֝֜ਏਆഗվฎ Vol. 49, No. 3 O2012PG pp. 395-410
şց҃Č
ଵԧਆԹࢳෑਕ׆২ॷࢫंࠑ়
 ଲઽ  ࢮ۩  ֫০ଵ  ଲটࢢ ఢผ
A Classification and a Survey on the Core Technology for Shale Gas Development
Changhoon Shin, Seonmin Lee, Sunil Kwon , Daejin Park and Youngsoo Lee
Abstract : Shale and tight gas are one of the resources which require lots of new technologies for commercial development and production and shale gas has the most OGIP among unconventional gas resources possible for commercial production at present. Especially, the growth of shale gas industry means the significant changes of paradigm, moving of the core technology part for resources development from petroleum exploration to field development. And the development of shale gas is very different from conventional gas development in terms of geology, rock mechanics, petroleum engineering, development and production engineering. Hence, in this study, we have performed to classify the four technical categories for developing a shale gas field as horizontal drilling and pad based development, hydraulic fracturing and well completion, reservoir engineering and productivity analysis, reservoir characterization, and drawn the core technologies for them, respectively. Key words : Shale gas, Tight gas, Unconventional gas, Horizontal drilling, Hydraulic fracture, Core Technology, Technical categories ڙۙ ĵʼəڅ ۋÀۤ ψ ۋşցͳ ॢڦ ںԦԓ ۺغԜ ܼ ڙࣀÀ֟ۙۻ࠘нÀ֟ə Ҽ ٮÀ֟ێՕأڅ ,ɰ. ০ۋڙͿथÀʼəۙڷìڹψۋ͟ܕÀۤҙܼڙࣀۙۻÀɠॢҼۋÒьۺغԜۦČ, ইۋॠǣۆܼ ԴইۤÒьşցͿ, şցقԐۆڙÀ֟ۙڮęäԵۋܼ֮ۆÒьşցڙۙڹьɵۆغÒьԓۆÀ֟ێՕ ۺėॡڮԵ ,ۺԵًॡؒ ,ۺݓݗॡڹÒьۆÀ֟ێՕ ,͠ڐɰ. ؉ۋ࠶ɰ͈Ѻজε֨Ԑॠəìۆےः͠ɰۺ À֟ێԴəՕقĵٍ҆قۋ .ɰβɰڍÒьęəϔۆࣀÀ֟ۻۆܕԴşقࠑϸۺࠑϸęÒьęԦԓėॡ ,Ā, ۹ΪėॡфԦԓՁथÀٰ܁ڮսथ֨߸фः˚, սؓࣷթфںşցۍۺĵʼə४֮څقÒь .ʪॠٕɰ ںĵʼə ४֮şցڅ ۋѻ ÒьآͿ қΪॠČ, Á қآȐ Àݓ şց қ ۆ۹Ϊࠗ Ձজ ࣀÀ֟, սथ֨߸, սؓࣷթ, ४֮şց, şց қΪۻÀ֟, ࠘нÀ֟, ҼێՕ رڅܳ
ࣀÀ֟ۙۻԴ Bed Methane, ԵࠗϭÀ֟) ˣ ɰδ Ҽ ͿÒь՚ʪÀɰՙۍۺԜٰ҃ٮۋÒь߸ۆڙ ۋݓ՚ ۆÀڮͿ ČڷۺͿ ٚԜʼǣ, Ŗ҆ڷʾ ì܁ܓ ۺغͿ Ԝڷܼ֮ й Қйεۋ À֟(Shale gas)əێՕ ۺşۤۋÀ֟ÒьęԦԓşÂێČՕۋunconventional ٚþʼəԜড)ڙࣀۙۻҼۍۺݓəʂशرΘۋۋԦԓ ۋͿڷۺݓ՚ۋͿÒьڷۺՃćرйΘقəݜ͆ۋ ʪقԜ֧ ۍۺݓ՚ ۆÀü ڮԵ ۆͿ Ŗ͒ڷ(resource .(ɰ(IEA, 2011ە ϐʼČۻ Ϳڷݗ ìرΘ ۺʪॢÀۤ४֮ܳں܁؋ ۆҝĵॠČ, ߎٍÀ֟Àü şॢڦںԦԓۺغԜܼڙࣀÀ֟ۙۻÀ֟əҼێCBM(Coal ՕٮۋÀ߸ڮ ,ɰ. ॳە܋Ϳ؎Ͳڷۍڅۍ ęই۾ॠǣ͆əۆܼڙĵʼəۙڅۋÀۤψۋցͳ ۋ͟ܕÀۤҙܼڙࣀۙۻÀɠॢҼۋÒьۺغԜۦ ԐٰΒ֮ ێ14 ښս, 2012ț 6ۿ ێ24 ښ2012ț 4 ܁ঝۦó ێ21 ښ2012ț 6 ۋ .ɰۋۺԴݜقࠑϸۺغԓۋ۾ə͆ۋڙۙ ڹψ ڙĶÀ֟ėԐ ٍĵÒьॢ (1 ϥݓۋČÄۆڙߎٍÀ֟ۙٮڮԵۺࣀۻۆܕėॡę йşڙȃݓۙق ʴ؉ʂॡİ (2 Դ, ՃʂজԵٍΒقə ԜডەͿٚþʼČڷì ڹ؍ (ێCorresponding Author(ńտ* ΅À֟εҼێՕۋϐॠóäʼəìڮͿÀۤڷڙۙ E-mail; [email protected] Address; Department of Energy & Resources Engineering, ,ę Oil SandڙࣀÀ֟ۙۻҼ ۆHadan2-dong, Saha-Gu, Busan, 604-714, Korea ॢ ࠘нÀ֟, CBM ˣ ,840
395 սٖۋ · чʂݕ · ێԸл · ńտۋ · ֪ 396
.йॢɰۆںॠɰəìڅܼۋşցٖڏǣۋɰ. Ŕ͠ ěʹʽқԵۋڙۙڮࣀԵۻҼڹOil Shale, Shale Oil ęÏ ߕڮδؒߕę˰ق࠘нՁęড়ՁۆͿؒߕڷڼɰ ڷۺşցۋͿÒьڷۺԜʂڍąۆڙۙڮࣀԵۻǣҼ ĵʼ϶, ԦڅۋॠČǦ३ॢқԵşѪتɰقНՁ ३Ե څज़ۋÂ֨ڹəψقজغԜۍۺŕۺڗͲرͿঽ əقъقəȃИࡾČ, ъϸقÇࣅ՚ʪÀߣş ۆԓ ڹÒьڙࣀۙۻҼۆ߯Ŗ ,قͿٚþʼəūɶڷìॣ ҙ ,ڗͲرۋՁőϼۺʴۆȃИۚ؉ԦԓۋڱѺজ ڷܼ֮ںڙߎٍÀ֟ۙڹ࠘нÀ֟, CBM ˣęÏ/ێՕ սςęۆф Òь/Ԧԓćন ܁ϔۤ͟ ԓ ٮथÀ ͟ܕ .ɰە ÒʼČۻ Ϳ қԵęथÀۺşցॢڦںսॱۆغԐۍۺş҆ڹÏ ڍԴəϔقࠑϸۆغÀ֟ÒьԓڮԵڹԜডॢ͠ۋ ॢ͠ۋ .(йॢɰ(Dudenas, 2011ۆ ںÀ Ǧ३ॠɰə ì ܕɰ. , şۋѺজε֨Ԑॠəìۆےः͠ɰۺࢀşց ڹĵԐ२څ ۺşց څܳ ĵʼəڅ ३ڦ ں३Ā ۆ˞۾ ݓܕͿҙڷۺԴəԜʂقÒьۆڙÀ֟ۙڮࣀԵۻۆ .