upland terrestria l eri Baird . Lyon (1923) did not record this shrubland . Thirty-four were taken in one plo t species from INI=)U, but Rand Rand (1951 ) in this latter habitat . The cover here was heav y recorded it based on their identification o f and mainly forbs, but it included dogwood , skeletal remains . Krekeler (1981) recorded i t poison ivy, roses, some young pines and fe w as uncommon in areas with lush ground cove r grasses . The soil was quite moist . Mierzwa et of grass and in bogs, but we do not believe

WIIITAKER MAMMALS OF THE GRAND CALUMET 13 3

that he ever saw a specimen . Texas Instru- at residential areas and some from Chellber g ments (1975—80) did not capture any bog lem- Farm . Two individuals were taken among 7 0 mings . Whitaker et al . (1994) did not trap any , mammals from snap traps at Pinhook Bog b y and apparently no specimen is available as yet Whitaker and Mumford in 1978 (Mumford from INDU . Whitaker et al . (1994) did fin d Whitaker 1982) . It is clear that the house bright green fecal pellets, probably from thi s mouse is not abundant along the Indian a species, at. a razed residential site on Waverl y Lakeshore, probably because of the lack o f Road on 28 February 1988. Meadow vole s agricultural land present . The same is proba- produce dull green or brownish fecal pellets . bly true in the Grand Calumet River basin, as The name bog lemming is a misnomer. It i s Mierzwa et al . (1991) recorded only on e not primarily or even often found in wet areas . house mouse . It was found at the Big Marsh/ It has a broad range of habitats from wood s Indian Ridge site . to rank meadows and dry /lndropogon fields . DIPODIDA E Murinae (jumping mice ) (introduced mice and rats ) (previously Zapodidae) Pcntus norvegicus and Muc muse ulus are in- Meadow jumping mouse, Zapus hudson- troduced exotics and are usually found in hab- ius (Zimmermann) . Lyon (1923) conclude d itats created or disturbed by humans, such a s that Z. hudsonius was almost certainly presen t in buildings or cultivated fields . in the Lakeshore region . Texas Instruments Norway rat, Rattus norvegicus (Berken- (1975—80) reported four individuals fro m hout) .=this is the common rat associated young foredunes and 23 from the transmissio n with g arbage dumps, barns, grain storage units corridor. Whitaker et al . (1994) took 15 indi- and suburban warehouses . It is a major pes t viduals from three habitats, 13 of which carn e almost everywhere that it occurs . It ruin s from one plot in aquatic shrublands . Whitaker foods and other materials and carries disease . and R .E . Mumford took one at Cowles Bo g It is common in larger cities and on farms i n and live at Pinhook Bog in the fall of 1978 , northwest Indiana . Lyon (1923) did not trap and one from a flat depression behind the fo- or see any rats but said that residents reporte d redunes east of the Badly Generating Statio n them . Krekeler (1981) reported them as com- in October of 1974 . The meadow jumpin g mon around farms, suburbs, and ditches . None mouse was not taken by Mierzwa et al . were reported during the Texas Instruments (1991), but it is undoubtedly present in th e studies . Whitaker et al . (1994) found rat drop- Grand Calumet River area . pings in abandoned buildings . Mierzwa et al . (1991) took one Norway rat at the Big Marsh / CARNIVOR A Indian Ridge area . (carnivores ) House mouse, Mus mnusculus Linnaeus . The raccoon is abundant and obvious, bu t This mouse has been transported around th e the other carnivores of the Grand Calumet world by humans . In Indiana, it is very com- River area are difficult to assess and count . mon in cultivated fields when adequate cover Large carnivores are much less abundant than is available ; but, unlike the prairie dee r small mammals, and they are usually amon g mouse, it. vacates immediately once the cove r the first to disappear as humans develop th e is removed . The prairie deer mouse and hous e land, because of habitat loss, trapping and mouse are the primary small mammals of th e hunting . They are often thought of as proble m Indiana corn and soybean fields (Whitake r animals and killed by the general publix . Fo r 1967), although P. leucopus is sometimes some species, roadkills may give us the bes t present as well . The species also invades assessment of status . beaches, offshore islands and estuarine areas . The carnivores of northwest Indiana tha t Lyon (1923) took two individuals, both i n may be present in the Grand Calumet Rive r Ioredune areas ; and Texas Instruments (1975 — basin are grouped in five families, the Canidae 80) took five from young foredunes . Surpris- (coyote, two species of foxes, domestic dog) , ingly, none were taken in any of the plots i n Procyonidae (raccoon), Mustelidae (two spe- the 24 habitats studied by Whitaker et al . cies of weasels, mink, badger), Mustelida e (1994) . Thcir only records were sight records (skunk), and the Felidae (bobcat, housecat) .

