T rackwa s M oats y , ,

M o u n d s C a m s , p ,

an d Sites .

’ A e t r to W e alis C at d L c u e given the oolhop Natur ts Field lub , Herefor ,

S 1 21 ALFRED W T S F l an d M alli t eptember, 9 , by A KIN , el ow Progress ed s (for of the Royal Photographic Society ; Pas t Presiden t ( 1 9 1 9)

of i n h W C . W t e an d the oolhope lub ith illustrat o s by Author, much

added matter.

1 9 22 :

F T S E R C HE RE ORD : THE WA KIN MET 0 .

M S A M L O E T Co LTD L D : M . ON ON SI PKIN, AR H LL, HA I T N, K N

TABLE OF CONTENT S .

TABLE OF ILLUSTRATI ONS FORE WOR D INTR O DUCTI ON OUTLINE OF CONCLUS I ONS PR OOF

THE L E Y

ANTI 'UITY OF THE L E Y INDIVIDUALITY OF A L E Y MOUNDS EARTH-CUTTINGS WATE R SIGHTING -P O INTS MAR K-S TONE S SIGHTING STONE S TRE E S CAMP S CHURCHE S CASTLE S

’ TRADE R S ROADS HE RE FOR D TRACKWAYS TRAD ITI ONAL WE LLS PRE VI OUS DATA ROM AN R OAD S PLACE NAM E S DI SCOV E RY BY PLACE NAM E

THE L E Y -M E N

HINTS TO L E Y -HUNTE RS A FE W LE YS

E NDWORD

INDE X 3 5 ACKNOWL E DGME NTS TABL OF ILLUSTRATI E ONS .

FRONTISPIECE . Top . Castle Tomen , Radnor Forest , feet of above the sea , and is supposed to be the Cruger Castle the Girald u n Itinerary of s . Backgrou d . A glade on a ley .

Bottom . The Four Stones , New Radnor , the easterly pair S lined up for ighting over .

. Tit t r n e . e st o PLATE I PRIMARY PEAK Clee Hill , and Park

Hall , Bitterley .

- . . fe d w PLATE II MOUNDS l , Tre , Pandy . The Skirrid , a primary i n n 2 D . idle . n . peak , dista ce , y With homestead alo g side

. A ND 1 2 L em re . . o PLATE III MOUND MOAT , Houghton Mound ,

Moat . Note how slight is the dividing li ne between this type of an d mound a moat .

- 1 PLATE IV . THREE POINT PROOFS . (a telephotograph) , Here r - - ford Cathed al and Pen y Beacon . Here the camera stood w of Hill on a kno n ley in gateway near top Hafod , and the n of line runs through po d at foot (marked by sheet paper) , an d 20 n tower of Cathedral , the mile distant mou tain point n in or bluff . A other ley is seen crossing the meadow a straight ’ ” r line just Where the lowi ng herd Win ds slowly o e the lea . 2 -fed W t o i , Tre Mound (see Plate shown at p Of sight ng lin e down presen t road to ancient Monn ow ford (alongside

present bridge) at Llanvihangel Mill . 1 PLATE V . SIGHTING CUTTINGS (all telephotographs) . , Notch With earthwork at Trewyn Camp above Pandy (Black Moun 2 of tains) . , Cutting through top ridge at Marstow , a bridge n ow S on spans it , and the ighting line down to a ford the Garron

n on . is indi cated . The road beyond the cutti g is the ley

3 w n . n , Black Darren , Longto n (Black Mou tains) This is take w nl 100 from the Tan House , Longto n , and o y yards to right

or left the notch begins to lessen and then disappear .

1 PLATE VI . CAUSEWAYS . , Through pond near Ten Houses

(now Priory Terrace) , Holmer . Note the unmistakable 2 r Monn ow di n fir on . rectio , con med map , Th ough the River ,

behind Tan House , Longtown . A piece Of fine engineering , the below -stream edge of large stones embedded in grouting

r c . o concrete . This ley is over the not h in Plate V . 1 f l . o O chon PLATE VII CAUSEWAYS , Over a ford Brook , “

In . w . 2 est on e Longto n , g , Ross Through the fold and of straight to the centre the pond against the house . I cannot as of sign a period to any these .

1 I . . c PLATE VI I LEYS DISPLAYED , Rhiw (mountain tra k)

of . S e south Llanthony Abbey , Mon This is ight d for Bal w on W ma r the ridge , and shows that here possible even moun n tain side tracks were kept straight . Taken in eveni g light and shows (on left) the triple tracks down Which it is surmised the tile stones for roofin g the Abbey to have been slid from 2 of - the quarry on the top . , Stones at base ancient Wye side Bart on sham causeway at (formerly Bassam) Farm , Hereford -out City . The stones continue in a wash in bed of river to S right , and the ley is ighted over tumps at Hoggs Mount l e n - and Ho mer Lane . Not o bank to right the mark stone for the ford (see Plate

- 1 dl PLATE IX . MARK STONES . , Red Lion , Ma ey . On a red

line ley from the Whitney pottery . Note subsequent

r 2 . 3 bounda y stone alongside . , Credenhill , Wye Street , i Of Hereford , mark ng the Palace Ford there are a pair these t n sham . Bar o stones Farm , Hereford (see Plate

- PLATE X . TRANSITION OF MARK STONE TO CROSS .

’ in f r 1 er s . o W . , g Stone , Sutton With flat face suited sighting f r on A cavity o payments (or offerings) the flat base . Early ” l Of . 2 r example shaft and base , Ped ars C oss above c f i . i o Llan gon A menh r hipped into rude semblance a cross .

3 un . , In churchyard , Vowchurch , worked base A ley runs Of through it . Inset , Sighting hole in shaft Bitterley Cross . - - 4 fi n c . , In Capel y hurchyard (Black Mountains)

HU A l . . ” . PLATE XI C RCHY RD CROSS Bitter ey (see Inset Plate X )

T i on . PLATE XII . TREE . Eastwood Oak , arr ngton , a ley

1 ' PLATE XIII . TREES . , A One Tree Hill near Llanvihangel - 2 Of nant Melan . , Monnington Walks , an avenue Scotch r c on e on c Fi s (S ots Pines) a ley sight d Scar Ro k , Brobury , XIX c e . seen in distan e . See Map , Plat 1 PLATE XIV . CAMPS . , Sutton Walls . One of the sighting mounds , i there being four , a pair at eastern end , a pa r at this the weste rn 2 end . , Herefordshire Beacon . Winds Point to the left .

PLATE XV . CHURCH . Church Lane , Ledbury . The detached r tower Of Ledbu y Church is shown on the ley .

PLATE XVI . CASTLE . Wigmore Castle . The keep is on a sighting

mound , the ley passing also through the church , as is almost W r invariable here castle and chu ch are near together .

PLATE XVII . CASTLE . Brampton Bryan Castle ( on a sighting l di on mound) with Coxall Knol , another mound , in the stance

the right . Gill W O . PLATE XVIII . HOUSE IN MOAT .

. . A n PLATE XIX MAP TWO LEYS . , Co secutive strips con taining the straight ley from Glascwm Hill to Birley Hill vi a T t four mounds urret Tump , The Camp , Batch , Almeley , fi eld Sarn es . Moat , Coppice ; and Weobley Church B , Little ” n Mou tain to Holy Well Malvern , through Moccas Castle -on - r Tump , Preston Wye Church , Byford Ford , Holmer Chu ch , ’ huck n ll l h rn n f S e Wa so t o e . o Palmer s Court , Moat , , p Portio s

w . 0 two interesting leys are also sho n , Scar Rock , Bro l bury , through Monnington Wa ks to Monnington Church (see an d D n n Plate XIII) , Little Mou tai (Westbrook) , through ’ Arthur s Stone (dolmen) Cross End , Moccas Church , Mon in t n l n o . S h . g Church , St Ann Wel , and Priory Churc , Malvern MAP f . o PLATE XX . Portions f eight leys passing through “ - - - wen Capel y tair y (Chapel of the three yew trees) , a chapel S n h ite , originally a mou d , described in Wool ope Transactions , 1 8 8 3 8 n hi t he 9 . o , p , the gh plateau below great northern n A escarpme t of the Black Mountains . , Hay Tump (near

- - - n on . church ford) to Pen y Beaco , to Castle Tump , Rhos goch

- B , Mouse Castle to Tumpa , passes through Maes coch (red field) , “

an d n n n . Priory Wood , the a cie t red pottery , Whit ey Merb ach r D - C , to Llanelieu Chu ch . , Mynydd brith Tump to

. E Talgarth Church , Castle Tump , Dorstone , to Moat at - n d hill A erll n fi . F S o b Felin fach , Castle to y Gaer beyond d hill Sn o . it passes to or through Holy Well , near Blakemere

u . H ll G , Michaelchurch Escley to Llanigon Mo nd , Black Hi Olchon ( ) to Painscastle Mound . F OREWORD.

To A the verage Read er .

I judge that y ou pick up this booklet with much the same ideas n on the subject that I had a few months ago . The a tiquarians had n ot ou or helped y me very much , but had left us with vague ideas and f many note s o interrogation .

On early trackways they alternate d between a misty appreciation of i - an d of all c h ll tracks ridgeways , and an implied depreciation tra k n T n makers before the Roma s came . O learn the meani g Of mounds ’ di d n ot of they go beyond the child s investigation a drum , cut it t o n ui c open see and , if nothi g was there , q te failed to profit by su h n e un valuable negative evidence . In perhaps o moat in five they fo d i on of n a dwell ng , and argued finely the defensive importance a ri g of n o l water but as to the other four with dwel ing , and in unexplained

positions , they closed their eyes .

n ot W w I do know , dear reader , hether you ill be as much astonished in di hi rea ng the new facts w ch I disclose , and the deductions I feel

u . obliged to make , as I have been in the disclos re Frankly , if another

l . person told them to me , I shou d want to verify before acceptance d — A n I try to aid you to verify . But do note this that the important di point in this booklet is the previously un scovered string of facts , s which make it necessary to revise former conclusions . My deduction ul may be fa ty . But the facts are physical ones , and anyone can test own di r d o in their strict whether moats , mounds and chu ches not l n i ill on e en d wi of i e up in straight l nes with a h peak at , and th bits c Old tra ks and antiquarian Objects on the line .

