Document of RETURN TO
The World Bank REPCTc2'
FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY ONE WE-EK Public Disclosure Authorized
Report No. 2135-MLI
j.,ALTL
Public Disclosure Authorized OFFICE DU NIGER
IDENTIFICATION REPORT Public Disclosure Authorized June 30, 1978 Public Disclosure Authorized
Agriculture Projects Department West Africa Regional Office
This document has a restricted distribution and may be used by recipients only in the perforzance of their official duties. Its contents may not otherwise be disclosed with*ut W*VorldBank authorization. CURRENCY EQUIVALENTS
Currency Unit - Mali Franc (MF) US$1 - MF 490 MF I - US$0.0020408 MF I million - US$2,041
WEIGHTS AND MEASURES
1 hectare (ha) 2.47 acres I metric ton (t) 2.205 lbs
FISCAL YEAR
Government January 1 - December 31 Office du Niger January 1 - December 31
ABBREVIATIONS
ADF African Development Fund (of the African Development Bank) BAE Bureau d'Affaires Economiques (of the Office du Niger) BEG Bureau d'Etudes Generales (of the Office du Niger) CILSS Comite Inter-Etat de Lutte contre la Secheresse au Sahel DNAFLA Direction Nationale de l'AlphabetisationFonctionnelle et de la Linguistique Appliquee EDF European Development Fund EIB European Investment Bank GERDAT Groupement d'Etudes et de Recherches par le Developpement de l'AgronomieTropicale IDA InternationalDevelopment Association (of the World Bank) IER Institut de l'Economie Rurale ILCA InternationalLivestock Research Center for Africa IRAT Institut de Recherches Agronomiques Tropicales et des Produits Vivriers IRCT Institut de Recherches du Coton et des Textiles Exotiques OPAM Office des Produits Agricoles du Mali ORM Operation Riz Mopti ORS Operation Riz Segou SCAER Societe de Credit Agricole et d'EquipementRural SEMA Societe d'Etudes et de MathematiqueAppliquee SOMBEPEC Societe Malienne du Betail, des Peaux et des Cuirs SOMIEX Societe Malienne d'Importationet d'Exportation ST Service des Travaux (of the Office du Niger) USAID United States Agency for InternationalDevelopment WARDA West Africa Rice Development Association ZAF Zone d'AplhabetisationFonctionnelle FOR OFFXIALUSE ONLI
MALI
OFFICE DU NIGER - IDENTIFICATION REPORT
Page No.
SUI4MARYAND CONCLUSIONS ...... i-vi
I. INTRODUCTION ...... 1
II. BACKGROUND ...... I
A. General ... 1...... B. The Rural Sector ...... ;...... 2 1. Major Institutions in Agriculture ...... 2 2. Production Base ...... 4 3. Recent Trends in Crop Production ...... 5 4. Development Potential and Objectives ...... 7 5. Conclusion ...... 9
III. THE OFFICE DU NIGER ...... 9
A. Summary Description ...... 9 B. Recent Developments ...... 11 C. Development Objectives ...... * ...... 12
IV. DEVELOPMENT CONSTRAINTS AND PRIORITIES ...... 13
A. Development Constraints ...... 13 1. Irrigation Infrastructure ...... 13 2. Farm Structure ...... 15 3. Agro-Industrial Activities ...... 17 4. Management and Organization ...... 18'o B. Development Priorities ...... * ...... 19
V. A REHABILITATION PROGRAM ...... 20
A. Description of the Rehabilitation Program ...... 20 B. Expected Impact on Production, Markets, Employment, and Incomes ...... 22 1. Production .. *...... 22 2. Markets ...... * ...... 22 3. Employment ...... 23 4. Income of Settlers ...... 23 C. Financial Implications ...... 24 1. Office du Niger ...... 24 2. Government ...... 25 D. Economic Justification ...... 26 E. Conclusion ...... 27
This documentha a rettricteddistribution and maybe used by recipientsonly in th pe -rac of theiroMcial duties Its contentsmay not otherwisebe disclosedwithout World D n uo . -2-
Page No.
VI. PROPOSAL FOR A TECHNICAL ASSISTANCE/ENGINEERING PROJECT ... 28
A. Summary Description ...... 28 B. Detailed Features ...... 29 1. Technical Assistance ...... 29 2. Civil Works Equipment and Operating Cost ...... 30 3. Agricultural Research and Trial Programs ...... 31 4. Other Items ...... 32 C. Cost and Financing ...... 32 D. Benefits and Risks of the Project ...... 33
VII. SUGGESTIONS FOR OTHER PROJECTS AND STUDIES ...... 34
VIII. NEXT STEPS ...... 38
ANNEXES
1. The Office du Niger and Its Settler Population ...... 40 2. Irrigation Infrastructures ...... 84 3. Agricultural Production ...... 115 4. The Rehabilitation Program ...... 167 5. The Technical Assistance/Engineering Project ...... 187 6. Summary of the 1977/78 Campaign ...... 202 7. Documents Used ...... 206 - 3 -
LIST OF TABLES
ANNEX 1
Table 1: Staff (Permanent Employees) of the Office du Niger, by Service and Qualification,July 1976 Table 2: Staff (PermanentEmployees) of the Office du Niger, by Service and Location, July 1976 Table 3: Official Price Schedule for Rice Table 4: Provisional Trading Accounts Table 5: Source and Disposition of Funds - Provisional Statement Table 6: Expenditure of a Capital Nature Table 7: Population of the Office du Niger, June 1, 1977 Table 8: Settler Families by Length of Stay and by Sector, 1935/36-1975/76 Table 9: Distributionof Size of Holdings in the Office du Niger, by Sector, 1975/76 Table 10: Farm Units by Number of Oxen Owned, and by Sector, 1977 Table 11: Farm Units by Number of Ploughs Owned and by Sector, 1977 Table 12: Farm Units by Number of Harrows Owned, and by Sector, 1977 Table 13: Farm Units by Number of Carts Owned, and by Sector, 1977 Table 14: Cross Tabulation of Number of Oxen and Number of Ploughs per Farm Unit, 1977 Table 15: Draught-Oxen and Basic Equipment per ha Cultivated, by Sector, 1976 Table 16: Development of Equipment Ratios and of Yields, 1971/72-1976/77 Table 17: Correlationbetween Density of Equipment and Yields, 1976/77 Table 18: Animals Kept by Settlers on the Farm, by Sector, 1976 Table 19: Underequipped Settler Families, by Sector, 1976 Table 20: Terminationsat the Office du Niger 1975/76 and 1976/77, by Sector and Cause of Termination Table 21: Admission Requests and Admission of Settlers, 1975/76- 1977/78 Table 22: Paddy Deliveries, Cash Income, and Total Income from Rice Cultivation,by Sector, Family and Inhabitant, 1976/77 Table 23: Structure of Farmers' Charges, 1976/77 (FM Million) Table 24: Development of Settlers' Indebtedness 1971/72-1976/77, by Sectors (FM Million) Table 25: School Attendance and Literacy Among Settler Population by Sector (1977) -4-
ANNEX 2
Table 1: Area Developed and Cropped (1977) Table 2: Discharges at Markala Barrage before and after the Constructionof the Selingue Dim Table 3a: Water Demand-SupplyBalance (m /seS) - Present Situation - Table 3b: Water Demand and Supply Balance (m /Iec) - Short Term Prospects Table 3c: Estimated Gross Irrigation Demand (m /sec) - Present Situation (1978) and Short Term Future (until about 1988) Table 4: Existing Irrigation Area and Possible Medium Term Extension
ANNEX 3
Table 1: Monthly Rainfall - Kogoni Table 2: ClimatologicalData Table 3: Agricultural Calendar Table 4: Developed and CultivatedAreas, by Crop, 1934/35-1977/78 Table 5: Developed and Cultivated Areas, by Sectors, 1977/78 (ha) Table 6: Marketed Production and Estimates of Total Production of Paddy, 1968/69-1976/77 Table 7: Yields per Unit of Production, 1974/75 Table 8: Areas Under Rice Cultivation by Yield Categories (1977) and Sectors Table 9: Development of Fertilizer Use, by Sector, 1975/76-1977/78 Table 10: Paddy Varieties Cultivated in the Office du Niger, 1975/76 Table 11: Rice Mills Operating at the Office du Niger in 1977/78 Table 12: Rice Milling Results 1974/75 and 1975/76 (in %) Table 13: Paddy Storage Capacity and Expected Storage Needs at a Marketing Volume of 72,000 t Table 14: Varieties of Paddy Available at Kogoni Research Station Table 15: Labor and Equipment Input her Ha at the Office du Niger Table 16: Details of Cost of Oxen and Equipment Use per ha Table 17: Farm Budget for Rice Farmers at the Office du Niger, 1976/77 Table 18: Dougabougou and Siribala Sugar Factories (1976/77) Table 19: Development of Sugar Production in Dougabougou and Siribala, 1965/66-1976/77 Table 20: Rations Fed in Office du Niger Feedlots Table 21: Cost of Cattle Fattening According to Office du Niger (1976) Table 22: Prices Prevailing at Niono Cattle Market, December 12; 1977 Table 23: Draught-Oxen and Animal Feed Purchased by Sector, 1976/77 Table 24: Evolution of Seed Cotton Production from 1937 to 1970 Table 25: Cotton Yields on Levelled and Unlevelled Land, by Sector, 1963/64 Table 26: Characteristicsof Best Cotton Varieties Available at Kogoni Table 27: Cotton Farmer's Budget, 1965 and 1977 (per ha) Table 28: Cotton Production in the Niono Sector, by Village, 1963/64 -5-
ANNEX 4
Table 1: RehabilitationProgram: Summary of Estimated Investment and Indicative ImplementationSchedule Table 2: Projection of Paddy Production in the Improved Perimeters of the Canal du Sahel System with and without the Rehabili- tation Project (lst and 2nd Phase) Table 3: Projection of Domestic Paddy Demand and Supply in Mali with and without the RehabilitationProject Table 4: Recommended Equipment Density at Stage 4 and Cost per ha of Oxen and Equipment Use Table 5: Labor and Equipment Input with the Project (Stage 4) and without the Project (Stages 2 and 3) Table 6: Farm Budget for Rice Farmers at the Office du Niger, with the Project (per ha) Table 7: Comparison of Family Revenue and Returns per Man-Day with and without the Project, for Varying Farm Sizes Table 8: Average and Marginal Returns per Man-Day with and without the Project Table 9: Import SubstitutionPrice of Paddy (in constant 1977 prices; for 1980-85 horizon) at the Office du Niger Table 10: Economic Cost of Farm Inputs with and without the Project Table 11: Allocation of RehabilitationCosts Table 12: Estimated Benefits and Costs, and Economic Rate of Return of the RehabilitationProgram -6-
LIST OF CHARTS
Annex 1, Chart I : Organization Chart
Annex 1, Chart II : Development of Settler Population, 1933/34 - 1977/78
Annex 3, Chart I : Developed Area, Cultivated Area (by Crop), and Paddy Marketed per Ha, 1934/35 - 1976/77 - All Sectors
Annex 3, Chart II : " - Kolongo Sector
Annex 3, Chart III : " - Niono Sector
Annex 3, Chart IV " - Molodo Sector
Annex 3, Chart V - Kourouma Sector
LIST OF MAPS
Map I Project Area Location
Map II Irrigation Scheme
N.B. For technical reasons, all accent signs on French names had to be omitted in the English edition. MALI
OFFICE DU NIGER - IDENTIFICATIONREPORT
Summary and Conclusions
Background
(i) At the request of the Government of Mali, an identificationmission of the World Bank visited Mali in November/December,1977, to explore the scope for financial and technical assistance to the Office du Niger. This report is based on the mission's findings, which were discussed with Malian authorities in May 1978.
(ii) Mali is a land-locked country in the Sahelian zone of West Africa with a population of 6 million and a per capita income of just under US$100. The Malian economy is dependent on crop production (cotton, groundnuts, cereals) and animal husbandry; it suffered severely from the droughts of the early 'seventies. Crop production recovered satisfactoryin the years 1974-1977 but the most recent harvest of 1977/78 was again affected by local droughts and low flood levels in the Niger river system. Having been a net exporter of moderate amounts of cereals in the post-droughtyears, Mali has to rely again on substantialcereals imports in 1978. This illustrates the extreme volatility of agriculturalproduction, which mainly consists of rainfed agriculture and rice production under uncontrolledand controlled flooding. The experiences of the last decade have underlined the strategic importance of the Office du Niger, the only major irrigation scheme designed to ensure full water control and capable of protecting food production against climatic disturbances.
The Office du Niger
(iii) The Office du Niger, created in 1932, is a large irrigation scheme off the Niger river near Segou, producing mainly paddy (90,000 tons) and sugar (17,000 tons). Cotton production,which was the main reason for its creation, was phased out in 1970. Infrastructuresconsist of a barrage at Markala on the Niger river which raises the water level by 5.50 m; a feeder (or headreach) canal of 8 km; two main irrigation canals (Canal du Sahel and Canal de Macina) and a network of primary, secondary, and terminal canals some 6,000 km in length and serving 57,000 ha of irrigable land, of which 43,000 ha are presently under cultivation. The Office du Niger is a state enterprise with 2,850 permanent employees. It obtains its revenue from levies paid by the 4,500 settler families and from the sale of sugar and rice to state trading enterprises. The Office du Niger has, in recent years, been able to cover its recurrent expenditure including equipment renewal and some maintenance on the infrastructure;maintenance is well below required standards, however.
(iv) Settlers occupy holdings of 8.5 ha on average (with a considerable spread in the size of holdings); ox-drawn cultivation is the general practice. Cultivation techniques are of the semi-extensivetype with broad-cast sowing, - ii - little weeding, and applicationof modest amounts of fertilizer. The develop- ment levy is 400 kg of paddy per ha. Average income from rice cultivationwas close to US$900 per family or US$80 per capita in 1976/77; including other income from rainfed agriculture and animal husbandry, per capita income was about US$105.
(v) The Office du Niger had reached a low in its development in the late 'sixties. Unattractive producer prices, technical problems in cotton cultiva- tion and heavy reliance on direct farming by the Office du Niger were the main reasons. Since that time, the Office du Niger has made a spectacular come-back, increasing the settler production from 30,000 to 51,000 and paddy production from less than 40,000 tons to 90,000 tons. This represents 40% of domestic production, and the marketed volume of 65,000 tons of paddy is approximately two thirds of the quantity marketed through official channels. Except for Chinese financial and technical aid for the constructionof the two sugar factories, the Office du Niger has achieved this without external assistance. However, yields of presently 2.25 t/ha on average are still very low for a project designed to ensure full water control.
(vi) For the current Five Year Plan (1974-78), the Office du Niger had planned to rehabilitate the entire irrigation infrastructures;to build a new canal (Canal de Costes) opening up a new area for rice and sugar produc- tion; expand areas under rice and sugar-cane by 6,000 ha and 3,000 ha, respectively; to start fodder plant production on 1,000 ha; and to resume cotton cultivation,under improved conditions,on 4,000 ha. Except for the sugar project, none of these objectives could be realized until the end of 1977, but the Office du Niger has started work on the Canal de Costes in April 1978.
Development Constraints and Priorities
(vii) Major constraints on the further development of the Office du Niger are:
- deteriorated irrigation infrastructureand consequent lack of operational elasticity of the system;
- insufficientlevelling of rice-fields;
- drainage problems resulting both from inadequate design and poor maintenance;
- excessive size of farm holdings;
- underequipmentof part of the settler production;
- weak participationof settlers in decision-making and operations;
- limited rice-millingand storage capacity; - iii -
labor bottlenecks in sugar-caneharvesting;
- shortage of engineering capacity; and
- lack of commercial and economic skills, and of managerial and planning tools in general.
(viii) Rehabilitationof irrigation infrastructuresand of rice-fields has been identified as the first priority:
- because rehabilitationof several canals, dikes and structures must be undertaken soon if major break-downs in the system are to be avoided;
- because Government attaches high priority to increasing rice production, and the essential preconditionfor achieving a breakthrough in yields is the improvement of on-farm development.
This mission recommends, therefore, that rehabilitationof infrastructures and intensificationof rice production should be given priority for a period of not less than 5-8 years and that plans calling for major expansions in irrigable area should be postponed until a certain consolidationis achieved. This opinion is shared by Government and Office du Niger authorities. It would be prudent, however, to prepare the ground for future expansion and crop diversificationefforts as soon as possible.
(ix) Since the People's Republic of China has agreed to finance the reparation of the Markala barrage, the realignment and repair of the headreach canal, and rehabilitationof primary and secondary canals and drains in the areas commanded by the Canal de Macina, the mission recommends that IDA help prepare a rehabilitationprogram covering the remainder of the Office du Niger, i.e. the entire system and area commanded by the Canal du Sahel (covering 75% of the developed irrigable area).
A RehabilitationProgram
(x) Since the rehabilitationworks outlined below cannot be carried out within a Bank project period of 4-6 years, the term Program is used to designate the whole of these works, which would be executed in two project periods. The Program would consist of:
- Rehabilitationand strengtheningof irrigation infra- structures (i.e. dikes, canals, drains, structures, service roads);
- levelling of some 31,700 ha of rice-fields and reclamation of 5,700 ha of abandoned fields;
- technical assistance to strengthen administrative, agri- cultural and technical services of the Office du Niger (including training programs wherever necessary); - iv -
procurement of appropriatemaintenance equipment;
- preparation of a Master Plan for long term expansion and crop diversificationat the Office du Niger;
- support for agricultural research and trial programs preparing crop diversificationprograms; and
- support for adult literacy campaigns and community development programs, designed to strengthen participa- tion of the settler population.
This report deals mainly with the civil works components,which would absorb about 90% of total costs. Assuming that civil works will be carried out by force account, total cost is estimated at US$43 million (net of tax) in prices of early 1977. This estimate includes 25% physical contingencies, which signal the preliminary nature of these estimates.
(xi) The RehabilitationProgram would raise no issue of international water rights since the works would lead to an economy of water rather than to additional water consumption.
(xii) With anticipatedyields of 3.6 t/ha after rehabilitation,the Program would lead to an increase in paddy production of 58,000 tons over 12 years; 50,000 tons would be marketed, which means an increase of 80% over presently marketed quantities. This increase in production would extend self-sufficiencyin rice until the mid-'eighties and leave even a small theo- retical surplus as a safeguard against the effects of droughts on production in other areas of the country. Reclamation of 5,700 ha of abandoned land and a proposed reduction in the average size of holdings from 8.5 ha to 6.5 would permit to settle an additional 2,000 families. Family incomes from rice cultivationwould rise from FM 320-570,000 (US$650-1,150)at present to FM 480-700,000 (US$1,000-1,400)after rehabilitation.
(xiii) The development levy paid by settlers would be raised from 400 kg to 600 kg of paddy per ha. This would provide incremental income to the Office du Niger which, together with incremental revenue from increased rice sales, would be sufficient to pay for the maintenance of infrastructures according to accepted standards.
(xiv) It is assumed that an IDA credit for this productive investment would be passed on by Government to the Office du Niger at terms reflecting the opportunity cost of capital. The Office du Niger's debt servicing capa- city, however, is a function of the Government-determinedrice price: If Government keeps rice and paddy prices at levels corresponding to anticipated import substitutionprices, the Office du Niger would have ample financial capacity to service a rehabilitationcredit, even on commercial terms. If, on the other hand, Government keeps producer prices low for the benefit of urban consumers, it will save substantialbudgetary resources on subsidies for rice imports substitutedby the RehabilitationProgram, but cannot expect the Office du Niger to service a credit, even on concessional terms. -v -
(xv) The expected economic rate of return of the Program would be 14% under systematicallyconservative assumptions. The analysis serves mainly to demonstrate that even under such assumptions the Program is justified in economic terms, and to indicate the upper limits which rehabilitation expenditure per ha ought not to exceed. The main limitation of the analysis is the approximate nature of rehabilitation costs, which is due to the fact that few of the plans and designs required for the efficient implementation of the Rehabilitation Program exist at this moment. This has induced the mission to recommend a Technical Assistance/Engineering Project, which would precede the execution of the Rehabilitation Program outlined above.
The Technical Assistance/EngineeringProject
(xvi) The Technical Assistance/Engineering Project would serve to strengthen key services of the Office du Niger, to help prepare the plans and documents required for appraisal and execution of the Rehabilitation Program, test the most cost-effective methods for carrying out these works, in parti- cular the land-levelling program, and lay the basis for agricultural research efforts to be continued during the Rehabilitation Program. Main project components would be:
- technical assistance for the Office of the Director General, the Bureau of Technical Studies, and the Works Department;
- civil works equipment to carry out urgent repairs on irrigation infrastructures and to implement a pilot program of land levelling;
- support for agricultural research and trial programs;
- a socio-economic study of the settler production; an aerial photographic survey of the area; miscellaneous equipment and instruments; study travel for Office du Niger engineers; and an audit by internationallyrecog- nized auditors.
Total technical assistance would amount to 156 man-months. Total cost net of tax would be US$4.6 million, of which US$4.0 would be financed by an IDA credit on standard terms and the remainder by Government and the Office du Niger. The IDA credit would be passed on by Government to the Office du Niger, and to the research institutes concerned, as a grant. Appointment of three additional Malian engineers to the Bureau of Technical Studies of the Office du Niger would be a condition of negotiating the Credit. The project would start in late 1978 and extend over 3 years. Appraisal of a first Rehabilitation Project could take place after the second year of the Technical Assistance/Engineering Project if preparation works proceed as scheduled. - vi -
(xvii) The Technical Assistance/EngineeringProject would increase the managerial and technical capacity of the Office du Niger and would enable it to execute the RehabilitationProgram with the necessary cost-effectiveness. For IDA, the Project would provide the occasion to observe and test the Office du Niger's performance in various fields, assess further assistance and training requirements, and decide whether and when a Rehabilitation Project can be appraised. The Technical Assistance/EngineeringProject may also encourage other sources of external assistance to eventually co-finance a RehabilitationProject and to assist other priority projects of the Office du Niger not covered by the Technical Assistance/EngineeringProject (para. xix below).
(xviii) The main risks of the Project are whether suitable consulting firms can be found to carry out this demanding technical assistance assignment and whether the Office du Niger, after 15 years of unassisted operation, will be able and willing to make good use of the technical assistance provided. The latter risk will be much reduced if the consultants are of the required high calibre; the Bank would help the Office du Niger to define terms of reference.
Other Projects and Studies
(xix) Since this identificationreport will be submitted for discussion in the Working Group on Irrigation of the Comite Inter-Etat de Lutte contre la Secheresse au Sahel (CILSS), the mission has listed a niumberof suggestions for other projects that need to be prepared, and studies that need to be undertaken.
Next Steps
(xx) The President's Report and the Credit Agreement for the proposed Technical Assistance/EngineeringProject are under preparation. Negotiations are scheduled for August 1978 and Board presentation is planned for early September. The Working Group on Irrigation of the CILSS will discuss this report in Dakar on September 19-22, 1978. MALI
OFFICE DU NIGER - IDENTIFICATION REPORT
I. Introduction
1.01 On March 25, 1977, the President of Mali requested the Bank Group's financial and technical assistance for the further development of the Office du Niger, the country's largest irrigation scheme. In his reply, of April 18, 1977, Mr. McNamara expressed the Bank Group's willingness to explore the scope for assistance. A reconnaissancemission made a first brief contact in May 1977 and prepared the way for an identificationmission, which was scheduled for November, the optimal time for seeing the irrigation system in operation, and the crops in the field. The identificationmission, consisting of Messrs. R. Gusten, C. des Bouvrie, D. Notley, R. O'Sullivan, E. Sinodinos (all of IDA) and D. Aw, H. Boumendil, C. de Caso, and M. Dubois de la Sabloniere (Consult- ants), visited Mali from November 21 to December 9, 1977. This report is based on the mission's findings.
1.02 A draft report dated March 7, 1978, was discussed with Malian authorities in late May 1978. The report has been revised and amended in several points to reflect the observationsmade by Government and the Office du Niger.
1.03 The Government of Mali has agreed to submit the identification report to the Working Group on Irrigation of the Comite Inter-Etat de Lutte contre la Secheresse au Sahel (CILSS),which comprises the Sahel countries and major sources of foreign assistance. For the attention of this group, a short chapter has been added listing other projects related to the Office du Niger which, in the mission's view, need to be examined and implemented in the near future. Ample background material has been provided in Annexes 1-3.