(ɰ(Oraby, 2012ە қΪ३ ҇ ս ۋę ÏڼÀ֟ ࡾó ɰڮࣀॢԵںՁࣷԐˣٮԐܓۺݓݗॡۆً εşۋ ,϶ڷؽەۋͿࢀě֮ڷۺԸڍقьþۆڙۙ , , ۺߕًॡڮ ۺėॡڮԵ ۺԵॡؒۆࠗؒێę G Օ͟ܕࣀॢҙںԜфНՁқԵؒ ,ܓͿॢݓࠗĵڷъ : , , ۺНν ݓজॡ ݓĵًॡڮ३ Եۋ őϼę ۆؽɰ. Ŕ Ձەۋě֮ۺͿࢀşցڷۺԜʂقϔۤ͟थÀ DFIT(Diagnostic Fracturing Injection Test) ࠶ɰ͈Ѻ қԵфۆ۾ěॢ͠ۋəڍąۆÀ֟ڮࣀԵۻǣҼ͠ , - ٽ қԵ ۺߕ ʴڮ ३Ե ؒԵ ۻۆܕйьþʼČ, Ԧԓʽşۋ ,ɰ. ۋۺজÀज़ٍ , фşڌۺۆݓݗ, ԐۙΒ қԵ G ۤėսथ֨߸ ɰɳćսؓࣷթşց ۆѺܳٮ҃܁ۆۻÀ֟ڮۍۺࣀ : / , սؓࣷթʂ ąͿ ܁ম Œَϐ ŕʂজ սथڮ ঝ҃ə Ԝʂ ࢍۆݓًܕҙ ۆێÀ֟ǣ١ێࣀ३Դ, Օں , , / ٽ şցٖڏ Ā Ժćٰ܁ڮ ܁Ā ڙ܃ Âü Ժć قڙࣀۙۻ Ϳڷ؉ɦɰ. Ŕ͠ǣًۋێ ڏͲرͿڷۺ , , ۺʪʪěࠑ ३Եф߯ۻʴڮ ڙ܃মŒَʂڮ εŕ Gۋقūɶڹŕ০ǰۋʴՁڮͿڷۺŖ҆ ,يҼॠ , : , Ձ Ժćε ࣀॢ ԦԓՁ қԵ ݒݕ ߎė ࣷթʂ ԸڅܼۆÒьęԦԓęěʹʽşցۆġĵॢڦॠş҄ , , , ʪՁॳۻ ŒَʂٍĀ ر܃õфŒَϸ՜Ԝ ܁ ԞͿॢڦęϔۤ͟थÀε͟ܕҙ͠ڐࡾɰ. ؉ڍϔۋ ٽ ʴՁęě ԜڮߕڮŖę॥ƍ࠘нॢؒԵęۿۺۋڏ , ĵԐ२څۺşցۆəԜşقÒьۆÀ֟ێՕ ,͠ڐεࣀॢϿʝτę३ԵşѪ ؉ۋ қԵѓѪęۆʽНՁʹ . ÒьۻÀ֟ڮࣀۻۆܕН, şڹşցॢڦں३Āۆ ɰۋۺݜۋìॢڅͿ҄ۡॠČܼڷۺԜʂۋÒьۆ Àڮ ۍۺࣀۻ ,رĵʼڅۋşցۆʼəʂҙқڌԐق ۺÀ֟ Òьę ěʹʽ şցێԴə Օقĵٍ ҆ قۋ ॠČǦ३ॠɰ. Āęۡ҄ঽ يҼॠقÒьşց ۻ֟ Ԑॠܓ ںʴॳ ۍۺՃć ۆͿ ěʹ şցڷşъ ںݜ , . ,آ߸қ֨ ڹ४֮şց ॢڦ ںÒь ۆÀ֟ێͿ Օڷۺ εࣀۋ қԵॠČۙॢɰںѻ४֮şցآČ Áşցқ , ३ԵˣԦԓथۺ۹Ϊėॡ ,آĀқٰ܁ڮÀ֟ սؓࣷթфێՕڹ؍ νʼݓ܁ Ϳ қΪڷۺ३؉ݔūݓߕć ࣀॢ ںқԵ ۺНνॡڮŔνČ ݓݗ, Ԑ, Ե آÒь À қڙۙ ܕε şۋ ʪॠČ ں४֮şց ॢڦ ںÒь .ɰە Ϳ ʂѻ३ ҇ սآȐ Àݓ қ ۆқΪߕ ۹Ϊࠗ ՁজۆÀ֟ÒьşցێՕۍۺ०ܛيşցęѿ०ॠ , . ,ѻآ३, Á şց қڦ ںÀ֟ ÒьێԴə Օقۼ ҆ ॠČۙ ॢɰ֨܃ ν܁ ćε ۺ ۦԴ ইقইۤ يॠڦ ɵՁॠş ںĵԐ२څ ۺşց ʴڌۺ ,ÒьۍۺՃćۆşցڅəܳەÒьʼČ ,ڌ ԐфқԵܓÀ֟Òь४֮şցێՕ ѻآεࣀ३ÁşցқۋԐॠČܓںݜۺॳęşց .ʪॠČۙ ॢɰ ں࠘ ४֮şցڍͿəؒߕÀϔڷۺŖ҆ڹݜܕҙۆÀ֟ێՕ ݓ ,϶ڷŕʪͿǰۆ࣊ęʪÀNano Darcy սܵيнॠ آČġ ֨߸şցқئͿڷݓࠗؒڙԐŖڮəؒ̚ڙͿŖڷۺݗॡ ڷʴՁڮڹǣǰۋ࠘н॥ۆԵؒ ,ڍąۆڙࣀۙۻҼ ڮࡾ϶, ėŕǴÀ֟ÀۋॠČҝŒݗՁܕॠóҙڦѩ ڍϔ ۋࣀ३Դə ԦԓՁ ں܁Ϳ սݔڷۺъێ ३ۍ Ϳ څČ͆ۋॠəìܕşНড়À֟ͿėڮٮνÀ֟ ݓࠗ ॢڦČ ġѩئۋęÏۻÀ֟ێݓ϶, ০Օر̆ ॢڦںə Ԧԓۋ .(ɰ(Andrews et al., 2009ەʾսأ ۆۻÀ֟ێBarnett ՕۆəFig. 1ڍÀݕąں३ қपՁڦںԦԓۆԴə࠘нॢؒߕǴÀ֟قࠑϸۆÒь ࡾó ںͿ׆ ԦԓՁڷ߸॥֨ ں܁սथ ,ۋԐͻε ҃ˢ ں܁ڮڹɰɳćսؓࣷթˣęÏٮԴۤėսथ֨߸ ə҃ࣀսߎÒقÒьۆÀ֟ێɰ. ̚ॢՕەսێॠ ȭ̹ ںə ì͆ۋۺज़ս ۋŕşցۙ ۆŖ ݓࠗۍ ࣀॢ ڮڹݓČ, ǰرΘۋۋࣀ३, Ԧԓں܁ԦԓۆԜʂ͟ۋ ɳࠗęŒَʂəۍۺٍۙق܁ÒьęԦԓę˺ۋ ,϶ սथ֨߸Àज़ۆɵॠəšۤėقkm 3~2͆˰قʴՁ ٮۋ ,ॠČڅܼڍěćÀ ϔۆٮŒَʂ ۍۺėۍ Н
Ķݓĵ֨֟ࢰėॡধݓॢ Ԑ ф қΪ 397ܓ À֟ Òь ४֮şցێՕ
Fig. 1. Annual Barnett shale gas production by well type (EIA, 2011).
Òь ٮ࣊ۙۆͿ֨Ժڷۺʪݓ՚قԦԓܼ ,϶ۋۺս ߯ŖڹڙࣀۙۻҼ ,͠ڐɰ. ؉ەۋݓəݜرΘۋۋ ʪ ,قΪʼؽʏūɶ҃ۋͿÒьڮۋۆՁˣ܃ūݓą ǣɢݓ, нρ, ԐφˣঞąۋĵнݚݓًۍڹÏٮ֨ (a) ۆÀ ψ؉ ֨߸ۤҼڍ࠘ॢ ąڦ قͿ َ؊ॢ ݓًڷۺ սݔ֨߸ÀॢćεÀݓيəҝÀɠॠ̚ॢ܃ۋŖۿ ԴѓॳՁرەقÒьۆۦই ,قÀψؕʏūɶڍəą À֟ێͿ, Օڷۺɰ. ҙÀۋۺज़ս ۋڌۺ ۆ߸ şց֨ ڮۆÒيԴə০Multi-well Pad͆ҝνə10قÒь ॠəìڌԐںԴÒьॠəѓѪقPadێɳۆॠǣں܁ (b) (c) ۿ ,ə, ֨߸ė, Padۋ .ɰۋҙқۍۺݜۆʪ̚ॠǣ Н, Fig. 2. Gyro steering tool by AnTech (a) and Lean profileڹÇۼۆڌʼəҼڅՙقŖͿ, ѕěϐ, ԦԓԺҼ .(əঞ drilling by ENI (b and c̚ۺ۹Ç, ėėۆǣԦćİ͈ۋѺäܳݓًܳ .ɰە ۋ۾ۤ əە ߯ՙজॣ ս ںॳٖ ۺą ѓॳՁ ֨߸ε يॠڌۋ ںݏşց Steerable System) ϭ࠶ɦ څܳ ۆآқ غԴ, ֨߸ۚرە قÀ֟ ÒьێՕ PDM(Advanced Positiveڹĵʴͳ, ۚ ݕॱॠóʽɰ. ̚Halliburtonڅ ,ر܃ѓॳ ,ۋͿ֨߸ţܳڹĵԐ२څۺ Ͽࢢ Òь ۆ ڏԞͿ ڹə Displacement Motor)ę Ïە३ÒьʼČڦεۋ .ęěćʽɰڌՁфҼ܁؋غ قՁॳԜ܁ࣀ३֨߸ėुݗॳԜ, ROP фňʪ؋ں ۋݗुۆԴ֨߸ėقԸ, ѓॳՁ֨߸ڍ şցͿə څܳ ںÒьۆҼ࣡ ۆڏԞͿ ,϶ڷەČۋڐşںȤͳ ॢڦںॳԜۆ(ROP(Rates Of Penetrationۍۺǣߪߕ .(ɰ(Lovett et al., 2011ەɵՁॠČںআ֪ۺ߸ॠş ࣀ३şց֨ ں܁սथ ۆėۤ ,͠ڐɰ. ؉ە ս ˞ ںȤͳ ə Lean ProfileەॠČڌۺc)ə ENI(Ԑ)À) ٮ(b)ۆՁॳԜѓ؋фҼ࣡սϼॳԜ Fig. 2܁ݕॱ؋ۆ३ňʪڦ εҼİॠۆॳԜʽ well bore͆˰قڌۺۆЀ şցڹՁॳԜ܁টьॠɰ. ňʪ؋ۋęěʹʽٍĵÒь ɰܼۋÀ֟ÒьێԴ, Օقɰ. ɰδࠑϸەČܳي҃ي ںÂ֨ غۚ ,ۋ߸ ţ֨ ܃֬ ॢڦ ʪɵʼş قश ֮ʪ սۆͿॠČۤėڷः˚(multi well pad)εşъ܁Ԧԓ ەÇॣսۼںΒф֨Âۦ ,Ϳ׆ěʹۤҼڷ߯ՙজ॥ Ѻܳ ۆي ҝę 510 m ,͆˰ ق߸ε ॠó ʿ֨ ܁थ ڷнॠó ॥܁ εر܃ۆͿə֨߸ėڷۺóॠČ, ŀŕ Àɠॠó ۋʴۋ Ŗäν ۍۺ३ ज़սڦ ںÒь ܁ɰ. Áধ ԦԓۋॳԜ֨ࢅəşցںսܵۆر܃Ϳ׆ѓॳՁ ɰ. ʂەͿ˞սڷۺԸڍʴνŔ(mobile rig)εۋॢ ڹę ÒȝۺЀ ॢ͠ۋ ɰβǣ ڹԐѻͿ ݓࠡॠə ϼࠡ əνۋݔړÒьͿəŖäνεçəͿۍۺश ۆ(AnTech(Ԑ)əFig. 2(aۆͿٖĶڷۺԐॠɰ. ʂशڮ νŔфCBM ˣߎҙѓॳՁ֨ۆˮѓ֩ۋ֢͆ٮѓॳՁ֨߸ۤҼ(Gyro Steering Tool for Coiled Tubing) Ŕ .ɰە ЀыČܳ ۋՙ νŔ Òь ˣ ॢڦ MEMS ߸ε ڹ˗şԴ Gyroscope ՅԴϿي .ε Òьॠٕɰ ĵʼəսॢڅ३ڦںÀ֟ÒьێԴՙÒॢՕقԜۋ ҼͿ҃ۤۆࢢəݓԜۋॠ϶, ՅԴʚڌgyroscopeεԐ ڷۺ३ ४֮ڦ ںÒь ۆÀ֟ێՕ ,يप॥ॠ ںó ॠ϶, ֨߸şցە ࠘ε ĵॣ սڦ Ԝʂ ۆę۾߸ Ѐश֨ ܋Ǵ .ɰە ʾ սأڅ ۋę Ïڼɰ ڹşց آĵʼə ֨߸қڅ RSS(Rotary Ϳ ͆˰قδąͿćন˰ق࠘ڦԜʂۆę۾Ѐश