I34 PROCEEDINGS OF THE INDIANA ACADEMY OF SCIENC E

CANIDA E PROCYONIDA E Coyote . Canis latrans Say .--The coyot e Raccoon, Procyon lotor Linnaeus . Th e has always been present in Indiana, but in re - raccoon is abundant at INDU and of the In- cent year :, its populations have increased . diana Dunes State Park in campgrounds an d There are early reports of wolves and coyote s other visitor sites . Apparently raccoons were at INDU ; however, wolves are long gone an d not always so common ; Lyon (1923) say s there was no confirmed record of coyotes pri- "residents state that a few `coons are take n or to the work of Whitaker et al. (1994) . These each season for their fur. I. have no persona l r authors report that one was seen by Noel Pav- knowledge of the and I have neve lovic at `Ioteston Dunes on 7 August 1990 , been fortunate enough to find foot prints tha t and that Lakeshore rangers have seen the m might have been made by it ." Krekele r several times near the Heron Rookery, startin g (1981) . Texas Instruments (1975-80), Whit - ) in June and July of 1990 . Dan Fagre saw on e man et al . (1990) and Whitaker et al . (1994 in a cornfield just south of INDU in 1991 . I t all stated the raccoon was common at INDU ; is not clear yet whether coyotes have taken u p and it should he common in the Grand Calu- . Mier/ma et al . (1991) foun d residence at the Lakeshore ; but if not, it ap- met River area r pears to be only a matter of time until they raccoon tracks at wetland margins (luring thei study . do . Unfortunately, Rand Rand (1951) foun d no canid bones to help determine whether M USIELI DA E s coyotes or wolves or both inhabited the dune Least weasel, Mustela nivalis Linnaeus . in pre-settlement times . Micrzwa et al . (1991 ) The least weasel is a tiny prairie species wit h diet not report coyotes, and it is not clea r a one inch-long tail . Dice (1928) reported th e whether they now live in the Grand Calume t first least weasel from Indiana in Wells Coun- area . ty. Lyon (1936) reported this species onl y Red fox, Vulpes vulpes Linnaeus. Red from Pulaski and Wells Counties . There is a n and gray Ifoxes are often confused because th e earlier record for Porter County (Mumford gray fox has some reddish coloration . The red Whitaker 1982) . The specimen is in the Fiel d fox is easily identified because it is red abov e Museum in Chicago (112538) and was taken with a white tail tip . Lyon (1923) reported red by A.L . Rand on 10 June 1950 (Rand Ran d foxes at INDU . Whitaker et al . (1994) report- 1951) . This species has been taken sparingl y ed them from five different habitats at th e throughout the northern three-quarters of In- Lakeshore, and one was found dead along th e diana . The first individuals from INDU wer e roadside in 1984-85 . Four were seen from a collected during the Texas Instruments stud- helicopter during the 1991 Lakeshore surve y ies : one from the young foredunes, and on e for deer. Mierzwa (pers . comm .) saw a red fo x from the black oak/swamp forest . This specie s dead on the road on Route 312 east of Clin e favors open fields and feeds heavily upo n Avenue on 27 September 1990, and he saw a meadow mice, so foredunes are suitable hab- skull found at Clark and Pine East on 23 Apri l itat . The latter habitat is atypical . Anothe r 1991 . It is not clear how common this specie s least weasel was killed by a cat on Rout e is in the Grand Calumet River area . 275E, N of U .S. Route 20 in October 1990 Gray fox, iUrocyan cinereoargenteu s (Whitaker et . al . 1994) . This species shoul d (Schreier) .—The gray fox lives in woods an d occur in the Grand Calumet River area . probably inhabits the forests of INDU . Lyon Long-tailed weasel, Mustelii frenata Lich- (1923) did not mention this species, but Texa s tenstein .--This is the most common wease l Ins truments (197580) recorded it on the basi s in Indiana, and it is found throughout th e of tracks . Whitaker et al . (1994) reported it at state . It has a much longer tail than the leas t Howes Prairie on 1.1 August 1987 ; and more weasel, which is the only other weasel know n recently, Dan Fagre saw two east . of Dune in Indiana. Lyori (1923) staters, "These ani- Acres . The gray fox could occur in the Gran d mals are fairly common in the region althoug h Calumet River region in a wooded area suc h I have never seen any . He reported that a as in Miller Woods, but its presence is les s trapper- had taken about 200 individuals in th e likely than the red Ifox because of the scarcit y past three winters in the dunes region but tha t of mature woods . only two of them were in white pelage . Texas