So please do n ot begin with the false— as being in appli cable ” — . out of t o word theory I had no theory when , what appeared of in of be a tangle , I got hold the one right end Of this str g facts , and found t o my amazement that it unwound in orderly fashion and complete logical sequence .

own ou Make your deductions when y have verified , and I have r to u t ied help yo .

P LA . TE I I M OUNDS .

— 1 . T re Fe d w P a n d . S r r d i n D s t a n c e . , y ki i i Di 2 . d le y . EARLY BRITISH TRACK AY W S .

M AT M ND CAMP ND I E O OU S A T . S. S . S S

D C I IN TRO U T ON .

l of ll- I have read a lad who , id y probing a hi side rabbit hole , saw a gleam of gold , then more , and in short had found a royal treasury . l s l And he cou d not show all to those intere ted , but on y samples , and he made mistakes in describing the dates and workmanship of the

c l all m . oins , vesse s and jewels . But the treasure was there the sa e

k i on 3 0th c I new noth ng June last of what I now communi ate , Black wardi n e on and had no theories . A visit to led me to note the n on of map a straight line starting from Croft Ambury , lyi g parts n Blackwardi n e Croft Lane past the Broad, over hill poi ts , through , r over Risbury Camp , and th ough the high ground at Stretton Grandi f r . o son , where I su mise a Roman station I followed up the clue l sighting from hi l top , unhampered by other theories , found it yielding s u di n ul li a to n g res ts in all districts , the straight nes to my amazement of passing over and over again through the same class Objects , which n n I soon fou d to be (or to have been) practical sighti g points . For the sake of clearnes s I will give an outline of the whole method before furnishi ng proofs and examples . It is necessary first to clear the min d of present ideas of roads or from town to town , with enclosed hedges , also of any assumption that orderly road planning was introduced by the Romans , and that my paper is to explain the Roman roads . i Presume a prim tive people , with few or no enclosures , wanting i e on nl a few necessities (as salt , fl nt flakes , and , lat r , metals) o y to be di di i had from a stance . The shortest way to such a stant po nt was in a straight line , the human way of attaining a straight l e is by sighting , i out and accord ngly all these early trackways were straight , and laid in much the same way that a mark sman gets the back and fore f sights o his rifle in li ne with the target . O IN UTL E OF CONCLUSIONS .

u n m of di D ri g a long period , the li its which remain to be scovered , but apparently from the Neolithic (later fli nt) age on past the Roman c o cupation into a period of decay , all trackways were in straight lines ut on marked o by experts a sighting system . Such sightin g lines were (in earlier examples) from natural moun u ft . tain peak to mo ntain peak , usually not less than , in this di strict , probably lower heights in flat districts , such points being

termi nals . Such a sighting line (or ley) would be useless un less some further on marking points the lower ground between were made . Therefore c n i se ondary sighti g points were made , easily to be seen by the ord nary d all n user standing at the prece ing sighting point , bei g planned on

on e . S straight line These secondary , and artificial , ighting points or still remain in many cases , either as originally made , modified to on s other uses , and a large number are marked maps , and are the basi of my discovery . of They were constructed either earth , water or stone , trees l n being also planted on the line . Sacred we ls were sometimes termi als

l n . in the ine , and sometimes i cluded as secondary points

Between the sighting points the trackway ran straight , except li di d n ot in cases of physical impossibi ty , but of necessity go as far

as the primary hill tops .

Earth sighting points were chiefly on higher ground , and now Of u ul n t wt bear the name tump , t m us , mou d , , castle , bury ,

l . cairn , garn , tomen , low , barrow , knol , knap , moat and camp An other form Of earth sighting point was in the form of a notch or cutting in a bank or mountain ridge which had to be crossed by the

sighting li ne . Water sighting points seem to have evolved from the excavations Al all or . made for the tumps moats most are on low ground , to form or a point ring of reflection from higher ground , and are now known

as moats and ponds . Stone Sighting or marking points were natural (not dressed)

block s . Sighting lin es were (in earliest examples) up to 50 or 60 miles

S mi . in length , later on rather horter , down to a few les Sighting points were used for commerce and for assemblies of

the people .

1 0 P LA M O U D AND M OAT . TE III. N

H u t n M u n d . 1 . o gh o o

L em re M at . 2 . o o L T HR E E - P O NT P R OOFS P ATE l V . I

- - P n d He re f rd at e d r a P e n e a c n . I . S t n igh i g o , o C h l , y B o - S e P at e . F rd a t L a n v a n e M Road T rc Fe d w M u n d . ( e ) 2 . o l ih g l ill , , o l I I i e c c When troublesome t m s ame and stronger defen es wanted , the groups of two or three sightin g tumps which came near together (especially on the top of a hill) often had defensive earthworks added

to make a fortified enclosed camp . These trackways Of successive ages grew so thick on the ground as d b - to vie in number with present day roa s and y ways . S of n All forms Of ighting points became Objects i terest , super st ition c on , and genuine veneration , and as su h were utilized the introduction of Christianity . Practically all ancient churches are on the site of these sightin g or of points (tumps stones) , usually at a cross tracks , and there is evi dence that in some cases the churchyard cross is on the exact spot f or o the ancient sighting marking stone . m c In time , ho esteads lustered round the sighting points , especially the ponds . The moats and tumps were ofte n adopted in after ages as sites or c of for the defensive houses astles wealthy owners . dr of Hun eds place names give support to these propositions .

PROOF c The facts I have dis overed , which lead up to the conclusions , can be verified for the most part on an inch t o mile ordn ance map with aid of a straight edge . i n all all Tak g the earthworks mentioned , add to them ancient all churches , all moats and ponds , all castles (even castle farms) , or n wayside crosses , all cross roads ju ctions which bear a place name , n all ancient stones beari g a name , all traditional trees (such as gospel

on . oaks) , marked maps , and all legendary wells Make a small ring n of an n round each on a map . Stick a steel pin o the site u doubted n n n sighti g point , place a straight edge agai st it , and move it rou d until several (n ot less than four) of the objects named and marked come exactly in lin e . You will then fin d on that li ne fragments here and there of r of c on anc ent roads and footpaths , also small bits modern roads

t o . n ou forming it Extend the li e into adjoining maps , and y will S on l find new ighting points it , and it will usual y terminate at both n in l or or e ds a natural hi l mountain peak , sometimes (in the later or examples) in a legendary well other Objective . If y ou travel along the actual sightin g line y ou will find fragmen ts of the road showing as a straight trench in untilled land , although

I I few e i these are and far b tween , as the plough obl terate s it all . The or line usually crosses a river at a known ford ferry . Sightin g tumps not marked on the map are also to be found . i Two specific proofs are llustrated in Plate IV . and explained of l in the Table Il ustrations . Also from the highest point of the earth ’ works of Dinedor Camp the Spire of All Saints Church can be seen i of precisely between the p nnacles Hereford Cathedral , thus showing S on on e a ighting tump and two churches ley . The Offa Street example r - (see under Churches) is another th ee point proof .

THE LEY .

S l or la of The ighting line was cal ed the ley y . Numbers farms on n l n hi and places sighti g i es bear t s first name , viz . , the Ley Farms ,

Weobley , Grafton , Stoke Edith , and many other places . Wyaston Tum e Redle Leys , Monmouth , p y Ley and Red Lay , near Letton , and y

in Cusop parish . hi There were cleverly planned high level mountain tracks w ch , on n ot on S of although an average sighting line , could (being the ide n r a mou tain ridge) keep straight , but took a serpentine cou se , in t n w ou dl . rou d the c ms , and round the hea ands But viewed edgeways or they are a straight line (see Plate VIII . ) as keeping a uniform level on slope . Such are found high the Malvern ridge , the road (on three Olch on n leys) through Oldcastle to Blaen , the lovely Bick or Walks

near Symonds Yat , the Precipice Walk near Dolgelly . l There are signs of para lel trackways quite close together , whether of an n one to take the place older o e I do not know . And between Malvern Wells an d Hanley Swan are three symmetrical triangular w woods ' (see Map , Plate hich I find indicate parallel roads , on e - mil ni n l sixth e apart , run g northwards , and with a col ecting road r here at right angles , which comes over the ridge and th ough Mainstone f n o di . Cour t . There are six these equi sta t parallel roads r u The fact of the ley is embedded in the ru al mind . A co n try man in di recting your path will invariably bring in the n ow mi s

i on . lead ng , but once correct , keep straight It was once absolutely on ou di d n ot ou necessary to keep straight in the ley , for if y y -le e d n ot would be de y on your journey . This is said as a pun , but di out c of in as in some succee ng sentences , to point the pla e the ley of ur n the evolution o la guage .

Where the ley laid in a wood became a glade (see Frontispiece) . We came thr ough one over Worsell Wood in a Club excursion on our lad st ree e a way to G e . Where the ley had lain for a time Oft n bec me

1 2

Many leys acquired in after ages individual names from the use

an d . they were put to , such names were transferred to the sighting points I fi n d in several cases a group Of leys with sighting points passin g of n quite close to , and taking no notice , quite a disti ct group of leys S of di f with other ighting points , the two sets being either two f erent or of of - periods , part separate systems made by different sets ley men n f i livi g in di ferent d stricts .

A most surprising fact is the enormous number of leys .

MOUNDS .

The mounds whose many names I have mentioned are artificial . d o I not question the fact that they were Often used as burial mounds , and perhaps even built wit h ' t hat end in view but the straight leys on which I fin d practically all in this district li ne up (in connection with other sighting points) prove their primary purpose to be sighting ’ f . r l o tumps Arthu s Stone , a do men , which was probably the core

on S . a burial tump , is two ighting lines

I find various stages of evolution of the tump . The small tump n n at a road ju ction for the local road co struction , examples at Cross Hun erst on e Shelwi ck in Hand , Belmont , g , Old Turnpike , near Bowley w l of To n (ca led the Stocks) . With most these the pond from which the earth was dug adjoins . When much larger tumps were wanted n of n the tre ch earth to make them was dug in the form of a ri g , and a moated tump resulted , as at Eardisland (with water) , Pont Hendre , n n n Longtow (dry) . The water i these excavatio s proved to be splendid n n an d sighti g poi ts by reflection from higher ground , the moats with n no tump but a flat plateau wi thin a ring of water evolved . Ma y

- on n Fed w n S n o . tumps ba ks , as at Tre , near Pa dy , how excavations n of w n ni i l Ma y tumps were at the junction leys , sho i g the tech cal sk l of r n the early su veyors , who must have moved a temporary sighti g S point on one ley until it fell in the line of a second ley . A ighting n tump always commanded a fine , clear view in at least two directio s , in Didle and after ages was coveted as a dwelli ng spot . At y is an n of n i stance the simple homestead against it . Thus sighti g produced on e of the sites , this being only of many instances where the record n of the ley is embedded in the Engli sh tongue . The generic ame Merry Hill applied (as near Hereford) to many tumps gives a clue f r fi to their use as assembly points o recreation , con rmed by folk n lore and survivi ng customs Of dan cing in a circle with hands li ked . - The folk mote was held at a tump with a dry moat , so admirably e adapt d for seating . I4

P LA TE V I.