II. Background
A. General
2.01 Mali i5 a land-locked country in the Sahelian zone of West Africa (1.24 million km ); more than half the territory is located in the semi-arid Sahel or in the Sahara. The population of 6.25 million (1977 census) has a per capita income of just under US$100. About 90 percent of the population are employed in the primary sector. Cotton and groundnuts are the main cash and export crops. Main food crops are millet and sorghum (close to 1 million tons in years of satisfactory rainfall) and paddy (about 250,000 tons in recent years). Cattle was an important source of foreign exchange until the drought of the early 'seventies;herds have not yet fully recovered from the heavy losses during the drought years. -2-
2.02 Real growth of GDP averaged 3.7 percent annually in the four pre- drought years 1969-1972. As a consequence of the drought, GDP fell in 1973 and stagnated in 1974 but production recovered in the following two years; for the period 1973-1976which covers the drought and post-drought years, real growth of GDP again averaged 3.7 percent annually. Population growth being officially estimated at 2.7 percent annually, this corresponds to an increase in GDP per capita of only 1 percent annually.
2.03 While production and exports, with the exception of cattle, re- covered satisfactorilyfrom the drought years, the country's balance of payment deficit gap widened as a consequence of international inflation and was US$33 milion in 1976. The budget deficit has also increased in recent years and was nearly US$21 million in 1975, and US$20 million in 1976. This persistent disequilibriummakes it difficult for Mali to make a significant contribution to the financing of development projects. Since no fundamental change can be anticipated for the next few years, it is imperative that agricultural development projects are financially as self-sufficientas possible.
B. The Rural Sector
1. Major Institutionsin Agriculture
2.04 Agriculture is the responsibilityof the Ministry of Rural Develop- ment. Since 1969, the Ministry has delegated important functions to the so-called Operations de eveloppement,institutions charged with agricultural development in specific regions and enjoying a considerableamount of finan- cial and managerial autonomy. They distribute inputs to farmers and provide extension services, training and credit as well as marketing services for export crops and part of the food crops. Operations may be crop-specific,as in the case of rice or cattle, or deal with all major crops grown in a region. In the case of crop-specificOperations, there may be several Operations for the same crop, each of them responsible for a certain area.
2.05 Several Operations de Developpement are concerned with irrigated crops, in the first place rice, for instance the Operation Riz Segou (financed by the European Development Fund - EDF) and the Operation Riz Mopti (financed by IDA). A minor rice development is underway in the IDA-financedMali-Sud Agricultural Project. The Office du Niger, which is not an Operation but enjoys an even larger degree of autonomy than these, produces mainly rice and sugar. Finally, rice and sorghum are grown in the USAID-financedAction Riz-Sorgho in the Gao area. Technical preparation of new irrigation projects is the responsibilityof the Genie Rural, which in many cases also ensures the technical supervision of construction. The Genie Rural is attached to the Ministry of Rural Development. (The Office du Niger has its own Bureau of Technical Studies for the preparation and supervision of new works). -3-
2.06 Marketing of Cereals is the responsibilityof OPAM (Office des Produits Agricoles du Mali) which has the monopoly for domestic and foreign trade with cereals). However, OPAM is not able to enforce its monopoly in the domestic market. Until 1974, official producer prices were well below the free market price; as a consequence,OPAM purchased only marginal quantities of coarse grains and most of the rice originating in the Office du Niger, where farmers cannot escape the official marketing channel. Since that time, the gap between official prices and free market prices has temporarily become smaller (para. 2.17) but has increased again in 1977/78. OPAM now handles most of the marketed quantity of rice but still not more than half the mar- keted surplus of coarse grains. Private traders are officially banned from wholesaling cereals but have been tolerated recently as attempts to eliminate them have failed. OPAM buys rice from the Office du Niger and the Operations according to price schedules established annually in a negotiation process between the rice producing entities and Government agencies. These schedules ("baremes")specify the charges for collection,bagging, losses and milling, which are reimbursed to the selling entity.
2.07 Supply of farm inputs and farm equipment is the responsibilityof SCAER (Societe de Credit Agricole et d'EquipementRural). Both annual inputs and equipment have been sold at subsidized prices, the subsidy being financed mainly from levies on cotton and groundnuts exports. As indicated by its name, SCAER also provides agricultural credit for the purchase of farm equip- ment, but only to farmers covered by the activities of Operations de Develop- pement. SCAER does not maintain field offices but relies on the Operations for the distribution of inputs, the sale of equipment and the recovery of credit extended. The Operations perceive a percentage of the turnover as a fee. The steep rise in the price of farm implements over the last few years forced SCAER to end subsidization of equipment sales in 1976 and to reduce subsidies on annual inputs such as fertilizer. Because of budgetary diffi- culties, Government considers further reducing and eventuallyeliminating subsidies on farm inputs. Because of SCAER's difficulties,in recent years, in carrying out the functions assigned to it, Government envisages transfer- ring responsibilityfor the supply of inputs and equipment to the individual Operations de Developpement.
2.08 Agricultural research in Mali is coordinated by the Institut d'Economie Rurale (IER) of the Ministry of Rural Development. Most agricul- tural research is carried out by French research institutes organized in the Groupement d'Etudes et de Recherches pour le Developpement de l'Agronomie Tropicale (GERDAT). Rice research was, until 1976, the responsibilityof the Institut de Recherches Agronomiques Tropicales et de Cultures Vivrieres (IRAT), which operated two research stations for floating rice (at Ibetemi near Mopti, now transferred to Mopti-Nord polder) and non-floating rice (at Kogoni in the Office du Niger area). As from 1976, the West Africa Rice Development Association (WARDA)has assumed responsibilityfor research on floating rice varieties, while the Kogoni station is now under the direction of the Institut d'Economie Rurale. -4-
2. Production Base
Population
2.09 Mali's population of 6.25 million is officially estimated to grow at 2.7% annually but other estimates are significantly lower (2.3%). Urban population is estimated to grow at about 5%, with the capital Bamako (300,000 inhabitants) growing at about 6-7% p.a. and other towns at about 4% annually on average. Only Bamako has a truly urban structure of population, employ- ment, and consumption;all other towns are still rural in many respects. Close to 90 percent of Mali's population live in rural areas, most of them in areas of higher rainfall (more than 5-600 mm annually) and along the Niger river, or as cattle-rearingnomads.
Rainfall and Land
2.10 Less than a quarter of the country receives more than 500 mm of rain annually but because of the size of the country, the per capita endowment with land suitable for crop production or pasture is more favorable than for other Sahelian countries (about 5 ha/inhab.). This is particularly true for land in the Sudano-GuineanZone with rainfall above 800 mm annually (90% probabil- ity). With 1 ha of arable land in this zone for each inhabitant,Mali is about 50% better off than the Sahelian countries as a whole, and 100% better off with respect to grazing land in this zone of relatively secure rainfall.
Water Resources
2.11 In addition, Mali has a considerable irrigation potential along the Niger river. Rice is cultivated in the vast flood plains of the interior delta of the Niger, which is entirely located in Mali. The cultivation system is a hybrid between rainfed agriculture and irrigation because it depends on sufficient and timely rainfall during the early phases of the growing cycle, and on timely and sufficient flooding during the second phase. It is a unique and low-cost production system with substantial scope for expansion; its drawback is the high degree of risk, which limits the scope for intensification. Only the Office du Niger (40,000ha) - which will be described in detail in the next chapter and the annexes - is designed to ensure full water control.
Farm System
2.12 Some 2 million ha are estimated to be under cultivation in Mali, of which more than 90% in rainfed agriculture and close to 10% under irriga- tion or flooding. Of the 450,000 farmers, 80% have 5 ha or less. Differences in holdings are moderate and largely reflect traditional authority and family size. Land tenure still follows the traditional system whereby land is allocated by village chiefs for use but without recognition of individual ownership rights. Food crops occupy close to 90% of the land under rainfed cultivation while the remainder is devoted to cotton and groundnuts. In most -5
areas, land reserves are still sufficient to practice fallows ensuring resti- tution of soil fertility. Animal traction is more widespread in Mali than in any other Sahelian country; however, its spread has recently been hampered by the steep rise in the price of oxen in the post-droughtyears. Except for ploughs and oxen, farm equipment is elementary outside the Operations de Developpement;in the latter, cultivators and carts are becoming more frequent. Fertilizer and other annual inputs are also used only in the various Opera- tions. Of the nearly 200,000 ha under some kind of irrigation (full water control, controlled or uncontrolled flooding, flood recession), about half are cultivated by traditional farmers and the rest within Operations and in the Office du Niger.
Transport Infrastructure
2.13 Mali is linked with the port of Dakar by rail (1,200 km), and with the port of Abidjan by road (1,200 km) as well as by a combination of road and rail. The road to Abidjan is paved except for some 250 km. The internal road network is adequate in the center of the country (although in need of repair) but poor in the West and the East. The 1st Region (Kayes) can only be reached by rail and has inadequate internal road links. The 6th Region (Gao) is also of difficult access by road and is served mainly by river transport on the Niger between July and December (Compagnie Malienne de Navigation). The capacity of both the railway to Dakar and of the shipping company is limited for technical reasons and because of organizationalweaknesses. This causes delays in the supply of agricultural inputs and hampers the timely evacuation of exports to the ports.
Summary
2.14 In summary, Malian agriculture is characterizedby a relative abundance of land and water resources, and a low level of infrastructures, services and technology; assuming that the inflow of foreign capital on concessionalterms can be maintained at a satisfactorylevel, labor may be expected to be the crucial limiting factor in the longer run.
3. Recent Trends in Crop Production
2.15 Until the drought years of the early 'seventies,development efforts in crop production were directed mostly at export crops while cereals, parti- cularly millet and sorghum, suffered from comparative neglect. Adequate extension services were organized for cotton and groundnutswhich were also provided with marketing facilities, fertilizers and other improved inputs. Only a small portion of the area under rainfed cereal crops benefited from similar development programs. Producer prices for export crops were set at more remunerativelevels than those for cereals. Past emphasis on cotton and groundnuts is reflected in production trends during recent years: Production of cereals declined from 1.1 million tons in 1967/68 to an average of 0.8 -6- million tons during the drought years 1972/73 and 1973/74 while seed cotton output increased from 42,000 to 65,000 tons in the same period, and the groundnut crop fell slightly from 118,000 tons to 104,000 tons.
2.16 Agricultural production increased substantially in the following three years as a result of good rainfall and higher producer prices for both cash and food crops. Total rainfall was above average in 1974/75, average in 1975/76 and about average, but with an unfavorable distribution, in 1976/77. Production of cereals, including paddy, is estimated to have risen to 1.15 million tons in 1974/75 and 1.2 million in 1975/76 and 1976/77. Cotton and groundnut crops in 1975/76 reached the unprecedented level of 103,000 and 200,000 tons, respectively. Cotton production in 1976/77 main- tained the preceding year's level in spite of less favorable weather con- ditions while groundnut production fell by some 15% as a consequence of the decreasing attractivenessof the official producer price.
2.17 Paddy production in particular has increased steeply in the post-, drought years as the consequence of three factors:
- some 55,000 ha of polders have been developed by the Operation Riz Segou and Operation Riz Mopti; these polders, vulnerable to low river water levels, have come into full production for the first time in the post-drought year 1974/75;
- the Office du Niger has achieved an increase in efficiency and output;
- finally, the 1974 increase in the producer price from MF 25 to MF 40/kg provided a strong incentive for 2-3 years before this increase was eroded by general inflation and the particularly steep increase in prices of agricultural equipment.
As a consequence,Mali reached self-sufficiencyin the post-drought years and even exported some 20,000 tons of paddy and rice to neighboring countries in 1976 and 1977.
2.18 In 1977/78, however, both rainfall and flood levels were again unsatisfactory. This had led to shortages of millet and sorghum in the remote regions of Kayes and Gao and other marginal production zones. In spite of the increase of the producer price of paddy from MF 40 to MF 45/kg, the paddy harvest is also well below the level of the last three years. Only the Office du Niger, has, as in the earlier drought years, remained untouched by these climatic influences and is expected to produce close to 90,000 tons of paddy. I/
1/ For a summary of the 1977/78 agriculturalyear see Annex 6. -7-
4. Development Potential and Objectives
Potential
2.19 In terms of domestic resources spent per unit of foreign exchange earned or saved, Mali has a comparative advantage in the production of cattle and cotton for exports, and of cereals for the domestic market.
2.20 Cotton production is being expanded within the framework of the Operation Mali-Sud. If the targets for 1980/1981 (135,000 ha, 143,000 tons of seed-cotton)are reached, the scope for further expansion of rainfed cotton cultivation will be fairly limited. It is estimated that within the area with more than 800 mm of rainfall, the ceiling will be at 180,000 ha. This limit may be reached in the second half of the eighties within the framework of a follow-up to the Mali-Sud project. It is true that substantial areas of fertile land can be reclaimed for rainfed cotton cultivation in the seasonally inundated plains of southern Mali but the technical and economic aspects of the required flood control investments remain to be explored.
2.21 Mali has a considerablepotential for growing rainfed cereals, in particular in the Sudan zone. Production is limited partly by the competing claims on labor resources emanating from cotton and groundnut cultivation but also by a narrow and inelastic market and unsatisfactorymarketing arrangements. Coarse grains are smuggled to neighboring countries in quan- tities varying inversely with the harvest outcome in these countries. If stable outlets for exports could be established through trade agreements, cereals production in Southern Mali could be expanded considerably, (in some areas possibly at the expense of groundnut production).
2.22 Mali is also in an excellent position to export rice to neighboring land-locked countries but effective demand in these countries is limited. In Senegal, Mali cannot hope to become competitive. Exports of rice to the coastal countries south of Mali would only be marginally profitable at present but prospects improve over the medium term as a substantial increase of world market rice prices (in real terms) is forecast.
Plan Targets 1974-78
2.23 The Government of Mali has decided to give increased attention to the promotion of food crops in order to achieve self-sufficiencynot only in normal years but also in years of insufficient rainfall. The current Five Year Plan (1974-1978)reflects the Government's determination to prevent a recurrence of the food shortage experienced in 1972/73 and 1973/74. The plan's development objectives with regard to agriculture are:
- to achieve self-sufficiencyin food production;
- to generate adequate supplies of agricultural raw materials for industrial processing; and -8-
- to ensure increasing surpluses of primary products for exports.
Food crops are to take first place in public investment. The emphasis on protecting producers and consumers against climatic hazards has resulted in a strong bias towards irrigated agriculture i.e. rice production: not le~ss than 85 percent of total allocations for food production are set aside for rice and only 15 percent for millet and sorghum, by far the country's most important food crop (80 percent of cereal consumption).
2.24 The Five Year Plan overestimated the rate of increase of rice con- sumption. This overestimate is due to a confusion of human needs and effec- tive demand. The Five Year Plan projects an increase in per capita consumption of rice from the pre-drought level of 20 kg to 28 kg in 1978, 48 kg in 1983, and 79 kg in 1990. The implicit annual growth rate of 8 percent (per capita) is incompatiblewith the increases in real income that appear possible in Mali over this horizon, and with accepted orders of magnitude of income elasticity of demand. Per capita rice consumption may be expected to grow by about 2 percent annually, and total rice consumption, consequently,by not more than 5 percent annually. This corresponds to some 6,000 tons of rice annually at the 1976 level of consumption. Official estimates have been revised downwards in 1976 but are still appreciablyhigher than this. Given the paucity of basic data, there is considerable scope for diverging opinions on the subject of the absorptive capacity of the domestic rice market in Mali. For a more detailed discussion of cereals production and marketing issues see the recent Economic Memorandum on Mali, of January 5, 1978, (Report No. 1134a-MLI), in particular Annex I.
Plan Achievements 1974-78
2.25 Most of the major crop production projects of-the Five Year Plan have been launched, i.e.:
- the Operation Mali-Sud (cotton, cereals);
- the Operation Arachides et Cultures Vivrieres (groundnuts,cereals);
- the sugar mill of Siribala was completed;
- the controlled flooding rice schemes Operation Riz Segou and Operation Rix Mopti have developed further and have been supplementedby follow-up projects.
Only the Office du Niger rehabilitationand expansion projects did not get off the ground. This did not prevent the Office du Niger from making an impressive come-back,which will be described in the following chapter. -9-
5. Conclusion
2.26 The drought years and, again, the disappointing results of the 1977/78 campaign (para. 2.18) have underlined the value of the Office du Nigr as a drought-proofproduction system capable of ensuring essential minimum requirements of cereals even in years of adverse weather conditions.
2.27 It is true that production by controlled flooding in the Niger flood plains can be developed at much lower cost per ha, but this advantage is off- set by the vulnerability of the system to rain and flood deficiencies. This hazard is an impediment to intensificationof production as farmers are reluc- tant to risk the loss of costly inputs such as fertilizer. On the other hand, alternative uses of both land and labor in the flood plains are very limited, which means that opportunity costs of these factors of production are low. Moreover, water is used for irrigation during the flood, when water is abun- dant; thus, there are no opportunity costs of water use.
2.28 While irrigation with full water control is costly to develop, this disadvantage is much reduced in the Office du Niger by the fact that the basic irrigation infrastructure (dam, main canals) exists, which makes for much lower costs of additions to it. The correct policy for Mali would be to aim at a balanced developmentof both irrigation systems. As drought-proofpro- duction increases, Mali can afford to also expand production in the flood plains; conversely, as the relative share of rice production in the flood plains increases, there is need for a parallel strengtheningof the drought- proof production base. The system of controlled flooding (OperationsRiz Segou and Mopti) having received considerablymore emphasis over the last decade than the Office du Niger, a compensatingeffort appears to be warranted now on the side of the latter.
III. The Office du Niger
A. Summary Description
3.01 The Office du Niger is the largest productive enterprise in the country. It produces rice and sugar and uses some of the by-products for cattle-fatteningand alcohol production. Cotton production, which was the main reason for its creation (in 1932), has been phased out in 1970 due to technical difficulties.
3.02 The Office du Niger infrastructures1/ consist of a barrage at Markala on the Niger river which raises the water level by 5.50 m; a feeder canal just upstream of the barrage, which branches into two main
1/ See Maps I and II at the end of the report. - 10 - irrigation canals (called Canal du Sahel and Canal de Macina) and a network of primary, secondary and terminal canals serving 57,000 ha of irrigable land, of which 42,000 ha are presently under cultivation (39,500 ha under rice, 2,700 ha under sugar cane). The Office du Niger owns and operates 4 rice- mills with a total capacity of about 65,000 tons of paddy, two cattle-fatten- ing units (closed down in 1977) and two sugar factories at Dougabougou (4,000 t) and Siribala (15,000 t), which also produce alcohol.
3.03 Sugar cane is produced in two plantationsmanaged by the Office du Niger with hired labor. Rice is produced nearly entirely by settlers on holdings of 8.5 ha on average (but with considerabledeviations from this average figure). Production of paddy "en regie directe", i.e. by the Office du Niger staff with mechanical equipment and hired labor, has been reduced from close to 40% of the cultivated area in 1968 to a mere 600 ha in 1977. There are 4,500 settler families (total population 51,000) working with ox-drawn equipment throughout. Except for mechanical threshing, no machines are used. Settlers pay a levy of 400 kg of rice per ha. Settlers have no property rights but are secure in their holdings as long as they cultivate the land allocated to them and follow cultivation guidelines.
3.04 Since the Office du Niger was transferred to Malian ownership in 1961, it has been a state enterprise. It owns the infrastructuresbut not the land, which is state property entrusted for economic use to the Office du Niger. The permanent staff is 2,850 and seasonal labor fluctuates between 3,500 and 7,000, most of them for sugar-cane harvesting. Except for Chinese technical assistance to the two Chinese-built sugar factories and a few Soviet technicians for the maintenance of the power-station and some equipment, the Office du Niger is run entirely by Malian staff.
3.05 The Office du Niger obtains its revenue mainly from the sale of sugar and the marketed portion of rice (70% of production). Prices for rice and sugar are negotiated annually with Government and other state agencies and laid down in price schedules (baremes). A third important source of income is the levy paid by the farmers for the use of irrigation infrastruc- tures and extension services. Total sales are expected to exceed FMO10 billion (US$20 million) in 1978. Unlike most other state enterprises in Mali, the Office du Niger has been able to operate without Government subsidy and to produce operating surpluses of varying size in recent years. However, the Office du Niger has not published a balance sheet since the early 'sixties, and it is difficult to say to what extent this apparent surplus represents a profit.
3.06 The Office du Niger enjoys a considerabledegree of autonomy. This has been traditionallythe case even under the former colonial administration. Since the early 'sixties, the Director General operates without Board of Directors. He reports to the Ministry of Rural Development but is free in his operational decisions. A long-pendingvaluation of its assets (following the transfer of ownership to Mali and the transfer of some assets to other state agencies) has been carried out in 1974. Formal decisions on the value of the Office du Niger's assets and liabilities are being made now, and full accounts will be prepared for a number of recent years in the course of 1978. - 11 -
3.07 A more detailed discussion of the Office du Niger will be found in the Annexes:
- Annex 1 deals with the Office du Niger and the settler population;.
- Annex 2 with irrigation infrastructures;and
- Annex 3 with agriculturalproduction.
B. Recent Developments
3.08 The Office du Niger initially produced rice and cotton; sugar production started in 1966. In 1970, cotton cultivationwas phased out. In 1971, cattle-fatteningoperations started but were discontinued in 1977. In 1976, a second factory of 15,000 tons capacity began operations, and sugar is now the foremost crop of the Office du Niger in terms of sales value.
3.09 Cotton cultivationwas phased out for two reasons:
- persistent drainage problems had led to low yields in many areas, consequent high indebtednessof settlers and widespread despondency;
- Mali having become, since 1965, a net importer of rice, Government was determined to regain at least self- sufficiency and therefore converted all cotton areas to rice, even those with satisfactoryresults.
3.10 Between 1968 and 1977, the area under rice cultivation increased from nearly 30,000 ha to nearly 40,000 ha. The settler population, which had declined during the 'sixties, rose from less than 30,000 in 1968 to 51,000 in 1977. Rice production nearly doubled, in the same period, from 46,000 tons to 90,000 tons, and marketed production rose from 25,000 tons to 65,000 tons. Yields increased from 1.54 t/ha to 2.25 t/ha in 1976/77. The Office du Niger now produces about 40% of Mali's rice and accounts for 65-70% of paddy mar- keted through official channels.
3.11 The recovery of rice production, in particular since 1971, can be attributed to the following factors:
- transfer of important areas previously cultivated "en regie" to settlers;
- conversion of cotton fields to rice cultivation;
- the impact of the drought years which brought a fresh inflow of settlers to the Office du Niger; - 12 -
the incentive provided, at least for the 1974-76 period, by a more remunerativeproducer price;
better extension work, introduction of fertilizer use (in modest amounts); and
better management.
3.12 The decision to phase out cattle-fatteningoperations in 1977 was made because of marketing difficulties; the feedlots had been operating satisfactorilyfrom the technical point of view. The marketing difficulties appear to be rooted in managerial and commercial deficiencies in this branch of the Office du Niger's operations and in the stifling effect of the meat export monopoly claimed by the state trading agency SOMBEPEC (Societe Malienne du Betail, des Peaux et des Cuirs). It is hoped that the feedlots can be reactivated in the near future.
C. Development Objectives
3.13 The development objectives laid down for the Office du Niger in the Five Year Plan 1974-78 are:
(a) the repair of the Markala barrage;
(b) the realignment of the feeder canal entrance, the rehabilitationand enlargement of that canal;
(c) the rehabilitationand enlargement of the Canal du Sahel and the Canal de Macina as well as of the entire primary, secondary and terminal network of irrigation canals and of drainage canals;
(d) rehabilitation,in particular levelling, of the 40,000 ha under rice and reclamation of some 11,000 ha of abandoned land;
(e) constructionof a third main canal (Canal de Costes), which would open up a new area (Kala Superieur) for rice and sugar production;
(f) expansion of the area under rice by 6,000 ha;
(g) expansion of sugar cane plantations by 3,000 ha;
(h) resumption of cotton production (long-staple)on 4,000 ha; and
(i) production of fodder plants on 1,000 ha. - 13 -
3.14 Except for the sugar project, none of these objectives has been achieved until early 1978. The People's Republic of China has agreed, however, to repair the Markala dam, to realign and rehabilitate the feeder canal, and to rehabilitateprimary and secondary canals in the area commanded by the Canal de Macina. These works were repeatedly delayed and are now scheduled to start in autumn 1978.
3.15 In April 1978, the Office du Niger started work on the Canal de Costes; the immediate purpose of the canal (19 km) is the substitutionof the pumping stations at the two sugar factories by gravity irrigation. Malian authorities are very worried by the high cost of pumping and by the constant threat of pump breakdowns, which would cause substantial losses in sugar production. For details see Chapter VII, para. 7.07-7.10.
IV. Development Constraints and Priorities
A. Development Constaints
4.01 In the following, some of the constraints on further progress in the Office du Niger are summarized. Most of them are discussed in more detail in the Annexes. Some relate to the state of irrigation infrastructures,some to the settler population, some to agro-industrialactivities, and some to management and organization of the Office du Niger. Each of these aspects will be discussed in turn.