WHIIAKER MAMVIALS OF THE GRAND CALUMET 13 5

Instruments (197 .5–80) did not report this spe - mon at INDU and noted that a number wer e cies . Whitman et al . (1990) observed a long - taken each year for fur. Texas Instrument s tailed weasel climbing on fallen timber i n (197580) collected two skunks and sa w Miller Woods . Whitaker et al . (1994) took si x tracks in black oak/swamp forest and in re d long-tailed weasels in traps in three habitat s maple swamp forest . Krekeler (1981) stated and observed tracks of four : one at Howe s that they forage along the beach of Lake Prairie and one in upland forest . This specie s Michigan . Whitaker et al . (1994) took two i n should be fairly common in the Grand Calu- traps and observed another . It is surprisin g met River area . that none were recorded as roadkill . Skunks Mink, Mustela vison Schreber .--"Ih e surely inhabit the Grand Calumet River basin . mink is much larger than the long-tailed wea- sel and has a bushy tail . Lyon (1923) collected FELIDA E a dead mink and said that several minks ar e (cats ) trapped each year in the Lakeshore region . Bobcat, Fells rufus Schreber. The hob - Texas Instruments H975–80) took two fro m cat is exceedingly rare ; and it is listed as en- Cowles Bog. One was seen at Dune Acres on dangered in Indiana, although individual s 9 January 1988 in a cattail marsh, and an adul t keep turning up . The bobcat is recognizable and three young were seen along a marsh o n by its short, or "bob" tail. which contrasts Kemil Road in 1990 (Whitaker et al . 1994) . with the long tail of the housecat (although a The mink should be present in the Grand Cal- n umet River area. occasional housecat has lost its tail) . The lat- est confirmed records are from Monroe Coun- Badger, Taxidea taxes Schreber .—Lyon (1923) listed the badger as recently occurring ty (1970), Perry County (1975), Jefferso n in the Lakeshore region, and Brennan (1923 ) County (1982), Lawrence County (1 record i n reported an individual from the Furnessvill e 1982, 1 in 1994, 2 in 1995, and I in 1995) , Blowout . In the fall of 1985, a badger wa s Parke County (1987), Crawford Count y found near a trash can in a parking lot a t (1988), Warrick County (1990), Dekalb Coun- INDU (Whitaker et al . 1994) . However, it s ty (1993) . Steuben County (1993) and Wash- claws had been removed, probably indicatin g ington County (1995) . Among numerous un- that it had been transported there from som e confirmed reports (most probably erroneous ) other locality . A badger was found dead i n are two from LaPorte and two from Stark e Porter County on Highway 30 about nin e Counties . It is unlikely, but not inconceivable , miles west of Highway 49, 0 .5 mile west o f that the bobcat still exists in wooded areas o f 600 West (at the center of section 23) on 7 the Lakeshore ; but it is probably not found i n September 1990 . On two occasions Whitaker the Grand Calumet River area because of de- et al. (1994) recorded signs that may hav e velopment, lack of forest and habitat fragmen- been made by badger : tracks in black oak for- tation. est at Howes Prairie on I I August 1987, an d Housecat, Felts silvestris Schreher ., Tru- excavations in dry prairie at the propose d ly feral populations of housecats seldom exist campground on 14 July 1987 . Larry Reed, a in the eastern United States . Most housecat s veterinarian at Westchester Animal Clinic , that forage afield have a house or other build- treated a badger captured in the east unit o f ing that serves as a home base . There are nu- INDU during 1990 . On 9 April 1989, a badge r merous housecats in the Grand Calumet Rive r was seen by Mark Harbin and Andrea Halcar z area . Housecats are exotics . and as such con- west of the parking lot near the entrance t o trol might be considered if they become a Dune Acres. It disappeared from view but ap- problem to native animals . To date, there is no parently entered a burrow at the base of a tre e indication that the housecat is a problem i n on a sandy hank . Badger populations have the Grand Calumet River area . but it coul d been increasing in recent years, and these re - become one due to the prevalence of building s cords all indicate that the badger could occu r nearby . in the area of the Grand Calumet River. MEIPHITIDA E CERVIDA F (skunks ) (deer) Striped skunk, Mephitis mephitis Schre- White-tailed deer, Odocoileus vir-ginianus her . Lyon (1923) reported skunks as coin - (Zimmermann) .The white-tailed deer was

136 PROCEEDINGS OF 1 1111 INDIANA ACAI)FMY OF SCIENCE.

extirpated from the state before 1900 (Mum - phi/is. and white-tailed deer, 1)a:/ocoilerrs rir-

ford & Whitaker 1982) . Re-stocking deer i n ,L irriarra . Indiana began in 1934 when 35 deer were re - Mammals likely to be found in the variou s leased in seven counties . By 1955 more than habitats of the Grand Calumet River basin are 400 deer had been introduced into 22 coun- listed below separately for each of the habi- ties. Population estimates for the state wer e tats. These lists are derived from informatio n 900 in 1943, 1200 in 1944, and more tha n in Whitaker et at . (1994), Mierzwa et at . 2900 in 1946 . A deer season opened in 195 1 (1991), Mumford & Whitaker (1982), Hoff- when the deer population of the state was es- meister (1989) and from personal observa- timated at 5000 . By 1966, deer were probably tions (1994) . present in all counties; and they have contin- Agricultural land and old fields . The ued to multiply, thereby becoming very abun- plots designated as agricultural areas by Whi- dant in recent years . taker et al . (1994) in INDU were actually ear- Texas Instruments (1975-1990), Krekele r ly sera) "old fields" rather than cultivated ar- (1981) and Whitaker et al . (1994) all indicated eas, per Se . Canopy was entirely absent in al l that white-tailed deer were common at INDU . of these plots, but scattered shrubs were pre - Deer were counted by aerial census in 1982, sent in some. The dominant plants were grass- 1984, 1988, 1989, 1991 and 1992 . The count s es and fortis . In northern Indiana, the meado w were 85, 29, 214, 349, 166 and 207 deer i n vole is the most abundant species in lus h those years . The actual populations were larg- meadows, and 90 individuals of this specie s er but it is not known what proportion of th e occurred in the nine plots in this habitat (Whi- deer was obser ved, and only about 75( of th e taker et al. 1994). Lakeshore was flown . Whitman et at . (1990) Mammal species likely in agricultural field s saw deer tracks also. in the Grand Calumet River basin are th e meadow vole, Micro/us pc nns l vanicas ; prai- THE HABITAT S rie vole, Micro/us ochrous/er- ; northern At the southern end of Lake Michigan, east short-tailed shrew, Marina brevicauda ; of Chicago and east of the Gary/Hammon d masked shrew, Sore.z pine reas ; meadow jump- area, lies the Indiana Dunes National Lake - ing mouse, Zapus hadsonia .s ; and the eastern shore ((NDU) . Chicago and Gary areas are mole, Sca/opus aqualicn s two of the more highly-developed and heavi- Prairie .—There is a great deal of prairie or ly-polluted regions of the world . The area wa s grassy oldlield in the Grand Calumet River once composed of extensive series of' dunes , area with Dry Prairie often grading into o r and classic studies of plant and animal suc- alternating with Wet Prairie . cession were done there (Cowles 1899 ; Shel- ,Dry prairie : The majority of the dry prai- ford 1912a, b) ; however, by the middle of th e rie along the Grand Calumet River is on th e 20th century, the entire area was being devel- low dunes between swales or marshes . Dry oped. Senator Paul Dtruglas was instrumenta l prairies include a variety of species of grasse s in establishing IINDU in the area between and forks . Cover is often good in this habitat, Gary and Michigan City . Since then, muc h providing ample hiding spots for small mam- land has been acquired, many buildings hav e mals. Marrarn, sand reed grass or little blue - been raved, and some of the land is being con- stem dominated most of the plots sampled b y verted to resemble its original condition . Whitaker et al . (1994) at INDU . The littl e Some of the larger species are not restricte d bluestem plots were probably more similar t o ecologically, hut they could occur in any o f dry prairie near the Grand Calumet River tha n the terrestrial habitats. Others are more re- the more typical dunes grasses . The dominan t stricted or are characteristic constituents o f small mammal in Dry Prairie at INDU was only a few of the habitats . Some of the mam- the prairie deer mouse, Peroinvscns manica- mals with relatively little ecological restric- laiu .s, followed by the white-footed mouse, tion, at least within an area as small and as Peronivscrr .s lencopns (Whitaker et al . I994) . varied as the Grand Calumet River basin, are Prairie voles occurred, perhaps somewhat sur- the eastern cottontail, Svliilagus floridana ; prisingly, in only one of the I I plots sampled . raccoon, Pro -von /o/air ; long-tailed weasel, The generally sparse cover in many of the Muslela /innate ; striped skunk, Mephitis me - plots accounts for both the abundance of deer