1 . T r u P n T n d e H us e s Ho m e r . h o gh o , o , l

2 . T r u Riv r M nn w L n w n h o gh e o o ; o gto . E R H A T CUTTINGS .

a n Where mou tain ridge stood in the path of a ley , the surveyor , st of in on in ead build g a tump the ridge as a sighting point , Often cut f a trench at the right angle and in the path o the ley . This shows as a notch against the sky and makes a most efli cien t sighting point c from below . I have counted eight su h artificial notches in the mountain ridge when on the road from Llanvihangel Crucorney to f w . c l on o Longto n Ea h notch can on y be seen the line sight , and disappears when a quarter of a mile right or left . They are sometimes emphasised (as at Trewyn Camp) by an earth work thrown up on on e side . The Wych on the Malvern ridge is an instance . The two fin e gaps near Flan sford (Goodr ich) and Marstow (Plate

both with bridges over them , are also ancient sighting cuttings . The sighting cuttings were also used in passing over banks in

. on e of lower ground Cullis is the names for such an earth cutting , li n as Portcul s between Withi gton and Preston Wynne , and High Cullis above Gatley Park , recently visited by the Club . of c Hun erst on e There is a very neat example su h a cutting at g , W to near Allensmore , here the cutting in the bank allows the ley be on on on e sighted to a pond its way to the next tump , the close to the r church at Th uxton .

- The word hunger (a common place name element) indicates ,

n n ow . I think , a cutti g through a bank , not the bank itself , as surmised hi m t o There are cuttings at most fords , w ch per it the water be seen from above and serve as sighting points . The cutting near Charing i - Cross , wh ch gives the name to the present Hungerford foot bridge , ’ e probably came down through Ini go Jones beautiful Wat r Gate . r n Mr . Cod ington in his book o Roman Roads describes the method used by Roman engineers well known to surveyors for laying out a straight li ne between extreme points n ot visible from di c each other , from two or more interme ate points from whi h the i di extreme points are v sible . By shifting the interme ate points ” as alternately all are brought to lie in a straight line . This method w for evidently used all the leys .

WATER SIGHTING POINTS .

I have suggested how these might have developed from the tump , S u and hown Where pond and tump were sed together . Moats are a n similar arrangemen t o a larger scale . The trackways go straight f r t h i f o e island part of the moat . It is not the least amaz ng part o

1 5 this revelation that I find practically all the small horse or cattle r h ponds in field o homestead w ich are marked on a 6in . ordnance map have leys running through them , and that examination in dry seasons shows signs of the road passin g through them . And when we cleaned the pond out we found it cobbled at the bottom is a frequent report S Of on e made by a farmer . I how a photograph of these at Bridge f o . Sollars , with the trench the road beyond A beautifully constructed causeway of even pitched stones is to be seen at the foot of Holmer Hill (Plate It has well

of l i . defined edges , and lies at the bottom a sma l sight ng pond In

the crevices Of its stones I found fragments Of crude red pottery , — n with a bit of early (Anglo Saxon) or ament , a bit of iron slag , and f O . a bit iron . This ley is sighted on the North Hill , Malvern I cannot say that pas sen gers walked through the bottom of on e n these ponds (most Of them have shelvi g edge , with the opposite

bank steep) , but to this day an ancient road (at Harley Court , Hereford) Of e does go through the bottom a small pond , being sight d through

the Cathedral . When there is a large central island on a moat I surmise early — a dwelling houses subject for spade research . There evidently came W n ot n Of a ish for roads ru ning through the water , and a pair ponds or lakes with a causeway between , such as we find at Holmer n on i fish ponds , is frequently fou d the map , and is the sure ind cation

Of an ancient trackway . Probably the square moats are later than l f 1 5 - the circu ar ones . I saw in the grass the track o a foot road (probably Roman construction) makin g straight for the centre of l Yarkhi l Moat . l B urcot Many ponds (as at Be mont , The , and adjoining Ledbury n Churchyard) not known as moats are really such , their islands bei g S ighting points . The causeway to the centre of the moat evidently suggested their use (many ages after they were made) as a defensive ring Of the

B ad esle n Gillow . house Of a rich owner , as at Brinsop , y Cli ton , , etc of I think that the word lake , now used for large sheets water ,

was originally applied to small reflecting sighting pond s as well . The Of place names Sutton Lakes , Withington Lakes , Letton Lakes , and i Tumpy Lakes are expla ned by this theory .

MARK STONES .

a f w y . o These (Plate IX . ) were used to mark the They were on n ot all sizes , from the Whetstone Hargest Ridge to a small stone

1 6 c l l S l or h mu h arger than a footbal . ome were ong stones men irs , but i n of few remain upright in this d strict . I k ow three lyin g fallen on on leys , namely the wall at the south gate Of Madley Churchyard , c near the inn at Bush Bank ( ross road from Weobley) , and used as di Litle - a bridge over a tch near the Field Farm on the y Carrots path . S dl in I how photographs of a fine stone at Red Lion , Ma ey , hav g f o . a flat top , and the typ e which developed into market stones The market stone at Grosmont Town Hall (on which the first market basket placed on market day paid no toll) is the successor Of such a mark stone . Two marking stones (with ancient brick houses built on n partly them) sta d unnoticed in the short Wye Street , just over

Wye Bridge at Hereford . They mark the Palace Ford , and a ley from r n of i Castle Hill to Hun d e t o . They are the same pecul ar ston e (not dl Old red as at Ma ey , Colwall , etc . ’ t Wergi n s Stone (Plate X . ) is a late yp egjof mark stone which of of was the prototype the churchyard and wayside crosses , all which I i of n th nk are on the sites original mark stones , as I find leys passi g through them .

In studying such crosses , I was puzzled to find several (as at r - -fin Vowchu ch , Hentland , Capel y ) with ancient rough unworked stones as a base . I am now certain that these bases are the original ’ l - - stones marki ng a ley . The Ped ar s Cross near Pen y lan Farm above ’ n M fi n e Llanigon (mentio ed in iss Jacob s story , The Sheep Stealers hi i has been c pped into a rude suggestion Of a cross w thout taking down , and a flat mark stone on which Archbishop Baldwin is said (by tradi tion) n on Girald us 1 1 8 8 to have preached whe his tour with in , has had h ’ n . Is a s a cross i scribed on it . It stands close to St w Well at P art ricio . There is a striking marking stone on the Rhiw Wen route in n the Black Mountai s . on z — i Other stones leys are White Stone , Withington (w th original stone at the base of an inverted fragment of its successor n l - a wayside cross) 'ueen Stone , Hu tsham , at Credenhil cross roads , ’ Froom s ll on Turn ast on r at the foot of Hi , the road near Chu ch , k B art on sham mar ing a ford at Farm , Hereford , and Crossways , llin h m c Bo g a . The stone that all the Kings Of England are rowned on is certainly a mark stone .

SIGHTING STONES .

on of w Mark stones may be one side the track , as are the hite ’ l l d washed stones which mark a coastguard s c iff wa k to ay . But there also appear to have been sighting points of stone exactly on the

c ns c e t o i di c e r c . ley, so o tru t d as n at its di e tion 0 I7 The F H d f i our Stones near arpton , New Ra nor , are our upr ght ul bo ders (see Frontispiece) in an irregular quadrangle , and no one

has explained their purpose .

i c of I took sighting l nes over suc essive pairs ; stones , five lines being possible , and although the work on the map is not yet completed , I can defini tely say that the Four Stones are di recting posts which i out po nt at least two leys , proved by passing through other good in Deerf ld points . The first goes to the highest point o Forest (The i - 9 40ft . in Camp , ) in one d rection , and the other through The Folly n - - - - and on the main road at Llanviha gel nant Melan , over Bryn y Maen “ ” i r r Hill , here appear ng to strike another fou stones , and th ough t o Llansaintfraed in Elvel Church some peak beyond .

The second ley starts from Bach Hill (on e of the hi ghest parts n on of the Rad or Forest) through the Four Stones , dead main road r ll on r th ough Walton vi age , dead main road past Eccles Green , th ough ert on on Up p Farm and Kenchester Church , and dead the present

road which is the S W. boundary of the Roman station Of Magna ; r then going over the Wye through Breinton Chu ch . Bitterley Churchyar d Cross has a circular hole through its shaft for at a convenient height sighting . Mr . J . C . Mackay ki ndly had the ° of S 28 exact direction this taken for me by ighting compass . It is 5 n on i Burf E . Of Mag etic N and this the map exactly str kes Abdon f o w . (or Barf) , the high point the Bro n Clee Southwards the lin e runs thr ough Stoke Prior and Hope -under -Dinmore fi Churches , is con rmed in other ways , and goes over the Wye at Bel

mont House . Bitterley Cross is of 1 4th century date it must be the successor of a sighting stone which in some way pointed the direction of the i n ot ui t e out ley , and it suggests that sight ng along a ley had ‘q died

by the 14th century .

n c of i w These two proved i stan es sight ng stones , together ith of on the cases stone rows on Dartmoor , and sighting columns Sutton l w l w u of Wa ls , il give the clue to the hitherto unkno n p rpose many

important ancient stone monuments . ’ Of in Wer in s It is probable that the flat face a mark stone , as g out Tewk es Stone (Plate X . pointed a ley . There Is a Dial Post near Carre Cwm - bury which , with the Dial g near yoy, seems to denote the of c i above purpose , and the last stone is an upright shaft re t linear shape like the supposed cross at Capel-y -fin (Plate

1 8

LA LE S D S P LA E D. P TE V l ll . Y I Y

Tra m n R d L an t n A . 1 . ck Cli bi g i ge , l ho y bbey ’ - t n s h a m He re f rd . S t r a t W e s d e C a u se w a v Bar o , 2 . igh y i o TREES .