1. Irrigation Infrastructure
4.02 Poor maintenance: Little maintenance work has been done on the irrigation canals, the drainage system, and the structures. Over the last few years, not more than some FM 240 million (FM 6,000/ha) have been spent annually. As a result, the dikes of the main canals have worn off to such an extent that the free-board is not more than 10-20 cm in some places. Running the irrigation system at full capacity for more than a few days becomes increasinglyhazardous because dikes' resistance to water pressure is reduced. Breaches of dikes are becoming more frequent and have occa- sionally enforced a lowering of the water level in the canal system at key periods of the growing cycle (either in response to actual breaches or because of threatening breaches).
4.03 Canals, in particular drainage canals, have not been kept free from weed infestation; this had added to problems resulting from insufficient capacity of drains or flaws in the design of entire drainage systems (para. 4.07 and 4.08). Farmers are responsible for maintaining terminal canals but many of them have been negligent in this duty. As from the 1977/78 campaign, the Office du Niger will retain 100 kg of paddy per ha as cautionary deposit which farmers will forfeit if maintenance of terminal canals is found to be deficient. - 14 -
4.04 The Office du Niger points to lack of finance as the main reason for insufficientmaintenance but it would seem that the cash position of the Office du Niger over the last 4 years would have permitted more maintenance than actually has been carried out; several operations, for instance clearing of drainage canals, could have been done by labor intensive methods. As a result of omitted maintenance, there has been, over the decades, a consider- able consumption of capital. A rehabilitationproject aiming at replacing these assets would have to include detailed provisions ensuring a more sus- tained maintenance in the future.
4.05 InsufficientLevelling of Rice-Fields: This is the main technical factor hampering further progress in cultivation techniques and yields. Only some 11,000 ha out of 40,000 ha under cultivationhave been adequately levelled, between 1958 and 1965, and even these perimeters need improvement because the levelling was done with a view to cotton cultivation,and the type of levelling required for rice is of a different type. The remaining areas have never been levelled sufficiently to allow proper water-control in the fields. This problem is particularly serious in the Kolongotomo sector, where the terrain is more uneven than further North, and has led to widespread infestation with wild rice and abandonment of some 8,000 ha in this sector, and 14,000 ha in the Office du Niger as a whole.
4.06 In fields without adequate levelling, farmers use excessive amounts of water without, however, being able to prevent the spread of weeds. Heavy water use aggravates drainage problems and retards harvesting and threshing as fields take longer to dry. Introductionof more efficient production methods, in particular line-sowing, the essential precondition for effective weeding, is delayed by these conditions, and recommended fertilizer use is rightly kept at not more than 50 kg/ha.
4.07 Drainage Problems: Several of the drainage canals were built for cotton cultivation. Since cotton needs less water than rice, drains were of insufficient capacity after the conversion of these lands to rice cultivation. The drainage problem is aggravated by two factors:
(a) the insufficientlevelling of land (para. 4.05), which causes settlers to use about 50% more water than required on level fields; and
(b) the tendency of settlers to block drains in order to divert water to unauthorized fields ("hors casier").
There are about 6,000 ha of such fields. Alhough the Office du Niger occa- sionally fines settlers cultivating "hors casier", efforts to stamp out these clandestine activities are not pursued very actively.
4.08 Several of the drainage systems suffer from basic defects:
- the Kolongotomo sector cannot be drained during the crucial months from September to December, because the Niger river, into which the sector drains, is at a higher level than the drainage canal; - 15 -
The Kouromari systems drains into the third reach of the Fala de Molodo; however, in periods of heavy discharge the Fala de Molodo backs up its water towards the Kouroumari, thus obstructing the proper drainage of this sector.
In both cases, new solutions have to be found and implemented.
2. Farm Structure
4.09 Excessive Size of Holdings: The average holding is 8.5 ha, or 0.8 ha per inhabitant. The more relevant ratio is 3.5 ha per active male (15-55 years), because at least two thirds of field work is carried out by men. At this land-labor ratio, labor bottlenecks arise at various stages:
- at ploughing, harrowing, and sowing, which results in delayed sowing and important losses in yields, and
- at harvesting and threshing, which results in severe quality losses through cleavage of the grains as a consequence of paddy remaining too long in the fields.
4.10 The bottlenecks are bound to become more severe as improved culti- vation techniques,requiring more labor per ha, are introduced. A reduction in farm size should therefore accompany the improvementof land. To ensure a satisfactorycultivation intensity, holdings should probably be cut by half, but in that case settlers would, even with substantiallyhigher yields, suffer a loss in total net income, which would have detrimental effects on their participationin intensificationefforts. Although it is desirable that the valuable asset represented by the irrigable land be used as intensively as possible, it should also be remembered that labor is, in Mali, a scarce resource, and in the long run only attractive returns to labor will ensure full use of those land resources. The Office du Niger recommends a'prudent approach to this problem and suggests that, as a first step, holdings should not be reduced below the ratio of 2-2.5 ha per active male person.
4.11 Discussion of the optimal size of holdings should take into account that there is a considerabledispersion of farm sizes:
- 35% of them (with 17% of the cultivated area) have less than 6 ha, while
- 5% of holdings (with 16% of the cultivated area) exceed 20 ha.
There seems to be ample scope for increasing the labor-intensityby first reducing the size of these large holdings. It is desirable, however, to first collect more information about the relative efficiency of large and - 16 - small holdings in the Office du Niger. Feasible reductions in the size of holdings would be one of the main topics to be discussed at appraisal of a RehabilitationProject.
4.12 Underequipment of Settlers: The average equipment of settlers is presently:
- one pair oxen for 5.5 ha, - one plough for 6 ha, and - one harrow for 10 ha.
This is short of the desirable ratio, although the shortfall is not drastic. However, some 20% of settlers lack part or all of the most elementary equip- ment (Annex 1, Table 19). They rely on better equipped farmers to carry out ploughing and harrowing operations for them. This gives rise to income transfers increasing the inequality between settlers. More importantly,since underequipped farmers are served only when owners of equipment and oxen hav-e attended to their own needs, serious delays in ploughing and sowing are the consequence,with the well known impact on yields.
4.13 The Office du Niger has made several attempts, over the last 5 years, to supply underequipped farmers with supplementaryequipment and oxen but these efforts have not met with success. It appears that many of the beneficiaries immediately resold the equipment received on credit in order to meet other obligations. No decisive action has been taken against these farmers by the Office du Niger administration. Indeed, it appears that the Office du Niger, since 1971, has used its authority to evict unsatis- factory settlers too sparsely, rather than too liberally.
4.14 The Office du Niger is presently considering to establish equipment centers in the cooperatives,which exist at the level of the Production Unit (covering several villages), and renting equipment to underequipped farmers. This approach has little prospect of success as the cooperatives,all through the life of the Office du Niger, have had a record of sterility and life- lessness.
4.15 Weak Settler Participation: The settler population has, so far, not evolved beyond the role of a silent partner in the direction of the Office du Niger's affairs. As mentioned above, the cooperativesplay no active role, and direct participation of settlers in operations like market- ing, credit administration,etc. is hampered by the very low rate of literacy. More determined efforts could be made by the Office du Niger to organize or support adult literacy programs and, at a later stage, to involve settlers in certain activities which at present tie up extension staff's time.
4.16 In the same vein, the Office du Niger could support or encourage community development activities in the villages. Houses are supplied by the Office du Niger and remain its property; maintenance is the occupants' responsibilitybut is carried out poorly in many instances. Ways should be explored to give settlers a stronger sense of commitment and an incentive - 17 -
to improve their social environment at the family and the village level. At present, the appearance of many villages does not reflect the income level enjoyed by Office du Niger settlers, which is high compared to most rural areas in Mali.
3. Agro-IndustrialActivities
4.17 Limited Rice-Millingand Storage Capacity: The Office du Niger has 4 rice-mills with a capacity of 66,000 tons of paddy at most. In 1976/77, some 65,000 tons were marketed. Moreover, of the four mills, two are very old and one, although only ten years old, is also worn out; only the fourth, which started operations in 1977, is in good condition. Maintenance of rice-milling equipment seems to be insufficient. Given the state of milling equipment, breakdowns are a constant threat. If marketed production continues to in- crease, there will very soon be a serious bottleneck in miling.
4.18 With the Italian manufacturer, the Office du Niger has negotiated a contract for the overhaul of the Molodo rice-mill, including an increase in its capacity from 19,000 tons to 30,000 tons. The works are scheduled for 1978/79 and will cost close to FM 350 million (US$700,000);the rehabilita- tion will be financed from the Office du Niger's own resources. (The rela- tively low costs are explained by the fact that some costly parts of the original equipment need not to be replaced.) Although this project will help to reduce the risk of breakdowns and to expand milling capacity by some 15%, a substantial further increase in milling capacity is required by the early 1980s.
4.19 Paddy storage capacity is presently 41,000 tons and is also stretched to the limit in some areas while some spare capacity exists in Kolongotomo. Lack of storage at the mill will entail storage in the field, with consequent losses in yield (through shedding) and quality (through cleavage). Additional storage capacity of 15-20,000 tons is needed in the near future.
4.20 Labor Problems in Sugar Cane Harvesting: The Office du Niger used 7,300 laborers in 1976, even before the Siribala sugar factory had started full production. The number of laborers presently employed at sugar cane harvesting and loading is not known to the mission. Recruitment problems have occurred from the beginning, in spite of piece-rate remunerationwhich makes it possible for able-bodiedmen to earn more than FM 1,000 per day, according to Office du Niger officials.
4.21 The Office du Niger is now consideringmechanization of cane harvesting and loading operations since delays in transportingcane to the factory reduce the sugar yield of cane, and may be partly responsible for the mediocre performance of both mills in this respect. The economics of mechanizing field operations and selection of the most appropriatemethods require careful examination. The Office du Niger is about to purchase some mechanical cane-loadingequipment with finance provided by Saudi Arabia. - 18 -
4. Management and Organization
4.22 Lack of Commercial and Economic Know-how: The Office du Niger has developed in the ambiance of the Malian public sector, where state enterprises deal primarily with other state enterprises and Government agencies. Nego- tiated price schedules (baremes) regulate the exchange of goods and services between these entities, and between them and the outside world. There is normally no marketing problem as buying agencies absorb total marketed pro- duction (rice, sugar). Thus, there is no scope for price policy, and cost accounting serves mainly the purpose of controlling expenditure,and of under- pinning bargaining positions in bareme-fixing negotiations. The importance of commercial skills and an understanding of economic issues became apparent when the Office du Niger stepped out of the public sector circuit to sell fattened cattle on the private market; with arbitrarily fixed internal accounting prices of by-products and overheads distributed in a schematic way, the Office du Niger has priced itself out of the market and closed down a side-activity well suited to make use of the by-products from processing rice and sugar.
4.23 In a more general sense, pricing of agriculturalby-products is not based on economic considerations;by-products are made available to the alcohol distillery, to feedlots, and to settlers at very different prices. The importance of pricing these by-products according to economic opportunity costs seems not to have been fully appreciated.
4.24 Lack of Management and Planning Information: The lack of commercial and economic know-how is only an outflow of the more fundamental problem that the Director General lacks basic management tools to make operational decisions based on relevant indicators. Analytical accounting has been attempted but without operationallyuseful results. Management relies on statistical indicators produced not by the accounting services but by the Bureau des Affaires Economiques. The accounting, budgeting and reporting systems of the Office du Niger should be thoroughly reviewed in order to ensure that demands of management are properly met. This will become in- creasingly important as the Office du Niger, after rehabilitatingits present infrastructures,plans to expand and diversify its activities, which requires a more detailed knowledge of alternative costs and returns.
4.25 Shortage of Engineering Capacity: Since development works phased out in 1965, the Bureau d'Etudes Generales, the Office du Niger's Bureau of Technical Studies, has seen its engineering staff drastically reduced: pres- ently it consists only of its Head, who is a senior engineer, three junior engineers, some draughtsmen, and five surveyor brigades. It is understaffed even to carry out the limited functions of overseeing current operations. Few of the rehabilitationand expansion works listed in the Five Year Plan have been worked out with the detail normally required by sources of external finance. If these works are to be carried out in the near future, an imme- diate strengtheningof the Bureau d'Etudes Generales is necessary. - 19 -
B. Development Priorities
4.26 The Office du Niger has performed a remarkable feat in pulling itself out of the dismal situation in which it found itself in the late 'sixties, and it should be noted that (except for the development of sugar production) this was accomplishedwithout external financial or technical' assistance. However, the level of yields obtained in rice production (2,250 kg/ha) is still very modest for an irrigation system with full water-control. As long as yields have not been increased to a level of 3.5-4.0 t/ha, it will be difficult to advocate and justify expansion in the irrigable area involving investment estimated at not less than US$4,000/ha.
4.27 The mission recommends, therefore, that before any of the expansion and crop diversificationprojects included in the Five Year Plan (para. 3.13) are undertaken,
- rehabilitationof infrastructures,and
- intensificationof agriculturalproduction
should have priority for a period of not less than 5-8 years. In this assess- ment, the mission finds itself in agreement with management of the Office du Niger and Government authorities.
4.28 The mission also recommends that a rehabilitationand intensifica- tion effort should concentrate on rice,
- because consolidatingand expanding rice production has priority in Government objectives; and
- because rice is, in spite of sugar's ascendance in terms of sales, the basic and characteristicscrop of this irrigation scheme.
It would be prudent, however, to prepare the ground for future crop aiversi- fication efforts as early as possible (para. 4.31).
4.29 The two main components of a rehabilitationprogram would be:
- repair of the Markala dam and strengthening of the feeder canal, the two main canals, and the entire water distribution and drainage system; this is urgently required in order to prevent disruptions of the irrigation processs and to ensure that the irrigation system can be run at its full capacity and with the desirable elasticity;
- the levelling and general reshaping of rice fields; as explained in the preceding pages, this is the essential precondition for introducingmore efficient and intensive rice cultivationmethods.
Both elements are closely interdependent. - 20 -
4.30 Since the P.R. of China has agreed to finance the reparation of the Markala barrage, realignment and repair of the feeder canal, and reha- bilitation of primary and secondary canals in the areas commanded by the Canal de Macina, the mission recommends that IDA help prepare a rehabilitation program covering the remainder of the area, i.e. the entire system commanded by the Canal du Sahel (75% of the cultivable area developed in the Office du Niger). Content, impact on agriculturalproduction, financial implica- tions, and economic justification of such a program will be outlined in the next chapter.
4.31 The experience of the 'sixties has demonstratednot only the prob- lems involved in growing cotton at the Office du Niger but also that cotton can succeed if certain conditions are met. As Mali emerges from the period of rice deficits, a new look at irrigated cotton cultivation under appropriate conditions seems to be timely. While a rehabilitationprogram addressing itself mainly to the problems of infrastructureis carried out, long term expansion and crop diversificationplans should be studied from the technical and economic point of view within the framework of a Master Plan. Some of the more time-consumingof the studies, surveys and research programs required as inputs for this exercise, should be initiated as soon as possible.
V. A RehabilitationProgram
5.01 The rehabilitationworks outlined below cannot be completed within the time-span of a normal Bank project period, which is 4-6 years. Therefore, the term Program is used in the following to designate the whole of these rehabilitationactivities, which would extend over two project periods. This chaper deals with the entire RehabilitationProgram.
A. Description of the RehabilitationProgram
5.02 The proposed RehabilitationProgram would be limited to the area commanded by the Canal du Sahel/Molodosystem and consist of the following components:
- Rehabilitationof the infrastructures,i.e. Canal du Sahel, main canals, primary canals (distributeurs),secondary canals (partiteurs),and drainage canals; works would comprise strengtheningand increasing the free-board of dikes, dredging of canals and widening of canals or drains wherever necessary, and repair of structures. Improvement and construction of service roads for maintenance works would also be included. - 21 -
Levelling of some 31,700 ha of rice fields in the Canal du Sahel system, in the first place those not covered by the levelling operations of the early 'sixties (but including also a reshaping of these fields, the levelling of which does not correspond to the requirementsof rice cultivation); this program would also comprise the reclamation of 5,700 ha that have been abandoned in the Canal du Sahel command area.
Technical assistance to strengthen administrative,agri- cultural and technical services (in particular operation and maintenance), including training components wherever necessary.
Procurement of appropriate maintenace equipment.
Preparation of a Master Plan for the long-term expansion and crop diversificationof the Office du Niger.
Support for agriculturalresearch and trial programs preparing crop diversification,in particular for cotton, wheat, sorghum, and fodder crop cultivation,and
Support for adult literacy campaigns and community development programs, actions designed to strengthen the participationof settlers in the management of the scheme.
This report will deal primarily with the civil works aspects of the Program, which would absorb about 90% of the costs. Works to be carried out, their estimated cost, and a tentative implementationschedule are shown in Annex 4, Table 1.
5.03 Total cost of rehabilitatinginfrastructures of the Canal du Sahel system and of on-farm works to improve 37,000 ha of rice fields, is estimated to be US$43 million in prices of early 1978. 1/ Physical contigenciesamount- ing to 25% of base cost have been included in this sum and signal the very approximate nature of these estimates, which will be refined in preparation work to be done over the next two years (Chapter VI). Cost estimates and implementationschedules have been established on the assumption that works would be carried out by force account. The technical and organizational ability of the Office du Niger's Works Department to execute a program of this order of magnitude will be examined, and put to a practical test, during the proposed Technical Assistance/EngineeringProject (Chapter VI), which will also serve to strengthen the Works Department and to assess further assistance and training needs for the execution of the RehabilitationProgram.
1/ On the basis of expected price increases and the indicative implementa- tion schedule shown in Table 1 of Annex 4, total cost in current prices would be US$80-85 million. - 22 -
5.04 The RehabilitationProgram raises no problem of internationalwater rights as no new areas would be developed, and the rehabilitationworks would even lead to a substantial reduction in water use per hectare.
B. Expected Impact on Production, Markets, Employment and Incomes
1. Production
5.05 Improvement of infrastructuresand the levelling of perimeters will permit to expand paddy production significantlybecause
- better water control will facilitate the introduction of better cultivation techniques (line-sowing,weeding by cultivator) and allow higher fertilizer doses; and
- reclamation of 5,700 ha of abandoned land will permit an increase in cultivated area in the Canal du Sahel system by 17%.
5.06 Assumptions regarding cultivation techniques, fertilizer use, and adoption rates are spelled out in Section II of Annex 4. It has been assumed that the majority of farmers (60%) reach yields of 3.50 t/ha within four years after improvement of their land, while 30% would reach 4.00 t/ha, and 10% only 3.00 t/ha. On the basis of this, paddy production in the Canal du Sahel system would increase by 58,000 tons over 12 years from the beginning of the RehabilitationProgram. Of this increase, some 50,000 tons would be marketed since settlers withhold home-consumptionneeds from existing production, and only consumption requirementsof new settlers need to be deducted. The present volume of marketed production is 65,000 tons.
2. Markets
5.07 It is projected that Mali, without the Program, will produce a rice surplus of 5-8% of domestic requirementsuntil about 1984, but only in years with satisfactoryrainfall and flood levels. This theoretical surplus posi- tion would be reinforced and prolonged by not more than 2 years, as the Program would come on stream at a time when the surplus existing without it, would begin to taper off (Table 3 in Annex 4). Fluctuations in the instable Malian weather conditionsmay cause shortfalls in production well beyond the magnitude of this theoretical surplus and are almost certain to do so at least in one or several years, as demonstrated again in 1977/78. Therefore, the temporary surplus is better viewed as a welcome buffer against the effect of droughts. It is assumed hereafter that incrementalproduction will be absorbed by domestic demand; if a surplus really materializes in the early 'eighties,it will be either exported to West African countries or accumulated for a reserve stock. - 23 -
5.08 The projection of demand (Table 3) indicates that even with pro- jections which Government regards as too conservative, demand would exceed domestic supply after 1987. This would justify initiating an expansion in the irrigated area towards the end of the RehabilitationProgram, for instance simultaneouslywith its second stage (scheduled for 1986-90).
3. Employment
5.09 The Program would provide additional employment for settler families from two sources:
- the assumed reduction in average farm size from 8.5 ha to 6.5 ha would provide settlement opportunities for 1,150 new families; and
- the reclamation of 5,700 ha would allow to increase the settler population by another 850 families.
The total employment effect would thus be 2,000 families or 21,000 persons (on the basis of present family size). After completion of the Rehabilitation Program, one family out of three in the Canal du Sahel system would be new.
4. Income of Settlers
5.10 At present, yield levels vary between 1.5 t/ha and 2.7 t/ha, dif- ferences reflecting the state of infrastructuresas well as the aptitude of farmers. Although there would be no strict correspondence,it has been assumed that those settlers who presently obtain higher yields would also be among the 30% achieving 4.0 t/ha eventually (para. 5.06), while settlers who now obtains low yields (as well as some of the new settlers) would be more numerous among those achieving only 3.0 t/ha. Under these assumptions, income per family from rice cultivationwould increase from FM 320-570,000 at present to FM 480-700,000 after rehabilitationof infrastructuresand intro- duction of improved techniques. Farm budgets are at Annex 4, Section III. Income per ha would increase more than total income per family since farm size is assumed to be reduced from 8.5 ha to 6 or 7 ha. Income projections are based on 1977 producer prices (FM 45/kg) and an increase of the development levy from 400 kg to 600 kg of paddy per ha; this increase is envisaged by the Office du Niger for the holdings that have undergone the planned improvements.
5.11 Remunerationper man-day would increase by only 10% on average because of the incremental labor requirementsassociated with intensification of cultivation methods. However, returns per incrementalman-day, which is the more relevant concept, would be between MF 800 and MF 1,100 (Table 8), well above the average opportunity cost of labor and even above the price of farm labor at times of peak demand. - 24 -
C. Financial Implications
1. Office du Niger
5.12 Incremental charges for the Office du Niger would comprise main- tenance costs for the rehabilitated infrastructuresand some incremental cost of extension staff for the additional settler families.
5.13 Adequate maintenance of rehabilitated infrastructureswould require some FM 20,000/ha according to preliminaryestimates. At present, the Office du Niger spends only some FM 6,000/ha (para. 4.02), but insurances would be sought at appraisal of a RehabilitationProject that the Office du Niger would carry out maintenance according to guidelines to be agreed upon.
5.14 Incremental costs to the Office du Niger would be 31,700 ha x (FM 20,000-6,000)plus 5,700 ha of reclaimed land x FM 20,000 = FM 558 mil- lion annually, after completion of all rehabilitationworks. Incremental cost of extension (staff and operating expenditure)is estimated at FM 56 mil- lion (Table 12 in Annex 4). Total incremental cost is thus FM 612 million annually.
5.15 As a consequence of the RehabilitationProgram, the Office du Niger obtains supplementaryrevenue from three sources:
- increased levies from rehabilitatedareas (600 kg/ha instead of 400 kg/ha);
- the levy of 600 kg/ha on the 5,700 ha to be reclaimed; and
- a provision for overheads of FM 3.6 per kg of paddy marketed included in the rice marketing price schedule (1977/78 campaign used as reference).
For all other items of the price schedule (Table 9) it will be assumed that they will be absorbed by increases in actual cost (for collection, transport, milling, etc.) although the Office du Niger may enjoy some economies of scale as a consequence of the expansion in output and sales. Only the overhead provision of FM 3.6/kg is regarded as a net gain in revenue.
5.16 At the 1977/78 producer price of FM 45/kg, incremental revenue will eventually be
- MF 285 million from increasing levies on presently cultivated land;
- MF 154 million from levies on the 5,700 ha to be reclaimed; and - 25 -
MF 180 million from overhead reimbursementsunder the rice marketing price scheduled (assuming 50,000 tons of paddy to be marketed).
Total incremental income is FM 619 million, which is very close to the esti- mated incremental recurrent cost of FM 612 million.
5.17 Full maintenance expenditurewould become necessary only as from the fourth year after completion of works in any given area; as it is assumed that projected yields will be attained also after four years of cultivation on improved lands, incremental revenue and incremental costs would accrue roughly at the same rate.
2. Government
5.18 It is expected that the RehabilitationProgram will be financed with foreign assistance on concessional terms. For a productive investment like this one, it would be appropriate for Government to on-lend the proceeds of a foreign loan or credit to the Office du Niger at harder terms which reflect, at least approximately,the opportunitycost of capital. However, at prevailing producer prices, the Office du Niger would have no incremental income from which to pay, in addition to incremental recurrent costs, debt service charges. The Office du Niger's debt servicing capacity is entirely a function of the producer prices, which are negotiated with other parastatal agencies but which are, ultimately, fixed by Government.