܃49ń܃3 սٖۋ · чʂݕ · ێԸл · ńտۋ · ֪ 398
࠘ ф ňʪ/ąͿ Ժć şցڦ ߸ė֨ (1) ر܃ąԐʪεۆ߸֨֨߸ė֨܁սथ/܁ąԐ : Ձ, ֨߸ňۆݓࠗ ,܁Ըۆ۾Ϳьşڷॠəì фսъԴٖڏʪ/ąͿ, ąԐʪѺজ, ইۤۤҼ .प॥ʽɰ ۋҼ֟ şց ˣ (2) ः˚/Ԧԓ܁(pad/well) Ժć şց Òь ۆڦpad ɳ يÒьę ҼİॠۆڦWell ɳ : ݓԜ ԺҼ ф رьɵę ʌҝ ۆսथ֨߸ şց ڹ ѓۍۺ܃߯ՙজॠ϶ąںʂॢٖॳقѺঞąܳ ĀںԺćѓॳيČͲॠںՁۆۻॳ, ÁÀ֟ .ɰॢ آيॠ܁ şց ٖڏ ߸ ইۤ֨ (3) ,߸ Fig. 3. Schematic diagram of hydraulic fracturing (Granberg֨ॢڦεر܃Դ֨߸ėؓͳق܁սथ/܁ąԐ : .(2012 ڏͳۍԺ࠘фۤҼфֱۋϯࣶ, ࡀ֨ ,ٖڏսۋ ঝ҃À ۆÒԸ şց ܁ė Ǵ Ͽɦࢢτ ф ė ,ٖ ۋ ں1860țʂ ؚߕ ɦ࣡ͿŘνՃο ڹə սؓࣷթşցەԴÁġыČقÀ֟֨߸ێॠ϶, ߯ŖՕڅज़ ߣş Ԧԓ͟ ۋŕ(oil well shooting) şցۙ܁ڮ ॢڌ Í߸ںəşցەսॣٖڏCT(Coiled Tubing)ε ɰ. (initial flow)ę ŀŕ À͟(ultimate recovery) ݒÀ͆ॢ آر ںڙŖۺԴşցقͿɵՁॢìڷۺ߸ ܼ ė Ǵ Ͽɦࢢτ şց əЀशεՁė֨ (4) ॠۓܳ ں(ԴϸԴ ԓ(acidر˞ قɰ. 1930țʂە ս ں ۆࡾó ֨߸ė ڹ߸ ܼ ė Ǵ Ͽɦࢢτ şց֨ : ںԦԓՁيࣷթॠںͿݓࠗڷ(ԓҙ֩(acid etchingي MWD(Measurement ॢڦ ںۺ࠘ ߸ڦ߸֨ ٮąԐʪ , Stanolind Oil and Gas Corporationۋ .ॳԜ֨ࡎɰ ॢڦ ںWhile Drilling) şց, ֨߸ ܼ Нνêࠗ ԦԓՁę ԓ ߌν ۆۻڮ Floyd FarrisÀ ۆAmoco)Ԑ) ەLWD(Logging While Drilling) şցͿǣɄս squeeze)ۓwater injection)ę֨ϯ࣡ܳ)ۓսथ (acidizing), Нܳ/܁εąԐۋΒࠄ˛ф३Եşցęۙ ,϶ڷ ʂॢٍĵεݕॱॠϸԴ, սؓقěʹՁۆşց cementing)ęغҼÒԸ, ইۤۚۤॢڦॠşٖڏԴق܁ ३À֨ۚʼؽۋʂॢقԦԓ͟ݒÀۆۻÀ֟ڮٮĵʽɰ. ࣷթڅ ۋ Grant)ۻՁфݓࠗथÀşց ɰ. 1947ț Stanolind OilԐə Hougoton À֟܁߸ė؋֨ (5) ॠٕڌۺ ͿڷۺԴ սؓࣷթε ֬ॹق(Ϳ County, KansasڷۺԴ ज़սق߸ė Ĺ֨ ۆė ̚ə ɰܼۤ : ۆgal 1,000قԵধؒ(limestone)ࠗۆft 2,400 ,˺ۋ .ɰ قՁÒԸěʹşցф֨߸ė܁ĵʼəėѹ؋څ (palm oil)ę À՝ο(gasoline)ڮқԵ ۙΒ ˣ ǣ॒ࢮԓ(naphthenic acid), ࣽرԴ ݓࠗथÀə Нνêࠗ ۙΒ, ࡑ ॠٕɰ. 1947ۓܳ ࠶(gel breaker)εۋҵͪ܆ ঔ०Нę غőϼॠəۚںՁۆݓࠗęŒَيࣀ०ॠں ۻͿۋڌۺ߯ߣսؓࣷթşցۆțStanolind OilԐ ۺқԵۙΒࣀ०رͿНνêࠗۙΒ३Ե, ࡑڷ ۺ ۋࣷթşց ۆ2,500,000æ أ Ϳ 2010țūݓڷۺĵʽɰ. Ճćڅ ۋڌ .(ʽɰ(Smith, 2012܁Ϳ ߸ڷʽ ìڌ ֨ Ϳࣺ॒࣡ ,͆˰ قőϿÀ ݒÀ॥ ۆۤ֨ սؓࣷթ آĀşցқٰ܁ڮսؓࣷթф őۆͿࣺ॒࣡֨ۤقɰ. 1999țەőϿʪ࠶ݓČۆۤ ঔ० ۆͿ Нę জॡНݗڷۺъێ ͈ۋսؓࣷթşѪ ۆزəUSD 318قǣ2009țڷʪٕ܁زͿ ϿəUSD 48ڷ߸ėܳѺ֨يॠۓͿܳڷࣀ३Čؓں܁߸֨ںН ںॳԜę ě ۆࣷթՁɠ ,͠ڐőϿͿ ݒÀॠٕɰ. ؉ ۍͿڷͳؓۆݓࠗۋࣧۆŒَۋԦՁ֨ࢅČںŒَ ͿSchlumbergerڷۺʂश ,϶ڷەʪʼČ֨ۋŖۿॢڦ ३॒Ϳࣺ࣡(proppant, ݓݓڦѓݓॠşں३ɴ০əì ԴНνقÀ֟۹ΪࠗێԴəMississippian Barnett Օق ݓ֨ࢅəڮ ŒَԜε يॠۓܳ ںߕ)͆ ҝνə Нݗ ں܁սथيॠڌۋε҃܁ݓĵНν͠يԐ, êࠗф ۆۋkm ţ 3~1 ۋFig. 3ę Ï ,رʌҝ ٮۋ .ɰۋѓѪ ॠٕ܁ѓॳęÌʪεĀۆͿҙࢢսؓࣷթۋԺćॠČ ۆԜۋ Դ 30ÒقԴ 4Òقսथĵ ۆš ۤė ֨߸ė ԐॢڮԴʪقę ɰ. Western Canadian Sedimentary BasinۺͿ׆ԦԓϸڷԴɰɳćͿսؓࣷթε֨ॱ॥قĵ Delftۆ˚À֟εÒьॠٕɰ. ̚ॢȐʑ͈ێͿՕڷѓѪ ڹÀ֟ݓࠗęÏێ࣊ęʪεই۹০ݒÀ֨ࡈ࠘нॢՕ қۆࣀ३սؓࣷթ֨Œَں߹ՙϿ֬ॹڹɰ. ʂॡࣳۋÀɠॠó ॠə ѓѪ ںʴڮ ۆԴ ߎٍÀ֟قĖ
Ķݓĵ֨֟ࢰėॡধݓॢ Ԑ ф қΪ 399ܓ À֟ Òь ४֮şցێՕ
Table 1. Market shift on fracturing work (Sharma, 2012)
Fig. 5. Hydraulic fracturing and fluid injection procedure.
أڅͿڷغۚ фFlushۓͿࣺ॒࣡ܳ ,ۓߕܳڮ ʴڮ ,ۺݓݗॡۆÁݓࠗڹغࣷթۚ˺ۋ .ʽɰ ٖڏ ۆॠ϶, ইۤ آرԺćʼ ͆˰ قՁ ۺॡ Ԑͻε ۆۻѺ À֟ܳ ,϶ڷы ںॳٖ قæ ˣܓ ɰ. սؓࣷॢآيʪॠںæܓۆۺ߯يČॠ ٮͳқपڿə ࣷթؓͳ, ݓࠗۙۍ४֮ ČͲ ۆթ ԵؒٮδŒَՁ, ݓࠗ˃ƍ˰قՁۺԵॡؒ .ɰۋф ȃҼ Ժć ˣ ۋδ ࣷթţ˰ ق࣊ęʪ (2) ߎė(perforation) ф ĵÂқν şց ǣԸ يॠڌۋ ںأ३ জڦ ںॳԜڱߎė ম : əşܳر˞χںߤۿۆę۹Ϊࠗ܁ͿԦԓ Fig. 4. Annual shale gas production in U.S. (EIA, 2011). ߎėۤҼÀ ʴ ۆ३ ɰսڦ ںşÂ ɳ߹܁ց, ė RDVॢڦʪĵÂқνεقٽߌνʼəşցق֨ ࣀڙ يɰ. (Ruptured Disk Valve) şցę ěʹॠە ʂ३ қԵॢ ц قप ф Ձۤέ şց ۆǣ ė Ǥॠ(ball drop) ѓ֩ۋͳؓ ں՚ʪəTable 1 ҙुۻęьڌۺۆսؓࣷթşցۆ߯Ŗ ڷەॠóÒьʼČتɰۋॠəşցˣڌۋںѺজशε ˣڙ܃ęڮڌۺۆغࣷթۚۆHalliburtonۆ ܓۺʂॢ߯قˣۋÁĵÂÂüфĵÂţ ,϶ ۆԴق܁սݔ قχي ț ێ ɰ. ҝęە ϸ ݙۚॣ ս҃ .ॠɰڅज़ ۋə Ȥͳ ںÂɾҼ æ֨ڦͿѺজʼؽČ, ɳڷ܁սथۆäڹغࣷթۚ HHP(Hydraulic (3) ݓݓߕ(proppant) Ժćşցۍ(ȃݓق)ࣀ३ՙҼʼəʴͳںݎ࣡Ȥ ॠٕڌɾ֨ ÌϿ͒ε Ԑ غۚ սؓࣷթ ۆ߯ߣ : څՙ قս͟ę֨Âфսؓࣷթڌۺۆ(Horse Power ڮ ,կĵ֢ ,ۋ١͔şÂʴ؋ࣰ॔͆֟؎Ú ,϶ڷ ڹڙ܃ۆҼۤٮˣěʹНۙ͟ۓʼəНęݓݓߕܳ νĵ֢, þęڮ ČÌʪ ,ۋνĵ֢, ؎Θйɔ ؎Ú ٮ߸֨܁սथॢ͠ۋ .