Will IAKl ;R—MAMMALS OF THE GRAND CALUMET 13 7

mice and the low number of prairie voles . Th e meadow vole, Microtus pennsylvanicus : prairie deer mouse is the one small mamma l masked shrew, Sorex cine re us ; norther n of Indiana that is more abundant in areas wit h short-tailed shrew, 17/arina brevicauda ; less plant growth, and prairie voles thrive onl y white-footed mouse, Peromyscus leucopus ; in areas of good plant cover. meadow jumping mouse, .Zapus hudsonius ; Signs observed at INDU in this habita t and the southern bog lemming, S_vnaptomy s could have been from the hog lemming, Smn- cooperi . aptomvs cooperi. The thirteen-lined groun d Lowland terrestrial shrub. There is a squirrel now inhabits primarily mowed area s fair amount of terrestrial shrubland in the are a such as golf courses, lawns, pastures and road - of the Grand Calumet River. Shrubby specie s sides . Its occurrence in dry prairies in th e expected might be willow, aspen, red maple . dunes might indicate that this habitat was a or red ozier dogwood (Cormis stolonifera) , pre-settlement habitat for this species . and a variety of grasses and fortis are likely . Mammal species likely to be found in dr y No species of mammal was dominant or eve n prairie in the Grand Calumet River basin ar e abundant in the lowland terrestrial shrubland . the prairie deermouse, Peromyscus manicu- The white-footed mouse was the most abun- lauus bad-chi ; white-footed mouse, Peromys- dant mammal, but only six individuals were cus leucopus : prairie vole, Microtus ochro- taken. ga .ster ; thirteen-Lined ground squirrel , Mammal species likely in lowland terrestri- Spermophilus tridecemlineatus ; woodchuck , al shrubland in the Grand Calumet River basi n Marmota rnonax: least shrew, Crvptotis parva ; are the white-footed mouse (Peromyscus leu- Franklins ground squirrel, Spermophilu s copus) and eastern cottontail (Sylvilagus flo e Jranklinii : southern bog lemming, Synaptomy.s idanus. cooperi ; coyote, Canis latrans ; red fox, Vul- Upland terrestrial shrub . There is a pes vcrlpes : least weasel, Mustela nine/list an d fair amount of upland ter restrial shrubland American badger, 7axidea taxes. in the area of the Grand Calumet River. Four Wet prairie : Wet prairie areas contai n plots sampled by Whitaker et al . (1994) i n various grasses and fortis as the dominan t upland terrestrial shrubland all were in high- plants, and they often contain significan t ly disturbed transition stages between grass y amounts of shrubs such as willow or aspen . oldfield or savanna and wooded habitats . Some of the major grasses are Calamagrostis , One plot was highly productive, yielding 44 Panicum, Aristida, Phalaris, and Agrostis . individuals of four mammal species . The Cattails and rushes were also dominant in on e nine shrews and 33 meadow voles take n plot . Cover ranged from fair to excellent . there clearly reflected the former field hab- The most abundant mammal species take n itat rather than the present transitional shru b in wet prairie by Whitaker et al . (1994) wa s stage, and these forms will undoubtedly dis- the masked shrew . Mumford Whitaker appear from this area as the transition to - (1982) earlier (27–28 April 1977) used 150 8 ward more woody vegetation continues i n snap-traps for two nights and took 60 meado w this plot . A total of 14 species (including the voles, 22 masked shrews, 16 white-foote d domestic dog) was found in this habitat, bu t mice, and ten short-tailed shrews . Most of th e most were in low numbers . The author sus- traps were in grass sedge meadow, which in- pects that the lack of a well-developed com- cluded clumps of willows . The voles were munity in shrubland is due to the ephemera l feeding extensively on the willow fruits . The natu re of the habitat . fruiting twigs were 0 .5–1 .0 m high, and th e Mammals likely in upland terrest rial shrub - voles were getting the fruiting heads by cut- land in the Grand Calumet River basin are th e ting off the twigs, pulling them down, and re - white-footed mouse (Peromyscus leucopus) , cutting then until the heads were reached , eastern cottontail (Sylvilagus Jloridanus), an d leaving cuttings 4–15 cm long in piles with white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginiana) . the fruiting leaflets and parts of the fruits o n Oak savanna . Oak savanna is a commo n top of the piles of twigs . The stomachs of th e habitat in the Grand Calumet River basin, an d mice were full of this material . 15 oak savanna plots were studied by Whitak- Mammal species likely to he found in wet er et al . (1994) at the Lakeshore . AIII had a prairie in the Grand Calumet River basin : canopy of nearly pure black oak, usually thin .