5.19 In 1977, the producer price of paddy (MF 45/ha) was nearly identical with the import substitutionprice. The world market price of rice is pro- jected to increase substantiallywithin the next three years and is expected to correspond to an import substitutionprice of paddy of MF 86/kg (in prices of 1977) for the 1980-85 horizon. From this, the following options can be derived for Government:
- if Government, following its present policy of keeping food prices for urban consumers as low as possible, maintains the 1977 producer price in real terms, the Office du Niger will not be able to service any loans or credits. Government, however, would save substantial budgetary resources on subsidies for rice imports substituted by the Program;
- if Government would increase the producer price in line with the projected import substitutionprice of paddy, the Office du Niger would have more than ample capacity for repaying the investment,even at commercial rates of interest. - 26 -
It follows that Government can also choose an intermediatecourse, allowing the producer price in real terms to increase at such a rate as to enable the Office du Niger to repay the investment according to terms to be agreed upon. Assuming that the on-lending terms stipulate repayment over 30 years at 10% interest, the required producer price level would be in the neighbor- hood of MF 60/kg (in prices of 1977).
5.20 Increasing the price of rice to such an extent as to enable the Office du Niger to repay investments at rates reflecting the opportunity cost of capital is preferable from an economic viewpoint and would contribute to a more equitable distributionof income between urban and rural populations. The twin issues of on-lending terms and producer prices would be important topics to be discussed at appraisal of a RehabilitationProject.
D. Economic Justification
5.21 The benefits of the RehabilitationProgram would be manifold:
- it would halt and reverse the progressive deterioration of key infrastructures;
- it would substantially increase the share of national rice production which is drought-proof;
- it would create for 2,000 additional families income- earning opportunitieswell above the rural average in Mali; and
- it would lay the basis for future expansion and crop diversificationthrough the strengtheningof the Office du Niger's organization,through the establishmentof a Master Plan, and through support for agricultural research and trial programs.
5.22 Not all of these benefits can easily be quantified;given the pre- liminary nature of cost estimates, even the economic rate of return from incremental paddy production can only show likely ranges, and, which is perhaps more instructive,affordable expenditure per hectare. Principles of cost allocation,assumed developmentwith and without the Program, valua- tion of incremental labor inputs, and treatment of incrementalmaintenance and extension cost are discussed in Annex 4, Section IV.
5.23 The economic rate of return of the project would be 14% under the assumptions spelt out in Annex 4. Given the low degree of precision of cost estimates the main conclusion is that total cost (in 1977 prices) ought not to exceed US$43 million by much if an acceptable rate of return is to be maintained. - 27 -
5.24 Rehabilitationof the Markala barrage and of the main feeder canal is scheduled to be carried out, with assistance from the P.R. of China, before the proposed RehabilitationProgram would begin. These expendituresare, therefore, regarded as sunk costs for the purpose of this Program. However, even if a share of these costs proportionate to the area commanded by the Canal du Sahel were allocated to the Program, total cost would increase by less than 10%.
5.25 The project is not very sensitive to changes in costs and benefits or to delays in deriving the full benefits from the rehabilitatedareas, as shown below:
Parameter Change Rate of Return (%)
Base estimate 14
Benefits -10% or Costs +10% 13 " -20%" " +20% 12 " -30% " " +30% 10/11
Benefits +10% " " -10% 16 " +20% " " -20% 17/18 " +30% " " -30% 18/20
Benefits Delayed 1 year 13 it "1 2 years 11 it If 3 years 10
E. Conclusion
5.26 In view of the facts that
- technical preparation of most of the rehabilitation works remains still to be done;
- the Bureau of Technical Studies of the Office du Niger is heavily understaffed;
- the methods to be applied for rehabilitatingrice-fields remain to be tested from the technical and economic point of view; and
- there is a general need to strengthen the Office du Niger staff and puts its performance to a test, the mission proposes that the RehabilitationProgram be preceded by a Technical Assistance/EngineeringProject, in the course of which the documents and information required for the appraisal of a RehabilitationProject would be prepared and the Office du Niger would be assisted in mobilizing for its subsequent implementation. - 28 -
VI. Proposal for a Technical Assistance/EngineeringProject 1/
A. Summary Description
6.01 The main objective of the proposed Technical Assistance/Engineer- ing Project would be to help the Office du Niger to prepare a Rehabilitation Project along the lines indicated in Chapter V and to strengthen central management services. The Project would consist of the following components:
- Technical assistance for key departments of the Office du Niger, i.e. the Office of the Director General, the Bureau of Technical Studies, and the Works Department, as well as short-term consultancies;
- Civil works equipment to carry out urgent repair and strengtheningworks on irrigation infrastructuresand to implement a 1,500 ha pilot program of land levelling, as well as operating cost (excl. staff) for these programs;
- Sundry topographicaland hydrological instruments, office equipment, vehicles for technical assistants, and spare parts and tools for the mechanical workshops of the Office du Niger;
- Support for agricultural research and trial programs concerning rice, cotton and fodder plants;
- An aerial photographicsurvey of the Office du Niger area;
- A socio-economicstudy of the situation and aspirations of the settler population, and of their relations with the Office du Niger;
- An audit of the Office du Niger's accounts by an auditing firm of internationalstanding; and
- Travel scholarshipsfor Office du Niger engineers to study water management methods in other irrigation schemes.
6.02 The project would start in late 1978 and extend over 3 years. Preparation of a RehabilitationProject would be scheduled with a view to appraisal after the second year of the Technical Assistance/Engineering Project.
1/ This proposal has been discussed with, and accepted by, Government. A Technical Assistance/EngineeringCredit "Office du Niger" is under preparation and is scheduled to be presented to the Board of the World Bank in the third quarter of 1978. - 29 -
B. Detailed Features
1. Technical Assistance
6.03 At the Office of the Director General, there would be one high-level management consultant from a firm of internationalstanding. Ris main respon- sibility would be to design and implement improved accounting and management informationsystems. One of the partners of the consulting-firm would assist in determining, together with the Director General, the overall direction of the firm's interventionsand would continue to monitor progress in implement- ing the works schedule agreed upon. The resident consultant would also draw on the firm's specialists in various fields, who would visit the Office du Niger for short missions, as required. (For details see Annex 5, Section I).
6.04 Three engineers would be assigned to the Bureau of Technical Studies (Bureau d'Etudes Generales) to assist its head and his team of Malian engineers in preparing the feasibility study as well as designs and tender documents for a RehabilitationProject.
(a) a senior engineer would assist in overall planning anid coordinationof special studies and ensure that project and tender documents are prepared according to inter- national standards;
(b) a hydraulic engineer would assist in surveying the present state and capacity of the irrigation network and advise on ways and means for rehabilitatingthe system and increasing its capacity and flexibility;
(c) a design engineer would assist in the preparation of the RehabilitationProject, i.e., the feasibility study, detailed designs, and specificationsfor tender documents..
These engineering services would preferably be obtained from a firm of Consul- ting Engineers, which would allow the resident engineers to draw on expertise from their home base for short-term assignments,as required. Functions and responsibilitiesof the resident engineers would be defined in a contract between the Office du Niger and this firm under terms and conditions accept- able to IDA. (For details see Annex 5, Section II).
6.05 Government should undertake to appoint not less than three additional Malian engineers to the Bureau of Technical Studies before the beginning of the Project. Without such a strengtheningof its staff, the Bureau would not be able to carry out the scheduled preparation work, or only over a much longer period of time. Also, the Malian engineers would profit from collaborating closely with three experienced engineers. The mission proposes that appoint- ment of Malian engineers to the Bureau of Technical Studies be made a condi- tion of negotiation of the Technical Assistance/EngineeringCredit. - 30 -
6.06 The Works Department would be assisted, during the three years of the proposed pilot program of land-levelling, by an experienced civil works engineer specialized in land-levelling operations and with experience in cost monitoring. Another engineer would act as technical inspector of mechanical equipment. He would assist in organizing the efficient use and maintenance of equipment and prepare tender documents for the civil works equipment to be procured for the subsequent Rehabilitation Project. (For details see Annex 5, Section III.) The two engineers would be engaged through the same firm of Consulting Engineers (para. 6.04) for the duration of the improvement campaigns only, i.e. about 6 months annually.
2. Civil Works Equipment and Operating Cost
6.07 Civil works equipment and operating cost (excludinglocal staff) would be financed for the following purposes:
(a) To carry out an experimentalprogram of land levelling and general improvement of rice-fields under different topo- graphical conditions in order to establish the most cost- effective methods and the most suitable equipment to be used on a large scale in the ensuing RehabilitationProject; the pilot program would also be used to train engineers, surveyors, and machine operators to carry out these works effectively, and serve as a demonstration device for settlers. About 1,500 ha would be covered over three years.
(b) To repair and strengthen critical points of the irrigation infrastructures, in particular dikes of main canals, and drains; these works would give greater flexibility to the operation of the irrigation system, pending its general overhaul in the RehabilitationProject.
6.08 The equipment required for these works would be procured by inter- national competitive bidding. A consulting engineer's services have been secured, with financing (US$20,000)provided under the Project Preparation Facility, to define the equipment needs and help the Office du Niger techni- cians to prepare the tender documents according to the standards required for IDA financing.
6.09 Some minor equipment and instrumentswould be needed for topo- graphical work, hydrologicalmeasuring devices, etc. Office equipment, files, draughting and reproductionequipment would also be provided for as well as a vehicles for the resident technical assistants. In order to increase the efficiency of the Office du Niger's existing civil works equipment, the project would also finance the purchase of a stock of tools and spare parts which will be determined with the assistance of a second consultant engaged for this purpose under the Project Preparation Facility (para. 6.08). - 31 -
3. AgriculturalResearch and Trial Programs
6.10 In order to prepare the ground for the diversificationof the Office du Niger's activities along the lines indicated in the Five Year Plan, the mission proposes to support agriculturalresearch and trials on several crops. Details are at Section IV of Annex 5.
6.11 Rice research at the Kogoni station needs little assistance; the location is well suited to rice research and research staff is competent and sufficient. Some supplementaryagricultural machinery would be needed, however, and this would be provided under the project.
6.12 Cotton productionwas phased out in 1970 because of technical problems and because rice production was given top priority. After rehabili- tation of the infrastructures,there is no reason why cotton production should not succeed, as it did in important sections of the Office du Niger before 1970, provided that cotton is grown in the areas of low rainfall and if, in particular, cotton is kept strictly separate from rice production in order to avoid the problems experienced in the past.
6.13 Cotton research needs to be relocated from its present unsuitable site at Kogoni. The mission proposed to transfer cotton research to the Alatona sector, on the right bank of the Fala de Molodo, and to develop a 20 ha trial area with water derived from Head No. 2 of the Fala de Molodo. Research would be directed, by the present staff, from the Kogoni Station where all basic facilities would continue to be located.
6.14 This proposal was rejected by the Government and the Office du Niger for technical reasons. At the request of Government, a hydrologicalsurvey of the Mema area, where Government hopes to develop irrigated cotton production, has been included in the project (contained in the short-term consultancies mentioned in para. 6.04).
6.15 The mission also proposes a small experimentalprogram with irri- gated fodder production at the village level. In three different areas, a block of 20 ha would be developed for rotational grazing of some 100 heads of cattle in order to study the technical and economic feasibilityof such an approach on a larger scale and to test farmers' response. For details see Annex 5, Section IV.
6.16 In order to accelerate the re-opening of the two feedlots closed down in 1977 (para. 3.12), a study of the economic and organizationalaspects of this branch of the Office du Niger's activities will be undertaken, in- cluding a study of the actual and potential uses of the Office du Niger's agricultural and industrial by-products (molasses, sugarcane tops, bran, rice-meal, etc.). This study will also be financed under the project (Annex 5, Section IV). - 32 -
4. Other Items
Aerial Photographic Survey
6.17 In preparation of the long term planing exercise (Master Plan)- to be undertaken during the RehabilitationProgram, an aerial photographic survey of the Office du Niger system and of the immediately surrounding areas should be undertaken, the last survey having been executed in 1968. Funds for such a survey would be provided under the Project.
Socio-EconomicStudy
6.18 In order to enable management of the Office du Niger to approach the difficult questions of structural change, which lie ahead, a socio- economic study would be commissionedto the Institut d'Economie Rurale; this study would analyse, under terms of reference to be agreed upon, the social environment of settlers inside and outside the Office du Niger, their motivations, social values, and their attitude toward the Office du Niger (Annex 5, Section VI).
Audit
6.19 Following the clarificationof legal and accounting issues regarding its assets, the Office du Niger plans to establish accounts of its operations for the years 1972-1977. In order to facilitate the contracting of the external financial assistance required for the RehabilitationProgram, these accounts ought to be audited by an auditing firm of international standing before 1980. The Project would provide financing for such an audit and for assistance by the auditing firm in preparing these accounts according to international standards. (Details are at Annex 5, Section VII.)
Study Travel
6.20 The Technical Assistance/EngineeringProject would in itself contain an important element of on-the-job training in the fields of technical studies and design, execution of works, accounting and general organization (stock management, etc.). In addition, the project would provide funds for study travel of Malian engineers to other irrigation projects, preferably in Africa; this would permit them to study water management methods and other features of these projects.
C. Cost and Financing
6.21 Project costs net of taxes are estimated at FM 2.25 billion (US$4.6 million), of which 90% are foreign exchange. Project cost including taxes would only be slightly higher as major project components (technical assis- tance, agricultural equipment) have no or low tax rates, and the Office du Niger is exempt from fuel taxes. - 33 -
6.22 IDA would finance US$4.0 million or 87% of project cost; the remainder would be shared by Government and the Office du Niger according to criteria to be agreed upon; it should be taken into account that the Office du Niger would pay local staff engaged in project activities and provide technical assistants with offices; these items are not included in the cost of the Project.
6.23 The IDA credit for the Technical Assistance/EngineeringProject would be on standard terms. In view of the Credit's predominant technical assistance character, it would be appropriate for Government to pass on the proceeds of the Credit, to the Office du Niger and to the research institu- tions concerned, as a grant.
D. Benefits and Risks of the Project
6.24 The Project would increase the technical and managerial capacity of the Office du Niger and ensure that the importantRehabilitation Program is prepared according to standards required for external financing. At the same time, technical staff would be trained to execute a first Rehabilitation Project with the necessary cost-effectiveness.
6.25 For IDA, the Technical Assistance/EngineeringProject would provide the occasion to observe the Office du Niger's performance in various fields, assess assistance and training requirements(if any) for an ensuing Rehabili- tation Project, and decide whether and when such a project can be appraised.
6.26 Finally, it is hoped that strengtheningthe Office du Niger organi- zation and increasing thereby its absorptive capacity would encourage other sources of external assistance to co-finance the RehabilitationProject and to assist other priority projects in the Office du Niger (see Chapter VII below).
6.27 The main risks of the Project are
- whether suitable consulting firms can be found to carry out this demanding technical assistance assignment;and
- whether the Office du Niger, with 15 years of unassisted operation behind it, will be able and willing to make good use of the technical assistance provided.
The Bank would help the Office du Niger to define terms of reference. If con- sultants are of the required high caliber, the risk of them not being fully used by the Office du Niger will already be much reduced. Furthermore,the fact that the Office du Niger, after a long period of seclusion, has requested Bank assistance, suggests that its management is also willing to make use of the technical expertise provided thereby. - 34 -
6.28 There is an additional risk that the project will not lead to the expected rehabilitationprogram. This risk seems slight, however, assuming that the technical assistance is of a high caliber and is properly used, and given the high potential of the Office du Niger, the commitment of its staff, and the interest shown by other sources of external assistance.
VII. Suggestions for Other Projects and Studies
7.01 At various instances in this report, reference has been made to other projects that need to be prepared or implemented, or studies that need to be undertaken in the near future. Since this report is scheduled to be distributed to, and eventually discussed by, the CILSS working group on irrigation, several project ideas and studies which Government may wish to bring to the attention of the CILSS working group, are briefly discussed below:
Rice Milling and Storage
7.02 If the Molodo rice-mill is rehabilitated and expanded from 19,000 t to 30,000 t in 1978, as scheduled, this would give the Office du Niger some breathing space until about 1980/81 - but only if breakdowns in the mills of Kolongo and N'Dogofiry can be avoided. In view of the age of the Kolongo mill and the poor state of repair of the N'Dogofiry mill, this is highly uncertain. In any event, an additional mill will be required by the early 1980's if the rehabilitationprogram is carried out according to schedule and produces the anticipated results. An additional mill of some 20,000 t capacity should be planned and built (in the Niono/D'Debougouarea) until that time. Estimated cost in 1977 prices: FM 1.2 billion (US$2.6 million).
7.03 As shown in Annex 3 (Table 13), storage capacity will become scarce when marketed production exceeds the 70,000 t mark (1976/77: 65,000 tons). Most of this would be required near the existing mills in the Molodo/Niono/ N'Debougou area, or next to the new mill to be established in that area (para. 7.02). The Office du Niger has entered into discussions with an Italian supplier but the price quoted for a 20,000 t store (FM 1.4 billion or US$3 million) is high and could probably be improved upon through inter- national competitive bidding.
Road Infrastructure
7.04 Segou is linked with Niono, the central township of the Office du Niger, by a paved road up to the Markala barrage and by a laterite road of some 70 km linking Markala and Niono (and continuing for another 40 km to Kourouma). This road is heavily used throughout most of the agricultural year; the opening of the Siribala sugar factory and the proposed rehabilita- tion works will further increase road traffic density. - 35 -
7.05 Improvement and pavement of the road Markala-Niono is under con- sideration for financing by the African Development Fund. Early construction of the road (in 1979-1981)would be highly desirable in order to ensure that on-going works and deviations do not obstruct the rehabilitationworks ex- pected to begin on a large scale in 1981/82. 1/
7.06 It would be desirable to start a feasibility study of two other main road sections in the Office du Niger in the near future, i.e. of the Niono-Kourouma and the Point A - Macina roads. If upgrading of one or both of these sections should prove to be economicallyjustified, finance should be sought, and a tender launched, while the contractor executing the Markala- Niono contract is still on the spot; Mali may benefit from a low bid in that case. (If traffic on these roads is too light to justify major investments in the near future, a rapid reconnaissancesurvey of improvementsof the laterite roads could be carried out, in the absence of other sources of assistance, on account of the short-term consultanciesprovided under the proposed Technical Assistance/EngineeringCredit.)
Canal de Costes
7.07 The Canal de Costes was conceived already in colonial times. It is to take off from Point A, between the Canal de Macina and the Canal du Sahel, and would run over 19 km to the Siribala area. This canal would have a short-term and a long-term function:
(a) in the short run, the Canal de Costes would permit to substitute the pump stations at the Siribala and Dougabougou sugar plantations by gravity irrigation, thereby saving about US$0.5 million in annual pumping costs. Even more important, the canal would eliminate the constant risk of breakdowns in the pumping stations. (During the last campaign, Dougabougou experienced chronic difficultieswith its pumps.)
(b) in the longer run, the Canal de Costes will permit to develop the entire Kala Superieur, an area of about 40,000 ha suitable for rice and sugar-cane cultivation.
7.08 Constructionof the Canal de Costes was envisaged under the current Five Year Plan but was delayed by lack of financial and technical means. In late 1977, however, the Office du Niger decided to reactivate a 25 year old bucket excavator ("Lubecker"),which has been idle for the last 15 years. Work on the Canal de Costes started in April 1978 off Point A and is proceed- ing slowly but steadily. The short-term objective of substitutinggravity
1/ The mission is informed that the African Development Fund has agreed in early June to finance 65% of the cost of constructionof this road and makes available a credit of Units of Account 8.5 million (US$9.35 million). - 36 - irrigation for the pumping stationB in Siribala and Dougabougou could be achieved with a canal of some 15 m /sec. capacity; however, the Off'ce du Niger decided to dig the canal for its full design capacity of 55 m /sec, i.e. as big as the other two main supply canals.
7.09 It is estimated that - barring a major breakdown of the excavator - earth works can be completed in 1980. The Office du Niger will require financial and technical assistance for building the necessary structures, i.e.
- head regulators at Point A; - two cross regulators for the two sugar estates; and - a tail-head regulator.
The cost of these structures is estimated at FM 600 million (US$1.3million). If a shipping lock were included, costs would rise to FM 1.3 billion (US$2.8 million). The Office du Niger proposes to build the structures without a lock since the economic advantages of shipping are reduced by the short distance from Point A and are unlikely to justify the incremental cost.
7.10 Financial assistance for these structures should be provided in the near future to avoid a delay in the completion of the canal. The question of the lock may warrant a rapid feasibility study, however, to make sure that the correct solution is adopted.
Farm Equipment
7.11 As shown in Annex 1 (Table 19), there is a considerablenumber of settlers who lack the basic equipment (i.e. at least two oxen, one plough and one harrow). The Office du Niger has, in the past, made several efforts to improve the equipment ratio but these attempts have failed (Annex 1, para. 2.12). The Office du Niger now proposes to provide equipment to the coopera- tives, which would rent it to under-equippedsettlers, thereby avoiding the problems previously encountered.
7.12 In 1977, the Office du Niger has drawn up an inventory of equipment needs and arrived at a total of FM 141 million (US$300,000),of which
- oxen FM 103 million - ploughs FM 14 million - harrows FM 24 million.
These figures do not include equipment needs of new settlers (several hundred per year, many of whom come without the equipment theoretically required for admission). Therefore, some FM 200 million (or USS$400,000)may be required for an effort to eliminate underequipment. Rowever, such a program should be preceded by a careful review of the institutionalproblems involved. - 37 -
Studies
7.13 In the course of the identificationmission, several important issues have been found to require further study. Some of these can be dealt with during the short missions which would be provided for under the Technical Assistance/EngineeringCredit. Other studies which remain to be funded,.are:
(a) Water Use Study: Since the late fifties, no detailed ex- periments have been carried out, for various soil types and cultivation techniques, of the actual quantity of water used by rice during its vegetation cycle. Figures on which the present report as well as preceding studies are based, are only orders of magnitude. To gauge the capacity of the present irrigation system, the measurement of its discharge (to be undertaken under the proposed Technical Assistance Credit) must be supplementedby a more precise measure of water use. For the system as a whole, the difference between, for instance, a module of 2.2 and 2.5 1/sec/ha, can mean a difference in command area of 3,000 ha. Such a study would take about 2 years and cost about FM 100 million (US$200,000).
(b) Survey of Right Bank Area: Simultaneouslywith the Rehabilita- tion Project, a Master Plan for the long-term development of the Office du Niger would be drawn up. This plan would weigh the relative economic merits of different crops and the suit- ability and development cost of possible expansion areas. Most of the eligible areas on the left bank of the Niger have been prospected in the early days of the Office du Niger, and topo- graphical and pedological data are available. In order to be able to assess expansion possibilities on the right bank, a pedological and topographicalstudy of some 500,000 ha should be carried out at the reconnaissancelevel; existing information from other sources would also be reviewed. This project would require 2 years and would cost about FM 375 million (US$750,000).
(c) Fisheries: There is substantial traditional fishing activity in the Fala de Molodo and the Fala de Boky-Were but its importance is unknown. There would be scope for initiating a project of assistance to fishermen (improved techniques of catching and preserving fish, etc.). The use of rice- meal and bran and its effect on productivity of fishing waters should be studied methodically. A study of these aspects is recommended.
(d) Afforestation: A feasibility study on the costs and benefits of irrigated sylviculture in the Office du Niger should be carried out in collaborationwith the research station which is about to start work in the area. The scarcity of trees in the area and the agglomeration of 50,000 settlers should - 38 -
make production of firewood and fencing poles a very profitable operation. Since lands that are marginal for crops would still be suitable for several tree species, the opportunity cost of land would be low. Special attention should be paid, however, to the risk of attracting weaver-birds (Quelia-guelia).
(e) Social Projects: Villages in the Office du Niger do not reflect the relative ease in which many of the settler families live, and the Office du Niger administrationhas not been very active in promoting activities that could improve the quality of life and diversify economic oppor- tunities. A first prerequisite is the active support of adult literacy campaigns organized by the Direction Nationale de l'AlphabetisationFonctionelle et de la LinguistiqueAppliquee (DNAFLA). Other aspects that merit closer study are:
- the possibility of setting up health-care structures under the responsibilityof the Office du Niger;
- village improvement programs like those attempted in the neighboring Operation Riz Segou;
- expanding the village blacksmith program developed in the Operation Arachide and the Mali Sud project, to the Office du Niger; and
- the scope for a vegetable growing project at village level, which would give new economic opportunities to women.
VIII. NEXT STEPS
8.01 The identificationreport and the proposed Technical Assistance/ Engineering Project contained therein have been discussed with Malian authori- ties in late May 1978. Tenders for civil works equipment have been launched in early May and consultants for management and engineering services have been invited to submit proposals in mid-June, 1978.