ɰە҇սںڼইü০ÒԸʼؽ ۺΪÀܛॢتś ΪƉݗ, սݓͿࡑࣶʽϿ͒ˣɰۆÀ֟Ԧԓ͟ێйĶǴՕڹۻьۆսؓࣷթşց ۆϿ͒ ͆˰ قьɵ ۆҼۤ ۓܳ .थÀʼؽɰ ,ڌ 2008 ,ۋǣࢍǣˢقəFig. 4ۋ .ɰٵ܋üॢݒʂεÀ ؉ݓČۚ ۾۾ əۙۓ ,϶ۋÂԦԓ Ȭʪə ݒÀॠə ߸Ճٍۆ࠘нÀ֟·ێҼ३2010țйĶǴՕقț ,ࡾşۙۓॢڦɰ. սؓࣷթমęεŕʂজॠşە ߎٍÀ֟ۆѕ, ݓǦ10țÂйĶ˃أ2țʴ؋ڹ͟ .ɰە ĵʼČڅ ć՚ ۋʂॢ ÒԸ قѓѪ ˣ ۓܳ қşیδ՜˰ق16ѕÀԜ֧ॠٕČ, ÒьأڹԦԓ͟ şցڌۺ (ߕ(fracturing fluidڮ ɰ(EIA, 2011). (4) ࣷթە ǴͲÀə ߸ՃͿ ؎ͲݓČ ۾۾ ʪ۾ ܁ʂॢԸق՚ˣڮ ,܃ߐÀ ,͟ۓ࣊ ,܁ߕԸڮ : पںՁۺěʹʽşցٮԴԕट҆սؓࣷթقԜۋ ڮڙ জʽ܆ ߕəڮ ʽڌԐ قॠɰ. ߯ߣڅज़ ۋ Āқٰ܁ڮĵʼəսؓࣷթфڅقÀ֟Òьێ॥ॢՕ ʽڌߕͿ Ԑڮࣷթ ۋ1953ț Н ,϶ڷ॰ڌɰ. ε Ԑە ʾ սأڅ ۋę Ïڼɰ ڹşց څܳ آ əۦʼؽɰ. ইڌÀԐ܃জߐÀ܆ॢتͿɰۋ Ԑرঔ०ʼٮݓݓߕۋН, ّսˣۆԜۋ Ժć şց 96%ۺ߯ غф ࣷթۚ ܁Ԧԓ (1) ̚ ߕε ߯ՙজڮ ͆˰ قՁ ۆʽɰ. ۹Ϊࠗڌ ,ԓߌνۋÏٮəFig. 5ۼۺş҆ۆսؓࣷթ :
܃49ń܃3 սٖۋ · чʂݕ · ێԸл · ńտۋ · ֪ 400
آə ॢ ĵ ۹ΪėॡфԦԓथÀşցқقॠşʪ ॠ϶, ߯Ŗۓə ߯ʂͿ ࣊ ࣊ڹ۹ΪࠗՁқԵфԦԓथÀşցۆÀ֟ێʪ Օڍॠə ąۓ࣊ ںН ۆԜۋ 4,000ࢻ ق(stage) ܕҙق۹Ϊࠗێ࠘нॢՕڍॠͿϔۋ ɰ. ęʪÀ100 ndە ॢڦ Ձę ԦԓՁ थÀε ۺ۹Ϊėॡ ۆڙҼ ěʹ şց (ऒ॒ ф ঔ०ۤҼ) ʽ À֟ۙۤ ۓܳ (5) قݓࠗ ǴێՕۍؒڙÀ֟əŖێйॢɰ. Օۆںə75~1,500υ şցۦԴইقऒ॒ۆߣş10~15υͳ : জսՙćНݗقۙۓşНڮ ,ॠäǣۦܕνÀ֟Ϳڮ ʼşʪڌҼÀ Ԑۤ ۆ15,000υͳ رͳūݓ, ֮ݓ ॠşܕͿ ҙڷॠČ Ŕ ۙߕÀ ۹Ϊࠗۦܕ رড়ʼ ۋ ڦ100psi20,000psi ѩڹͳؓۆԴقɰ. ݓԜॢ ३ԴəսؓࣷթڦʴॠşڮߕÀڮԴقėŕǴقߕ, ݓݓߕঔ०ۤҼ(blender)ə ˺Лڮ .ʽɰڌԴԐق ęؓ܁ʴࣀͿεՁ֨ࡈܳəęڮۍۺڦۍεࣀ३ ڦঔ०ॠşٮߕڮݓݓߕεۆتڹॠóψێŒ .ɰۋۺज़սۋ܁ࣀ३ড়À֟εॠəęںۼܓͳ ۆت ڹψ ,϶ڷە ҼÀ ÒьʼČۤ ॢۡ҄ يॠ ۆՁ ࣷ؊ॠČ ॳ ÒьԦԓ ćন ۆ۹Ϊࠗ ॢ͠ۋ .ɰॢآرěԺҼʪÒьʼ҃ॢڦںݓݓߕėś ęԦԓäʴٚࠑ܁НՁ߸ۆԴə۹Ϊࠗيॠڦںսς ,͟ۓܳ ,܁ߕфݓݓߕԸڮ)şցٖڏսؓࣷթ (6) ࣀॢԦԓՁथÀşցںʴ३Եڮ ,ͳ Ժć) ęěʹʽНՁқԵٖؓڏ ,՚ʪ ۓܳ ɰ(Mahdi, 2012). Ŕ͠ǣ۹࣊ęՁۋۺঝ҃Àज़սۆ սڹ४֮ۆĀşցٰ܁ڮŕʂজॠəںԦԓ͟ : Ϳڷॳٖۆ३ьԦʽŒَۍՁęսؓࣷթͿۆՙ ϔݗقۻغͿսؓࣷթۚڷۺъێ ,ࣷթşցͿؓ ڌۺॹѪфÇࣅčԸқԵѪ֨܁À֟ۍۺ३ࣀԜۍ ࣷ؊ںࣷթՁۆ۹Ϊࠗيॠۓߕε࣊ڮۆ͟ رࢀق؉ěʹНՁқԵęԦԓՁٚࠑ؍ॠݓۋڌۋ ܁ĀںæܓغࣷթۚيࣀॠںॠəDFIT ѓѪ .(ɰ(Cui et al., 2010ە ۋړͲ ڹæܓ ۺॠ϶, ࣷթ Āęε ٚࠑॠşʪ ॢɰ. ߯ ३Դ, ۹Ϊࠗ ؒߕ ࣊ęʪڦ ε ३Āॠş܃Л ॢ͠ۋ ۻÀ֟ڮ Ŗۍ ɵ͆ݓдͿ ͆˰ قՁ ۆ۹Ϊࠗ ॹф३ԵşѪ֨܁ڮॢتɰॢڦں܁æ фߣşؓͳ߸ܓۆۺ߯يҼİॠںæęԦԓ͟ˣܓࣷթۆ ەǣ؉ݔ֪ʪεঝ҃ॣսڷەʪʼČ֨ۋʪۆ .ĵʽɰڅঝ҃Àۆॠ϶ěʹşցآيԺćॠں ३ÒьڦԺćεۆսؓࣷթ܃֬ .ɰ؍ψݓڹşց (CT, Wireline, əѓѪٖڏ սؓࣷթ ěʹ ۤҼ ф (7) ս ॣ܁࣊ęʪε ࠑ ۆÀ֟ ؒߕێՕ ۋʽ DFIT ѓѪ (ٽ Composite Plug ڷەͿथÀʼČڷͿ֪ʪεÍəѓѪڷۺəԜʂە Āٰۚ܁ڮʼəCT ۤҼəڌʪԐقغ߸ۚ֨ : ڐɰ(Sumi, 2008). ؉ۋԐ֬ ۋəìە ǣ؉ݔॢćÀ ڌԐ قغۚ ʽɰ. ߎėڌۋ ॠóڌڮ Դʪقغ ͳ қԵ ф Ԧԓ͟ۋԦԓ ۆ࠘нÀ֟ ۹Ϊࠗ·ێTube Conveyed Perforation)ʼşʪॠ϶, սؓࣷ ͠, Օ) ࠘нÀ֟·ێՕ يäॠ (production rate)-֨ ěćε ࣀ०ॠ܃ں˞ə॔͠Ŕەق܁ΒʽԦԓܛթÀ Type Curve ३Եॢڦں܁Ԧԓäʴ३Եфϔۤ͟߸ ܼ غۚ ʼşʪ ॢɰ. ɰɳć սؓࣷթڌۋ əʚ Ϳ֨ʪʼڷۺŕۺۋʂॢٍĵʪFig. 6ęÏقѓѪˣ رۋغۚ ͿwirelineڷНݗˣۋقǴҙ܁Ԧԓ FMBٮ(RTA(Rate Transient Analysisۦই ,϶ڷەCTۤҼͿǴҙεߔՙॠşʪॠ϶, ؋ ČڍąڏͲ ۆߕćۋࣀॢں٤νə क़ֱ(fishing)ۚ (Flowing Material Balance) ѓѪˣرǓ ںݕ ۤҼ ˣر̆ ق ۆࠗێɰ. ̚ॢ, ՕەݓČرΘۋʪÀ֨ۆęĵ ঝςęőϼغߎėۚڹʪCTͿݕॱॢɰ. Wirelineغ ३ۆ قॠə À֟À ؓͳÇՙۦܕ رড়ʼ قě ؒߕ Ǵॢ͠ۋ ,϶ʼڌԐقˣۓҼ࣊ۤॢڦںɳ ۻʂॢٍĵəقʴʼəইԜڮ३ۆقঝԓرĵʽɰ. ʼڅ ۋÒьşց ,ٖڏ ۆҼۤ ʹ ۆ࠘нÀ֟ ۹Ϊࠗ·ێͿ, ՕڷͿ йড়ॢ սܵڷۺՃć ۓܳ ф ܁Ը ܃şࢍ জॡ (8) ३Դəěʹ֬ॹڦںՁőϼۍۺŖ҆ۆʴڮজ ؒߕǴ ॢتɰ يॠڦ ɵՁॠş ںۺЀ ۆĀٰ܁ڮ : Ձۆʴڮঝςę३ɾۆࣀॢşߣқԵşցںʼşʪ ॢɰ. şցۓܳ قܼ ܁սؓࣷթ ę ۋ˞܃ॡ ĵʽɰ(Dickerڅۋʪ ۆϿʝ ۺۋəە ϿԐॣ սں ä܃Нݗф֨ϯ࣡εۋ ,ۻۓݓݓߕܳٮߕڮ .(ԦՁ and Smits, 1988ڼضۆǴҙ܁Ԧԓ ,ۓԓ(acid) ࣊ॢڦॠş ३Ե ф ۆʴՁڮ ߕНՁęؒ ॢ͠ۋ ,Ϳڷۺŀŕ ϭ٤ॢڦ äॠş܃ ں࣡ԦՁۋͪ˚ۋəॠ̚ ԴսؓࣷթεࣀقÀ֟۹ΪࠗێՕڹқԵۆfriction Ԧԓäʴ)܃ʼə υ ۹Çۓܳ ॥ƍ ٮߕڮ ,ۓ࣊ ĵ߹ʼ϶, ۹Ϊࠗؒ رԓϿʝͿ ٍćʼۻۆŒَʂॢ ॢڦ äε܃ ۆǴҙ կÀΘ ˣ ܁reducer), Ԧԓ .ɰەʴՁęԦԓՁथÀÀɵՁʾսڮŒَʂٮߕ ۆॠşʪॠ϶, ÁÁۓܳں֢͠Ŕ(gel slug) ˣ܆ Դěࠑʼق܁սؓࣷթęڹϿʝτۆĵʽɰ. սؓࣷթŒَʂڅ ۋԺćşց ,܁Ը ॢڦ ںڌট Ϳڷۺࣀ३ş҆ںࠄ˛ęқԵۆࡾͿԐۙΒۋəυ
Ķݓĵ֨֟ࢰėॡধݓॢ Ԑ ф қΪ 401ܓ À֟ Òь ४֮şցێՕ
Fig. 6. Type curve analysis for four shale plays in US. Fig. 7. Micro seismic data to fracture model and simulation (Berman, 2010). work flow (Cipolla, 2010).