138 PROCEEDINGS OF THE INDIANA ACADEMY OF SCIENC E

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WHITAKERMAMMALS OF TIIE GRAND CALUMET 139

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140 PROCEEDINGS OF THE INDIANA ACADEMY OF SCIENC E

Roth the shrub and herb layer varied consid- often contained blueberry (Vaccinium vucil- erably . Some of the more abundant shrub s lans) . The herbaceous layer was again diverse , were blackberry, blueberry, rose and Japanes e although often thin and depauperate, most of- honeysuckle . Abundant herbaceous plant s ten providing poor-to-fair cover. The dominan t were Aridropo , oii, Pcinicurn, Ccirex, golden - herbaceous plants there were most often Penn- rod and bracken fern . Thirty white-foote d sylvania sedge (Carey peruisvlvaiiicus) an d mice and 18 prairie deer mice were taken, al - bracken fern (Pi ridium aqullirnim) . Th e though the prairie deer inice occurred in onl y white-footed mouse was the most abundan t three of the plots . These are the results on e small mammal in upland oak forest . would expect since the prairie deer mouse fa- Mammal species likely to be found in up - vors sparsely vegetated, dry areas withou t land forest in the Grand Calumet River basi n woody vegetation . The white-footed mouse i s are the white-footed mouse (Pe ruinvscus teu- a species of the woods, and savanna is a thinl y copus), eastern chipmunk (1 unias stria/us) , wooded habitat . southern flying squirrel (Glaucomys volcnis) , Mammal species likely in oak savanna i n gray squirrel (Sciurus caro/inensis), fox squir- the Grand Calumet River basin are the white - rel (Sciurus niper), raccoon (Procyon tutor) , footed mouse (Peromvscus leucopus), prairi e red squirrel (Tamiasciurus hudsonicus), north - white-footed mouse (Pe roiovscus maniculutu s ern short-tailed shrew (Marina brevicauda) , buirdii), prairie vole (Micro/us ochrogaster) , pine vole (Microtus pinetorum) and gray fo x eastern cottontail (Svlvilagus floridanus), thir- (Uroc..yoii c ore rC ocir gciite us) . teen-lined ground squirrel (Spermophilus /ri- Lowland forest. (lowland forest was di - decemlinea/u.$), Franklins ground squirre l vided into perennial (contains water more tha n (Spermophdus frank/inn), and eastern mol e six months of the year) and ephemeral wet (.Scalopus uqualicus) . lowland forest and was the second largest hab- Mixed deciduous savanna . Three plot s itat after upland forest in INDU ( Whitaker e t in mixed deciduous savanna at the Lakeshore al . 1994) . The canopy was usually quite dense all had scattered cottonwoods with little blue - but varied in species composition . Commo n stem as the principal herbaceous specie s trees were silver or red maple followed b y (Whitaker et al . 1994) . Major grasses in thi s oak, ash, aspen, elm and sassafras . The shru b habitat were old little bluestem, old witc h layer varied from sparse to dense ; and it con- grass and brome grass ; and grape and aro- sisted mostly of seedlings of the trees men- matic sumac were among the more abundan t tioned above plus spicebush, Viburizuwn, Cor- shrubs . Cover was fair-to-good in these plot s nus, lies, Rubus, blueberries and others . due to the grass . The white-footed mouse wa s Ground cover varied from fain to excellent ; the most abundant mammal, being taken at . al l and species composition varied greatly he- three plots with a total of 20 individuals . tween plots, with graminoid plants ferns bein g Mammal species likely in mixed deciduou s common . The herb and shrub layers were of- savanna in the Grand Calumet River basin ar e ten clumped in hummocks . As usual in wood- the white-footed mouse (Peromwcus leuco- ed habitats, the white-footed mouse was the pus), prairie white-footed mouse (Peromyscus most abundant species taken, totaling 137 i n niuniculatus buirdii), prairie vole (Micro/us 27 plots (Whitaker et al . 1994) . oche-owls/en, eastern cottontail (Sylvilugus Mammal species likely to be found in low - Jloridunus), thirteen-lined ground squirre l land forest in the Grand Calumiet River basi n (Spermophilus 1r/decent/inert/us), Franklin s are the white-footed mouse (Peromyscus leu- ground squirrel (Sperinophilus franklinii), an d copus), raccoon (Procyon lotor), northern eastern mole (Sealopus aquuticus) . short-tailed shrew (Marina brevicauda), opos- Upland forest . Upland forest, mostl y sum (Didelphi.s virginianu), gray fox (tiro- oak, is widespread at INDU (Whitaker et . al . (yen cinereoargenteus) and Eastern chipmun k 1994) . There is relatively little mature fores t (Tamia.s stria/us) . in the Grand Calumet River basin, but scrubb y Wetlands . There is a variety of types of black oaks in much of the forest in the Gran d wetlands at INDU and also in the Grand Cal- Calumet River basin grade into scrubby blac k umet River basin, marsh, aquatic shrubland , oak savanna . The shrub layer at INDU wa s swamp, panne (depressions among the dunes ) often dense and diverse in this habitat, but it and open water.