8.02 The President's Report and the Credit Agreement for the proposed Technical Assistance/EngineeringCredit for the Office du Niger are under preparation, and negotiationsare scheduled for August, 1978, with a view to Board presentation in September. This would leave sufficient time to make the Credit effective before the envisaged start of the project in November, 1978. - 39 -
8.03 The CILSS working group on irrigation was to meet in July 1978 to discuss this identificationreport. However, the mission was unable to revise both the English and French version of this report in time for this deadline (taking into account the time required for transmittal and distribution of the study to CILSS members and examination of its content). Therefore, the Malian Government has requested postponement of this meeting. It is now scheduled for September 19-22 in Dakar. This meeting may give first indications of co-financingprospects for a future rehabilitationproject. - 40 -
ANNEX 1
1. The Office du Niger and Its Settler Population
I. The Office du Niger
1. Summary of History
2. Constitution
3. Staff and Organization
4. Financial Status
II. The Settler Population
1. Demographic Data
2. Structure of Farms
3. Relation with the Office du Niger
4. Financial Position
5. Social Factors - 41 -
ANNEX I Page 1
MALI
OFFICE DU NIGER - IDENTIFICATIONREPORT
The Office du Niger and Its Settler Population
I. The Office du Niger
1.01 The Office du Niger is a large state enterprise engaged primarily in the production of rice and sugar in an irrigation scheme located in the Interior Delta of the Niger river. It occupies a central position in Malian agriculture,and in the economy as a whole.
1. Summary of History
1.02 The following data summarize the Office du Niger history:
1898: A technical mission from France visits the area to examine the possibilities of cotton production.
1922: The Compagnie Generale des Colonies begins its activities and engages the services of the American cotton specialist Dr. R. H. Forbes.
1929: Creation of the Service Temporaire des Irrigationsdu Niger. The French engineer H. Belime submits his plan for the develop- ment of 960,000 ha of irrigated land, of which 510,000 ha are to be planted to cotton, the remainder to rice.
1931: France passes a law approving the construction of the Markala dam.
1932: The Office du Niger is created by Decree of January 5, 1932.
1935: First settlements in the Kolongotomo sector and beginning of rice cultivation.
1937: First settlements in the Niono sector and beginning of cotton cultivation.
1942: Adoption of a plan calling for the development of 16,000 ha over a 10 year period.
1947: Completion of the Markala dam.
1948: Beginning of production in the Molodo sector.
1952: Development of the Kouroumari sector begins; long-staple cotton is introduced. - 42 -
ANNEXI Page 2
1958: Introduction of intensive cotton cultivation and improved land levelling methods.
1961: Ownership of the Office du Niger is transferred from France to Mali.
1962: General Africanization of staff.
1966/67: The first sugar factory (Dougabougou),built with assistance from the P. R. of China, begins operations.
1970: Cotton cultivation is discontinued.
1976/77: The second sugar factory (Siribala),also built with Chinese assistance, begins operations.
2. Constitution
1.03 The statutes of the Office du Niger have recently been revised. As established by ministerial decree No. 108 PG-RM, of September 2, 1967, they provide, in summary, that:
(a) The Office du Niger is a national enterprise of an agro- industrial and commercial character, with legal personality and financial autonomoy. The head office is at Segou.
(b) The responsibleminister is the Minister of Rural Develop- ment.
(c) The Office du Niger's capital is constituted by its fixed assets, the value of which will be determined by ministerial decree.
(d) Its aims are
- to make productive the middle Niger valley;
- to execute works and improvements; to exploit the improved lands controlled by the irrigation networks, either through settlers or directly; to undertake studies and works relative to these aims; and
- to process in its mills all commercial production from the irrigated area (as well as certain products, notably millet, produced outside the official irrigated plots).
(e) The board of directors, nominated by decree No. 235/PG-RM dated November 1, 1976, comprises 20 members; its chairman is the Minister of Rural Development. The other members represent Government departments and allied institutions - 43 -
ANNEX1 Page 3
such as the Banque de Developpementdu Mali and OPAM (the State agriculturaltrading agency) as well as two representa- tives each of the staff and of the settlers. The Board must meet at least twice a year.
(f) The Director-Generalhas the widest powers to act for the Board including the power to:
(i) appoint all employees except the Deputy Director- General and the Chief Accountant, who are ministerial appointments;
(ii) determine salaries etc.; and
(iii) represent the Office to third parties.
(g) The Director-Generalmust submit to the Minister:
(i) the provisional trading report;
(ii) the annual investment program;
(iii) financial documents relative to management; and
(iv) an annual operating report.
(h) The Office du Niger may only obtain bank credit from the Banque du Developpement du Mali.
(i) The financial year is to December 31, and the .balancesheet is to be submitted to Government auditors within three months.
1.04 These provisions have not yet been fully enacted. In fact, the new Board has not begun to exercise its controllingfunctions since the Office du Niger has not yet finalized its accounts for recent years (see section 4 below) and the Board wishes to examine these accounts at the beginning of its activities. It also appears that, contrary to provision (h) in the preceding paragraph, the Office du Niger has access to credit from sources other than the BDM. Until the Board assumes its full responsibilities,the Director General continues to have considerable latitude for his management decisions.
1.05 Another Decree (No. 60/PG-RM, of May 21, 1973) deals with the Office du Niger's power of, and responsibilityfor, management of the lands of the Niger valley commanded by the irrigation infrastructure,and its relation with settlers. The Office du Niger owns the irrigation distributionsystem from the primary canals (distributeurs)to the tertiary canals (arroseurs)but not the Markala dam, the feeder canal and the two main supply canals (Canal du Sahel and Canal de Macina) which are objects of strategic importance. These infrastructures,as well as the irrigated land, are the property of the State but under control of the Office du Niger (propriete d'Etat confiee en gestion - 44 -
ANNEX1 Page 4 a l'Office du Niger). The first statutes of the Office du Niger had still provided that land ownership would be transferred to settlers after 10 years of occupancy but this provision was never applied and was abolished in the statutes adopted in the early 'sixties. Under the new statutes, the Office du Niger's responsibilitiesare restricted to the activities listed in para. 1.03, item (d), whereas until the early 'sixties the Office du Niger was also responsible for satisfying the social needs of the resident population (health care), for maintenance of roads and other activities. Transfer of these re- sponsibilities,and the assets related to it, to other Government services has created problems of valuating the Office du Niger's remaining assets (Section 4 below).
1.06 Decree 60/PG-RM also provides that the Director General shall submit an annual action program to the Board and, by March 31, each year an annual report to the Minister of Rural Development. Annual reports have been pro- duced regularly in the recent past.
3. Staff and Organization
1.07 Total staff of the Office du Niger counted close to 7,000 persons in the mid-'fifties, when expansion in area was still continuing. When works stagnated, this number was brought down to less than 5,000 employees in 1965. Staff was again drastically reduced by 1,700 employees in 1971, when cotton production had been terminated and production of rice "en regie directe" began to be phased out. Since that time, staff has increased gradually with the rise in paddy and, in particular, sugar production. In 1976, some 600 tem- porary laborers received permanent employee status. This brought the number of permanent staff up to 2,852. Distributionover different services and locations is shown in Tables 1 and 2; Table 2 also shows the level of skills.
1.08 In addition, there is a large number of seasonal laborers,many of them employed in sugar-cane harvesting. In 1976, the total number fluctuated between 7,300 (January-May)and 3,500 (June-October).
1.09 The large number of low-skilledpersons is expressed in the average monthly salary of only MF 24,000 (US$50) per permanent employee. On the other hand, the Office du Niger has a large reservoir of experienced staff in the middle-level skills, a feature which distinguishesit from other agencies with a shorter history and a less developed "esprit de corps". Of the permanent staff,
- 2% have served between 31 and 40 years,
- 17% have served between 21 and 30 years,
- 30% have served between 11 and 20 years,
- 28% have served between 1 and 10 years,and - 45 -
ANNEX 1 Page 5
23% have been promoted to permanent status in the course of 1976. The average service length is 10 years. Experienced staff is concentratedmainly in the Works Department and in the Agricultural Service.
1.10 There is one permanent employee for 1.7 settler families but this includes employees engaged in activities not related to rice production. Without these, there is roughly one employee for 2 settler families or per 20 persons in rice cultivation. Staff salaries absorb 13-15,000 tons of paddy, which is 20-23% of marketed production or 15% of total paddy pro- duction.
1.11 The organizationalstructure of the Office du Niger is shown in Chart I attached to this Annex. In this section, only the following services will be discussed:
- accounting - statistics - technical studies - works, and - agriculturalextension, these being the services the mission has been most in contact with.
1.12 The Office du Niger's basic accounting system operates reasonably smoothly, and control of cash, bank accounts and stocks appears to be tight. However, the system is deficient not only in that annual accounts have not been produced since 1961 but also because useful management information is not forthcoming from the system. Attempts at analytical accounting have been made fro time to time but without operationallyuseful results. Manage- ment relies, instead, on statistical indicators produced independentlyby the statistical service (para. 1.13), which extracts them directly at the source in field offices. Although this pragmatic initiative to alleviate the lack of data is commendable,it is important that the accounting,budget- ing and reporting requirementsof the Office du Niger be thoroughly reviewed in order to ensure that legal requirementsand demands of management and fis- cal authorities are properly met.
1.13 The statistical office (Bureau des Affaires Economiques - B.A.E.) is a small unit which not only compiles statistical records from data provided by individual services but also undertakes surveys of its own, in particular the annual sample survey of yields. The B.A.E. also carries out special studies at the request of management, and in this capacity has endeavoured to fill the gap left by the accounting services (para. 1.12). - 46 -
ANNEX 1 Page 6
1.14 The Bureau of Technical Studies (called Bureau d'Etudes Generales - B.E.G.) is responsible for topographical,cartographic and technical studies for the development of irrigation infrastructuresas well as for the control of works in execution. The B.E.G. was a key institution until the early 'sixties but as new developmentspetered out, its staff was drastically reduced. At present, it consists only of its Head, who is a senior engineer, 3 engineers (of which 1 surveyor), a number of middle-level staff (draughts- men) and 5 surveying brigades. This department requires considerable strengtheningbefore preparation of rehabilitationworks can begin. Due to serious understaffing,the B.E.G. has not been able to hold together in a usable form the wealth of information available; a general stock-takingand classificationof documents seems to be in order.
1.15 The Works Department (Services des Travaux - S.T.) is the largest branch of the Office du Niger (if the unskilled laborers at the sugar estates, who are attached to the Agricultural Service, are left out of account). Its functions are complex and heterogeneous:
- execution of all works, starting from irrigation canals and structures down to on-farm development (levelling);
- maintenance of these infrastructuresas well as of buildings;
- operation of the Markala dam as well as of all irrigation structures down the line;
- execution of mechanized operations in agriculture, in the first place threshing, but also ploughing of fields managed "en regie" and transport of products and farm inputs by road and water ways; and
- maintenance of all mechanical equipment.
The S.T. is based at Markala but has in each sector a subdivision with its own Mechanical Equipment Center.
1.16 Staff has been considerably reduced since development of new areas came to an end; maintenance operations on infrastructureshave been severely limited by financial constraints. Although technical staff display ingenuity in producing spare parts and keeping old and worn-out equipment in operational conditions, there is a substantial amount of disabled but partly recuperable equipment in the yards of the Mechanical Equipment Centers. Monitoring of spare part availabilityand planning of future needs seems to be a weak point.
1.17 The Agricultural Service (Service Agricole) is responsible for extension work, preparing agricultural campaigns and collecting produce. The Director is based at Segou but has a Deputy Director at Niono, the central township of the agricultural area. - 47 -
ANNEX1 Page 7
1.18 Agricultural extension services are organized according to the following system:
- One extension agent (encadreur) in each village, of 30-40 families on average. The agent lives in the village and is thoroughly familiar with its inhabitants. In larger villages, the extension agent is a moniteur, (a higher-level agent who had several years' training in an agricultural training institute while the encadreur is trained on the job).
- A Production Unit (Unite de Production) consisting of 2-9 villages, is directed by an intermediatelevel staff (Conducteurde Travaux) or by a senior Moniteur.
- The Production Units are combined in the 5 Sectors of Kolongotomo,Niono, N'Debougou, Molodo, and Kourouma, comprising each between 2 and 7 Production Units. The Sectors are headed by an Engineer (Ingenieur des Travaux or Ingenieur des Sciences Appliquees) and a deputy with similar qualifications. (There is a sixth sector, Siribala/ Dougabougou,which comprises the two sugar estates and is, of course, organized according to the requirementsof large- scale plantations.)
- The Director and Deputy Director of the Agricultural Service are both Ingenieurs Agronomes.
1.19 The overall density of extension is one agent for about 30 families or 250 ha, which is fully satisfactory.
1.20 The Director General spends much time in the field and in parti- cular informs himself during semi-annual tours of several weeks duration, during which each village is visited. In day-to-day administrativematters, the Office of the Director General (and his Deputy) deals directly with each service but has little qualified staff to help coordinatingactivities.
4. Financial Status
1.21 It is not possible to give an accurate account of the Office du Niger's financial status as no accounts have been published since 1961. As a prerequisitefor resuming normal accounting and reporting procedures, Government in 1972 requested the French firm SEMA (Societe d'Etudes et de MathematiqueAppliquee) to undertake a comprehensivevaluation of its assets; part of these (hospital, roads, etc.) had been transferred to other Government services in the 'sixties; in addition, other difficult questions needed to be settled, such as liabilities to the French Government and receivables from advances to settlers that were not recoverabledue to the departure of many of these. - 48 -
ANNEX 1 Page 8
1.22 Following the submission of the SEMA report, Government took the necessary decisions on the ownership of assets and the capital/borrowing structure of the Office du Niger, on February 17, 1977. Legal steps needed to give effect to these decisions are being taken. These steps will clear the way for the preparation of definitive accounts for the years from 1972 onwards.
1.23 Recommendations for the accounting treatment of the re-evaluated assets and for capital reconstructionare contained in a report produced by the accounting firm Societe Fiduciaire de l'Est (Paris). Accounts for 1972-77 are scheduled to be finalized in 1978 and will be prepared on the basis of the adjusted 1972 accounts and from annual movements which have been recorded for subsequent years. From these "annual movement" accounts, the mission has prepared provisional trading accounts, details of annual sales, and flow-of- funds statements for recent years. While these are incomplete, they give a good indication of orders of magnitude of the Office du Niger's trading activities and, less reliably, its profitability.
1.24 The Office du Niger buys and sells mainly at prices that are annually negotiated between all Government agencies concerned and fixed by Government on the basis of those negotiations. The price-schedules (baremes) specify in detail the renumeration of agricultural produce and of each subsequent service performed in its transformationand conveyance to the final consumer. The price-schedule for rice is shown in Table 3. Prices are similarly fixed for sugar. Details of the sugar price schedule are not available; in 1977/78 the Office du Niger sold sugar to SOMIEX at FM 375/kg..
1.25 Negotiating price-schedules is an exercise of crucial importance for a state enterprise's financial performance. In the bargaining process, each side (producers, transporters,traders) advances figures purporting to justify increases in charges, while Government (through the price stabilizationagency ORSP) is intent on keeping prices as low as possible. Cost figures produced for this bargaining exercise are, understandably,not always without bias and should not be used for management decisions by the agency producing them.
1.26 The following general statements can be made regarding the Office du Niger's financial position:
(a) The principal revenue of the Office in the six years to 1976 has been from rice, the annual value of which has steadily expanded to almost FM 3 billion. Sugar sales have rapidly become very important in the last three years, and with the opening of the Siribala sugar mill, 1977 sugar sales are expected to be at least twice the value of rice-sales. Details are at Table 4.
(b) The provisional figures for the trading profit of the Office due Niger over the last six years (Table 4) are: - 49 -
ANNEX 1 Page 9
FM Million
1971 162 1972 -126 1973 718 1974 844 1975 1,957 1976 663
These figures may be overstated because of:
(i) over-valuationof stocks;
(ii) insufficientprovision for doubtful debts;
(iii) lack of depreciation;
(iv) liability for various taxes and levies (para. 1.27); and understated to the extent that
(v) some works constructedhave not been treated as capital items.
(c) The margin between the purchase and selling rates of the price schedules together with other income such as the levies paid by settlers, have allowed the Office to generate suffi- cient funds to cover recurrent costs, to replace certain items of equipment as they have worn out, and to undertake a limited amount of rehabilitationwork (Tables 5 and 6); to the extent that repairs and maintenance works are executed on the Markala dam and other infrastructuresowned by the State (para. 1.05), they are carried out on behalf, and at the charge, of Government but the Office du Niger has not, in fact, been paid for many years. Finally, the Office du Niger has been able to undertake a limited amount of maintenance, but substantiallyless than ideally required (see Annex 2, Section II).
1.27 As a trading enterprise, the Office du Niger is liable to pay taxes and duties; the principal charges paid in the years 1974 to 1976 were:
1974 1975 1976 ------FM Million------
Land taxes 193 11,638 - Vehicle taxes 4,407 4,213 4,319 Import duties 57,257 84,147 66,634 All other 2,305 1,120 1,315
Total 64,062 101,118 72,268 - 50 -
ANNEX 1 Page 10
The Office du Niger is also liable to pay a direct tax of 10% on agricultural profits and 50% on industrial and commercial profits, and indirect taxes applicable to the provision of services to settlers (15%), to lodgers at the guest houses (11.5%), and, subject to certain exemptions, to production of sugar and alcohol. The lack of published accounts has meant that these taxes have not been paid. According to the Director General, the Office du Niger is exempt from fuel-taxes; the value of this exemption is estimated at FM 200 million annually.
II. The Settler Population
1. Demographic Data
2.01 The farming population of the Office du Niger reached 50,000 in 1976 and is presently 51,032 (June 1, 1977). While the average rate of increase over the last 45 years has been 7% p.a., periods of expansion have alternated with periods of declining population (see Graph II at the end of this Annex). The main turning points were in the immediate post-war years when many Mossi, previously recruited under administrativepressure, left for their homeland, and again at Mali's independence,when many Voltaic settlers left for Upper Volta, which became independent at about the same time. The transitionalperiod of the 'sixties saw the departure of the French adminis- tration in 1962, the decline of official producer prices, and increasing problems with cotton cultivation.
2.02 The settler population (4,757 families) is distributed over 5 sectors comprising 30 Production Units and 134 villages. Thus, the average village contains some 36 families or 380 inhabitants. The structure of the farming population is summarized in Table 7. The average family comprises 10 members of which 7 active persons (8-55 years). The number of adult male workers (15-55 years) is 2.7 per family on average. (Rice cultivation is nearly entirely the responsibilityof men; women help in harvesting and winnowing, children in protecting the crop against birds). There are slightly fewer men than women but the sex ratio is much more balanced than in many rural areas touched by rural-urbanmigration.
2.03 Of the total farming population, 62% are from the 4th Region (Segou), i.e. the immediate surroundings, and a further 18% from the 3rd Region (Sikasso). The share of Voltaic settlers is now 12%. Most of these live in the Kolongotomo sector, the first one to be developed in the thirties; in that sector, 37% of the population are of Voltaic origin (mostly Mossi or Samogho).
2.04 A considerablenumber of settlers has been in the Office du Niger for a long time (Table 8). The figures clearly reflect the settlement history of the Office du Niger, with the sequence Kolongo, Niono/N'Debougou,Molodo, and Kourouma. Nearly 60% of settlers present in 1975/76 had been in the Office between 10 and 40 years. The positive side of this is the familiarity - 51 -
ANNEX 1 Page 11 of many farmers with irrigated agriculture; the disadvantage is that in many cases the age structure of old-timer families is less favorable than for families having arrived more recently, as many younger men have left, in the various difficult periods the Office du Niger went through, while the older people had no choice but to stay. This applies in particular to Kolongotomo, the oldest settlement,which has both the highest share of old-timers and a very over-age population.
2. Structure of Farms
2.05 In 1976, there were 4,542 families cultivating 38,500 ha, which puts the average farm size at approximately8.5 ha. There are, however, considerablevariations in farm size, as shown in Table 9. It appears that:
- more than half of the holdings do not exceed 8 ha; - more than 10% are smaller than 4 ha; and - nearly 10% are larger than 16 ha.
The farms exceeding 16 ha, while being small in number (400), occupy not less than 25% of the total cultivated area. On the other extreme, 25% of the area are cultivated by 45% of the settler families (close to 2,000). Part of the dispersion in the size of holdings can be explained by differences in family size (since holdings were attributed on the basis of 1 ha per family member). Family sizes vary between 2 at the lower end and more than 25 for large families. Some 70 very large holdings (of more than 30 ha) cannot be explained by this factor, however. These large holdings developed partly from expansion of efficient farmers who progressively took over abandoned land, and partly from the admission of non-farmers such as traders and civil servants in the post-independenceperiod of the 'sixties.
2.06 In addition to their holdings of irrigable land, settlers frequently cultivate private land as well,
- either to produce millet and sorghum, the other staple food, to which many are still attached and which is frequently eaten once a day,
- or to produce more paddy on unauthorized plots, which are irrigated either from seepages in the dikes or through derivations from the drainage canals.
The growing of paddy "hors casier" is of concern to the Office du Niger as farmers divert labor resources from their allotted plots to these areas; more serious is the fact that water is frequently obtained through the blocking of drains which causes drainage problems in the regular rice fields; control, and taxation, of these unauthorized fields is not carried out with the necessary determination. - 52 -
ANNEX I Page 12
2.07 The area covered by these fields "hors casier" is, by their very nature, unknown. The Agricultural Service of the Office du Niger estimates the total area at 3,000 ha in 1977/78 but a survey from an airplane over- flying the area suggests an order of magnitude of 15%, or 6,000 ha. If identified, unauthorized fields are charged a levy of 240 kg/ha (against 400 kg/ha on official fields). Yields are generally low but if farmers are not detected this is compensated by the levy saved, and by the possi-- bility of selling the paddy to private traders who frequently pay more than the official producer price.
2.08 Ox-drawn cultivation is the general rule in the Office du Niger. Ploughs, harrows, in some cases carts, are the elementary equipment used. Harvesting is done by hand, with sickles, while threshing is done by machines supplied and operated by the Office du Niger against a fee. Equipment per farm is shown by sector in Tables 10-14. There are no large differences in equipment per farm among the different sectors (Table 15). On the whole, the density of equipment and draught-oxenper ha has increased in recent years (Table 16). This development is probably one of the factors contri- buting to the increase in yields observed over the last 5 years as there is a clear correlationbetween equipment density and yields (Table 17).
2.09 In addition to their draught animals, settlers keep other cattle and small animals at the farm (Table 18). These sedentary animals are only part of their animal wealth, however; an unknown but probably very substan- tial number of cattle is entrusted to Peulh herdsmen who fluctuate with these herds between the grazing lands at the fringe of the Sahelian zone and the Office du Niger, where they graze in the rice-fields between January and May.
2.10 A considerablenumber of settlers does not own the necessary basic equipment (Table 19). Lack of a plough is relatively rare (5%) but 20% of farmers have no oxen or only one ox, and a similar number has no harrow. These farms rely on better equipped neighbors to supply them with equipment, animals, and, sometimes, services of an attendant. Since owners of this equipment look after their own fields first, this tends to delay ploughing, sowing and other operations in the under-equipped farms, with consequent losses in yields.
2.11 Also, these services give rise to income transfers which further accentuate the differences resulting from the dispersion of the size of holdings. According to extension officers at the Office du Niger, ploughing of 1 ha cost FM 10,000/ha in 1976/77 if oxen, plough and one laborer were supplied, and FM 4,000/ha for oxen and plough only. Thus, the cost of one laborer is FM 6,000/ha, or at 7 days for 1 ha ploughed, about FM 850 per man-day. This may include a profit for the farmer supplying the laborer, however.
2.12 The Office du Niger has, since 1969, made four attempts to improve the equipment ratio on under-equippedfarms, but with little success. Oxen or implements supplied on credit were frequently sold without delay in order to meet other obligationswith the proceeds. New institutionalarrangements need to be found for this problem. - 53 -
ANNEX 1 Page 13
3. Relations with the Office du Niger
2.13 The settlers in the Office du Niger do not own the land they culti- vate. (The land is owned by the State and is given in trust to the Office du Niger). The settlers' position is similar to that in the traditional system: he is given the use of the land which he enjoys as long as he effectively cultivates it. Occupancy of a lot is also normally transferred to surviving family members in the case of death if these are able to cultivate the land for themselves. Evictions are possible if farmers do not comply with culti- vation guidelines or fail to pay their debts. However, only a few settlers have been evicted in each of the last few years. (The last general clean-up occurred in 1970). Table 20 shows the terminationsof the last two years by reason. It is apparent that resignationsare the most frequent cause of termination and amount to 2-3% of the families annually. Flights are rela- tively numerous (1% annually) but occur nearly entirely in the Kolongotomo sector and are explained by the high indebtness which characterizesfarmers- in this sector (para. 2.22).
2.14 Since the termination of irrigated cotton cultivationand under the impact of the drought years of the early 'seventies, there has been an upsurge in applications (Tabled 21). The Office du Niger keeps files of applicants and decides applicationsmainly on the basis of two criteria:
- at least 3 active male persons per family, and
- ownership of minimum equipment of one pair of oxen and a plough.
Only a fraction of suitable applicationscould be accepted over the last three years.