ںНՁőϼ, Ͽʝτ ۆͿŔۙΒ : SRV Òȝ Œَ ф ؒߕ ۆɵՁʼ϶, SSL(Specialized Sonic Log) ˣ ٮࡾͿԐۋࡾͿԐ֪ ࣀॢ۹ΪࠗԦԓՁथÀşցͿ, υۋυيĀ०ॠٮф3D ՁࣷԐۙΒ ,࠘, ѓॳęşॠε ٍćॢսؓࣷթŒَʂmapping фϿʝτşցڦۆʪêݒфսؓࣷթŒَ֪ۆ قεݓݗ/ԐۙΒқԵфؒԵًॡ, ۹Ϊėॡۋ ԵؒڹսؓࣷթŒَ˺ۋ .Դ֨ۚʽɰقőϼॠəì ՎۋࣀॢϿʝτф֨бͪںқԵۍۺʂॢࣀ० ںՁқԵۆࣷʼ϶ࠄ˛ʽ֪ۻ ,ՁԜՁۤۺॡ εࣀॢϔۤ͟, ԦԓՁۋॠČڅज़ۋÒьۆԐॠ şցܓࣀ३ںѓѪۺεݓًࠗॡڙŖۆࣀ३Œَ .ĵʽɰڅ ćÀٍ ۆŒ қԵٍۙٮͳқपڿۆͿ, ݓࠗڷڼॠɰ. ɰڅज़ۋəì ࣀॢ սथ֨߸/սؓࣷթ ںʴ३Եڮ Ԝěʼ (2) սؓࣷթʂ ٮࣷۻ Ձę ۆə սؓࣷթ Œَۦܕ ۆʂَ Ժć şցۺ३Դə҄०ŒَϿʝ(Complex Fracture ՁɠथÀ ф ߯ڦں३Եۆۋ ,϶ /ࣀॢ սथ֨߸ ںŒَ ۹Ϊࠗ Ͽʝτ/३Եşց : ڷۺĀęڹĵʽɰ. CFMڅۋĵ߹ۆModel), CFM ۺԺćşց, ؒԵًॡۺ০ սؓࣷթՁɠथÀф߯ۼۺ қपε ۆę ݓݓߕڙ܃ ۆͿ սؓࣷթ Œَʂ ࣷթؓͳ őϼ ф սؓࣷթ ۆࣀॢ ݓࠗ ںə۹Ϊࠗ֨ қԵۋ ,϶ڷەʾսڌԐԜ(mapping)ॠəʚট ʪ ٚࠑ ф ३Եş܁δ ьɵ˰ قÂ֨ ۆŒَę ݓݓߕ Œَʂ ۍۙۍ ۍۺÀۤ ݓѕ ۆՎ ३Եۋбͪ ʴϿԐşցڮߕфݓݓߕڮͿ ց, ࣷթŒَʂǴڷۺܛɰ. ߯ۋҙқ ॢڅܳ ॠə܁Ā ںՁ ۆқप .ॠɰڅঝ҃À ज़ ۆSRV(Stimulated Reservoir Volume) ф Œَ Ǵ ࣊ęʪ ٚࠑşցۆʹێڹ۹ΪࠗϿʝ ॹ ф ϔۤ֨͟ ܁À֟ НՁ, ݓࠗथÀ, ԦԓێSRV қपεϿʝτ (3) Օۆࣀ३۹ΪࠗںεथÀॠəѓѪ ٚࠑ қԵşցٮࣀ३ԦԓՁथÀںՎ३Եۋε֨бͪۋॠČ ߕǴėŕέؒ ,ي࠘нॠڍÀ֟ؒߕəϔێՕ : ۋυڹɰ(Cipollar et al., 2010). Fig. 7ەɵՁॣսں Н, սपজʪ, ࣊ęʪф, ঝԓ ڹ܁ࠑ ۆ ܁Վ ęۋԴ Ͽʝτę ֨бͪق˛ࠄ ۆࡾͿ ԐۙΒ Ǧ३ॠɰ. ˰͆Դ ڍқԵę थÀÀ ϔ ۆՁ ˣ ܁š սथ ॢ͠ۋ şԴي .ɰۋνॢ ì܁Ϳڷʪ֩ ں ۺ३Ե ,ۺॹ֬ ॢڦ ںőϼ ۆϿ ěʹʽ ज़ս НՁۺߕًॡڮԓۻۆɰɳćͿՁʽŒَʂ͆˰ں қԵرĵʽɰ. ̚ॢНνêࠗ, ࡑڅۋÒьۆ३Դə ٍۙŒَ, սؓࣷթ Œَ, ؒ ѓѪڦ ںʝτę ३Ե ,܁ͳѓॳĀڿܳۆࣀॢݓࠗں(ĵʼ϶, ŒَǴӇδ (DFIT analysisڅۋőϼۆʴՁڮߕڮߕǴ प॥ॢࣷթՁɠथÀںˣ܁ÂüԸۆࣷթŒَ ۆ३ьԦʼəNon-darcy মę, ėŕфŒَۆق՚ڮ थۆSkin ˣٮ࣊ęʪۆĵʼ϶, ۹Ϊࠗڅۋ ф şց ۆ࣊ęʪ Çՙ, ড়ʽ ϭÀ֟ॢۆ ق߹ؓ ϔۤۍۺÒьęŀŕۆॹşѪ֨܁ڮॢڦÀε قѺজ ۆՁܓδ ۹Ϊࠗ Ǵ À֟˰ قঝԓইԜ, ֨ .ĵʽɰڅ ঝ҃À ۆथÀ ф ३Եşց ͟ ۋϿʝʪęۺͿٍćॢսॡڷۺ०҄ںʂॢՁ ĵʽɰ(Novlesky (4) Pad Layout, ݓԜԺҼфݓॠԺҼ֬֨Ժćşցڅ ۋঝς ۆՎşѪۋε ࣀॢ ֨бͪ قşъԦԓ/սբ/ߌνԺҼˣݓԜԺҼڦet al., 2011). : Pad ɳ ćşٍۆٮآÀ֟۹ΪࠗՁőϼфԦԓՁ ʂॢԺćşցф͔॔࣡фսբқێԴԕट҆ՕقԜۋ قͿ ĵՁʼə padڷ܁սथսؓࣷթ ۆɰ. ց, ɰսەʾսأڅۋęÏڼɰڹşցڅқԵęěʹʽܳ ʂॢԺćقʂॢԦԓ/սբ/ߌνԺҼˣݓԜԺҼ ԺҼٍćॢڦԦԓݒݕ, ěνεۆŒَ ۹Ϊࠗ Ͽʝτ ф ϔۤ͟, ԦԓՁ थÀşց фݓॠ۹Ϊࠗ (1)
܃49ń܃3 սٖۋ · чʂݕ · ێԸл · ńտۋ · ֪ 402
ॣۍঝ ںÁş ࡾó ɰζ܃ microstructure)À)ܓɰ. йՃĵۋۺज़ս ۋşց Եؒ ,ۺͿқݓѻͿՁজʽݓݗॡڷۺČ, ĀęەॹԦԓşց ս֨ ۆ܁ɰɳć սथսؓࣷթ (5) .ɰە ս ؎ ںə ì͆ۋۺĵÀ ज़սٍ ۺॡ ٖڏ ʂॢ ֨ॹԦԓşց ф ق܁սथսؓࣷթ : À֟ÒьÀێՕۆйĶݓًٮ Ժć, Acidizing, ESP, production logging, Table 2əҚ؉॒νࠢۼ ۋʪशॢأڅқԵيݓًęݓݗٍʂεʂҼॠںԦԓՁ֬֨ÂқԵ ɠՁॢڌۺںwell testing şѪˣ Ϳ, ČԦʂʚ҆ş, ֬Θν؋şф١βʪҼڷۺঝ҃À ɰ. Āę ۆşց ঝ҃ ф workover ş҆Ժć şց ÒьÀɠՁۺغͿԜڷۺԜʂۋࠗێՁʽՕقĵʽɰ. ֟şڅ ۆə३ɾݓݗ֨ʂۋ .ɰەԐʼČܓͿڷݓࠗڹȭۋ Ԧԓěν, ݒݕ ф Refracturing şց (6) æܓՁվʪ, ėŕέę ؓͳ ٮTOC ,ڦѩ ٮƍ˃ ۺδԦԓ͟ÇࣅÀࡾóǣࢍǨ ࣅ˰قݓ՚ۆԦԓ : əՕڍąۆʽɰ. HalliburtonۍşقॢìتԴقˣ ۆJet lift pump, Plunger & Gas lift ѓѪˣ ,ڍą ȐÀݓͿĵқॠڹęÏڼΪεɰܛۆÀ֟۹Ϊࠗێ ǣ, ěν ф Ԧԓʼۋۓʪ ۆė Ԧԓݒݕ ѓѪۍ ںνÀ֟ÀʂҙқڮقėŕǴێՕڹɰ. Type 1ەϿɦࢢτ ČۆʽݓݓߕфŒَۓܳ ,ߌνۆəН ॠəۦܕҙŒَʂεࣀ३ ড়ʽÀ֟Àێ ,Դə ݓॠČ͆˰ قॠ϶, Ԝডڅज़ ۋşց ۆф ěν ˣ ۋ(ȬʪÀ ȭČ ࠄՁ(brittleness ۆşНڮ Ϳ ʂÒڍą څۋڌۺۆWorkover ǣ Refracturing ۆ܁Ԧԓ şڮ ۋԐؒࠗ ۆ(ࣺԜ(laminated ڹئ ɰ(Siebrits et al., 2000). ࡾɰ. Type 2əە ĵʾ ս ɰ. TypeۋڍąۍǛيİѥॠقࠗێՕڹȭۋН॥͟ ۆͿʂҙқڷࠗێÀݕՕںşН॥͟ڮڹȭڍ3əϔ آ۹ΪࠗՁজфঞą, şࢍқ Θۋࣀ३ں܁ࣀॢড়À֟ÀęںŒَϐۋԴݓݗęԐ ԦԓقغÒьԐۻÀ֟ڮۍۺࣀۻۆܕş رÀ҄०ʼڍՃÀݓąڦɰ. Type 4əۋڍݓəąر ۋ۾ߣقьþٮԐۆۻÀ֟ڮڹࠄ˛ęқԵۆΒۙ .(ɰ(Oraby, 2012ۋڍə ąە ɰՙ ڹ۾ěॢ͠ۋԴرە قÀ֟Òьێؽɰϸ, Օە ܕҙ ۆǣ À֟ڮə ęä Եڍą ۆԐۙΒ ,͠ڐʂॢݓݗ ؉قÀ֟ʂԜқݓێՕڹйψۋ ,ɰβɰ. ъقʏìەۋě֮ڹψقőϼˣۆࢰ֟֨ڮÀѓ ݓً, ԵڦѩܕͿ ҙڷۺČ, ԜʂەرԐÀݕॱʼܓ ۺॡ ݓ܁ۋܕҙ ۆԴəÀ֟رەقÀ֟ÒьێՕ ,يͿÇՙʾ ॠڷۺԜʂڹʂॢě֮قҙқۍۺݓًيʂॠ ՁॠںݓࠗڹČȉئČ١০Ͳ؍ݓۋۺ܁ॢقً À֟ێͿՕڷۺՃćقˣ, 2011). ъϸ֩ڌɰ(ťەս ěٍٮɰɳćսؓࣷթٮ߸֨܁սथۆėۤ ,رەεԕट҃ϸÁ ČڍąۆÀۤϤ۹սॱʽҚйۋÒьۆ қप, ąćۆॠɰ. , ġĵݓࠗڅĵÀٍܼٮԐܓÀ Ԝɾ০ ɰβ ʽܓėŕĵ ۆÀ֟ ؒߕ ǴێՕ ۆқݓѻ ݓॢڦČġѩئǣڷͿǰڷۺԜʂڹʂॢě֮قˣ ॢ͠ۋ࠶ԴۋҝŒݗՁ ۆͿʪ ؒԵНՁڷۺČ, ݓً ٮࣀ३սथ֨߸ňʪںʂॢőϼقѺজۺࠗԴۆচ, 2007). ؉͒ ࠗۦɰ(Čۋۺज़ս ۋʂॢ őϼ قҙқ şںě֮قۙۍěʹʽٮࣷթۆॠČ, ݓࠗآε ٍć३ܓߕǴйՃĵؒۆқݓێՕڅҚйݓًܳڹFig. 8 ںॳٖॢڅܳ ,Դرەقսؓࣷթ ,͠ڐɰ. ؉ॢآيڐ �ێHorn River ՕۆݕࠪǣɰرͿ, ϥν̆ڷǣࢍǶì ŒَܛəНܼՙɳࠗфÁܓǴ й࠘əʂɳࠗĵێՕۆ�࠘нÀ֟қݓێՕॢۿۍ ,࠘нÀ֟əН Иδ ̚ə ۆॠɰ. ০, ܳѺڅܼ қपÀ ٮۦܕ ۆʂ ͆˰ق॥ڌͿۚڷѹۤۆəսؓࣷթܓɳɳॢݓࠗĵ
Table 2. Regional geological opportunities (Oraby, 2012)
Fig. 8. Micro pore structure comparison among several major shale plays in north America (Oraby, 2012).