WHI AKER -MAMMAI S 0! `FItE GRAND CALUMET 14 1

Mash : Marsh is prominent at INDU and (r.ier dogwood, willow and St . Johns wor t in the Grand Calumet River basin . The her b (Hppericoor kalmianum) . The herb layer usu- layer was most often of cattail (Tvpha), sedge s ally forms good cover. A number of herba- (Carer), bulrushes (Scirpnrs) or blue join t ceous species were present, including severa l grass (Cakrroagrostis canadensis) . The cano- members of the family Cype aceae, Eleochar- py was absent in most areas hut consisted o f is, Cladiurn, Rhvnchospora, a rush (Junco s scattered willows or elms in a few . The shru b batlicus), strawberry, mountain mint (Pvenao- layer consisted of thick buttonbush (Cc/Mai- lheounr rirginianum) and oth ers. Five species m/thus occidentalis) in most of the plots , of mammals were taken by Whitaker et al . whereas willow was present in one . Muskrat s (1994) in the three plots in pannes in I[NDU . are abundant in many of the marshes, lake s The meadow vole was the only regularly oc- and ditches of INDU, and would be in th e curring species with 13 being taken in two o f basin if the water were clean . the three plots . Three white-footed mice wer e Mammal species likely to be found i n taken in one of the plots, and three prairie (lee r marshes in the Grand Calumet River basi n mice were taken in another. are the muskrat (Ondatra aihethicus), white- Mammal species likely to he found i n footed mouse (Peromvscus leucopus) , pannes in the Grand Calumet River basin ar e masked shrew (5orev cinere us), meado w the meadow vole (Microtus pentis)/iaoi- vole (Microbes. pennsylvonleas), raccoo n cus), white-footed mouse (Peroorvscus teu- (Procvon /o/or) and short-tailed shre w copus) and prairie vole (Micro/us pentisvl - (Marina hre iieaio/a) . vatiicus). Aquatic shruhlands : Aquatic shrubland s Artificial habitats . Various artificial hab- made up a small but significant part of IND U itats or developed lands including croplands , and likewise also of the Grand Calumet Rive r residential and industrial areas, right-of-way s basin . Vegetation was of aspens, willows or and excavated areas are found at INDU an d oaks ; and the herb layer was of blue join t also in the Grand Calumet River basin .. grass, reed grass or cattails. Right-o/-ways : Right-of-ways occu r Mammal species likely in aquatic shrub - along roads, rail roads or trails . However, lands in the Grand Calumet River basin ar e they do not form a distinct habitat . Instead , the white-looted mouse (Perornvsetrs lcttco- they pass through and consist of some othe r pus) and raccoon (Procyon lotor) . habitat such as mature woods, dry prairie , Swamp : In the plots in swamp at INDU , etc . Therefore, many different plants ar e (Whitaker et . al . 1994), the canopy was cot- present, including several grasses and rush - tonwood and/or black willow (Sally nigra) . es, and several other plant species (Melilo- The ground cover was excellent in each case, /us, Saponaria, Solidago, Clematis, /)rvop- and it mainly consisted of grasses (blue join t teris thelypterus, Carey, 'Tvpha) a s grass or Phalaris), sedges (Carey) and cattail s dominants in at least one plot . Because o f (Tvpha) . Additional collections were made b y the high variation in these plots, no list o f Whitaker and R .E. Mumford in the fall o f expected species of mammals is given . 1978 in the swamp ,just north of Cowles Bog . 1 xcatoted areas : Excavated areas ar e Three species were taken there, including 3 3 places of open sand due to human activities . masked shrews, two short-tailed shrews, an d There are three plots in this habitat at IND U 10 white-footed mice. (Whitaker et al . 1994), and there are area s Mammal species likely to be found i n with this habitat due to sand-mining in th e swamp in the Grand Calumet River basin ar e Grand Calumet River watershed . One of the the white-footed mouse (Peromyscu.s Ieuco- IINDU plots is on the site of a former fly as h pus), masked shrew (Sorer cinereus) and rac- seepage area and another is on the site of a coon (Procyon lolur) . steel company acid spill . All three plots com- Panties: The pannes are shallow depres- pletely lack canopy, and two have poo r sions among the dunes . They contain wate r ground cover, with scattered grasses, includ- much of the time and are often sur rounded b y ing little bluesten, sand reed grass and nod - grassy areas and shrubs . The canopy layer i s ding wild rye (Elvrntrs canadensis) . fhe third usually absent . Shrub growth is often dens e plot has excellent cover of Joe-pye weed (Eu- and consists of various species such as red patorium serotinum), bullrush (Scirpus ever-