I fin d that practically all the named historic trees (includi ng ’

on . Gospel Oaks) stand leys Such as King s Acre Elm , Eastwood i -on - Oak , Great Oak at Eard sley , Oak near Moreton Lugg Bridge , etc . Place names (whi ch in my previ ous articles on Crosses I too hastily nif held to sig y the site Of a cross) also indicate trees as marks . Such r of Deerfold are 'Lyde Cross T ee , Cross the Tree at , Cross Oak , Cross As h olloe c C . , Cross (hazel tree ross) , and two leys cross at these points ’ Actual trees are Shown at the cross roads in two of the above in Taylor s fi n e f 1 757 county map o . The Oak in the horse -shoe meadow at ROSS is on the ley passin g di an d over Over Ross (the place name in cates it) Wilton Castle . The steep li ttle street comin g down to the river from the Swan Hotel is on dead this ley . Where a natur al hill came under a ley it was Often made a sightin g of n on e point by the planting a si gle tree , hence the numerous tree bi lls B f ll ackbur . , as at y and on the Holmer Gol Links All places ca ed on an d The Grove seem to be a ley , a small group of trees (as at L ad lift y ) was also used to mark a S ighting point . Existing trees are f probably successors o original ones .

I see evidence that at on e time such trees were called the stock . of nf s The site the wayside cross at Wi orton is known as the Stock , and a marking tump in the lane for Bowley Town (or Court) has an on li ash it, and is called by the same name , as are farms at Wel ngton , ll Almeley Woonton , etc . The highest point (a hi near the Three Elms on the Roman road from Kenchester to Lugg Bridge) is

marked on the map as Bobblest ock Hill . I have known it as Bubble o Baublest ock or st ck , but have no doubt it was , the tree stock (we still buy apple stocks in the market) where men who peddled necklaces To - ou and other baubles met the buyers . day , if y ask in a shop ou w l whether they keep such goods , y il , perhaps , be told that they of have a good stock them . ’ l hi L e o e . I t nk that the pole (Layster s Pole , Yarpole , y p , etc ) S l i on r was a form of ighting point , inger ng to ecent times as the May

pole . Every considerable avenue of trees (as in parks ofj c oun t ry seats)

which I have tested has a ley down its centre . ni Mon ngton Walks , a Scotch Fir avenue a mile long (Plate e n c c r is sight d through Mon ington Chur h and the S ar Rock , Brobu y ,

I9 l which ast can be seen central in the picture . I found the ancient l on track stil the ley at the Scar , and alongside appeared to be an w c of enclosed camp ith defen es a mild type , such as seem to be alongside

many other sighting points , as Longtown and Bridge Sollars Churches . on Trew n Other avenues leys are at y (two) , where the house , central on a bur ial with the Scotch Fir avenue , has been proved to be mound , r di at Llanvihangel Cou t , where tra tion also asserts the house (central on again) to be a burial mound at Oakley Park , Ludlow (The Duchess in Walk) and at Longworth . A feature most Of these avenues is “ l ” that , as far as present roads or tracks go , they ead to nowhere , f and the discovery o the ley solves this puzzle . A striki ng instance

can be seen from the Castle Mound at New Radnor , from which Harpton r Cou t and Old Radnor Church are in line , and the eye looks up the f f i centre o an avenue o trees cl mbing to the church . That beautif ul avenue (half its beauty gone since two recent gales) with the ancient out of on name Green Crise , which lines a public road Hereford , is P ut son a ley which comes down the County College Road , over Ford ,

and passes through Aconbury Church . One sure sign of a ley is a long straight strip of wood marked on - Litle s the map , as from Franchise stone to y , and toward Breinton

Church . di The word park had a meaning fferent to its present usage , l nl w but was probably connected with wood and , and certai y ith leys , which pass through each of the inn umerable Park Woods and Park

Farms . The Scotch Fir or Pine is the tree which seems most characte ristic of l ns of Of a ley , for a group them are a most always (I notice) sig a ’ sighting point , as at Constable s Firs , Hampstead Heath . At the present time it is impracticable to sight from point t o n on n of point (especially o water points) accou t intervening trees . n n n It is certain that for ma y centuries the sighti g poi ts were used , on and that trees did not then intervene . This throws a doubt the n n on e usual glib statement that ancie t Britai was dense forest . Perhaps

the increase Of trees was a cause of the decay Of the system .

CAMPS .

t o l I find that every camp seems have severa leys over it , l and that these usual y come over the earthworks , not the camp centre , l of as with moats . Also that camps a most always show signs part r un mi s Of their earthworks bein g tumps . At Sutton Walls are fou on e of w c n r takable tumps , in hi h an interment was fou d , and in anothe

20 P t he l f ( late XIV . ) C ub at its vi sit saw the bases o two masonry columns of u Roman constr ction , the use of which seemed a mystery . I feel certain they were columns built by Roman surveyors for exact sighting . i on of Stand ng the highest part Dinedor Camp earthworks , the ’ towers of Hereford Cathedral and All Saints Church can be seen exactly in a lin e to the stand point . The camp plans in past Transactions show Signs of tumps in c l most amps . It is impossib e to assume that leys (sighted between two mountains) should in the scores of instances exactly fall upon the earthworks of camps previously built on sites selected solely for c defen e . The leys came first , and the present camp was then merely ri the site of two or more tumps . There came a pe od Of organised of raids and war , and where a group tumps gave the first elements of t defensive works , they were j oined by ear hworks into a complete f n o . enclosur e for defence . Here again sighti g settled the sites camps ’ Hereford Castle Green with Hogg s Mount the only remaining Sighting

un . tump , others (as at the Russian g ) being now levelled , is an example of ffi Many groups tumps , never developed into camps but su ciently

on . near to be so , are to be found the map I found Caplar Camp to have so many leys over it as to seem the Clapham Junction of ancient trackways in that di strict . It may be that in a few cases of lofty camps (as Croft Ambury and Hereford r mi i shi e Beacon) they form ter nals of sight ng lines , but in almost all cases the leys pass over them .

CHURCHES .

These — if ancient— seem to be invariably on (n ot merely along a side) ley , and in many cases are at the crossing Of two leys , thus appropriating the sighting point to a new use . A ley Often passes through a tump adjacent to the church , and a cross ley through both c n hurch and tump . In other cases a mark sto e site became the u c r ch rchyard cross , and a cross ley comes through both hu ch and In on e of cross . many cases the leys went through the tower only , and it 18 possible that tower and steeple were built to be used as sighting on c di d points , although the other hand a large chur h in fact block

l on n . the road . I wil make no surmises these interesting poi ts The sighting system may have been in decay or the tracks abandoned d o n ot when the churches were first built on the sighting points . I think it probable that leys were made to provide sites for churches .

21 In almost every Old town or village will be found examples of a church built on and blocking an ancient road although new roads (as at

Weobley) are Often made on on e or both sides . I Show examples All of . a number Broad Street blocked by Saints , Offa Street (a ’ n i on on e en d striki g example) w th St . Peter s Tower dead , and the

on . Cathedral Tower dead the other end Other examples Ledbury , in dl Wigmore , Shrewsbury (Fish Street) , K gton , and Ma ey , where i a on on e tower , churchyard cross and v ll ge cross are ley , and tower , l nave , chancel , and a mark stone in the vil age on a lengthwise ley . wi At War ck a chapel is over a town gateway , and in Exeter an ancient lane is also allowed to contin ue as a tunnel un der the altar of ll Of of a sma church , two curious instances the right way being n of S conti ued and the desire the clergy to use the ite also attained . Kenderchurch is a striking in stance Of a church perched on the apex S i of Tor Of a ighting mound , and in other d stricts I can think Bren

(Dartmoor) , Harrow , Churchdown (Gloucester) , and the two St . ’ i i of as . M chael s Mounts , these last Obviously term nals leys , is St ’ n of Tecla s Chapel out in the chan el below Chepstow , the termination ll the beach ley which gives its name to Beachley Vi age . ’ ul In London St . Pa s blocks the Watling Street and Ludgate ’

n t . le l . S . Hil leys , and St Clement Da es , Mary Strand , and St Martin s in the Fields are all on another ley with subsidi ary roads evolved on c ea h side Of the churches .

CASTLES .

in i Every castle this d strict has a ley passing over it , and n i originated in a sighting tump , upo wh ch the keep was afterwards built when some lord selected this as a desirable S ite for a defensive n home . If a large tump , there were usually some excavatio s which

were developed and extended into real defens ive works .

The word castle is applied to many tumps (as in Moccas Park) , di an d where no buil ng has ever existed , to farms (as Castle Farm , Mad

le . y ) , where there are signs of a tump , but merely a homestead round it e of Wher the word castle is part a genuine place name , there was a sighting mound .

’ TRADERS ROADS .

Salt was an early necessity , and Doomsday Book records wi Herefordshire Manors owning salt pans at Wick , namely Droit ch . The salt ley for Hereford came from Droitwich through the White i n n t of House , Suckley , Whitw ck Ma or , Whitestone , Withi g on (site ’ c e present hapel) , White House , Tupsley , Hogg s Mount, H reford ,

22

“ - X R R OSS . PLATE . T ANS I T I ON OF MARK S T ON E T O C

VV i n s S t n . I . P d ars r s s L an n . 2 . e r e l C o , l igo g o e - -Fi n d r ss a . . u r ard r ss V o u r . u r ar 3 Ch chy C o , wch ch 4 Ch chy C o , C pel y

n s e t H i n S af t t t e r e . ( I , ole h , Bi l y)

A riverside track sighted over Hogg ’ s Mount and Holmer Lane

Tump is illustrated in Plate VIII . I have found trackways through the sites of each of the ancient ’ n churches . St . Joh s Street extended passes exactly through the Of Of chancel of the chapel the Knights of St . John Jerusalem at ’ Barrol id emarsh . Gut hl W . ac Street through the site Of St s . In n eveni g light a trackway can be seen from the Castle Green terrace , ’ runni ng through the large elm stump in the Bishop s Meadow to i i n on k certain ra l gs the river ban , it runs by Vaga House , 'uay Street , ri ds Brimfi eld r site of Blackf ars Church , northwar to Chu ch , and southwards through a moat this side of the rectory at Upper B ulli ng i ham . Other straight trackways are v sible through an orchard behi nd ’ l on - n Kilburn (Aylestone Hil ) , this year s show grou d near the Three Litle Elms , through y orchard , and descending the meadow on the of ll on north slope Aylestone Hi to pass by the Burcott Pool, and to

Tenbury .