Ķݓĵ֨֟ࢰėॡধݓॢ Ԑ ф қΪ 403ܓ À֟ Òь ४֮şցێՕ
ۆԴقغۚ ə ۹Ϊࠗ Ձőϼۋ .ɰۋغۚ ॠɰ. őϼॠəڅܼ ڹőϼ ۆܓݓࠗĵ ॢ͠ۋ ३ ؒߕǴėŕέ, սपজʪ, ࣊ęʪф, ঝԓՁˣڦսؓࣷթεٮ߸֨܁սथॢڦںÀ֟ÒьێՕ TOC, Kerogen қԵ, ֨߸ ,يćॠٍ ٮқԵęथÀۆ ڷۺԸڍÀۤۋ܁Āۆѓॳۆ܁ͿսथڷۺԴəş҆ ͟ܕəҙقۦĵʽɰ. ইڅ ۋমęε ֨ठęͿŨۙΒқԵˣۆսؓࣷթڹ܁ѓॳĀۆ܁ĵʽɰ. սथڅͿ ʪ ֪ॣ ս܁ ɗر يࣀॠ ںѓѪ ॢ͠ۋ थÀə ۆ Òۻ əսؓࣷթʂÀۋ ,϶ʪԺćʼە߯ʂজॣս ʂقÀɠॠǣ, ϔۤ͟ę ԦԓՁۋ܁ԓۆə Āęە Ϳڷͳѓॳęսݔڿܳۆʾѓॳęսݔѓॳ, ݓࠗ ʴڮۆŒَʂٮͿ࠘нؒߕڷۺŖ҆ڹқԵęٚࠑॢ ںͿ SSLڷۺ३Դə ş҆ڦ εۋ .Ժćॢɰ ں܁սथ ͆˰قԦԓÇࣅՁˣۍۺǦ३॥ęۤşۆ܁ĵʼČ, Borehole Image Tool ʪԓڅۋę३Եغࣀॢêࠗۚ ۋͿڷۺɰ. ŀŕۋĵʂԜٍ ॢڅĵʼəܳڅۋͿ őϼڷۺܛॠČ, ߯آرսॱʼۋқԵۆę 3D ԐۙΒ ںÀ֟ ÒьێՕ ॣ آر३ ʪʼڦ ں܁ॠ ͠ॢ Òьęۍࣀ३Āęεঝںࠄ˛ę३ԵۆࡾͿԐۙΒۋυ ɰەʾսأڅۋÏٮFig. 9 ڼɰ ڹНՁ څܳ ॢڦ ࣷϿʝۻۆŒَʂۍۺ०҄ڹäࠚɰ. SSLں܁əę ࣺɳॠəںՁغԜ ,ڍąۆşԴйĶي .(ͳ(maximum (Oraby, 2012ڿ߯ʂ ф ߯ՙ սथ ۍՙڅ ۍۺ४֮ ॢڦ ںτ .(Table 3ę Ïɰ(Oraby, 2012 ڹşܵ ۆ˞НՁڅܳ қԵę Young’s modulus Áۆ(and minimum horizontal stress ęغԴԐقÀ֟ġĵێՕڅйĶǴܳڹėॠČ, ̚ॢFig. 10܃ НՁ ěʹ ۙΒε ۺPoisson’s ratio ًॡ ٮ ʪ֨ॢيεԜҼİॠڦѩۆНՁڅܳۆࠑϸۺőϼęՁқԵ şցۆBorehole Image LogəٍۙŒَʂ Č ॢڅܳۆ߸ݕغࣷ؊ॠČ, ԐںͿěʹইডڷĀ ìٮͿŔۙΒəݓݗфԐۙΒॢ͠ۋ ,϶ʼڌটق ε҃ϸ, ÒڍąۆۻÀ֟ێɰ. Marcellus Օەę DFN(Discrete Fracture Network) ĵՁ Àʾս܁Ԧԓ ر०ʼ ںНνêࠗۙΒˣٮथÀݓशͿԐۙΒॢڅܳۆĵই ьيࣀॠںѓѪۺࣀćقϿʝτۆ۹ΪࠗڹęÏ ʂԜࠗܕÀ֟ҙێʪεۚՁॠČ, Օܓݓࠗĵي३Ե ࣀॠۆѓॳęčέۆʽɰ. 3D ԐۙΒəٍۙŒَʂ ۋ .ɰॢ܁ԸںͿʂԜݓًڷۺێيʽ ʪεêࢹॠڌ३টڦںěۆԜتѺজۆŒَʂۆęݓࠗǴҙ ՁվʪқԵَٮԸѻॠČTOCںԜݓࠗۋşܵ˃ƍ ڿͿܳܳڹѓॳۆβϸٍۙŒَʂ˰قɰ. Ըॱٍĵ Œ ,ۺͿؒԵॡڷۺܛॠČ߯܁Ըںݓًۺࣀ३ ߯ں ɰە ܋Ϳ ؎Ͳڷѓॳę थॱॠó ǣࢍǣə ì ۆͳ Ը ں(ÒьʂԜ(Sweet spotۺͿ ߯ڷşъ ںՁ ۺَ ٍۙ ۆə ʂҙқۋ ,Rich and Ammerman, 2010). ) .ε սॱॢɰۼ ॠə܁ ۋ҃ںԐॢąॳڮѓॳęۆŒَʂəսؓࣷթŒَʂ ֙ۋۺěʹʽঞąٮÀ֟ێşʼəՕ܃Ϳڷۺъێ ĵʼڅԴق۾ěۺɰ. ݓĵНνەͿԦÁॣսڷəì ۻÀ֟ ,١ّ تࢹ ٮŔνČ ݓशս ,١ّ ۆߌνş ə ݓॠսۆࡾͿԐࣷۋИəυًۺʂशۆə˃Àݓ ۆδݓٖࠗॳ, ѓԐɠНݗфϭˣ˰ق३ फь, ࣷթۆ قə սؓࣷթۋ .ɰۋغࣀ०ۚ ۆցę ԐۙΒ ܃şʼəЛ܃ɰ. ÀۤϤ۹ۋėş١ّˣॢۆقͿ ѓڷۺٚࠑॠČŀŕںڿъۆǣࢍǣə۹ΪࠗęŒَ ڦںÀ֟ÒьێՕ ,ۋʽìęÏ֨܃قࡾͿ Ϳə, Fig. 11ۋɰ. υۋì ॢڦ০ԐԜॠşۼۺ қपεۆŒَ ʼəজॡНݗۓĵʼəսؓࣷթ֨ܳڅͿڷۺşॠ ३ज़ս ۆսؓࣷթ Œَʂ ڹ(ԐşѪ(Microseismicity əݓॠսەьԦʾս͆˰قʿۓڮقѺʂսࠗܳۋ ۺ ε҃܁ॢڦőϼॠş ں(Ձۤ(growthٮ(geometry) قй ইۤۋ .३սॱʽɰڦ০ࠄ˛, ԐԜ, ३Եॠşۼ Դə 4D Ձࣷ Ԑ, 3D VSP ѓѪ ф Time Lapse ɰ ॢڦ Œَʂε ԐԜॠş ۋCross-well ѓѪˣę Ï ڹ˞ۋ .ɰॢۦܕۋ˞Active Seismic Source ѓѪॢت ३Ձʽ߯ۆقşॠӼχ؉ɦ͆ݓݓߕˣۆŒَʂ ۙ ,ѓՁۋۆÁڦČ, ɳࠗ, ѓەŒَʂεԐԜॣսܛ ҝۆݓࠗٮ҃܁ۺݓݗॡۍۺҙÀڹÏٮŒَʂٍ ǣҼڷەۋ۾ɰəۤەսںصʪ҃܁ʂॢقŒݗՁ ʼəġĵٖڏۦই ,رەεÀݓČ܃Лۍۺę֨Âڌ ə҃ࣀυ҃܁ۍۺԸڍʂॢ߯قԴսؓࣷթŒَق Ϳҙࢢ ࠄ˛ʽɰ(Cipolla etڷěࠑ ۆࡾͿ ԐۙΒۋ al., 2010). ʂॢ Fig. 9. Key parameters to be evaluated for shale gas قԜؒ ٮܓĵ ۆ۹Ϊࠗ ॢڦ ۹Ϊࠗ Ձজε .(development (Sharma, 2012 ںНՁۆտԴə۹Ϊࠗ ڼݓČǣϸ, ɰرΘۋۋқԵ
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Table 3. Major parameters to be commercial in US (Sharma, 2012)
Major parameters Commercial guideline Gas-in-place (Bcf/mi2) 1 is BAD , 50 is good , 150 is better Gas Content (scf/Ton) 10 is BAD , 50 is typical , 200 is great Thermal Maturity (Ro) 0.7 to 2.5+ range , 1.2 typical Permeability greater than 100 nano darcies Porosity > 4% TOC > 2% (1-3% is typical , 5-15% is exceptional) Water Saturation < 45% Thick zone > 100ft Moderate Clay content < 40% Well bounded i.e. good Frac barriers Brittle Shale (Fracability) i.e. low Poisson’s & high YM
Fig. 10. Comparison of shale properties of known analogues (Sharma, 2012).