142 PROCEEDINGS OF THE INDIANA ACADEMY OF SCIENC E

inus) and spikerush (Pieoclruris sp .) . Only tw o individuals were found by Micrzwa et al . mammals were trapped in plots in this habitat : (1991) . Both animals were in the dunes be- a meadow vole and a raccoon . As expected , tween swales . Special efforts might he made it is not a good habitat for mammals, althoug h to preserve or to create as much dry prairi e manunals do pass through these areas . as possible to help increase populations of thi s species . RESTORATION POSSIBILITIE S The only other threatened or endangere d Acquisition of land.---The Grand Calume t mammal species likely to occur in the Gran d watershed, like INDU . was made into an eco- Calumet River basin is the Indiana myotis . logical showpiece under the leadership o f This species has not been taken there, but with Senator Paul Douglas . It has been greatly de- enough mature wooded habitat, it could sur- veloped and has significant ecological prob- vive there . Dry prairie needs to be preserved lems . Perhaps efforts could be made unde r in the Grand Calumet watershed in an effor t public ownership to obtain parts of the Gran d to induce populations of Franklins groun d Calumet watershed . It could then be reverte d squirrels to live and thrive there . to the original habitat as much as possible . Efforts could also be made to find and pre- Fragmentation .—One of the major prob- serve mature woods, especially in the vicinity lems for the Grand Calumet watershed is fra b of Miller Woods, in order to produce as muc h mentation . This has several implications : but contiguous mature woodland as possible . Thi s most importantly, it inhibits organism dispers- would help all bat species as well as othe r al . The fragments of habitat are often separat- woodland species . ed by areas difficult or impossible for animal s Exotics . Exotic plants and animals ofte n (or plants) to bridge . Thiis confines the animal s compete with and sometimes supplant nativ e within smaller tracts of land . Under norma l species . Therefore, we often wish to eliminate circumstances, when populations are elimi- them . There are two exotic mammals in the nated from a patch of habitat, more individ- Grand Calumet River area : the house mouse uals move in and re-populate . With increased (Mus musculus) and the Norway rat (Ruttu s fragmentation, patches of habitat are often not norvegicus) . However, both are uncomic-y[1 in re-populated because there is no availabl e habitats like those in the Grand Calumet Rive r source of emigrants . Fragmentation can also basin, and efforts to increase natural habita t result in inbreediing, due to the lack of ne w would help to control them further. Producin g genetic material . Finally, organisms that dis- and maintaining native habitat would hel p perse often die when they are unable to locate control these exotic species . suitable habitat after they leave their birth - Reintroduction of species . In order to place . restore previous habitats and communities , There are other disadvantages of fragmen- reintroduction could be considered for spe- tation . Fragmentation may allow other ani- cies previously existing in the Grand Calu- mals to penetrate and compete with animal s met River basin . However, many introduc- normally found there An example of this i s tions would not be currently feasible . the cowbird, which penetrates fragmented for- Species not previously present might not fi t ests and lays its eggs in nests of other birds . into local habitats, so their introduction s Attempts could he made to preserve larg e would not be logical . Each of the ten extir- tracts of habitat in the Grand Calumet basin , pated species of mammals was considere d especially marsh, dry prairie, wet prairie and for possible reintroduction . Because of thei r mature woodland . Also, special efforts coul d site and the present developed state of th e he made to obtain or to create additional sim- area, the following species would be com- ilar habitat between the tracts to allow dis- pletely impractical for reintroduction at thi s persal . There is little mature forest remainin g time: timber wolf, black hear, mountain lion , in the Grand Calumet basin, so its preserva- Canada lynx, bison and American elk . Th e tion is important . other four are discussed below . Endangered/threatened species . Onl y Porcupine : This species needs extensiv e one endangered or threatened species of mam- woodland to survive, and attempts could b e mal . Franklins ground squirrel, is known to possibly be made to restore it to INDU . Thi s inhabit the Grand Calumet River area . Two effort would require public education . as