TRADITIONAL WELLS .

of The ley brings to mind or discovers many these , for a straight f o . track went to or past all them There are Holy Wells at Dinedor , an d Herr ck A o . S i between Blakemere Preston , and under Hill ch ldren , l w living close by , we used to cal the Coldwell at Holmer the Holy ell , and found our way by stepping stones to the ancient stone built well now destroyed . It was much like the Chamber well near the mi ll n on at Weobley . The Golden Well ear Dorstone is a ley runn ing ’ hr n i n t ough Arthur s Sto e , the Gold Post (a mountain cot) , and term nati g “ ’ - - t n in Pen y Beacon . The wo gold s o one track indi cate a trader s n ot in way . Leys go straight to , and beyond , many wells the Malvern ’ — t n l Walms S . An ridge s , Holy Wel , (there is a Walmer Street named

. P ewt ress from a ley in Hereford and a surname Walmsley) , St , and on e (whose name I do not find) near the Chase Inn , above Colwall , ’ ’ — r - l which village itself is the Cole s o magic man s wel . I have photographed in Cornwall the pointed beehive stone r w l structu e covering a Holy el , surmounted by a cross ; the whole

i . Obv ously suited for a sighting point Here and there , as at the Flint

i . sh re Holywell , a chapel has been built over the well Our local en d of u example is at Marden , where the well, in the west the ch rch , di of central with the nave (and the ley) , is connected with the tra tion

St . Ethelbert . l w There is an ancient we l in Goodrich Churchyard , ith a track

n ot c . way Obviously passing over it, but through the chur h

24 P VI RE OUS DATA.

fi c A number of observers have recorded con rmatory fa ts .

. . . 1 76 Mr G H Piper Woolhope Club Transactions , p . ) says : A line dr awn from the Sk erri d —fawr (mountain) northwards ’ to Arthur s Stone would pass over the camp and the southernmost Of Hatt erill w l Uri sha point the Hill , Old Castle , Longto n Cast e , and y

and Sn odhi ll Castles . i 1 9 03 Mr . Thos . Codr ngton Roman Roads in Britain , ) says Between the extreme points there are many straight pieces not n l quite in the same li e , general y pointing to some landmark . There

are several instances where a barrow or tumulus was the landmark ,

i n . Silbur on e the road pass ng rou d it on nearing it y affords example , l n o . and Brink ow , the Foss , another

. . l 1 9 10 Mr James G Wood Woo hope Club Transactions , , 146 : i p . ) says The orig n and purposes of these tumps associated n with Roman roads will well repay investigatio . I have traced a line of such works across South Monmouthshire an d West Gloucester

shire from Caerleon thr ough Caerwent into the Forest . All Of these in are so placed that each is i n sight of the next either di rection . n or Again , we find that such roads were in ma y cases ranged laid out or — in line with small camps such tumuli being , in fact , surveying ” stations .

- f 1 9 00 . O The Rev S . Baring Gould Book Dartmoor , ) says The stone row is almost invariably associated with cairns and un ki stvaens . They do not always r parallel ; they start from a ” cairn and en d with a blocki ng ston e set across the line . ” 1 8 9 1 The Rev . S . Bentley History of Bosbury , ) says

Under the cross in the churchyard , at its removal to its present S 1 7 9 6 of ite in , a huge shapeless mass of rock weighing upwards two

tons was found . This stone now lies in the churchyard close to ” on the tower the south side . Another writer refers to it as this w f ” large unhe n mass o Silurian rock . Mr r of . l Hillaire Bel oc The Old Road , w iting the ’ on Pilgrim s Way , says Now its way from Winchester to Canter of bury the Old Road passes , not in the mere proximity , but right ”

a or . up ag inst , thirteen ruined existing churches l of Mr . Be loc also says : The sacredness wells is commingled ” all through Christendom with that of altars ; and givin g Continental

ns l t on e . i tances , a so refers o the under the altar at Winchester

25 R ROMAN OADS. The exact relation of Roman roads to the earli er leys is a matter - but our c O . on for future investigation , member Mr Jack is the right lines when investigatin g the surface con struction to find whether a n l road c a be ca led Roman . It is not easy to realise that many British road s were as ancient to the Roman invaders as the Roman remains

are to us . My gen eral impressions from Observed facts are that the Roman surveyors used the sightin g system that they utili zed the old track

ways , imposing greater width and their far superior road surface and foundations ; also that work ing during the degeneration of the n ot n di ley system , they did appreciate the lo g stance primary points , but workin g on Short distance hills and poin ts their roads are not so fi n d consistent and individual . I evidence that they established their on n n stations the origi al leys , and that these were the so numerous w as to form the boundaries of stations or to ns , and thus decide their d polygonal S hape . It is also probable that a great many Roman roa s Of h t n ma n w ich por io s re in were ever completed , although the sighting n i points of the original ley conti ue on the l ne . The road from Aymestry to Mortimer ’ s Cross comes down to the n Wye in the cutti g at Bridge Sollars . The Roman s traight road from Leintwardi ne through P ay t oe and Wigmore Moor (the subject of recen t di gging) continues as a ley n an d n n through Lucto Ki gsla d Churches . I consider the existing maps of Roman roads to have li ttle value as being based on the assumption that there were no straight sighted m roads before the Ro ans came , and that (quite illogically) such a l road cou d go round corners , and had to follow the tracks over which - some Old writer had travelled . I find the SO called straight Roman n l roads , as from Ke chester to Lugg Bridge , to be real y on several

l . s ightly diverging leys , three in this case

PLACE NAME S .

e s The ley and its sighting points were earlier than homest ad , or on hamlets , towns , and as the latter evolved the tracks , place names u nat rally bear traces Of their origin . on l of It is no reflection phi ologists that , not knon the ley , s they have made misinterpretations , and have a huge mass Of correction n to make . In particular they will find a past neglect in tra slating place names in the light Of traders coming along the road and meetin g

26 LA HUR H AR D R OSS . P TE X I. C C Y C

Bitterley . P LA X II. T R EE TE .

E as t w d ak T r n O a r t n . oo , i g o - the buyers at settled poin ts . The man who brought the long coveted n l t o f gold or aments might on y come once a year , but the women o ni i or the commu ty the Gold H ll , Gold Post , Golden Cross (roads) , or l where they met him , the Golden Val ey , along which he came , would

be likely to take their names from his wares . There are t wo of each of n the above Gold place names in the cou ty . The notes which follow must be taken rather as suggestions

than as final conclusions . The common suffix— ley— indicates a ley of the character denoted n ot by the first element in the name , and meadow is , I think ,

the right interpretation . The numerous Leys Hills are not likely

to be so called from meadows . The suffi x— t on origin ated by a mark stone on the ley becomin g of an d the nucleus a homestead , perhaps later a town . The sufli x— bury clearly in di cates a moun d which was a Sightin g n tump . It is a strange developme t that these tumps were coveted i n h . w o both as places to be buried in and to l ve o Mrs . Gillespie ( l Trew n 1 7 : ou ived at y , Pandy , for years) writes me I suppose y Trew n on r n on know that y was built a bu ial mou d , and goes to describe the di scovery of a cist with human remains which they dug Tre on t up un der on e of the rooms . I had told her how wyn was wo on n on e of leys (therefore a sighti g point) , being down the avenue t - - n i ancient pin e trees straight for Al y Y s . dl Barrow (another mound name) occurs at Cra ey , Pembridge , n n n n and Wheelbarrow Castle , Leomi ster ; Cano Ba ister shows that Cold borou h Colbarwe g was formerly , and he also associates borough n an d bury as from the same root . A variatio is berrow as in Brooms n — of our berrow . Just as the sighti g stone ton became the site modern

n . town , so the mou d evolved into the borough Low— the uni versal name for the mound in Derbyshire — is n ot so Wormlow l common here . But Tump , Lud ow , Warslow , and

Bradlow indicate sighting points . u Bury is sed alone as the name for a tump , as in the many Bury l m or Iv in t on . Far s , as at g Bury A farmer still ca ls the earth covered ' w tump in which he winters his roots a bury . To ns like Ledbury first n grew rou d a sighting mound . r on w Broom occurs with g eat persistence leys , ith its varia Bromt on Bramt on tions brom and bram . Bromley and Bramley , and , Bromfi eld of (where is the Old Field with a number tumuli) , Brooms l Broomsbe rrow . green , , and the many Broomy Hi ls are examples It is o c n e i n t onfined to o form of sight ng point , and I surmise (from

27 a fain t lin e of evidence) that a component part of our modern broom an of man was essential working implement the skilled ley , and was f a con tinued as the staff o the medi eval pilgrim . Whether the plant n n broom was the original root word or a derivative I ca ot say . Lady Lift (a hill -point mound) is on a ley with Lady Harbour an d i ri Farm , the prefix Lady is appl ed to court , grove , dge , oak , and meadow in the county . The Lady Harbour of Hereford Cathedral is on on e of the leys which form Church Street , and had the name before any church was built there . It might possibly indi cate a woman s

Shelter on the road . suffix— i The tree , probably or ginated in a single tree planted of in Deerfold as a sighting point , either as at Cross the Tree Forest , n or to mark the apex Of a atural hill as illustrated in Plate XII . n l w i hr Webtree is o such a hi l ith two leys pass ng t ough it . Its name signifies that it is the spot where the webbe or weaver met hi s buyers . webbe - r We oble s He travelled along the ley , and there are th ee y Webbele (formerly y ) in the county , at Weobley Ash , and Weobley

nl . Cross , also the better known tow et He also met others at a mark

n ow Webt on . stone known as The surnames Webb , Webber , and

Webster still survive . In the same way another first word elemen t gave the place of - names (and surnames from them) Bosley (Cattle ley) , Boston , n l Bosbury , Boswell , Bostock , and Boscastle . Agai , Stan ey , Stanwell , An d n n St an bat ch . Sta ton , Sta bury , and I have shown how the white (salt) man gave the first element to in numerable place names i n Olchon on his route . There is a Silver Tump and a Brass Knoll the

l n . Va ley , both proved sighti g tumps n The names Bowley , Bowli g Green (farm , also a quarry near a Bolit ree n B olli n h am Ewi s Harold) , , Bolsto e , g , Bal Mawr , Balls Ball at e Bell at e Bellimore all i Cross , g , g , , and Belmont , seem ak n to l s an d the rounded outline Of an inverted bowl , or to boi s , bowel ,

of n . belly animal life , and i dicate the rounded tump Bolit ree The house at is built on a tump with signs Of a moat , and as I found a ley through Bollin gham (house and chapel) I went there to find the bol , and there it was , a fine tump with an Old summer i house on its summ t . ll Ball at e Gate in a place name (as in Hi Gate , Three Gates , g , ’ n England s Gate , Burley Gate , etc . ) did not mean , as now , somethi g - at t . which stopped a way (that was called a lid y ) , but the way itself di It is much the same as the word pass . The same element (mo fied) ’ Gat sford Wood at t s is in such names as Gatley , , Yatton , Symonds Yat , y

Cross .