ۋɰ. ̚ॢ֨ϯࣶە١ّ֨࢈սںڙʼϸսۙڮҙ Ϳڙδսۙ˰ق॥ڌԐںНۆʂ͟ٮ܃١ّЛۆˣ ə؍ԴannulusÀٰѹॠóнदʼݓق܁ęֱۋɰ. ǣࡀەս˞ںܔ ۋČНܕڌۆս, ČȬʪڌɰϸߎٍÀ֟, սؓࣷթ ۆ܁ə, Ԧԓڍॹॢ ąڦ Àۤ ܼ ܃ঞąЛ ۍۺʂश ݓ ڌڼ ,ࠗێՕۆڦܳ əݓࠗսÀ֨߸ėەرʼڮ॥ ۺÀԜʂر܃ۆäǣ۹Ϊࠗؓͳە١ΪÀق܁Òьę սيʴॠۋͿڷɰδݓࠗۆڦܳ ,ʽݓࠗܕǨս ॠսÀҙرێۋफь܁À֟يॠۍşقˣ۾ͿǦ३ॢڷ څॹڦۺঞąॢ͠ۋ .ɰەйࠜսںࢀٖॳقWest ʪėśٮ߯ŖMarcellus ShaleǴPennsylvania ,܃֬ .ɰە ۺսεࠚঞąڌʼəڌԐق३սؓࣷթڦşۋǮČ, սؓ ՙεܶرێ ۋफь܁Դ À֟ق܁߸ę֨ ۆVirginia Osorb şցęÏۆ.ͿÒьॠäǣ, ABS Material Coڷ Ͳʪڍ ɰəە ࢈ սڷێ ںݓݕ ۆݕʪ ڹࣷթ ֨ ǰ ॠə ѓѪڌտঞԐ يজॠ܁ ʽ दսεڌԐ قԦԓ ۋ սؓٮԴ, ֨߸قɰ(Saya, 2010). ɰδࠑϸەşʼČ܃ Դ ɰɳćقɰ. Table 4ə Ճć ÁĶە ÒьʼČ ۋˣ ڷǣʂսࠗۋÀݓԜ܃ʽदսǣজॡߐÀڌԐقࣷթ
Ķݓĵ֨֟ࢰėॡধݓॢ Ԑ ф қΪ 405ܓ À֟ Òь ४֮şցێՕ
ԐۙΒߌνф՚Ձ३Ե, ɳࠗ, ؒԜőϼфŒ (3) ʪ थÀ şցَ ԜқԵ, ɳࠗфۙۺࠗԴфࣅڌڿԐۙΒ : ԐॢڦںŒَʂқԵ, ࠄՁфՁʪőϼٍ Βߌνф՚ՁқԵ, ؒԜқपфŒَʪथÀۙ .प॥ʽɰ ۋˣ ,(ࡾͿԐ(microseismicۋսؓࣷթथÀşց(υ (4) ((chemical tracer)ۙۺ߸ ۺFig. 11. Environmental challenges in shale gas development জॡ (Richter, 2012). ʪεė܁Òۻۆδࣷթʂ˰قغսؓࣷթۚ : ۋࡾͿ Ԑ şցۋυ ۋॠə şց܁Ϳ ߸ڷۺॡ يՅԴε Ժ࠘ॠ قə ݓԜ̚ ܁սݔ ۆŖۍ .Table 4. Regulation of each nation on the hydraulic fracturing ɰ ČŔĀęεɰ֨ەथÀॣսںݕॱۆRichter, 2012) սؓࣷթ) ĀٍۆÂ܁ъٖॢɰ. Ԧԓقæܓۻڏսؓࣷթ ʂॢԦԓ͟थÀεقěॠäǣÁࣷթĵÂں थÀॠə şցʪ يॠۓܳ εۙۺ߸ ۺ३ জॡڦ يॠۓΪε࣊ܛʼ϶, ĵÂѻͿɰδڌۺটь০ .ɰە थÀॣ ս ںՁ ۆÁ ĵ ڿࡾͿԐ(Micro Seismic) ۙΒ३Ե, ݓࠗۋυ (5) ͳ ३Ե ф Œَ Ձőϼ şց Œڌڿ Microseismic ,܁ͳѓॳĀڿܳۆݓࠗ : ʂϿɦࢢτфŒَ, şॠőϼ, ŒَʂՁَ ঝ ۆşց ۺݓًࠗॡ ॢڦ ںф ٍĀՁ қԵ ۤ .ĵʽɰڅ À҃ ʂҙ (6) Ԧԓս(flow-back water) ߌνşց ,϶ڷەԺϼॠČں؋܃ॠəőڌۺق܁սؓࣷթ ߔع ə֙ۋ ١βə̃ رʂॢ थÀ : սؓࣷթ şցę ʌҝ قॳٖ ۺঞą ۆսؓࣷթşѪ ۋ˞қ ĶÀ ߐ ॢتɰ رɵॠə ìę ʌҝܓ ߕεڮ ۆت ɰ(Richter, 2012). Ǧەս؎ںॴÀॠəìںÒьقۋ ěʹʽ ঞąşցٮߌνۆ١ّʽԦԓս ՁÌজ, ۤ ÀНͿ܁؋ۆͿəսؓࣷթşցڷʂҼѓ؋ॢڅܳ ڌটۦսͿڌԴԦԓսεࣷթقইۤڹɰ. ψۋ জۺߌν, ࠚঞąۦڙėфɰܼąԐ֨߸şց, սۙ ɰ֨ܳقʂսࠗۆͿəݓࠗǴҙ˺϶ڷەॠČ ںě֮ڹψقÒьфঞąěν, Ͽɦࢢτşցˣ܃ॡ Դ ɰ֨ ࣷթقԴ ݓࠗق܁ę ۋ .ॠşʪ ॢɰۓ .ɰە Čۋڐş ࢅşʪॠ϶, ŒَࠗڷێںйՃݓݕيÀ֟ ۹Ϊࠗ Ձজ ф ঞąę ÀьԦॠێԴ ԕट҆ ՕقԜۋ ॢڦ εۋ رьʼڮ ۋˣ ١ّ ݓॠս يࣀॠ ں .ɰە ʾ սأڅ ۋę Ïڼɰ ڹşց څܳ ěʹʽ .ĵʽɰڅ ʂҼÀ ۺşց ۆսߌν ԺҼ ˣ थÀ ф ѓݓşց ՁфқपDB ĵ߹ (7) ݓॠս ф ʂş١ّۺݓݗॡۆÀ֟ݓࠗێՕ (1) ߌνۦ ф ܃܁ ,қν ۆʽ НڌԐ قսؓࣷթ : ֟ۋࢢѮۋʂॢʚقÀ֟қݓێՕڅՃćܳۻ : ʪݓशսǣݓॠս١ّѓݓşցęथقٽşց ۺδݓݗॡ˰قݓࠗڅܳ ,϶ॠڅज़ۋĵ߹ ݓۆĵʼ϶, ԦԓʼəÀ֟څۋşցˣ܁۹ΪࠗՁ À, ߸ۆۋʂॢőϼфقՁęҝŒݗՁ ,थÀфѓݓşց ,܁δʂş١ّ߸˰قĵʽɰ. शѓڅ ۋʂॢ őϼ قԜěěć ۆٮۙۍ জ ڼՙغÒь, ݓъŒَфۚ܃ۓܳۺथÀşց ঞąࠚজ͟ܕʂॢқԵфҙقߕڮ ,ߕؒێՕ (2) .ĵʽɰڅ ۋTOC, Kerogen type , Vitrinite ъԐʪ қԵ ф ѓݓ ˣę ěʹ şցÒь : ,қԵ ڍʪڨ À֟ ԦՁێজսՙ Нݗ Ձқ, Օ À֟Òь४֮şցқΪфĀێĵՁݜőϼ, ͿŨۙΒ ՕۙۓҝŒݗՁфۆԜؒ ٮܓőϼʽ ݓࠗ ĵ ͠ڐॠɰ. ؉څज़ ۋ३Ե ˣ ۺėॡڮфԵۺݓݗॡۆÀ֟ێԴəՕقथÀşѪ ٍ҆ĵ͟ܕҙ֨ڙͿॢڷцںࠗԴфНՁ ,ԕट҃Č ںĵԐ२ę Ձڅ ۺşց ॢڦ ںĵʽɰ. ݜę Òьڅ ߕćজʪ ۆ
܃49ń܃3 սٖۋ · чʂݕ · ێԸл · ńտۋ · ֪ 406
Table 5. Core technologies for shale gas development
Technical Classification Core Technologies G Design and monitoring technologies for deep and extended reach drilling GDrilling and well path quality enhancement technologies such as RSS steering, lean profile drilling, minimizing bit wear, high performance motor development, etc. GStabilizing technologies such as reservoir pressure and mud controls for deep and extended Drilling and field reach drilling development GOperation curtailment technologies such as enhanced casing installation, sliding and walking rig, higher rig development GProcess optimization of field design, Development and operation technologies for multi-well production pad G Field test technologies such as fracturing efficiency evaluation, DFIT, fracture direction and formation stress analysis G Field application technologies for optimal selection and operation of fracturing fluid, Hydraulic fracturing chemicals and proppant and well completion G Well completion design and field operation technologies such as CT, wireline, casing, cleaning, RDV, BP, etc. GEnvironmental technologies regarding water treatment, soil and air contamination, noise and vibration controls, etc. G Fracture flow characterization and productivity evaluation with well test analysis, decline curve analysis, material balance analysis, etc. GEvaluation technologies of shale reservoir properties such as porosity, saturation, sorption and desorption characteristics and diffusion coefficient, etc. Reservoir engineering GReservoir modeling, characterization and analysis for the mixed shale and tight rock, natural and productivity fracture and hydraulic fracturing reservoir analysis G Reserve evaluation including OGIP, EUR and development and production planing and design technologies GReservoir management and IOR technologies such as enhancement of fracture conductivity, fracturing efficiency and productivity GGeological characterization and shale reservoir potential screening technologies and global distribution survey and classifications G Petrophysical, lithological, petrochemical characterization for shale reservoir property modeling with log and core analysis Reservoir G Structural modeling with seismic interpretation, attribute analysis for fault and fracture characterization and modeling, and stress and brittleness analysis modeling GFracture monitoring, characterizing and modeling with microseismic data and microseismic data interpretation G Geomechanical modeling and complex fracture modeling for the natural fracture and hydraulic fracture complex system
ĵʼə४֮şցڅۋѻÒьآͿĵқॠČ, Á қآ४ қۆآʴॳęÁқۺՃćۆͿěʹşցڷεşъۋ À֟ێՕ ,͠ڐқΪ, ʪॠٕɰ. ؉ۋÏٮTable 5ں ҆ ,Ϳڷε цۋ .ʪॠٕɰ֨ ںԐ, қԵܓ ںşց֮ څܳ ѻآĵʼə Á şցқڅ ३ڦ ں߸ݕ ۆغÒьԐ ںşցۍۺĵʼə४֮څقÀ֟ÒьێԴəՕقĵٍ Օ ,يşցę҄०ॠۆÒьڙࣀۙۻۆܕşںĀ, G ۹Ϊ Ճҙşցٰ܁ڮG սथ֨߸фः˚, G սؓࣷթф Ϳқڷۺ०ܛںşցڅĵʼəܳڅ३ڦںÀ֟Òьێ ȐÀݓşցۆėॡфԦԓՁथÀ, G ۹ΪࠗՁজ
Ķݓĵ֨֟ࢰėॡধݓॢ Ԑ ф қΪ 407ܓ À֟ Òь ४֮şցێՕ
Table 6. Classification of overall shale gas development technologies (*: special technologies for shale gas) Subsurface Environment 1.1 Geological Considerations with Reservoirs and Traps and Migration Concept Subsurface Mapping, Static Modeling Basin, Play and Prospect Analysis Geochemistry Analysis 1.2 Depositional Subsurface Facies Analysis Analysis 1. GEOLOGY Sequence Stratigraphy 1.3 Structural Structural Geology Geology and Global Plate Tectonics and Sedimentary Basins Tectonics *Major Faults and Natural Fractures Structures as a Fracture Barrier *Rock Variability, Maturity and Heterogeneity 1.4 Rock & Gas *Organic Matter and Kerogen Types, Vitrinite Reflectance Source Analysis *Hydrocarbon Generation and Shale Development Windows Analysis Survey Design Quality Control Multicomponent Seismic Applications 2.1 Seismic 3-D and 4-D Seismic Acquisition Gravity and Magnetics Cross Well Seismology Vertical Seismic Profiles Other Geophysical Techniques 2.2 Seismic Seismic Data Processing Processing Seismic Migration and Inversion Fault Interpretation 2. GEOPHYSICS Seismic Contouring 2.3 Seismic Velocity Interpretation and Depth Conversion Interpretation Hydrocarbon Indicators Amplitude Variation With Offset Seismic Stratigraphic Modeling *Build New Structure Map and Thickness Isopath Map of Shale *Identify 쩒-max and 쩒-min *Identify Markers in Shale, Facies and Zonal Continuity 2.4 Special Seismic *Identify Fracture Barriers Above, Below or Within Shale Activities for Shale *Seismic Attribute for Petro-Elastic Analysis *Stress and Brittleness Analysis from Seismic Attributes *Microseismic Acquisition, Processing and Analysis *Deeper and Longer Well Planning Drill String Components Decision Drilling Fluids and the Circulating System 3.1 Drilling *Directional, Horizontal and Multilateral Drilling Program Engineering Underbalanced Drilling Formation Damage : Causes, Prevention, and Remediation 3. DRILLING & Deep Drilling Operations COMPLETION Completion Program and Equipment 3.2 Well Site and *Multi Stage Cementing, Perforating and Valves Completion *Sand Control, Water Supply and Multi Wells Pad Design, etc. Logging Equipment and Procedures 3.3 Wireline & Well Logging Tools and Techniques Well Logging Wireline, CT and CTD Technologies Borehole Imaging and Interpretation