2.15 Until recently, settlers were given 1 ha per family member, regard- less of the number of active persons. This has resulted in large farm sizes of initially 9-10 ha and presently 8-9 ha per family, which corresponds to an average holding per active male family member (15-55 years) of about 3.5 ha, which is well beyond what he can cultivate with the desirable intensity. The Office du Niger is now considering to allocate land on the basis of the number of active male family members.
2.16 Besides land, families receive the use of a house built in tradi- tional style by the Service des Travaux, subsistence cereals for the first year of cultivation (reimbursable)and credit for the purchase of agricultural equipment and oxen on the usual terms (30% down payment and repayment of 35% in each of the two following years). Shortage of funds for farm credit has led to the adoption of the new policy of only accepting equipped farmers; it appears, however,thatmany new settlers do not have the equipment they claimed to own and must be provided with the minimum on credit since eviction on grounds of false pretenses is not practised. - 54 -
ANNEX 1 Page 14
2.17 Services rendered by the Office du Niger comprise:
- supply of water;
- maintenance of the infrastructuresexcept for the terminal canals (arroseurs);
- supply of improved seed;
- mechanical threshing of paddy; and
- extension advice.
Farmers' obligations are on the other hand:
- cultivation of the land allocated to the family;
- observance of the guidelines laid down by the extension service (sowing dates, etc.);
- maintenance of terminal canals;
- delivery of the entire paddy output except for a provision for seeds (120 kg/ha) and home consumption (300 kg/person);
- payment of a levy which has from the beginning of operations remained constant at 400 kg/ha; and
- payment of mechanical threshing at a rate of 120 kg of paddy per ton threshed.
As from 1977/78, the Office du Niger retains an additional amount of 100 kg of paddy per ha as a deposit to ensure that maintenance of terminal 'canals is either carried out, or paid for in kind. Most farmers have neglected maintenance works, and this deposit will be forfeited in future if mainte- nance is found to be wanting.
4. Financial Position
2.18 Settlers derive their income mainly from the following sources:
- growing rice in the allocated fields as well as in unauthorized fields ("hors casier");
- other agriculturalactivities such as growing some rainfed crops (millet) and vegetables on irrigated plots (onions); and
- animal husbandry (Table 18). - 55 -
ANNEX 1 Page 15
2.19 Income from rice cultivation is shown in Table 22. Charges amount to about 45% of the value of delivered paddy and to about 35% of the value of net production, i.e. including home-consumptionbut after deduction of seed requirements. In spite of the high level of aggregation, it is apparent that
- income in the Kolongotomo sector is far below the average;
- income in the N'Debougou sector is 60% above the average (or 50% above the average without Kolongotomo).
A breakdown by Production Units shows that the sector average is fairly representativefor conditions in each unit; this does not exclude, of course, that conditions in individual villages and families show the usual dispersion. Excluding Kolongotomo,where cultivation conditions are markedly inferior, average cash income from rice cultivation is about 366,000 MF per family (US$750), or US$65 per capita, and total income from rice cultivati6n, including subsistence allowances, close to US$90 per capita.
2.20 The structure of charges is summarized in Table 23. The levy accounts for more than half; threshing, seed, fertilizer and credit repay- ment are the other main items. On-farm cost items not procured through the Office du Niger must be deducted from the cash income in Table 22. In most cases, these costs are limited to renewal of equipment (or oxen) not purchased on credit. (Only new settlers are entitled to purchase equipment on credit.) In the case of underequippedfarmers, there are payments for the hiring of oxen and ploughs from better equipped farmers; in the case of families with few active males, there will also be expendituresfor hired labor during the harvest season. On the other hand, farmers also sell some paddy through private trading channels, and to that extent the incomes shown in Table 22 underestimate real income levels.
2.21 Table 22 shows farmers' charges actually paid while Table 23 shows charges due. The difference is insignificantfor all sectors .except Kolongotomo. In the latter case, farmers have kept accumulatingdebts, never repaying more than half their annual charges (Table 24). While farmers in the other sectors, including the heavily indebted cotton-growersin Niono and N'Debougou, repaid their debts within a year or two after termination of cotton cultivation,farmers in Kolongotomo contracted debts mainly,because of the low yields (due to poor drainage and heavy infestationwith wild rice). Average debts in all other sectors are presently only US$13 per family but in Kolongotomo they amount to US$400 (Table 24). This state of affairs is the main reason for the large number of flights of settlers recorded in that sector. Deserters are mostly Voltaics who return to their homeland; Malians in debt tend to flee less frequently since they are liable to be tracked down in their village of origin or wherever they choose to settle. - 56 - ANNEX1 Page 16
2.22 Settlers' incomes as shown in Table 22 must be adjusted for incomes derived from the other activitesmentioned in para. 2.18:
- Income from other crop production and animal husbandry was estimated in a 1974/75 sample survey at 22% of income from rice cultivation.1/
- Rice production "hors casier" is partly included in the income estimates of Table 22, but the extent of unauthorized rice- growing seems to be underestimated;on the basis of 6,000 ha as estimated by the mission, rather than the 3,000 ha quoted by the Office du Niger, and yields of 1.5 t/ha, income must be adjusted by a further 10% (taking into account the higher paddy price obtained in the private market).
These adjustments result in a total income of approximatelyUS$105 per capita which is slightly above the Malian per capita GDP of just under US$100, and well above the average rural income level. (Vegetable-growing,a most lucra- tive activity, happens to be most wide-spread in the Kolongotomo sector, and this tends to mitigate to same extent the income discrepancy between this sector and the rest of the Office du Niger, as shown in Table 22.)
5. Social Factors
Health
2.23 Until 1967/68, the Office du Niger had its own health service for its employees and the settlers. Like several other assets, the health infrastructurehas been transferred to general Government services; they are now the responsibilityof the Ministry of Health.
2.24 The area of the Office du Niger (including headquarters at Segou) is served by the following institutions:
- a full hospital (Hopital Regional) with a team of physicians and adequate equipment at Segou;
- a secondary hospital with one senior physician, at Niono, the central township of the Office du Niger;
- a dispensary at Macina, somewhat outside the Kolongo sector;
- infirmaries at Kolongo, Diabali (in the Kouroumari sector) and N'Debougou, the latter with facilities for childbirth under a mid-wife's supervision.
The dispensary is run by a doctor; infirmaries are under the direction of certified nurses.
1/ Office du Niger, Project de Factibilite - "Office du Niger", no date, page 35. - 57 -
ANNEX 1 Page 17
2.25 Employees of the Office du Niger are examined once annually, as required by law. The Office du Niger, for this purpose, made a special contract with the Niono hospital to carry out these examinations in all sectors except Kolongo. This arrangement has not been satisfactorysince the doctor in charge could not cope with the task besides his other duties, and the Office du Niger has entered into discussions with the Ministry of Health on the possibility of creating a health infrastructurein each of the sectors.
2.26 The Office du Niger contributes part of the costs of treatment for their employees: 50% of cost of drugs and 80% of hospitalizationcosts are reimbursed to the employees.
2.27 Health care is less well defined for settlers. Thye use the existing hospitals in case of illness and are charged according to their ability to pay; the latter is established on the basis of inquiries made at the Office du Niger (Division du Paysannat).
2.28 According to the Segou health authorities, the most frequent diseases are, predictably,malaria and bilharziose (schistosomiasis). In 1976, the following number of cases were treated in the Office du Niger area:
Dougabougou Kourouma Markala Niono/Molodo Kolongo Total
Malaria 10,278 12,620 12,551 35,449 Bilharziose 822 871 1,051 2,744
Even taking into account that these figures include persons who are not settlers or employees of the Office, it appears that malaria is fairly general. The figures for bilharziose do not give any indication of the prevalence of the disease. According to health authorities,more than 90% of the cases are of the less debilitatingvesical variety and maty settlers affected by the disease do not request treatment. Moreover, the virulence of schistosomiasis (of the vesical variety) normally decreases in persons above 30 years of age who appear to acquire a certain immunity. Bilharziose is treated with Ambilhar and Anthomaline.
Education
2.29 Primary education is provided, in the Office du Niger area, in Diabali (for the Kourouma sector), in Niono (for Niono, N'Debougou and Molodo), and in Kolongo. Schools in Niono and Kolongo comprise both the 1st cycle (6 years) and the 2nd cycle (3 years), which leads to the Diplome d'Etudes Fondamentales. The Diabali school only has the first cycle. Secondary education is provided in the Lycees of Segou and Markala.
2.30 School attendance is fairly general among children of Office du Niger employees. Most of these wish to see their children educated; in addition, there is a financial incentive since family allowances can only - 58 - ANNEX1 Page 18
be drawn for children attending school. Children attending schools in some distance from their home usually board with relatives or friends. The Office du Niger has constructed the primary schools in its area and the houses of teachers as well.
2.31 Table 23 summarizes the literacy rate for the settler population and shows that only 11% of the age group of 8-14 years attend school (19%. for boys, 5% for girls). This is low compared to other rural areas in Mali where the national average is 20% for boys and girls together. The total number of literates in a population of 51,000 is only 873; related to the population above 14 years of age, this is a literacy rate of 3%. Nearly all of these are adolescents.
2.32 The Direction Nationale de l'AlphabetisationFonctionnelle et de Linguistique Appliquee (DNAFLA) has organized an adult literacy course in the Office du Niger in each of the 5 sectors; courses normally comprise a first and a second phase and are followed up by the so-called "education permanente" for literate participants; these are supplied with relevant reading material to keep up and improve their reading skills. Instruction is provided by literate members of the community who have received some pedagogical instruc- tion and are supervised by the head of the ZAF (Zone d'Alphabetisation Fonctionnelle). The ZAFs are supported through the supply of teaching materials; the head of the ZAF receives a moped and an allowance for fuel.
2.33 Two of the 5 ZAFs have closed down following the transfer of their heads to other areas, and activities in the remaining ones appears to be dormant too. The attempt to spread literacy among the adult settler popula- tion has received no support from the Office du Niger (financial or otherwise).
Settlers Representation
2.34 Settlers elect representativesat the village, production unit, and sector level. There are, several times annually, meetings of the assemblies constituted by these delegates, at which matters of interest to the settlers are brought to the intention of the Office du Niger, and where communicationsof the Office du Niger are passed on and explained to' delegates. Two of the settler delegates will be represented on the Board of the Office du Niger (para. 1.03-1.04). Contact between settlers and the Office is further assured by frequent field trips of the heads of the sectors and of the Director General (para. 1.20).
2.35 Participation of settlers in the organizationof operations such as paddy marketing or credit administrationis virtually non-existent. There are 30 cooperatives (at the level of Production Units), but these are not volun- tary groupings but entities created by the Office du Niger. One of the main difficultiesis the lack of competent administrators,which is not surprising at the prevailing level of literacy among settlers. According to the Office du Niger management, the few literate settlers who have occupied these func- tions, often took unfair advantage of the lack of education of the other members, and the consequent absence of control. These cooperatives,matters relating to settlers' welfare, as well as admission of new settlers, evictions, and credit administrationare handled by the Division du Paysannat et des Cooperatives (see Chart I). MALI OFFICE DU NIGER Organization Chai
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END OF COTTON CULTIVATION SAHEL DROUGHT
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-T
II 1A8 T . _N MALI
OFFICE DU NIGER - IDENTIFICATIONREPORT
Staff (Permanent Employees) of the Office du Niger, by Service and Qualification. July 1976
Effectifa (Personnel Permanent) de l'Office du Niger, par Service et par Profe6sion, Juillet 1976
Engineers Techniciana and .skilled Laborera Semi-skilled and Intermediate and Laborers and Unskilled Executives Staff Clerical Staff Clerical Staff Laborers Total
irector General Office 3 1 2 8 2 16 Direction G166rale
Iminietration 2 10 28 71 13 124 Service Adminintratif
,counting 2 15 34 16 3 70 Comptabilite Generale ipplies 2 3 20 71 41 137 Service A.G.
)rks 5 39 90 627 179 94 .Oervice des Travaux /
;ricultural Exteneion / i6 32 57 264 697 1,066 Service Agricola g idustrial / 2 11 27 187 28 255 Service Industriel L-n
)mmercial / 2 1 12 88 43 146 Service Commercial ;
:atiatics 1 4 8 26 1 40 Bureau des Affaires Economiques schnical Studies 1 6 1257 58 Bureau des Etudes Oenerales
)tal 36 122 287 1,383 1,024 2,852 Totaux
Ing6nieurs Techniciens Ouvriers Ouvriers et Cadres Cadres et Agents Qualifi6a et et Employ6s Administratifs de Maitrise .Employ6s Sp6cialis6s Manoeuvres Totaux
Includes also operation of agricultural machinery, repair and maintenance / Y inclus execution des operations m6canim&es en agriculture, r6paration ' ' of equipment, and water transport. et entretien den 6quipements *6caniques, et transport. Includes numerous unskilled staff for sugar estates and for rice fields Y inclus lea manoeuvres pour lee plantations sucri&res et lea rizi4rea "an regie". exploitees en regie directe. Mainly 2 sugar factories and 4 rice-mills. ]/ En premier lieu, lee deux sucreries et les quatre rizeries. Marketing of produce. / Vente des produits. MALI
OFFICE DU NIGER - TIENTIFICATION REPORT
Staff (Permanent Employees) of the Office du Niger, by Service and Location, July 1976
Effectifa (Personnel Permanent) de l'Office du Niger, par Service et Centre, Juillet 1976
Segou Narkala Dougabougou Niono Molodo NODebougou Kourouma Diabali Kolongo Kokry Total
16 Direction Gen6rale irector General Office 16 - - - Administratif dministration 60 9 12 6 7 6 4 9 6 5 124 Service ComptabiliteGin&rale ccounting 29 8 5 9 5 - 9 - 5 - 70 Service dee A.G. upplioa 3 63 13 12 15 9 - 13 9 - 137 Service des Trava'ux lorks - 307 98 67 81 113 - 183 - 91 940 ServiceAgricole griculturalExtension 41 - 600 / 47 49 66 202 - 61 - 1,066 Service Industriel ndustrial 8 - 163 - 21 - 47 - 16 - 255 Service Commercial' :ommercial 52 10 21 19 18 _ 11 _ 15 - 146 Bureau de A.E. ;tatistics 14 8 3 1 4 3 1 2 1 3 40 Bureau des E.G. 'echnicalStudies ------58
'otal 281 405 915 161 200 197 274 207 113 99 2,852 Totaux
;;urarestates / Plantations canne A sucre I Fields managed "en regie" by Office du Niger (2000 ha in 1976) / Champs en regie directe (2000 ha en 1976) - 61 -
ANNEX 1 Table 3
MALI
OFFICE DU NIGER - IDENTIFICATION REPORT
Official Price Schedule for Rice Bareme Riz Office du Niger
1976/77 1977/78 --- Malian Franc-- -ranc Malien-
1. Payment to producer per ton of paddy 40,000 45,000 Prix au producteur - 2. Paddy losses 5% 2,000 2,250 Dechets dpssication 5Z 3. ON costs - Sector Production and Commercial Departments 4,507 5,859 Frais de collecte 4. Financial costs - interest on ON seasonal bank credit 1,898 2,127 Frais financiers 5. Sacks and twine 3,000 4,249 Sacherie Paddy et Ficelles 6. Transport and handling field to factory 3,209 4,261 - Transport Manutention- Chasp/Usine 7. Proportion of head office costs 1/ 6,580 3,597 Participation frais generaux 8. Crop protection - 500 Protectioa cultures 9. Per ton cost of paddy delivered to mill 61,194 67,843 Prix de revieut Paddy/Usine 10. Equivalent per ton of rice at milling rate of 62% 98,700 109,424 Valour Riz rendeuent 622 11. Milling costs 8,695 10,434 Frais d'usinage 12. Rice Price ex-mill 107,395 119,858 Prix de revient carreau usine 13. Transport, handling to Segou 3,232 4,137 Transport et Manutention 14. Rice Price ex-Segou 110,627 123,995 Prix de revient Quai Segou 15. Price to OFAM 2/ 102,138 110,000 Prix de cession reconduit lb. Subsidy-ORSP 3/ 8,489 13,995 Soutien ORSP S/Tonnage OPAM
1/ Overheads are allocated between rice and sugar in proportion to sales. Since sugar overtook rice in 1977/78 (with the opening of the Siribala factory,)the overheads allowance for rice is correspondingly reduced./ Les frais geniraux attribues sont au riz et au sucre, respectivement, proportionellement au volume des ventes. Puisque le sucre depasse le riz depuis la mise en service de Siribala en 1977, le montant des frais ginEraux pour le riz diminue en cette annee. 2/ Office da Produits Agricoles du Mali/(Cereals Marketing Agency). 3/ Office de Regularisatioa et de Soutien des Prix/ (Price Regulation and Support Agency). -62 -
ANNEX I MALI Table 4
OMCE W3 NIGZR - IDESTIFICATION REPORT
Provisional Tradinz Accounts 1/
Comptes d'Exploitation Provisoires 1/
Years to December 31 1971 1972 1973 1974 1975 1976 Annee au 31 decembre ------FM Million…-…-___-______-_-_
SALES OF PRINCIPAL PRODUCTS VesTES DES PR03UITS PRINCIPAUX Rice 1,373 1,665 1,718 1,851 2,621 2,928 Ris Paddy 53 32 251 126 933 64 Paddy Rice sub-products 35 23 21 17 40 42 Sous-produits riz Sugar 459 596 445 698 1,306 1,543 3/ Sucre Alcohol 71 1 32 27 31 54 2/ AUcool Cotton products 15 - - - - 7 Produita coton Other agricultural products 1 2 2 7 46 7 Autres produits agricoles Farm 6 9 6 5 10 12 Produits fermiers Livestock 27 109 150 121 63 59 Cheptel vif Conscitution material 3 23 4 45 41 14 Materisux de construction Other maaerial 61 63 98 93 103 223 Aucres materiaux Agriculture and construction works 240 289 172 150 233 3/ 959 Travaux agricoles at de construction Transport 10 2 2 3 10 22 Transports Sundry 17 16 11 12 12 12 Divers Waste and packing .05 lOd 140 137 170 66 Dechets at emballages
2_476 2,93 5 .3292 519 602
RICE AND PADDYTRADING EXPLOITATION DE RI2 ET PKDDY Opening stocks (36) (23) (91) (133) (525) (1,224) Stocks de aebut d'exercice Purchases (824) (969) (962) (1,218) (2,301) (2,366) Achats Sales 1,426 1,698 1,968 1,976 3,554 2,992 Ventes closing stocks 23 91 133 525 1.224 1.405 Stocks de fin d'exercice Gross recurn 797 1 048 1.150 1.952 807 Benefice brut 7 of Purchases 717 827 1097 94% 85% 347 % d'achats
ALL ODIER ITEMS TRADED ELOITAT2IO D'AUTRES BIENS ET SERVICES Opening stocks (1,828) (1,921) (1,254) (1,306) (1,905) (2,407) Stocks de debut d'exercice Purchases (643) (767) (740) (1,311) (1,471) (1,963) Achets Sales 1,050 1,240 1,084 1,316 2,065 6/ 3,020 Veatt8 Closing stocks L 921 1254 1306 1905 2S47 2 Stocks de fin d'exercice Gross return 500 (194) 396 604 1.096 1485 Benefice brut 7 to Purchases 777, (257) 547 46% 757 76% % d'achats
USER LEVIES 275 284 295 363 614 606 REDEVAN(CEDES EXPLOITANTS
SUNDRY RECEIS 77 71 38 40 223 / 96 PRODUITS ACCESSOIRES
S5U-TOTAL 1 441 958 l 7 2157 3 88599 SOUS-lTL
aLARGES CtARGIS Personnel 839 682 753 863 1,276 1,675 Personnel Taxes (not income tax) 78 L08 29 4/ 64 101 72 Impots at taxes Works and supplies 177 172 192 213 332 7/ 350 Travaux et fournitures Transport 50 66 30 4/ 92 121 107 Transports Sundry 11 14 11 39 5/ 26 32 Prais divers Financial charges 20 26 17 20 44 61 8/ Ponds financiers 2ensions 29 16 26 22 28 34 Ponds do retraite
\ 1.204 1.084 1.058 1.313 ~ 1.928 2.331
PROFIT (LOSS) 237 (126) 719 844 1,957 663
1/ Stocks valued higher than cost. No depreciation iocluded. L Stocks evaluis au-desous de leur coat. Aucun asortissement n'eac compris. 2/ In 1977, value of sugar increased substantially to about 2/ En 1977, la valeur du sucre a considirablenent aug ente et est prts de FM 6,000 million, upon opening of the Siribala sugar mill. 6.000 millions de FM, apres l'entre. an service de la sucrarie de SiribaLa. 3/ Understated by about FM 150 million. 3/ Montant sous-estime d'environ 150 millions de FM. i/ Low imports of machinery led to lower payments of import _/ lAs faibles importations de machines ont entrainW la baisse des paienerts pour duties and transport costs. droits d'entr&e at depenses de transport. 5/ Probably includes purchase of office equipmnt not stated as 5/ En tout probabilit4 comprend l'acbat do materiel de bureau non-comptabilise au capital expenditure. titre des depenses en capital. 6/ Sundry receipts overstated, sundry sales understated. 6/ Les produits accessoires soot surestim&s, las ventes d'autres biens et services sont sous-estism-5. 7/ Increase relates to new sugar factory. 7/ Laugmentation provient de Ia nouvelle sucrerie. 8/ Increase in interest rates, coupled with purchase of various I/ Majorstion des taux d'inc&rat, jointe i lachat * cr;dit de diverses machines. machines on credit. -63 -ANNEX 1 Table 5
MALI -
OFFICE DU NIGER - IDENTIFICATION REPORT
Source and Disposition of Funds - (Provisional Statement) 1/
Origine et utilisation des fonds - (Situation provisoire) l/
Year to December 31 1974 1975 1976 Annie au 31 decembre ------FM Million--- -
Source of Funds Origine des Fonds 2/ Trading Profit 2/ 844 1957 663 Resultat d'exploitation
Increases in liabilities: Augmentation du passif: Suppliers 217 504 Fournisseurs Suspense accounts 11 Comptes d'attente et a regulariser Bills payable 120 71 Effets a payer Sundry debtors and Debiteurs et crediteurs creditors 3/ 28 44 5 divers 3/ Government (taxes owing) 6 Etat (iUmpots a payer)
Decreases in assets: Diminution de l'actif: Debtors 63 Clients Personnel 12 18 Personnel Cash and bank 22 356 Banque et caisse
Exceptional items (net) 44 9 (20) Postes exceptionnels (nets)
1275 2085 1614
Disposition of Funds Utilisation des Fonds
Increases in assets: Augmentation de l'actif Equipment and Iamobilisations propre a furniture belonging l'organisme 4/ to the ON 4/ 121 131 301 Stocks 5/ 992 1200 610 Stocks 5/ Debtors 23 683 Clients Personnel 4 Personnel Settlers 5 11 20 Colons Cash and banks 300 Banques et caisse
Decreases in liabilities: Diminution du passif: Tern borrowings 16 Emprunts a plus d'un an Suppliers 229 Fournisseurs Suspense accounts 47 65 Comptes d'attente et a regulariser Short borrowings 3 Emprunts I moins d'un an Bills payable 64 Effets a payer Government (taxes owing) 83 66 Etat (inp8ts a payer)
1275 2085 1614
1/ Figures extracted from ON accouinting records, before final closing for year, and before audit. /Chiffres extraits de la comptabilit4 de l'ON avant la clSture finale des comptes pour l'exercise et avant leur verification. 2/ Trading profit before depreciation, and adjustments to provisions for doubtful debtors and stock values. Works invoiced includes those nominally affected for the Government, for which payment has not been made. These works charged at nominal cost recovery rates which may becin excess of actual costs. / Rsultats d'exploitation avant amortissement et ajustements des provisions pour creances douteuses et valeurdes stocks. Les travaux factures comprennent les travaux faits en principe a la charge de l'Etat mais dont le reglement n'a pas ete effectue. Ces travaux sont calcules selon un bareme de recupiration des couts qui peut etre superieur aux couts effectifs. 3/ Net movements. /Mouvements nets. 4/ Details shown under "increases in equipment" (Table 6.). / Les details figurent sous la rubrique "Accroissement de l'equipement" (Tableau 6 ). 5/ Stocks of rice valued at official selling price to Government market agency, which exceeds production cost. / Stocks de riz evalues au prix de Vente officiel a l'organisme de -64- ANNEX1 Table 6
MALI
OFFICE DU NIGER - IDENTIFICATION REPORT
Expenditure of a Capital Nature
Depenses ayant le caractare d'investissements
Year to December 31 1974 1975 1976 Annie au 31 dtcembre ---- FM Million------
Increase in Equipment Augmentation de 1'equipe- ment Hostel equipment 6 5 Equipementhotelier Office equipment 1 9 Equipementde bureau Dwellingsequipment 2 7 Equipementdes habitations Tools etc. 3 Matgriel et outillage Trucks 54 80 Transports routiers Earthmovingmachinery 52 27 Materiel et engins nouveaux Industrialmachinery 2 Materiel industriel Agriculturalimplements 4 Materiel agricole
121 131 301 1/
Budget for Work on Budget pour travaux a Behalf of the charge de l'Etat Government Rehabilitationof land Ream6nagementdes parcelles under irrigation 158 281 253 Rehabilitationof the Reamenagementdes reseaux irrigationand road hydraulique et routier networks 52 10 29 Construction 8 18 17 Construction Maintenanceof dam 3 13 Entretiende barrage
221 309 312
l/ The principal expenditurein 1976 relates to portions of equipmentpurchased on credit (billspayable) in anticipationof reimbursementby the Saudi Fund for Developmentviz: - 25 rice threshersFM 166 million; 20 tractorsFM 89 million; 21 plows FM 20 million; 20 rotocastersFM 36 million; TOTAL FM 311 million./Les depenses principaleseffectuees en 1976 ont it4 consacreesau paiement d'une partie de 1'fquipementachete a credit (effetsa payer) dans l'attentedu remboursementpar le Fond Seoudite pour le d6veloppe- ment, a savoir: 25 batteusesa riz 166 Millions de FM; 20 tracteurs89 millions de FM; 21 charrues 20 millions de FM; 20 rotocasters36 millions de FM. Soit au total 311 millions de FM. MALI
OFFICE DU NIGER - ILENTIFICATION REPORT.