(there have been t wo L on gford s) . Long in Old spelli ng was Often ’ n lut el — n n . la ge ; and little , or luttel these from Ca on Ban ister s list n Hence come the (places and surnames) Langstone , La gford , Lang n n L ein th alls— land , La gto , Lutley , Luton . The two Earles and — l Starkes are seldom called by these second names local y , but are n l n lein t Little Lei thall and Long Leintha l respectively , the eleme t r (occu ring also in Leintwardine) being I surmise derived from ley . L e n t hale old l ul Little y , to quote an spel ing , wo d be the meadow

traversed by the short ley .

DISCOVERY BY PLACE NAM E .

in ll on e . I have experienced this several cases , and wi detail l n A local antiquarian (Mr . W . Pil ey) always maintai ed that there had been an ancient spring — the Bewell spring— close to Bewell House

and the Hereford Brewery within the City . When I lived there with

my father we knew nothing Of it . But about a year ago the present n S n ew n n ow ers in inking a deep well and buildi g a new engi e house , uncovered the following in scription cut in stone in the base Of the

brewery wall , but covered by a rockery in my time LL 7 1 F T 1 724 WE E E . , , I had always felt that the derivation given for the place name B ll - - ewe Street as Behind the wall Street was an error . There is a hill on the Canon Pyon road called Bewley or Bewdley

— Pitch . Solely on account Of my surmise that the Bew ley might - l n on n lead to the Bew we l , I tried a li e the map and fou d a ley exactly falli ng on this pitch (or steep road) passin g from the n orth through of n Bishops Moat (west Bishops Castle) , Meer Oak , Buck ell Church , an d Street Court , Stretford Churchyard , and Birley Churchyard , f o . exactly over the site the well Southwards over Palace Ford , Carad ock n Dinedor Camp , , Picts Cross , Hor Green Cross , Walford con firma Church , Leys Hill , Speech House there being numerous of tions in fragments road .

- THE LEY MEN .

of l hn s The fact the ley , with its highly ski led tec ical method , S being established , it must also be a fact that such work required killed

. f men , carefully trained Men o knowledge they would be , and therefore

Of An d . men power over the common people . now comes surmise

Did they make their craft a mystery to others as ages rolled by . n ot dm e n Were they a learned and priestly class , a itt d until completi g 30 LA T R E ES . P TE X II] .

- - - A r H L a n v an e n a n t M an . 1 . On e t ee ill , l ih g l el ) t -Fi r o r S o t s P n Av n u M n n n t n S e e P la te XV . 2 . co ch ( c i e) e e , o i g o ( I I P LA X IV A TE . C M PS .

1 . O n e f h F o t e ou r M u n d s S u t t n Wa s . o , o ll

2 . H r f r r e e o d s hi e Beacon . a l i ni n — D di d h — a ong tra g as Caesar describes the ruids . Or t ey s Diod orus and Strabo says of Druid s— become also bards and sooth

. w sayers Did they , as the ley decayed , degenerate into the itches of dl - the mid e ages . Folk lore provides the witches with the power on of of riding through the air a broomstick , the power overlooking , of that the evil eye . They (in imagination) flew over the Broomy ill - n H s and the Brom leys . It may be that the ancie t sighting methods m were conde ned as sorcery by the early Christian missionaries . Were they the laity or lay -men of Beowu lf ' our i on e In later days first Engl sh poet was Layamon , and in - - o . his time were men called Ley ester , Leye , and Ley land In the Oxford Dictionary is given the Obsolete word cole as 1 6 r meaning in the th centu y a false magician , a juggler , and cole - i prophet (or cold prophet) with a similar mean ng , and there is a cole f or - ff staf cowl sta also mentioned , which , although then meaning a n — I — o n in carryi g stick , was surmise rigi ally the work g sighting staff f - o of . the cole man , who was the magician the ley The word still in l of c hi s survives colporter , a wa king seller books , who arries wares hi ul slung over s sho der on a stick . ’ in our i G We have d strict oldman s Hill , Coldstone Common ,

Coles Tump (Orcop) , and Coles Mountain (Presteign) . In other parts of Colebat ch England are Coley , Colbury , , Colestock , Coleshill , Coleham Coleford , , Colchester , and Coleridge , which last has an te al rnate name Coldridge , confirming other instances Of the intrusion f o the d . I surmise Cold Harbour (Kentchurch) to have been Cole

Harbour . Colman swell in - Ireland possesses to day a sacred well , and i Colewelle this name , together with our own anc ent in Herefordshire , now altered to Colwall , is probably nearer the original root meaning Cold wells i than is the case Of the three at Holmer , K ngston , and

English Bicknor . ’ A Bishop s name Colman is mentioned in the An glo -Saxon

h n l d . C ro icle , and Cole is a so a common surname to ay There are other names for a ley -man indi cated in the two Derby S Tot man s L aid man s L ow hire place names , Low and , the Low being a sighting mound .

HINTS TO LEY HUNTERS .

Keep t o the di scovery of lines through undoubted Sightin g n fi c i c di c poi ts , as arti ial mounds ( n lu ng astle keeps) , moats and islands

3 1 in ponds or lakes . In practice churches can be treated as sighting or l points , but in some cases a ley passes through a tump well c ose Of to the church . Avoid for a time the temptation taking every bit di of narrow straight road and exten ng it into a ley . Scrap every ley y ou think you have di scovered if it does not pass through at least f four undoubted sighting points exclusive o roads .

You must use Government ordnance maps . One mile to the

inch is the working scale . Other maps of two or four miles to the

inch are quite useless , save for checking long leys . an d The (B) Popular edition , mounted folded in covers for n the pocket , is the most conve ient for field work and is the cheapest , as it contains over double the area of the Older (C) 1 8 x 12 edi tion ; r S but I have found the latter (uncolou ed , in flat heets) necessary for transferring leys from on e map to the next on drawin g boards in

the Office .

Maps cut in sections are useless for this exact work . u r 24 - About fo r d awing boards , a light inch straight edge , a T i n square for pinning down the maps accurately to l e with the boards , a n SO moveable head T square to adjust to the a gle of the ley , as to transfer of i n to the next map , and a box the glass headed p s used by photo grap hers (in addi tion to the usual dr awing pin s) are the mi nimum

essentials for real work . A sighting compass for field work used In conjunction with a Special divided quadrant on the moveable head

Of square are aids I have found valuable . Remember that the entire course of a ley can be foun d from i n two undoubted sight ng poi ts on it if marked on the map . Therefore

stick a glass headed pin in these two points , apply the straight edge ,

l i n . and ru e the l ne , pe cil it at first ink afterwards

When you get a good ley on the map , go over it in the field , l and fragments and traces of the trackways wil be found , always ur in straight lines , once seen recognised with greater ease in fut e . i il Where close detail is requ red , as in v lages and towns , the ”

1 6 . scale is far too small , and the scale is necessary The angle of the ley is transferred to it from the 1 map wi th the aid of the moveable on head square . Maps must be pinned square the board by the T n r on square passi g th ough identical degree marks the edges , latitude

f r n i . W. . . o leys run ng E and , but longitude for leys N and S The f u wi i edges O the maps are not tr ly in line th the degree l nes , and must

not be the guide .

Ley hunting gives a new zest to field rambles , and the knowledge

of the straight ley provi des new eyes to an eager Observer .

3 2 I i of of f le have a mental v sion a Scout Master the uture , out y of hi s hunting with the elder boys troup , instructing them as they

out . ' if ou look from a high sighting point Now , Harold y only of l out take that pole out your eye , you wi l see better to pick that ’

di . stant moat that Cyril has in his eye He s got it , right enough , f f just a speck O light from the ring o water round the island . When ’ us e S l I told you to your pole as a ighting staff , I didn t tel you to n S see nothing else . Now we have fou d the ley , I think we hall see ’ a bit of the Old track in that far grassy field this side the moat it s n n narrow and straight , and there are ma y who ever find it because our they look for a broad way like present wheel tracks .

A FEW L YS E .

Addi ti on al to others d etai led i n text an d ma s ( p ) .

ll i dl ll Colva Hi to B r ip Hi , via Parton Cross , Breinton Camp ll Ca lar and Ford , Red Hi , Holme Lacy House , p Camp , Yatton Church , on mi Moat and Camp beyond Newent , and dead Er n Street for

five mi les . e l Brim sfi eld Gwann Cest Hil to p Castle , via Michaelchurch , ll n Eaton Camp , Perry Hi , Di edor Cross , Tump , Brockhampton Old Con i ree d Church , Cross in Hand , Upton Court , The g , Ru ford Church , l c in ll B a kla s . Gloucester Cathedral , Castle Hi , Witcombe Park , and Gwaun e u l C ste Hill to West Tump , via Colva Ch rch , Bril ey r n Green , The Scar Rock (Brobu y) , down Monni gton Walks (central) , ’ n P err st on e Mullham t on Mo nington Church , The Chantry , y , p , Anthony s on Cross , Tibberton Court , Llanthony (Glos . ) Abbey , and dead a

Gloucester street . ’ n n l Little Mou tain (Westbrook) to St . A n s We l and Priory ’ Ar u r Church , Malvern , via th r s Stone , Cross End , Moccas Chu ch , ll Old Monnington Church , Credenhi ( ) Court , Pipe and Lyde Church , ll and Beacon Hi . - - l v 1a Pen y Beacon to North Hil , Malvern , Sugwas Park , Ten u Burcot Shuckn ell Ho ses Pond (Plate Pool , White Stone Chapel , i i Birchen d H ll , Stretton Grand son Church , Moat at , and Mathon

Church . Croft Ambury to Y-Fan -Dron gart h peak in Brecon Beacon Mi of ok e group) , via Hill Barn , Easthampton , lton House , Court N , l Bollin ham r u l w r c E sdon , g Chapel Tump , Cly o Ch rch , L o es Chu h , - Rh d d Slwch ec . Bryn y , and Camp , Br on

E 33 l h The d Bai ey Hill (Knighton) to May Hill (Long ope) , via War en , r Presteign , Golf Course Tump , Holmer , Holme House , Holmer Lane ’ P Tump , Venn s Lane , The rospect and Tupsley Hospital Road , Main c w Ca lar Street and Chur h , Fo nhope , p Camp , How Caple Church ,

Old Gore Cross , and Linton Church .