܃49ń܃3 սٖۋ · чʂݕ · ێԸл · ńտۋ · ֪ 408
Table 6. Classification of overall shale gas development technologies (*: special technologies for shale gas) (Countinued)
*Plan Horizontal Well with Trajectory Perpendicular to 쩒-max *Choosing Location Based on Fracture Barriers and Formation Stress, etc. 3.4 Horizontal Drilling *Rotary and Sliding Drilling and Completion *MWD, LWD and Geosteering *Horizontal Well Completion and Evaluation *Multistage Completion and Evaluation for Unconventional Reservoirs *Perforate Well, Pump in Test, DFIT Test and Analysis *Feasibility of Microseismic and Fracture to Stimulate Well *Presence of Natural Fractures and Joint Sets *Brittle vs Ductile Analysis 3.5 Hydraulic *Composition Variability in Shale Fracturing and *Breakdown and Containment Stimulation *Proppant Issues *Fluid Types and Fracture Patterns *Real Time Fracture Monitoring and Analysis *Treatment Design, Effectiveness and other Considerations Sampling and Analysis of Reservoir Fluid and Cuttings Routine Core Analysis and SCAL *Development of Shale Gas Analysis Tools and Methods 4.1 Rock and Fluid Coring Issues and Isotopic Analysis Sampling and Analysis *Measuring Gas Storage in Shale, Other Measurement Technology *Porosity plus Adsorption, Adsorption Isotherm Recovery Factor Mud Logging & Log Interpretation *Possibility of Special Well Testing, Drillstem Testing for Shale Reservoir 4.2 Reservoir Static & Dynamic Analysis & Modeling with Log, Seismic, etc. Characterization *Type Curve Development for Shale Reservoir 4. RESERVOIR *Correlations for Shale ENGINEERING Integrated Reservoir Characterization and Modeling 4.3 Reserves Evaluation *Decline Curve, Rate Transient Analysis and Diagnostic & Production Forecast Risk Analysis Applied to Petroleum Investments Economics and Make a Development Plan *Gas Storage Capacity and Desorption Process for Shale *Shale Permeability Relationships, Flow Mechanisms 4.4 Evaluation & Flow *Water Saturation Analysis in Shale Analysis for Shale *Advanced Pressure Transient Analysis for Unconventional Reservoir *Volumetric Shale Gas in Place *Modeling and Analysis of Fluid Flow in Shale rock and Fracture Network Fluid Flow and the Production System 5.1 Production Artificial Lift Methods Performance Analysis Production Performance Evaluation Performance Analysis, Prediction and Optimization, Using NODAL Analysis Wellheads, Flow Control Equipment and Flowlines 5.2 Production Equipment Wireline Production Operations and Operations Fluid Separation and Treatment 5. PRODUCTION Intelligent Completions ENGINEERING ESP, PCP and Bottomhole Heater Installation 5.3 Production Oil, Gas and Water Production Systems and Equipment Facilities Design Utility Systems and Equipment Production Facilities and Structural Design *Well Workover, Refracturing and Well Design Evolution 5.4 Well, Environment *Water Supply, Disposal and Management for Shale Gas and Other Issues *Soil, Air and Water Containment and Treatment *Safety, Radioactive Particles and other Environmental Concerns
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.νॠٕɰ(Table 6). of Unconventional Gas Reservoirs,” SPE 138148, pp. 1-8܁ ,Ϊ ь Dicker, A. and Smits, R., 1988, “A Practical Approach for ۆغÀ֟ Òь ԓێԴə ՕقͿ, ҆ ٍĵڷۺĀ ݜęқΪߕćε Determining Permeability From Laboratory Pressure-Pulseۆ३ěʹşցڦںսॱۆغęԐۻ Decay Measurements,” SPE 17587, pp. 285-292. ܳںړॠəʚʪ܁Ըں͜ęѓॳۻ ۆ३ॠČ, й͒ۋ Dudenas, P., 2011, “Evaluating and Developing Shale Resources,” ʪॠČşيқԵॠںĵʼə४֮şցڅۋČۙÒь Petroskills, pp. 1-132. À֟ÒьşێՕۍۺ०ܛيÒьşցęѿ०ॠڙۙܕ EIA, 2011, Review of Emerging Resources: U.S. Shale Gas .and Shale Oil Plays, US DOE ڏॠČۙ ֨ʪॠٕɰ. ॳ, ԞͿ֨܃ қΪߕćε ۆց ”,?ٚþ Granberg, A., 2012, “What Is Hydraulic FracturingۋˣۤۆşցڏԞͿॢتɰ͆˰قÒьۆşց /ͿԦÁ ProPublica on the Web., http://www.propublica.org/specialڷĵʾìڅşցߕćÀڏδԞͿ˰قۋ ,ʼČ .НՁқԵ hydraulic-fracturing-nationalॢتɰۆÀ֟۹ΪࠗێͿəՕڷۺʼǣ, ŀŕ սथ֨߸/սؓࣷթԺ IEA, 2011, World Energy Outlook, International Energyۆۺεࣀॢ߯ۋęՁőϼф .Òь/Ԧ Agency, IEA, pp. 1-131 ۍۺČ ࠚঞąۋۺ܃ĵইॠČ, ą ںÒь ٮć Lovett, D., Hernández, R., Chandarjit, L. and Sullivan, P., ڷìںػۋѺ॥ڹےЀशۺşցۋɵՁॠəìںԓ 2011, “Advanced Electromagnetic Mwd Telemetry and Ϳ ԦÁʽɰ. Pdm Systems ImproveE Drilling Perormance in a California Geothermal Well,” Proceedings of Thirty-Sixth ԐԐ Workshop on Geothermal Reservoir Engineering, Stanford, California, January 31 - February 2, SGP-TR-191. ߎşցÒь Mahdi, E., 2012, “Workflow for Appraising Shale Gasڙ०ڵڙۙ,ȃݓقҙ܃ĵə, ݓ֩ąٍ҆ ,Plays in Algeria,” Shale Gas Workshop, Oran, Algeria ܃ԦԓथÀşց Òь” ę ۻф ࠘нÀ֟ ێՕ“ ۆغԐ .Ç February 27-28 قۋ ,϶ڷы؉ սॱॠٕڙ2011201030001B)Ϳ ݓ) Ԑ˚ςɦɰ. Novlesky, A., Kumar, A. and Merkle, S., 2011, “Shale Gas Modelling Workflow : from Microseismic to Simulation ČЛॶ - Horn River Case Study,” SPE 14810, pp. 1-24. Oraby, M., 2012, “Shale Gas Opportunities and Challenges in MENA,” Shale Gas Workshop, Oran, Algeria, February ଵ়ٽճ୍ก, 2007, “ࢠ֝ഔॷਆசඑൈ૾ਆंଭࢭ 27-28. .ԧਆਏਆഗ,” ֝֜ਏਆഗվฎ, ୪44֫5, pp Rich, J.P. and Ammerman, M., 2010, “Unconventional 455-473. Geophysics for Unconventional Plays,” Unconventional ਐ, จՏ, ෮, ଲ෮জ, ଲ۩ন, 2011, “ࠬ࠙ভ߇ Gas Conference, SPE 131779, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, ਆ়ଵଭாୡࢫ়ଵԧਆԹࢳୢ߃,” ֝ USA, February 23-25. .֜ਏਆഗվฎ, ୪48֫ 3, pp. 371-382 Richter, P., 2012, “Shale Gas Development Environmental Andrews, A., Folger, P., Humphries, M., Copeland, C., Considerations,” Shale Gas Workshop, Oran, Algeria, Tiemann, M., Meltz, R. and Brougher, C., 2009, “Uncon- February 27-28. ventional Gas Shales : Development, Technology, and Sumi, L., 2008, Shale Gas : Focus on the Marcellus Shale, Policy Issues,” Congressional Research Service, pp. 1-53. Oil & Gas Accountability Project. Berman, E., 2010, “What New Tools Do Geoscientists Saya, M., 2010, “Addressing the Environmental Risks from Need in the Next Decade? A return to basics,” AAPG Shale Gas Development,” Shale Gas Workshop, Oran, International Conference & Exhibition, Calgary, Canada, Algeria, February 27-28. September 14. Sharma, A., 2012, “Overview of Shale Gas Technology� Cipolla, C.L., Williams, M.J., Weng, X., Mack, M. and How to Make a Shale Gas Prospect Productive,” Shale Maxwell, S., 2010, “Hydraulic Fracture Monitoring to Gas Workshop, Oran, Algeria, February 27-28. Reservoir Simulation : Maximizing Value,” SPE 133877, Siebrits, E., Elbel, J., Hoover, R., Diyashev, I. R., Griffin, pp. 1-26. L.G., Demetrius, S.L. and Wright, C.A., 2000, “Refracture Cui, X., Bustin, R.M., Brezovski, R., Nassichuk, B., Glover, Reorientation Enhances Gas Production in Barnett Shale K. and Pathi, V., 2010, “A New Method to Simultane- Tight Gas Wells,” SPE 63030, pp. 1-7. ously Measure In-Situ Permeability and Porosity Under Smith, M., 2012, Hydraulic Fracturing - A Concise Reservoir Conditions : Implications for Characterization Overview, SPE Training Series.
܃49ń܃3 սٖۋ · чʂݕ · ێԸл · ńտۋ · ֪ 410
ఢผ ଲটࢢ
ȃݓۙق 2011ț ʴ؉ʂॡİ ėęʂॡ ۤآÒьқڙۙ şցٍĵՅࢢڙۙ ڙĶÀ֟ėԐ ٍĵÒьॢ ۦই ėॡę ėॡԐڙ (欧G 彳櫾躇G 缧49嘳G 缧2埲G 垾畢)
০ଵ֫
İսܓ ėॡęڙȃݓۙق ʴ؉ʂॡİ ėęʂॡ ۦই ܁ėॡę ԵԐęڙȃݓۙق ʴ؉ʂॡİ ۦ欧G 彳櫾躇G 缧49嘳G 缧1埲G 垾畢) ই) (E-mail; [email protected])
ଲઽ ࢮ۩ ڙĵٍےşցٍĵÒьࣳ ԸۻÀ֟ ڙĶÀ֟ėԐ ٍĵÒьॢ ۦই 欧G 彳櫾躇G 缧48嘳G 缧5埲G 垾畢) 1992ț ٍՃʂॡİ ėęʂॡ জॡėॡ) ę ėॡԐ 1995ț ٍՃʂॡİ ėęʂॡ জॡėॡ ę ėॡԵԐ
ڙĵٍےşցٍĵՅࢢ ڙۙ ڙĶÀ֟ėԐ ٍĵÒьॢ ۦই (E-mail; [email protected])
Ķݓĵ֨֟ࢰėॡধݓॢ