Population of the Office du Niger, June 1. 1977
kecenaement Annuel de la Population de l'Office du Niger, ler Juin 1977
Ppul. Sector No. of No. of No. of Population by Age Group Total by Sex tion Active Population Villages P.U. Families 0 - 7 o _ 14 15 - 55 + 55 N P NH p HF F r HN H F Total
Niono 14 4 605 1,074 1,059 600 554 1,514 1,761 230 296 3,418 3,670 7,o88 2,o94 2,488 4,582 N'Debougou 31 7 1,343 2,009 2,142 1,419 1,463 3,565 3,881 442 480 7,835 7,966 15,401 4,984 5,344 10,328 Holodo 18 5 712 978 1,041 617 637 1,790 1,762 162 183 3,554 3,634 7,188 2,438 2,432 4,870o - ~~~~~~~~~~~~~Li Kourouma 34 8 1,187 1,660 1,529 1,204 1,192 2,983 2,882 322 272 6,169 5,875 12,044 4,187 4,074 8,261, Kolongotomo 37 6 910 1,373 1,227 824 819 2,156 2,187 345 280 4,698 4,6j13 9,311 2,980 3,006 5,986 Totaux 134 30 4,757 7,094 6,998 4,664 4,665 12,008 12,573 1,501 1,511 25,274 25,758 51,o32 16,672 17,238 33,910
Secteur Nombre de Nombre de Nombre de Population par Groupe d'Age Total par Saxe Popula- Population Active Villagee U.P. Familles tion Totale.
I&I MALI
OFFICE W NIGER - IDENTIFICATION WEPORT
Settler Families by Length of Stay and by Sector, 1935/36 - 1975/76
Familles de Colons par Annee d'Installation et par Secteur, 1935/36 - 1975/76
Kourouma N'Debou ou Niono Molodo Kolongo Total ne of Settlement/ Families % Families iaiies W Filies % Families% Families % riode d'Installation Familles Familles Familles Familles Familles Familles
1935/36 - 1945/46 - _ 81 7 215 36 48 7 417 43 761 17.5
1946/47- 1955/56 143 15 253 22 118 20 40 6 168 18 722 16.6
1956/57 - 1965/66 270 28 282 25 140 24 235 33 138 1li 1,065 24.5
1966/67 - 1975/76 542 57 523 I6 117 20 8 5 237 25 1,802 41.4
Total 1975/76 955 100 1,139 100 590 100 706 100 960 100 4,350 1oo.0 0 X I. -~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
MALI
OFFICE DU NIGER - IDENTIFICATIONREPORT
Distributionof Size of Holdings in the Office du Niger, by Sector, 1975/76
Taille des Attributionsa l'Office du Niger, par Secteur, 1975/76 (in %/ en %)
Size of Holding/ Kourouma N'Debougou Niono Molodo Kolongo Total Cumul. Cumul. Taille d'Attribution
- 4.0 ha 21 6 13 3 12 11.4 11.4 100.0 4.1 - 8.0 ha 48 45 41 48 44 45.4 56.8 88.6 8.1 - 12.0 ha 16 23 26 29 25 23.4 80.2 43.2 12.1 - 16.0 ha 8 11 10 12 10 10.5 90.7 19.8 16.1 - 20.0 ha 3 4 5 4 4 4.0 94.7 9.3 20.1 - 24.0 ha 2 3 2 2 2 2.3 97.0 5.3 ON
24.1 - 30.0 ha 1 3 2 1 1 1.4 98.4 3.0
30.1 - 60.0 ha 1 3 2 1 1 1.5 99.9 1.6
60.1 - 120.0 ha 1/ . 2/ . 3/ - - 0.1 100.0 0.1
Total 4/ 100 .100 100 100 100 100
Number of settlers/ 955 1,139 590 706 960 4,350 Nombre de colons
(D 1
1/ One unit 100 - 105.ha 1/ Une unite de 100 - 105 ha 2/ -Two units of 75 - 80 ha and 115 - 120 ha 2/ Deux unites de 75 - 80 ha et 115 - 120 ha 3/ One unit of 60 -65 ha. 3/ Une unite de 60 - 65 ha 4/ Percentagesmay not add up to 100 due 4/ Les pourcdentagesn'aboutissent pas toujours a 100. to rounding. - 68 -
ANNEX 1 Table 1Q
MALI
OFFICE DU NIGER - IDENTIFICATION REPORT
Farm Units by Number of Oxen Owned, and by Sector, 1977
Ef fectif Par Classe de Boeuf s de Labour
Ensemble Office du Niger
- -. Sector/Secteur t I ! I I Oxen7 -NioZo I I Xolodo ! N'D6bougou! Kourouma ! Kolongo t Total Bowufs de lzbot !-!! I ! 1
0 ! 32 ! 32 1 50 ! 125! 389
1 ! 60 83 79! 55! 236 513 ! ! ! ! . 2 ! 184 ! 308! 486! 454! 337 1 1 769
3 * 69 ! 71! 118! 70! 79! 4sT I I . I. ! 4 ! 110 ! 113! 237 ! 160 1 123 1 743 I I I ! ! ! 5 10 1 22 49! 27 ! 28 145
I I *. ! I ~ I - I 3 1 39 ! 33 1 98! 44 22 1 236 i I I I + 6 ! 82 1 39! 149! 91! 30! 391 ! . I ! ! i ! I ______! ______!__ _ _ _ I _ _ _ _ I _ _ _ _
Total ..... ! 595 i 70Q ! 1 256 ! 1 051 ! a80 ! 4 593 -! I ! ! ! - -69 - ANNE 1 Table 11
MALI
OFFICE DU NIGER - IDENTIFICATION REPORT
Farm Units by Number of Ploughs Owned and by Sector, 1977
Effectif Par Classe de Charrues
Ensemble Office du Niger
ectortSecteur~ ! ! Plougs ! Niono Ilolodo !TI'D ebQupOu I orouma I tojonvo t Total C1arru.eo .1 _____! _____! !______I____!
0 ! 21 34 1 41 82! 84! 262 ! I ! ! II I . ! 347! 476! 735! 678! 673 1 2 9C9
2 1 136 1 144 1 331 2C9 1 194! 1014 ! ! I ! - !I 3 1 51! 30 80 56! 25 1 242
4 ! 22 . 12 ! 45! 1 3 98 I ! * ! ! I 5 ! 12! 4! 19 ! 5! 1! 41
+5 ! C ! 1 ! 15! 5! - 1 27
I I ! t. ! !
Tota1'. i1***g* 595 1 701 1 1 25 ! 1 051 ! 980 1 453 Toa __ _ ! ! ! 5_,3 - 70 -
ANNEX 1 Table 12
MALI
OFFICE DU NIGER IDENTIFICATION REPORT
Farm Units by Number of Harrows Owned, and by Sector, 1977
!Effectif Par Classe de Herses
Ensemble-Of fice du Niger
- Sector/Secteur II . l ! Harrows ! Niono I Xolodo !N1'Dbougou I Kououm, I tolongo I Total
Iierses -J ! - I ! ! _ ! I . I I. I I 0 l 153 I 4 , .285 1 267 1 251 ! 1 020
1 1 375 1 6O0 1 884 78 I 688 1 3 226 I 1 1 ! I ! 2 I I01 33 82 1 951 33 ! 303 t- I .!I : l I + 2 1 7 ! 3 15 1 11! 8 44 I - 9 I - . ! ! ! !
______*!__ __ _-_ _ _ _ I______! ______I' - ! !-______! I I I ! ! Total.. , 595 ! 701 ! 1 266 ! 1 051 1 980 ! 4 §93 _ I 5 ~~~~~ * ~~1 I I -71 ANNX 1 Table 13
MALI
OFFICEDU NIGER - IDENTIFICATION REPORT
Farm Units by Number of Carts Owned, and by Sector, 1977
Effectif Par Classe de Charrettes
Easemble Office du Niger
-S ctortSecteur I ! ! I ! I Carts I Niono I!.oolodo !ITf)l6bo ou_utottroma 1 3olongo Total Charrette.s ______!______I______!_____ !__!__t__ i ' r I ! ! 0 i 194! 250 i 391 ! 555 1 718 2 108 , . I ! I ! 1 .353! 424! . 808! 47 2! 251! 308 I ~ ~' ~~~ S ! !I 2 ! 37 1 22! 57 ! 21 1 10 I 147
+ 2 ! 11 !' 5 10 3 ! 1 t 30 I 5 * ! ! I 4
Total...... ,. S 595 ! 701 S 1 2C6 ! 1 051 ! 980 S 4 5, I ~ ! - ! t -72-y-i ANNEX1 Table 14
MALI
OFFICE DU NIGER - IDENTIFICATION REPORT
Cross Tabulation of Number of Oien and Number of Plougha per Farm Unit, 1977
Rapport Charrues et Boeufs de Labour.
: Ensemble Qffice dii Niger
Ploughs/ I I Oxen harruesi ! 1 22de 2 'I Total 30u_ !_ - l I ! l I I 0 1 178 206 1 6 ! 390
1 ! 35 I 462 t 13.! 1 1
2. . 43 1 617 1 107 1 5 1 1 772 3 2" !1I 07I ! I 3 ! _ ! 2b ! 101 l 1. 1 407 ! I I I ! 4 ! 3 ! 2Cg 447 ! 24 1 743 I !~ ~-. ' I ! I 5 t - ! 25 1 103 1 17 1 145 I ! !- I I. I 6 16 I 142 78 1 236 I ! I . I +- 3 116 90 280 1 389 I ' ! I I4 I
Trotal...... i . 262 1 . 2 1l0 I.1 015 i 4C6 1 4 593 ! I - ! MALI
OFFICE DU NIGER - IDENTIFICATION REPORT
Draught-oxen and Basic Equipment per ha cultivated, by Sector, 1976
Boeufs de labour et equipement de base par ha cultivee et par secteur, 1976
Niono Sector/Secteur Kolongo Molodo N'Debougou Kourouma Total
Ha/pair of oxen 14 13.2 10.8 13 12.2 Ha/paire de boeufs
Ha/plough 10.7 9.4 10.8 10 10.4 Ha/charrue
Ha/carts 33 14 12 19 16 Ha/charrette
(D X 74 ANNEX 1 Table 16 MALI
OFFICE DU NIGER - IDENTIFICATION REPORT
Development of Equipment Ratios and of Yields, 1971/72 - 1976/77
Developpement des Taux d'Equipement et des Rendements, 1971/72 - 1976/77
Year/Annee Ha/pair Ha/plough Pair of oxen Ploughs per Yields of_oxen per Settler Settler (paddy) t/ha
1971-72 6.8 6.7 1.3 1.3 1.72
1972-73 6.4 6.0 1.5 1.4 1.78
1973-74 6.8 6.2 1.0 1.4 1.97
1974-75 6.6 6.4 1.4 1.4 2.00
1975-76 6.0 6.4 1.0 1.4 2.14
1976-77 5.5 6.0 1.6 1.4 2.26
Superficie Superficie Nombre de Nombre de Rendement par paire par paires de charrues paddy de boeufs Charrue boeufs par par t/ha (ha) (ha) exploitant exploitant - 75 - ANNEX 1 Table 17 MALI
OFFICE DU NIGER - IDENTIFICATION REPORT
Correlation between Density of Equipment and Yields, 1976/77
Correlation entre Taux d tEquipement et Rendements, 1976/77-
Yields/Rendements Number of Number of oxen per ploughs per 10 ha 10 ha
O - 1,200 kg/ha 1.25 1.34
1,201 - 1,600 kg/ha 1.53 1.47
1,601 - 2,000 kg/ha 1.59 1.43
2,001 kg/ha - 1.93 1.57
Nombre de Nombre de paire de charrues boeufs par par 10 ha 10 ha MALI
OFFICE DU NIGER - IDENTIFICATION REPORT
Animals Kept by Settlers on the Farm, by Sector, 1976
Animaux Sedentaires des Colons, par Secteur, 1976
Sector/Secteur Kolongo Molodo Niono N"Debougou Kourouma Total
Draught oxen/ Boeufs de labour 2,097 2,145 2,099 4,730 3,188 14,259
Steers/Taureaux 53 48 303 400 107 911
Cows/Vaches 645 802 1,416 2,630 888 6,381
Heifers and bull- calves/Genisses'- t urillons 756 643 1,286 1,272 654 4,611
Sheep and goats/ Ovins - caprins 273 675 722 1,648 1,103 4x421
Horses/Chevaux 3 25 13 23 18 82
Donkeys/Anes 330 481 501 975 521 2,808
F3
.' MALI
OFFICE DU NIGER - IDENTIFICATIONREPORT
Underequipped Settler Families, by Sector, 1976
Familles Colons Sous-equipees,par Secteur, 1976
Sector/Secteur Kolongo Molodo Niono N'Debougou Kourouma Total
No. % of No. % of No. % of No. % of No. % of No. % of total total total total total total
Families with Familles ayant
no oxen 125 13 32 4 32 5 50 4 150 15 389 9 0 boeuf
1 ox 236 24 83 11 60 10 79 7 51 5 509 11 1 boeuf
no plough 84 9 34 5 21 3 41 3 82 8 262 6 0 charrue
no harrow 251 26 64 9 153 25 287 24 267 26 1,022 23 0 herse
(DX
'.0 - 78 - ANNEX 1 Table 20 MALI
OFFICE DU NIGER - IDEN2IFICATION REPORT.
Terminations at the Office du Niger 1975/76 and 1976/77, by Sector and Cause of Termination
Departs de l'Office du Niger 1975/76 et 1976/77 par secteur et cause de depart
1975176 1976/77 Families Persons Families Persons Niono Familles Personnes Familles Personnes
Resignations 16 5 Demissions Flights - 5 Fuites Evictions 2 Evictions Deaths - Dicis Total 16 156 12 73 Total
N'Debougou
Resignations 8 16 " Flights 4 - Evictions 1 Deaths 1 - Total 14 89 16 163
Molodo
Resignations 14 47 Flights 9 - Evictions 1 1 Deaths 2 - Total 26 217 48 352
Kourouma
Resignations 24 21 Flights - 2 Evictions 1 2 Deaths - - Total 25 246 25 247
Kolongo
Resignations 11 39 Flights 30 45 Evictions - 1 Deaths 1 15 Total 42 362 100 811
Total Office du Niger Total Office
Resignations 73 128 Flights 43 52 Evictions 3 6 Deaths 4 15 Total 123 1,070 201 1,646
Total in % Total en Z
Resignations 59 64 Flights 35 26 Evictions 2 3 Deaths 3 7 Total 100 100
Flights in Z Fuites en 2
Niono - 9 N'Debougou 9 _ Molodo 21 - Kourouma - 4 Kblongo 70 87 Total 100 100
Tota7 Departures in % of Fanilies 2.6 4.2 Departs en % des familles in Z of Population 2.3 3.2 " " " de la population MALI
OFFICE DU NIGER - IDENTIFICATIONREPORT
Admission Requests and Admission of Settlers, 1975/76 - 1977/78
Demandes d'Admission a l'Office du Niger et Demandes Acceptees, 1975/76 - 1977/78
1975/76 1976/77 1977/78
Admission Requests 1,519 2,023 3,011 Demandes d'Admission
Of which: desquelles:
Accepted 117 481 315 Acceptees
- from current year's requests n.a 273 118 - demandes nouvelles
- from waiting list n.a 208 197 - liste d'attente
Waiting List 541 1/ 817 1/ 1,298 1/ Reportees
Rejected 861 725 1,595 Rejetees
1/ The waiting list cannot be added to the admission 1/ La liste d'attente nepourrait etre ajout6e requests because many candidates drop out after one aux nouvelles demandes faites chaque ann6e or two years of waiting but would not normally notify puisque beaucoup de candidats ne maintiennent the Office du Niger. pas leur candidature apres une attente d'une ou plusieurs annees et se fixent ailleurs sans aviser les autorites de l'Office de ce fait.
(XX
H' MALI
OEFICE: DU NIGER - IDENTIFICATIOiMREPURT
Paddy Deliveries, Cash Income and Total Income Derived from Rice Cultivation, by Sector, Family and Inhabitant, 1976/77 1/
Collecte de Paddy, Reveni Monetaire et Revena Total D&ive de la Culture du Riz, par Secteur, Famille et Habitant. 1976/77 I/
ector/Secteur Paddy Charges Cash Paddy for Total Population Families Delivered Paid Income Home Cons, 2/ Income 1000 Cash Income (FM) Total Income (FM 1000) 114 Million FM Million FM Million FM1Million FM Million per cap. per lamily per cap. per fa!ily
Durouma 599 271 328 134 462 12,o44 1,062 27.2 308.9 38.4 435.o 'Debougou 962 360 602 174 776 15,401 1,271 39.1 473.6 50.4 610.5 iono 340 170 170 85 255 7,o88 592 24.0 287.2 36.o 430.7 ilodo 395 168 227 85 31-2 7,188 698 31.6 325.2 43.4 447.0 olongotomo 228 156 72 125 197 9,311 1,024 7.7 70.3 21.2 192.4 otal 2,524 1,125 1,399 603 2,002 51,032 4,647 27.4 301.2 39.2 430.8 1 USS)/(SEU) (56) (615) (80) (S,9) 0 otal without oloingotomo/ 2,296 969 1,327 478 1,805 41,721 3,623 31.8 366.3 43.3 498.2 1 otal sa-is olongotomo (65) (748) (88) (1017)
Collecte Charges Revenu Auto- Revenu Population Familles Revenu Mon6taire Revenu Total Paddy Directes Mon6taire consommation Total 1000 mar t6te nar famille ;par tete ar fa-i -1 e FM Millions FM Millions FM Millions FM Millions FM Millions FM 1000 F 10(L)
/ Does not take into accoant rice ciltivation 'hors casier", rainfed agriculture, vegetable 2,/ Sans tenir compte de la riziculture hors casier, cultures pluviales, plots, and revenme from animal husbandry. maraichage, et revenu tire de l'6levage. J 300 kg per capita, at MF 40/kg. 2/ 300 kg par tbte, A FM 4O/Ag. MALI
OFFICE DU NIGER - IDENTIFICATION REPORT
Structure of Farmere' Chargea, 1976/77(FM Million)
3tructures des Chargea Directes de Production, 1976/77 (FM Millions)
Sector Chargee Levy Threshing Seed Fertilizer Credit Animal Other Cultivated Chargee er ha Paddy Due Repayment Feed Area (ha) O}H1000) US5 Equivalent / Kg
Kourouma 275 122 41 62 18 19 6 7 7,622 36.1 74 902 N'Debougou 361 199 83 32 27 10 6 4 12,601 28.6 58 715 Niono 171 94 33 13 11 6 6 8 6,017 28.4 58 710 Molodo 179 111 39 13 9 4 2 1 6,279 28.5 58 712 OD Kolongotomo 191 112 31 24 9 6 2 7 7,013 27.2 56 680 H
'T'otal 1,177 638 227 i44 74 45 22 27 39,532 29.8 61 745
Secteur Chnrges Redevance Battage S.emence Engraia Remboureement Aliment de Autree Superficie Char paar ha Equivalent Duea mecan. Cr6dit Betail Cultiv6e (ha) 1FiO EU Paddy 2;/ Kg t
w
4 1/ At FH 4OAcg the producer price war inrer eued to IN 5/46in autu.wn 1977. N4ALI
OFFICE DU NIQER _ IDENTIFICATIONREPORT
Develoraent of Settlera' Indebtednesn 1971/72 - 1976/77, by Sectors (FM Million) D6ve1opp.ment da l'Endettement dea Pay-ana, 1971/72 - 1976/77f par S9ct-ur (Ft Milliono)
Sector/Scteour 1971/72 1972/73 1973/74 1974/75 19752p 1976/ Debt Rnaymant Debt Repayment Debt Be ent "bt epalment Dbt pye Debt iqpmntHielyy per Dettes BRebouresoent Dettes Rembouraement Detten am aur*aant fDetten Rembouree-ent Detta Re-bourseaont Dettee Bembournenent ete pr00)
Kourousa 109 102 109 101 125 115 215 205 220 209 285 271 10.7 I;iono/N'Deboucou 295 246 246 226 297 285 436 427 443 435 539 530 4.6 (l!iono) (138) (135) (174) (170) (5.5) (11-0nbougou) (305) (300) (365) (360) (4.3) Holodo 75 £8 108 94 124 112 175 170 163 159 171 168 5.5 Kolongoto.o 242 112 233 107 276 136 351 183 364 175 369 157 198.4 OD Total 721 548 696 528 822 648 1,177 985 1.190 978 1,364 1,125 48.9
Bepayzent in 76 76 79 84 82 82 Remboursement en A
Total without Kolooag 479 436 463 421 546 512 826 802 826 803 995 969 6.2 Total anen Kolongo
I epdyment in i 91 91 94 97 97 97 hembournement an i rmpaysent tobago in % 46 46 49 52 48 42 Reeh-ursement Kolongo ano
Dsbt Outstanding 174 168 175 192 211 242 t)ette d recouvrer (Kolongatoso) (131) (126) (140) (168) (188) (213) ( ther nectore/Autre. necteours) (43) (42) (35) (24) (23) (29) MALI
OFFICE DU NIGER - IDENTIFICATIONREPORT
School Attendanceand Literacy Among Settler Populationby Sector (1977)
Scolarisationet Taux de Lettres Parmi lea Colons, par Secteur (1977)
Sector/Secteur Total Population Age Group 8 - 34 School Attendance In % of Age Group School Attendance Total School Literates2 Population Totale Groupe d'Age 8 - 14 8 - 14 Years En % de Groupe d'Age 15 years and more Attendance Lettrea 2 Scolari6sa Scolaris6s Total Scolarises 8 - 14 anB 15 ans et plus U F F F F M F F R
Kourouma 6,169 5,875 1,204 1,192 274 68 22.8 5.7 108 25 382 93 228
N'Debougou 7,435 7,966 1,419 1,463 234 86 16.5 5.9 78 13 312 99 199
Niono 3,418 3,670 600 554 147 30 24.5 5.4 27 2 174 32 239
M4olodo 3,680 3,528 631 641 24 - 3.8 - - - 2l - 28 ; C
Kolongotomo 4,698 4,613 824 819 199 66 24.2 8.1 84 11 283 77 179
Total 25,400 25,652 4,678 4,669 878 250 18.9 5.4 297 51 1,175 301 87,
I/ Pupils having completedthe Cours Elementaire(6 forms) and / Eleves ayant termin6 la Cours El6mentaire,ainsi que les autres personnessachant other people hbving acquired reading skills. lire et 6crire courament.
1~ Ix - 84 -
ANNEX 2
2. Irrigation Infrastructures
I. Description
1. Basic Data 2. Detailed Features
II. Operation and Maintenance
1. Operation 2. Maintenance
III. RehabilitationRequirements
1. Infrastructures 2. On-Farm Development
IV. Water Supply and Demand: Short Term Prospects
1. Present Situation 2. Short Term Prospects 3. Present and Future Balance of Demand and Supply 4. Conclusion
V. Medium and Long Term Expansion Possibilities
1. Medium Term 2. Long Term
Appendix I: Maps Available at the Office du Niger - 85 -
ANNEX 2 Page 1
MALI
OFFICE DU NIGER - IDENTIFICATIONREPORT
Irrigation Infrastructures
I. Description
1. Basic Data
1.01 The project area is located on the left bank of the central delta of the Niger river, 40 km downstream from Segou. It stretches 125 km to the North along one of the Niger's former channels, the Molodo, and 50 km along the Boky-Were channel which runs parallel to the Niger river from Markala to Macina. Longitudinal slopes run from the South to the North at 5-10 cm per kilometer,with cross slopes of 3 cm per kilometer away from the river or the Molodo towards the floodplains. The land at the northern tail end of the project thus lies 10 m lower than at the head. Numerous former bypass channels of the Niger cause a considerablevariety in microrelief. They run essentially parallel to the river, drain the plain in a north-easterlydirection, and are much more pronounced in the area closest to the river.