ENDWORD .

— I close up my patchwork pages for this booklet , and a tired f n n . on e o o brain fi ds relief in two memories The the day , just half ’ ’ a century ago , when , a lad on a trader s route for my father s brewery, ll di I pu ed up my horse to look with wonder at the Four Stones , stan ng like sentinels in a field corner . Later in the same day , the steep slope of the Radnor Forest surmounted , came the first view of Castle Tomen of Of an d at the summit the Forest road , with its background Wye rf n l An d of I o Va ley (Breconshire) Mountains . the note unsatisfied wonder struck that day has li ngered through nearly fif ty years ’ unusually intimate knowledge of our beautiful West Country border

- land , and I know now that my sub conscious self had prepared the ground and worked at the problem I now see solved . The second memory is the vivid on e Of the rush of revelations in the gorgeous year of sunshine just finished . And I can scarcely f - d i of realize that hal the year had gone , the clear smoke free stances n early summer a thi g of the past , and midsummer day over , before

I . got the first clue Once started , I found no halt in the sequence of new facts revealed by active search on the tracks .

for k It is a mere framework a new nowledge that I Offer , but I i know that it has sol d foundations , and that good wholesome field work by others— for it may not be granted to me to do very much

— more will fill in many gaps . That is why I Write .

T R T — l r POS SC IP . In some districts as Sa isbu y Plain and the Yorkshire Wolds— there are groups of adj ac ent barrows so numerous of that it is probable that most them were built as burial mounds only ,

’

t i . not sighting moun ds . This is not the case in the distric nvestigated

34

INDEX.

' M os t o the P la es i n d exed are i n Here ord shi re those i n ad oi m n oun ti es are it f c f i g c , d ad s sar i n i ated b the i n i ti al o the cou n t as R . or R n or ollowi n the n am . ne ce y , c y f y ( f ) f g e

’ Ar ur on l ri ar r r th s St e B ackf s , He efo d

Bl l s . Abdon B urf (S . ) ack ain ( G ) - n Ab erllyn fi Gaer (B . ) Black Moun tai s Acon bur y Chur ch Black Tr ad ers r oad Almeley Batch t Blac kw ard in e Almeley Woon ton B obble st ock Hill l ar s B oli t ree l n Bolli n h am A t , Bo sto e , g Alt -y -y ni s B ollin gh am ’ n n S r s . s u r s n l A tho y C os (G Bo b y , Bo to , Bos ey Assemblies Bo sbu ry Cro s s n u s r s s ll s li Ave e (t ee ) Bo we Bo tock (Sta ) , Aven u es of Pin es Boscastle (Corn wall) 28 Ayles ton e Hill Bor ou gh 27 m s r l li n r n 19 28 Ay e t ey Bow ey Bow g G ee , Bowley Town 1 4 B ach Hill (R ) Boy Scoutin g 3 3 B ac k bur ra l radl 27 29 y B d ey, B ow , B ad e sley Clin ton (Warwi ck Bramley 27

Bailey Hill (R . ) Brampton B ryan 6 Bald wi n (Archbishop) Bramt on 27

Bal awr . alls r s B all at e rass Kn ll 28 M (B B C o s , g , B o Bredwar d in e 29

nn i s r . . '. r n n 20 3 3 Ba te , Rev A B ei to ,

arin uld . . r n To r v n 22 B g Go , Rev S B e (De o ) arr r d llar 1 6 20 26 B ow B i ge So s , , B arton Court Brilley Green 3 3 B ar t on sh am Farm Br in sop 16 m l B as sa B rimp sfi eld Cast e (G . ) 3 3 B atch Brin k low (Wilts ) 25 B ri nm fi eld Beachley (G . 24 Beachwood Moun d Br oad G reen 29 a n ill r d 9 29 Be co H B oa (The) , Bell ate B ellim ore Blm n r dl an r dl B road ward 29 g , , e o t B oa ds, B oa ey, ll llair r ur ar 5 6 19 3 3 Be oc , Hi e B ob y Sc , , , Belmon t Br ockhampton Chur ch 3 3

n l . B romt on 27 Be t ey , Rev S Beowulf B romfi eld 27 B ewell Spri n g Bromley (Ken t) 27 l or l r 27 28 Bew ey Bewd ey B oom , Bible par allels B ro om sgr e en (G) 27 Bick n or Walks (G ) B ro om sb e rr ow (G) 27

Bir dlip Hi ll (G . ) Brooms tick 3 1 n d a r ill Bir ch e Mo t B oomy H 27 , 3 1 ur l Birley Ch ch Br own C e o (S . ) 1 8 - -M n Birley Hi ll Bryn y ae (R . ) 1 8 OSS r -Rh d d R Bitte rley CT (S B yn y ( . ) 3 3 n ll r Bitte rley (S . Bu ck e Chu ch (S ) 3 0 ’ Bishop s Moat B ullin gh am 24 rr n B urcot l 1 6 24 3 3 Black Da e Poo , l ill Olch on ur 10 B ack H , B y ’ Buri al Moun d Cons table s Fir s B ur n ur rd Burc ot r n n n Bur , to , B fo , Co o atio Sto e ur l ur l ur l n all n ll B , B ey, B to Cox K o Burley Gate Cour t of Noke B ur y Craft of the Ley -men Bush Bank Cr adley Byford For d Cred en hill Croft Ambur y 2 an Caerleon (M . ) 5 Croft L e Caerwen t (M 25 Crosses 1 Cairn 0 Cross Ash (M . ) — 1 I5 22 ollo m 6 9 10 1 1 2 r C e . Ca ps , , , , , , , C oss 25 3 3 3 4 r s E n d Farm , , C o s an r ur 1 3 25 r in Han C te b y , C oss d - - l fi n B . 5 17 1 8 29 r Oak S . Cape y ( ) , , C oss ( ) - - - Capel y tair yw en (B . ) 6 Cross Roads Cap lar Camp 21 Cro ss of the Tree C arad ock 30 Cru ger Cas tle (R) a l — 4 6 10 11 22 23 25 ulli s C st es , , , , , , , C 28 3 1 3 3 u , , C sop Castle Hill (Glos . ) 3 3 C uttin gs as Hi H r r 14 23 C tle ll ( e efo d) , Cas tle Farms 22 in ru s n l e r D , t io of ett Castle Tum ps 6 an n in ir l as l n 4 3 4 D ci g C c e C t e Tome , ar r s a s 4 5 13 1 6 24 D tmoo Cau ew y , , , , Dee rfold F r Ch amber Well 24 o est

u ss al S . r P e rr st on e 3 3 D che W k ( ) Ch an t y, y al C arreg (M . ) Chr istian E ra 1 1 Di 22 Dial Po s t (W ) Chu r chd own (G . Didle ur — 6 7 1 1 1 2 22 y Ch ches , , , , , Din ed or Camp 24 , 25, 26, 28 , 29 , 33 , 3 4 D n d r r s Cist 27 i e o C os Din ed or Holy Well H ll S . 4 1 8 Clee i ( ) , D lm n Clifford 6 o e Domesti Camp Clyro Chur ch (R . ) 3 3 c Dooms d ay Book n Th s . 15 25 Cod ri n gto , o , rs n as u l s r C oleh am l r 3 1 Do to e C tle T mp Co che te , , Co e idge r W. ) Cold b or ough 27 D oitwich ( rui l H r u r ldrid 3 1 D ds Co d a bo , Co ge ’ Cold m an s Hill Coldston e 3 1 ld ll 24 3 1 E ardi s an Co we , l d l l n 24 3 1 E ardi l ar Co e, Co ema , s ey P k l r l - r 3 1 E ar r 10 1 1 14 Co e p ophet, Co d p ophet thwo ks , Cole s t afi 3 1 E astwood Oak l ill l or 3 1 E as n Co esh , Colestock , Co ef d thampto C olewelle C olm an sWell 3 1 E a n s , to Bi hop Camp l s um un ain 3 1 E l s r n Co e T p , Coles Mo t cc e G ee l C olebur C oleb at ch 3 1 E ls n Co ey, y , do Colva Ch ur ch ( R . ) 3 3 E n closures ’ Colpor ter 3 1 E n glan d s Gate

2 r . Colva Hill (R . ) 3 E rmin St eet ( G ) l all 24 3 1 E r ur v r le Co w , xete , ch ch o e y Commerce 10 E volu tion of Moats Con crete in Causeways 4 E volution of Moun ds 3 3 l n r C oni gree (G . Evo utio of C osses - lin B . r r 5 20 23 29 Fe fach Moat ( ) He efo d , , rri All in 12 21 22 Fe es Sa ts , , Fi eld Work B ar rol Stre et 24 ’ Fin e Str eet an d Fin sbury Bishop s Meadow 23 Flan sford Broad Street 22 Chapel of Hospitallers 24 lin l k a r al 4 12 1 6 21 22 F t F a es C thed , , , , li n r d r r as r n 21 23 F t T a e s oad C tle G ee , F ll l H ll 1 7 23 o y , The (R ) Cast e i , Folk mote Chur ch Street 28 r — 4 5 6 12 IS Harl ur 1 6 Fo ds , ey Co t For est Th e Kn oll 23

s . an d il s . O r 12 22 Fo s (Glos W t ) ffa St eet , Fo ur Ston es (R ) 4,18 Overbur y 23 Fown hope Palace 23 Fr an chi se -ston e Pro spect 3 4 ’ Hill Froom s St . 'ohn Street 24 ’ e r St . Pet s 22 'u ay Street 24 ’ V enn s Lan e 34 Wye Street 17 Herefor dshir e Beacon 21 H rroc H ll l ll e k i , Ho y We 24 15 3 3 Hill Gate 28 Hill-tr acks Hobby Lyon s 29 la un 5 21 22 23 24 G de Hoggs Mo t , , H Glad est ree (R. Holme Lacy ou se 3 3 las ill H lm r 5 6 16 1 9 24 G cwm H (R ) o e , , , 3 3 , 3 4 l u e r H lm r um s 5 23 24 34 G o cest o e T p , Golden Cr os s B orn Green Cross 3 0 ld n ll s 4 1 1 22 26 27 Go e We Home teads , , , , G l ill l ll 6 24 o d H Ho y We s , - Go ld Pos t H op e o un d e r Din mor e 1 8 Gold Traders r oad Houghton Moun d Golden V alley How Caple Church Goodri ch Hun d ert on Gospel Oaks Hun ge rst on e