WIIITAKER MAMMALS OF1Hb GRAND CALUMET 143

many people have an aversion or bias toward s Mammals Occurring in Indiana in Recent Times . this species (as towards snakes and bats) . 33rd Annual Report Department of Geology an d Since extensive woodland is required by thi s Natural Resources of Indiana . species, it could not be reintroduced into th e Hoffineister, D .L 1989 . Mammals of Illinois . Uni - versity of Illinois Press, Urbana, Illinois . Grand Calumet watershed in the near future, Krekeler, C .H . 1981 . Ecosystem study of the In- except perhaps in the Miller Woods area. diana Dunes National Lakeshore. The Biota o f Ricer otter : The river otter can live wel l Indiana Dunes National Lakeshore . Vol 2:1-346 . alongside humans, and it. is currently bein g (Mimeograph ) reintroduced into Indiana . It requires exten - Kuria, A . 1982 . A review of Michigan hats : Sea- sive, relatively unpolluted aquatic habita t sonal and geographic distribution . Michigan Ac- (ponds, lakes or rivers) . If the Grand Calume t ademician 14 :295-312 . River could be cleaned up and protected, th e Kuria, A .D ., K .S. King, J .A . Tcramino, J .M . Stri- river otter could be considered for reintroduc - bley K .J. Williams . 1993 . Summer roosts o f tion . the endangered Indiana bat (Mvotis .sothilis) on the northern edge of its range . American Midlan d Bobcat : The bobcat was thought to b e Naturalist 129 :132-138 . nearly extirpated in Indiana, but it is showin g Lindsey, A .A., D .V. Schmettz S .A. Nichols . up in various counties . There is some evi- 1969 . Natural areas in Indiana and their preser- dence that it occurs at INDU . This species ca n vation . Department of Biological Sciences, Pur- live in fairly close proximity to humans, bu t due University, Lafayette, Indiana . it does need rather extensive natural woodlan d Long, C .A. 1974 . Environmental status of the Lak e habitat because it moves about considerably . Michigan region . Mammals of the Lake Michi- The lack of existing woodland in the Grand gan Drainage Basin . Vol 1 .5. Argonne Nationa l Calumet basin does not favor its reintroduc- Laboratory, Argonne, Illinois . tion . Lyon, M .W . Jr. 1923 . Notes on the mammals o f Areas of special interest.--There are sev- the. dune region of Porter County, Indiana . Pro - ceedings of the Indiana Academy of Science 3 f : eral areas of ecological interest in the Gran d 209-221 . Calumet River Basin (such as Roxanna marsh , Lyon, M .W . Jr. 1936 . Mammals of Indiana . Amer- DuPont wetlands, and the Grand Calumet La- ican Midland Naturalist I7 :1-384 . goons) because of their high quality habita t Mieriwa, K .S ., S.D . Culverson, K .S. King C . for semi-aquatic mammals. To reduce frag- Ross. 1991 . Illinois-Indiana regional airpor t mentation, as many areas between these hig h study: Biotic communities Technical Paper No .7 , quality areas, could be purchased or otherwis e Appendix F, Volume Il . TAMS Consultants, Inc . protected . Chicago, Illinois . Mumford, R .L. J .O. Whitaker, Jr. 1982. Mam- LITERA"IURL CITE D mals of Indiana . Indiana University Press, Bloo- Brennan, G .A. 1923 . The Wonders of the Dunes . mington, Indiana . 537 pp. The Bobbs-Morrill Co ., Indianapolis, Indiana . Rand, A .L. A .S. Rand . 1951 . Mammal hone s Brooks, D .M . 1959 . Fur Animals of Indiana . Pitt- from dunes south of Lake Michigan . American man-Robertson Bulletin No. 4., Indiana Depart - Midland Naturalist 46 :649-659. ment of Conservation, Division of Fish and Sanborn, C .C . 1925 . Mammals of the Chicag o Game. Indianapolis, Indiana. area. Field Museum of Natural History . Zoolog y Cowles_ H .C. 1899 . The ecological relations of th e Leaflet 8 . 23 pp . vegetation on the sand dunes of Lake Michigan . Shclford, V .L. 1912a . Ecological Succession . IV. Botanical Gazelle 27 :95-117, 167-202, 281 - Vegetation and the control of land animal com- 308, 361-391 . munities . Biological Bulletin 23 :59-99 . Dice, L.R. 1928 . The least weasel in Indiana . Jour- Shelford, V.F . 1912h . Ecological succession . V. nal of Mammalogy 9 :63. Aspects of physiological classification . Biologi- Lvermann, B .W. A .W. Butler. 1894. Preliminar y cal Bulletin 23 :331-370 . list of Indiana mammals . Proceedings of the In- Texas Instruments Inc . 1975 1980 . Six annual re- diana Academy of Science 3:124-139. ports, for the years 1975 through 1980 . Badl y Ford, S .D . 1977 . Range, distribution and habitat of Nuclear-I Site. Prepared for Northern Indian a the western harvest naiuse, Ke il6Arodoruonms rate - Public Service Co. ,ealntis, in Indiana . American Midland Naturalist Van Zyll de Jong, C .G. 1979 . Dis tribution and sys - 98:422-432. tematic relationships of long-eared Mroti.v in Mahn, W.1 .. 1909 . The mammals of Indiana . Pp . western Canada . Canadian Journal of Zoology 417-663, [rz A Descriptive Catalogue of the 57 :987-994 .

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Whitaker, J .O. Jr. 1967 . Habitat and reproductio n 94-24. United States Department of the Interior. of some of the small mammals of Vigo County , National Park Service . Indiana, 'with a list of mammals known to occu r Whitaker, J .0. Jr . & G .R . Sly. 1970 . First recor d there . Occasional Papers of the C .C. Adams Cen- of Reithrodomomv.s megalotis in Indiana . Journal ter for Ecological Studies 16 . Western Michiga n of Mammalogy 51 :381 . University . Kalamazoo, Michigan, 24 pp . Whitman, R .L., R.L. Peloquin & K .J . Worth . 1990 . Whitaker, J .O. Jr., .l . Gibble & E . Kjellmark . 1994 . Ecology of Miller Woods . Indiana Dunes Na- Mammals of Indiana Dunes National Lakeshore . tional Lakeshore. USDI, NPS, Indiana Dunes Scientific Monograph . NPS/NRINDU/NRSM- Report 90-01 .