Great Oak Hun gerford (Mi d . )

m l n for m in Gro smon t (M . ) I p eme ts app g In gest on e r n Gwaun ces te Hill (R. ) I o

Irf on V alley (B . ) s an on Hamps tead Heath (Mi d . ) I l d moat Harges t Ridge IVTn gt on B ury

Harrow (Mi d . )

r n ur ' . . Ha pto Co t (R ) ack, G H Hat te rill Hill Ken cheste r Haywood Forest Ken d er church H ll a Sarn esfi eld iln r un e Mo t , K G o d Wood ’ Hen tlan d Cross Kin g s Acre E lm Kin gslan d Chur ch i n n ur 22 n ll L nh ales K gto Ch ch Lyo sha , y Ki stvae n s 25

n a 10 23 ' . 1 K p , Mackay, C 8

Kn Oll o o 10 23 ad l 5 1 7 2 , M ey , , 2 M ae sc och 6 Lad y Harbour 28 a n s n ur 12 L ad lif t — ur r mea 19 28 M i to e Co t y co t , g ove , dow , a v rn P ri r h ur 6 3 3 L ai d m an s Low 3 1 M l e o y C ch , a v rn ill 6 12 15 23 24 a la m n M l e H s , , , , L ity, y e 3 1 15 32 Magn a 1 8 Lakes , agi an 3 1 Lan e 12 M ci r n ur 24 L ay see Ley Ma de Ch ch ar 4 15 Layamon 3 1 M stow , ’ ar n — 5 10 1 6 17 18 21 23 24 s ar M k Sto es , , , , , , , Layne F m (G . ) 1 3 Mat on Chur h 3 3 Laysters Pole 19 h c Ma ill G . 3 4 ur 6 16 22 27 29 y H ( ) Ledb y , , , , a l 1 9 Lee Lin e 29 M ypo e r Oak S . 30 e n ar in 26 Mee ( ) L i tw e , 3 0 d 5 17 Lein thall 29 , M erb ach 6 L em ore 4 rr Hill 14 2 Me y , 3 Letton Lakes 1 6 ae l ur E s l 6 33 Leys 3 to 3 4 Mich ch ch c ey , Milton 3 3 Leycester 3 1 a — 4 6 7 10 1 1 14 1 1 2 Mo t , , , , , , 5, 6, 4, 33 Ley Farms 1 2 s a 6 22 3 3 l Mocc s , , s H G . 27 3 0 Ley il ( ) , nn i n n al 5 6 1 9 33 un in 9 1 1 30 3 1 3 2 3 3 Mo gto W ks , , , Ley h t g , , , , , n i n n ur 6 3 3 -m en 10 1 2 1 4 15 3 0 3 1 3 Mo n gto Ch ch , Ley , , , , , , 3 M onn ow 4 13 s r u Of— 6 10 1 1 1 2 1 3 20 22 , Ley , o te , , , , , , , Mo reton -ou -Lu gg l 9 23 , 24, 25, 26, 29 , 3 0, 3 3 , 3 4 an d a 3 3 L id at t 28 Mote Mo t y ’ r m r r s 26 n n 29 3 4 Mo ti e s C o s Li to , us as l Ha Mo e t e , y 6 Linley 29 C u s as l H r r Mo e C t e , e efo 23 Lion Farm 29 d M un d s— 4 6 7 10 l l 12 14 1 9 20 t l 1 2 o , , , , , , , , , L i ey 7 , 0, 24, 29 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 Little Herefor d 29 , , , , , , , , , 3 0, 3 1 , 3 2, 3 3 , 34 Little Moun tain (R . ) 6 Moun d — “ e volution Of (Westbrook) . 3 3 Moun d (variou s n ames for ) Llan elieu Chur ch (B 6 Moun tai n Tracks Llan igon (B . 5 Myn yd d -Brith Tum p ‘ Lla i on Moun d (B . ) 6 ng B Myn yd d F er d d in Hill ( . ) Llan sain tfrae d i a E lvel (B . ) 18 Mullh am t on M o p Llan thon y ( n . ) 5

Llan thon y (Glos . ) 3 3 M 2 N l i Age Llan vi han gel Cou rt ( . ) 0 eo ith c M New hur ch Hill (R ) l n i an l ru rn . 4 15 L a v h ge C co ey ( ) , c - - 1 New E nd Llan vihan gel n an t Melan (M . 8 ad n r as l Ne w (R . ) Llowes Church (R . ) 33 R o C t e N r ll alv rn Lon gtown 25 o th Hi M e N s — in Lon gford 3 0 otche sight g Nu en d Lon gworth 20 p 10 27 1 Low , , 3 Lu cton Church 26 Oaks

L ii d at e ill n n 22 Oa l ar S . g H , Lo do k ey P k ( ) l Olch on Lu d ow (S . 27 Lugg Brid ge 26 Old castle Lyd e Cro ss Tree 19 Old Gore Cr oss Ly ep ole 19 Old Rad n or Ch ur ch

3 8

' ‘

LA X V HO US E IN M OA . P TE I I I . I w Gillo .

T ’ alg arth Church ( B . ) Water Gate (Ini go 'on es ) Tan u a in r t n d n Ho se W tl g St ee , Lo o Tar ri n gton Webtree n ur We bt on Te b y ( W. ) Te n Hou ses Wellin gton rm n a i ll ls— 6 10 1 1 24 25 28 Te i l H s Wel , , , , , Th ree E lms Weobley r l an d r s Th ee Gates Weob ey, Ash C o s ’ Thruxton We rgin s Ston e Timber Lin e Wood Wheelbarrow Castle r VVh i t c l Tibbe ton Cour t ( G . ) ifi e Tin Hi ll Whi tfi eld Tin r d rs r a hi n r at T a e o d W t ey, potte y ’ Tin ker s Hill an d Cro s s (W. ) Whi tman s Wood Ti t t ers t on e Clee Hill ( S . ) Whi twick M an or n 4 10 i as l M Tome , Wh tec t e ( . ) To t n or hill 29 r s , Tot , Toot White C os To t m an s Low ( Derby) 3 1 White Hou se r d T n am 29 W s Totte i ge , otte h hite Rock ’ ra r r s— 9 10 17 22 23 24 “Thi te n T de s oad , , , , , , Sto e ’ 27 28 29 rad rs r a , , White T e o d r 5 10 12 19 20 a H a T ees , , , , Whitew y e d Tr 1 e fe d w MOun d M . 4 4 hi ll H u ( ) , W tewe o e ‘ s s I re w n H u M . 20 27 s n y o e ( ) , Whet to e M Tre w W. y n Camp ( . ) Wick ( ) r an l r 1 2 Wid e m arsh T i gu a Woods . u — 6 10 12 14 23 r T mps , , , , , Wigmo e 25 27 3 4 l n a l , , Wi to C st e 6 Win chester ’ 1 6 Win d s Poin t 1 2 Win f orton 10 n l n sl Win ard Wi s ow, Wi ey , y 4 3 Witcombe Park (G . ) 1 7 Witches 6 Within gton 10 29 in n , With gto Lakes

d as . Woo , ' . G Up p ert on Wood y at t s Cr oss Upton ( Bi shop) Court Woolh ope Chur ch Uri sh ay Castle Worm elow Tump Worsell V owchu rch Cross Wyas ton Leys Wych Walmer Street Wye Walms ley Wye Street ’ Walm s Well Walf ord Church

Walton ( R . ) WaIS Op t h orn e r n Wa de The (R . )

r i l oVer Wa w ck, Chape ACK WL DGM T NO E EN S .

ix of h McK i in S . a the photograp s are by Mr . W . M g, helper mi of - many les ley hunting . hi f 8v o . t he o e T s page is King in Ideal series paper sizes , wher in

octavo and quarto have the same proportion , and three master sizes

give a full series of uniform shape .

t e . of The letterpress prin ed by the Hereford Tim s , Ltd ,

Hereford .

- l . k . The ha f tone bloc s by Messrs Emery Walker , Ltd , London , dl l except six ki n y lent by the Woo hope Club . l The illustrations and maps printed by Messrs . Ebenezer Bay is ,

Worcester .

- The two colour title by Mr . W . E . Henner , Hereford .

N M E F R E - G I S TRU NT S O L Y M APPIN .

a l u r i d i u a r n l t r ial Move b e head T s q a es w th iv ded q d a t , a so o he spec l an l d app i ce s supp ie if a deman d aris es .

O HE R C O T PUBLI ATI NS . THE WATKINS MANUAL of Photographic E xpo sure an d Developmen t . 9t h E di tion (about sold) . The on ly Man ual I have read which seems to me absolu te ly simple ” — an d di r . r a d . 19 . d . ect Wes t'mi n s te G z ette . (Post 3 ) 3

T WE E IN TE N in a l a a ain im l an d MUS TRAD THS , be g p e g st Dec a f or Octaval Coin age as more exactly fi ttin g the wan ts an d us age of

all r bu or s ll i n . who make , g ow, y e th gs

— d . d r ul a . n s 1 3 . A powe f ple Fi an ci er an d B u lli on i s t. (Po t )

T E WO LE AFLE T S FR E F OR P O S TAG E . OCTAV AL NOTATION AND THE ME ASURE ME NT OF BINARY INCH FRACTIONS . D I E AL PROPORTIONS A ND SI'E S FOR PRINTING PAPE RS .

’ r a l s d in 1 for an WATKINS S We we e est b i he 900 the m u factur e of Mr . E sur r an d v l n d s in r ls xp o e Mete s De e opme t Ai Photog aphy. A o Dough l rs for u an d rad a rs an d e l O a l u s . Mete ho sehold t e b ke , st e ct va R e

A s k for Die ts . ’ D TK N E TE CO. E E FO . A DV T . WA I S M R , H R R

4 1