1.02 The area's soils vary in thickness from 2 to 50 m and consist of alluvial deposits, derived from crystaline or sandstone formations of the Niger's upper basin. Soil fertility consequently is not particularlygood: organic matter, nitrogen and phosphate contents are low (0.4%; 0.02-0.08%; and 0.01-0.05%, respectively)and acidity is relatively high, varying from 4.5 to 6.7. Soils vary in texture from moderately heavy clays to sandy clays, but are suitable for irrigated rice throughout. In the South of the area, reddish-brown soils with hydromorphic properties dominate. To the North, structural properties are less pronounced and the topsoil disperses easily, forming a hard soil cover. Traces of soil salinizationare spotted in some depressions and at the periphery of the area; no serious salinity hazards, however, have developed during 40 years of continuous irrigation, since the Niger river water has a low soluble salt content and a low sodium absorption ratio. A soil survey has been carried out at a scale of 1:20,000.
1.03 The climate is Sudano-Sahelianwith a single rainy season from May to October. Average annual rainfall (35 years) does not vary a great deal across the project area: about 600 mm is recorded near Markala versus 570 mm at Kogoni, 110 km further north. Ninety-five percent (or 570 mm) falls from June through September with the heaviest rains occurring in August. Evapo- ration amounts to over 3,000 mm/year and exceeds rainfall in all months. Supplementalirrigation therefore is required for rice cultivation during the entire cropping season. Further climatologicaldetails are given in Annex 3, Tables 1-3. - 86 -
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1.04 All irrigation water is diverted from the Niger. In I normal year, the river rises in July, reaches its peak flo! of 5,000 m /sec in September/Octoberand recedes to a low flow of 20 m /sec by April/May. The onset, extent and duration of both rains and floods may vary considerably from year to year. Further details are given in Section IV below. The river water is throughout the year low in both suspended and dissolved solids.
1.05 The cultivable command area of the Office du Niger scheme covers at least 500,000 ha; of these, 57,000 ha have been equipped for irrigation. The Office du Niger consists of six irrigation subdivisions;five on the banks of the Molodo river and one along the Niger between Markala and Macina. During the 1977/78 campaign, rice was cultivated on an estimated 39,500 ha, and sugar-cane on an estimated 2,700 ha; a further 1,000 ha have been developed for sugar-cane production but are not yet planted to cane; this leaves nearly 14,000 ha which have been abandoned and are in need of rehabilitation. Further details are given in Table 1.
1.06 Constructionof the Office du Niger's irrigation and communication infrastructurehas been in progress since the 1930's. Some of these works are in a surprisinglygood state of repair, others are badly in need of rehabili- tation or must be rebuilt altogether. The Project's infrastructurepresently consists of the followingmain components:
- the diversion barrage at Markala;
- the headreach canal, 8 km in length;
- the two main service canals (Canal du Sahel and Canal de Macina), 235 km in length including the sections of the Fala de Molodo and the Fala de Boky-Were they make use of; and
- 350 km of unpaved roads.
These infrastructuresare the property of the State (Annex 1, para. 1.05), which also owns the land. The following distributionand drainage system is the property of the Office du Niger:
Irrigation Drainage Canals Canals ------km-- -
Primary 246 329 Secondary 483 551 Tertiary 2,190 2,173
Total 2,919 3,053 - 87 -
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2. Detailed Features a) Main Civil Works
1.07 The Barrage at Markala. This long barrier across the Niger river, completed in 1947, was built to ensure an adequate river level at the Office du Niger's intake structure. The barrage extends over 2.8 km, of which 1.8 km consists of an insubmersibledam. River flow through the structure's 14 bays is regulated by a total of 488 ramp gates hinged at the base, to maintain a retention level of 300.54 m.o.s. (meters over sealevel) and a depth of 5.50 meter immediately upstream from the barrlge. Since the reservoir thus created has a capacity of less than 10 million m , irrigation water must be derived from run-of-the river supplies only. Several important repair works (para. 3.02) need to be carried out in the near future if the barrage's efficiency is to remain unimpaired.
1.08 The Headreach Canal. This canal carries water from it uncontrolled intake on the Niger's left bank, I km upstream from the Markala dam, to the main distribution structure at the so-called "Point A" (see Map II). The canai consists of two parallel chaniels 8 km long, with a capacity of around 55 m /sec each, or a total of 110 m /sec. The original design provided for these channels to be widened eventually to one single 100 m wide canal, with a maximum capacity of 500 m /sec.
1.09 Inflow into the headreach canal is restricted by sand bank forma- tions at the intake (see para 3.03). This obstacle will hav5 to be removed, if canal capacity is to be increased beyond the present 110m /sec. Canal transport by barges is also hampered by these banks during period of low flow. Since the canal has been dug through the Niger's levees, breaches are not likely to occur here.
1.10 The Intake Control Structure. At point "A", an intake control structure consisting of two main head regulators divides total inflow over the Scheme's two main service canals described below. The head regulators consist each of 5 gated bays and a 8 m x 50 m shipping lock. The gates are operated electricallybut can, if needed, also be opened manually. The regulators are generally in a good state of repair, in spite of the small amount of preventive maintenance that has been carried out in recent years.
1.11 The Main Service Canals. Irrigation water is conveyed through two main canal systems:
i) the 155 km long Canal du Sahel/MolodoRiver system, which serves the Northern subdivisions,a total of 43,000 ha, or 75% of the area;
ii) the 80 km long Canal de Macina/Boky-WereRiver system, which serves the Eastern subdivision,a total of 14,400 ha, or the remaining 25% of the area. - 88 - ANNEX 2 Page 4
1.12 The Sahel/MolodoSystem consists of the Canal du Sahel which con- nects Point A with the Molodo River at km 25 1/, and the Molodo river which has been canalized over some 130 km and subdivided by means of cross regulators into the following three reaches:
i) reach no. 1 from km 25 to km 80 serving the division of "Kala Superieur" by pumping stations (sugar plantations) and the divisions of "Kala Inferieur" by gravity flow through channels which have inlets upstream from the cross regulator at km 80, near Niono, known 'as"Point B";
ii) reach no. 2 from km 80 to km 128 where flow is controlled, at "Point C", by two cross regulators: one to serve the Kouroumari subdivision on the left bank and another which is presently used as spillway (pending the future constructionof the Alatona subdivision)on the right bank of reach no. 3;
iii) reach no. 3 from km 128 to km 155 where the Molodo joins the Kouroumari depression, through which the system's tailwater is evacuated and left to evaporate.
1.13 The constructionof reach (bief) no. 1 was completed in 1937; of reach no. 23 in 1952. Reach no. 1 was originally given a design dis- charge of 55 m /sec at the head. The present capacity is not known with any precision. The most recent flow measurements date back to the late 'fifties,when a major attempt was made to increase the canal system's capacity. A steady state discharge of 76 m /sec was recorded at the time. Numerous dike ruptures have since occurred resulting in major changes in the canal's profile. Canal width, for instance, has in several places increased to 3-4 times its original dimension. The entire Sahel/Molodo canal syssem now covers an estimated 8,000 ha, and stores around 180 million m . Canal losses from evaporation and seepage have reached an estimated 15 m /sec. Also, it may take up to two weeks for steady state flow to be reached throughout the system.
1.14 Lack of systematic and periodical canal maintenance over several decades has resulted in operating conditions which allow little flexi- bility and require very cautious operation to avoid dike rupture (Section II below). The cross regulators,on the other hand, generally function quite well, with the exception of one at Point B, which has remained jammed close for a number of years.
1.15 The Macina/Boky-Weresystem consists of the Macina Canal which connects Point A with the Boky-Were river at km 20, and the Boky-Were river proper. It has been diked over a distance of 47 km as far as Kolongotomo at the head of the Kolongo Division. The system was completed in 1935
1/ This denotes the distance from Point A. For the following, see also Map II. - 89 -
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at a design capacity of 55 m /sec. It is still thought to be able to deliver this flow but is usually run at a much smaller discharge (20 m /sec). Both dikes and canals are in a poor state of repair. Aquatic weed growth which causes problems throughout the Office du Niger is particularlyheavy in stretches of the Boky-Were. This, however, is of no immediate concern since the system's capacity is more than adequate for the 6,300 ha presently under irrigation in the Macina/Boky-Weresystem.
b) Irrigation Distribution and Drainage System
1.16 A number of serious problems beset the irrigation and drainage system, resulting in a low irrigation efficiency and unsatisfactorydrainage, which has led, in some cases, to abandonment of the area served. Some of these problems stem from the fact that fifty percent of the area was 'originally developed for cotton and then converted to rice cultivation: cotton, however, does not have the same irrigation and drainage requirementsas rice. Other problems are casued by inadequate attention to the internal distribution - system and to on-farm development. Also, maintenance left much to be desired throughout the years and as a consequencemade efficient operation of the system at maximum capacity very difficult.
1.17 The irrigation distributionsystem. The main supply canals have in most instances been constructedwith a higher capacity than their pre- sently developed command area would require. This was done with future extensions in mind. Although their main control gates generally function properly, metering devices or recording gauges to check on the flow actually admitted to the canals, are either absent or non-operational. As a result, canal discharges are probably maintained at an unnecessarilyhigh level, putting an extra strain on already overloaded drainage systems.
1.18 Most primary ("distributeurst") and secondary canals ("partiteurs") have lost their original profile and been reduced to less efficient sections. Their banks have eroded in numerous places, and the risk of canal rupture is high; ruptures involve cutbacks in water levels during critical crop growing stages. Turnout structures have frequently deteriorated to the point of becoming unrecognizableor are operated by stopgap measures.
1.19 The drainage system. The drains were originally built to serve subdivisionsin which either rice and cotton or only cotton was grown. A relatively elementary surface drainage system was adopted, in parti- cular since salinity was known to be no problem. Drainage requirements appear to have been underestimatedand canal sections underdimensionedeven for the moderate drainage requirementsof cotton. The ensuing unsatisfactory drainage has been one of the major reasons for the decision to terminate cotton cultivation in 1970/71. The shift to 100% rice cultivation has fur- ther aggravated the situation. Drainage capacities which were inadequate under earlier cropping patterns of rice and cotton fall far short of the drainage module which rice cultivationwith its present low water-use effi- ciency calls for. Long periods of insufficientmaintenance and particularly prolific aquatic weed growth have further reduced the drainage system's original capacity. - 90 -
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1.20 But perhaps the greatest obstacle to proper drainage must be sought in the outlets:
- For the Sahel/Molodosystem, these were meant to be provided by the natural depressions of the surrounding plains. Main drains, however, have either not been connected with, or not been extended far enough into, these depressions to reach the required base level.
- In the Macina/Boky-Weresystem, on the other hand, tail-end drainage is meant to be provided by the Niger river. How- ever, the gravity drainage outlet constructed for this purpose in the river bank near Kokry cannot be operated during at least two months of the year. This is when the river's floods rise above the base level needed for the drainage system to function. Drainage conditions at the downstream end of the Kolongo subdivision,consequently, are the worst in the entire Office du Niger. They have caused the abandonment of an estimated 8,000 ha or 55% of the area developed in the Kolongo subdivision.
1.21 These water distribution and drainage problems are common to all subdivisions in varying degrees. Each subdivision has, in addition, its own specific problems, which are summarized below.
1.22 The Dougabougou/Siribalasubdivision. The Dougabougou sugar-cane plantation (1,200 ha) was completed in the mid-'sixties under direct execution by the Office du Niger with aid from the People's Republic of China. The sugar-cane perimeters are irrigated by pumping from the Canal du Sahel. The irrigation and drainage structure is of the classical system, which subdivides the area in lots of 1 ha. Furrow irrigation is practised., Drainage water is pumped back into the Canal du Sahel, the only subdivision in which this is the case. Heavy topsoil stripping during land levelling operations has affected soil fertility. The perimeter would also, it appears, benefit from-an over- haul of most of its irrigation infrastructure.
1.23 The Siribala sugar-cane plantation, the latest addition to the Office du Niger (2,500 ha), was completed in 1976, also with Chinese assis- tance. Irrigation water for a command area of 2,500 ha is supplied by pumping from the Molodo. The main drains have their outlet through a natural depres- sion, from where the water returns to the Molodo by gravity. Site selection, irrigation constructionand land preparation have been undertaken more com- petently than in the Dougabougou area. At present, only 1,660 ha or 65% of the developed area are under cane.
1.24 Both subdivisionssuffer from the drawback that irrigation water supply cannot be assured at all times. Low flow periods in the Niger, and correspondinglylow levels in the Molodo, adversely affect pumping efficiency. Decreased pumping capacities were experienced all too frequently at Dougabougou during the recent drought. - 91 -
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1.25 The Molodo subdivisionwas developed between 1943 and 1955 and covers an area of 7,200 ha, about equally divided over the sectors South and Central Molodo. It is served by the Molodo main canal, which takes off from the Fala de Molodo, 3 km upstream from "Point B", and runs along the left bank of the Molodo's second reach (see Map II). Intake control is assured by the first cross regulator 8 km downstream from the intake. The canal was constructed with adequate capacity to allow for the eventual development,at its tail end, of two additional sectors: Faba and North Molodo, a total of 5,000 ha. A reasonably good drainage outlet is pro- vided by the lower Kala main drain, a depression running north and south, 10 km west of the Molodo.
1.26 This irrigation system was from the start developed for 100% rice cultivation. The original canal capacities may, therefore, meet the require- ments of the current cropping pattern. The irrigation infrastructure's general state of repair compares favourably with that of other subdivisions. During the 1976/77 campaign, 6,240 ha (or 86% of the developed area) were cultivated.
1.27 The Niono and N'Debougou subdivisions 1/ cover 7,300 ha and 13,400 ha, respectively,along the right bank of the Molodo, downstream from "Point B'1. They were developed between 1936 and 1965. The entire area is served by the Gruber canal, which takes off from the Molodo 5 km upstream from Niono and runs 30 km along the Molodo's right bank until it splits into the N'Debougou and Siengo secondaries of the N'Debougou subdivision. Irrigation water is supplied either through a number of primary canals or by secondarieswhich tap the Gruber canal directly. Irrigation conditions in the Niono subdivision are not particularly good. Close to 2,000 ha or 26% of the developed area were not cultivated in 1976/77.
1.28 The reasons for this must be sought in poor drainage in some eastern sectors, and lack of irrigation command in other areas. In the Niono sub- division, much rice is grown outside the project area ("hors casier"). This practice, not uncommon throughout the Office du Niger, causes much damage because checks are built in peripheral drains to obtain irrigation water and this aggravates drainage problems in other areas.
1.29 Conditions in the N'Debougou subdivision are better. Of the 13,400 ha, some 2,000 ha or 15% of the developed area were left uncultivated in 1976. Yields are 30% higher than in Niono and among the highest in the Office du Niger (Annex 3).
1.30 In the Niono and N'Debougou subdivision,redimensioning of most of the irrigation and of all drainage canals is a priority in rehabilitation works. Drainage outlets are without exception inadequate both in length and capacity.
1/ These two subdivisionswere one single subdivision (Niono) until a few years ago. - 92 -
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1.31 The Kourouma subdivision covering 11,000 ha is the most recently developed area and was constructed in the years 1951-1964. It is served by the Sokolo main canal, which has its intake on the Molodo at "Point C", near Kourouma. Half of the area is irrigated through secondaries which are directly supplied from the main canal. The other half is irrigated through the Kogoni primary which spills its tailwater into the Kouroumari depression. This primary has a tendency to silt up, the consequence of a too flat slope.
1.32 The Kourouma subdivision's topography is generally flat and its soils are particularly suitable for rice. Yields are higher than average, and only 10% of the developed area was not farmed in 1976. The area's major problem is drainage, particularly in the northernmost part of the Kogoni sector. Here, the main drain which serves 80% of the subdivision,discharges into the Kouroumari depression. The natural outlet of this depression is the tail end of the Molodo river, which, at this point of its third reach, bends sharply eastwards towards the Mema. This outlet, however, is obstructed by- a levee of the Molodo at normal levels, and by a dike of the road to Niafounke at flood level. The latter obstacle also prevents back-Slow to the Kouroumari during flood in the Molodo. A lake of several million m has thus formed in the Kouroumari. It has become an important watering point for livestock, but drainage of the Kogoni sector is severely hampered, as it would be in any future extension of the Kourouma subdivision as long as this outlet is not improved.
1.33 The Kolongo Subdivision,which covers an equipped area of 14,400 ha, is served by the Macina Canal/Boky-Were river system. The cultivated area declined steadily in the past decade. In 1976/77, 8,000 ha paddy was grown, a figure which in 1977/78 apparently dropped to 6,000 ha. The irrigation system suffers from widespread disrepair. But drainage conditions are worse, particularly at the eastern end of the project. Lands also are poorly levelled and wild rice infestation is rampant. The particular drainage problem of the Kolongo sector has been decribed above in para. 1.20.
1.34 Rehabilitation of a part of the main drainage and the irrigation distribution canals is to be carried out, with Chinese assistance, in 1978 and 1979, but little extension can be undertaken as long as the basic drainage system is deficient.
c) On-Farm Development
1.35 The basic irrigation unit covers 12 or 24 ha and is served by a tertiary canal (arroseur)and drain. Irrigation facilities such as turnouts, irrigation ditches, and tail drains as well as land developmentwere origi- nally left for the farmers to provide. This applies in particular to the Kolongo subdivision, the first one to be developed. The Office du Niger has since passed through a number of stages with regard to land-levelling policies, most notably the "piano key" land levelling applied for cotton cultivationbetween 1958 and 1966. - 93 -
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1.36 Under this system, each plot, a piano-key shaped strip of generally 5-6 ha, was regarded as a self-containedentity, for which topographical survey and levelling operationswere carried out independentlyof neighbor- ing plots. Levelling was carried out in such a way as to eliminate the transversal slope and to provide a uniform slope of 2% along the length of, the strip. Irrigation along transversal furrows ensured that water travelled evenly over the entire unit without stagnating at one point. The chief purpose of this method was to ensure that only the amounts of water really needed would enter the rice-fields and that most of this would be absorbed on its travel through the furrows in order to protect the cotton plants against excess humidity. In addition, this method had the advantages of limiting the amount of earth to be moved, avoiding the removal of much top- soil, and reducing the cost of levelling.
1.37 Until 1966, 11,300 ha were improved according to this method:
- 6,800 ha in Niono/N'Debougou; - 2,250 ha in Molodo; - 1,570 ha in Kourouma; and - 650 ha in Kolongo.
The extent of piano key levelling in each subdivision, the natural micro- relief, which becomes more favorable from the South to the North, and local drainage conditions determine the overall quality of land as expressed in Map II at the end of this report, which relates these characteristicsto yields in the 1974/75 campaign. It should be noted, however, that some areas with "piano key" improvementhave deteriorated over the years and need re- shaping. Also, the piano key technique is designed for cotton cultivation and is not ideal for rice, which requires a flat terrain and not a sloped one. d) Transport and Communication System
1.38 Two important but unpaved national roads connect the two main towns in the area, Niono and Macina, with Markala. Here they link up with the paved road to Segou and, ultimately, Bamako. Liaison and service roads have been built along the main canals and some primaries but the network of canal maintenance roads is insufficientand in urgent need of expansion.
1.39 Being unpaved, none of the roads on the left bank can accomodate all-weather traffic; road transport of rice, therefore, is frequently inter- rupted during the rainy season. Paving the road from Markala to Niono and strengthening the road from Markala to Macina, which runs on the crest of the dike along the Niger, have been included in the Five Year Development Plan (1974-78),but neither of these projects has been executed.
1.40 In view of the problems encountered in shipping produce by road, bulk transport is shifted as much as possible to canal barges. The Sahel/ Molodo canal up to Kourouma and the Macina/Boky-Were canal up to Macina are - 94 -
ANNEX 2 Page 10 navigable. Under favorable circumstances (adequate water level in the canals, control of aquatic weeds, and periodic removal of sand barriers), canal barges can, at present, handle 60% of the rice, fuel and building materials transport. In reality, however, aquatic weed growth and sandbanks reduce the effectivenessof the river transport fleet.
II. Operation and Maintenance
1. Operation
2.01 Operation of the irrigation and drainage system is the responsibility of the AgriculturalDepartment (Service Agricole). This department is sub- divided in six Sectors, i.e.
- Dougabougou/Siribala(for sugar); - Kolongo; - Niono; - N'Debougou; - Molodo; and - Kourouma.
Except for Dougabougou/Siribala,all Sectors are subdivided in Production Units, which comprise a number of villages. The Deputy Director of the Service Agricole has his headquarters at Niono; from there, he directs irrigation activities and maintains main supply canals at the level and discharge needed to satisfy demand. TWateris supplied to main canals and primaries on demand of field staff in the Sectors and Production Units, and on rotation to secondaries and terminal canals.
2.02 Standard operating practices are hardly applicable since Sectors, and in places even individual subdivisionsof a Sector, were originally designed according to different criteria, according to the croppinp p^atterns they were intended to support. Technical guidance in the operation of the irrigation and drainage system is provided by the Bureau d'Etudes Generales and can also be solicited from the Service de l'Hydraulique in Bamako.
2.03 The mission was unable, during its short stay, to assess how well the system functions. The head and cross regulators appear to be operated correctly although it would be desirable to improve communicationsbetween regulators. Telephones either do not exist or are not in working condition, and messages are hand-carried. In particular under the prevailing conditions of very limited freeboard, it is important that the canal can be closed rapidly in case of heavy rainfall. Canal ruptures and other disturbancesof the scheduled water flow can seriously jeopardize irrigation since in this huge system it may take up to 12 days for adjustments made at Point A to be felt at Point B, and another 12 days for the effects to be felt at Point C. - 95 -
ANNEX 2 Page 11
2.04 The Agriculture Department is furthermore responsible for establish- ing maintenance and repair needs of infrastructures. A list of requirements is drawn up annually and then reviewed by management, which determines priori- ties as a function of the budgetary situation and of equipment available.
2. Maintenance
2.05 Maintenance of infrastructuresis the responsibilityof the Works Department (Service des Travaux). It has a large staff of well-trainedand experienced operators of heavy equipment, mechanics and fitters and is also relatively well equipped with repair shops and forges permitting a wide range of repairs, and production of spare parts. The Service des Travaux has the following structure:
- the Division des Travaux is responsible for all civil works, whether new development,maintenance or re- habilitationof canals, land, buildings or roads; this unit is, oddly, also in charge of rice-threshing;
- the Division Mecanique is responsible for maintaining and repairing all mechanical equipment as well as gates and sluices; and
- the Division des Transports is responsible for transporting agriculturalproduce, agriculturalinputs, building materials, etc.
Infrastructuremaintenance is not assigned to a special division but lumped together with new works. Given the priority normally accorded to new develop- ments (in recent years the Siribala sugar plantation, for instance), main- tenance is institutionallyin a weak position when it comes to the allocation of staff and equipment resources to new works and maintenance, respectively.
2.06 The budget of the Works Department totals about FM 1.5 billion annually (FM 1.2 billion and FM 1.7 billion in the two most recent years for which figures are available). About two thirds of this, or about FM 1 billion (US$2 million), are allocated to the Division des Travaux; however, more than half is absorbed by rice-treshingactivities, which leaves for actual constructionand maintenance of civil works, funds in the order of magnitude of FM 350-500 million. Of this, about FM 200 million have been spent, in 1974/75 and 1975/76, on repair and maintenance of infrastructures. This amounts to approximately FM 5,000 or US$10 per ha. This may be an underestimate to the extent that costs of repair and maintenance of earth- moving equipment, budgeted under the Division Mecanique, must be imputed to infrastructuremaintenance. This, however, would increase actual maintenance expenditure by no more than 20-30%.
2.07 Without a much more detailed examination than the mission was able to undertake, it is difficult to define the maintenance requirementsof the system. Unfavorable factors are that: - 96 -
ANNEX 2 Page 12
- the entire irrigation system is unlined; banks, therefore tend to erode;
- aquatic weed growth in canals and rice fields is widespread and virulent;
- cattle herds move freely through the area in post-harvest times and cause damage to the canal system; and
- the network of maintenance roads is sparse.
On the other hand, there are favorable factors making for moderate maintenance costs, such as:
- the low silt load of the Niger river water;
- the low salinity level observed; and
- the possibilities of reducing unit costs of maintenance works after rehabilitation,in particular through broader use of specialized equipment presently not used at the Office du Niger.
2.08 As a first order of magnitude, FM 1.0-1.2 billion annually would appear to be reasonable for the system in its present size; assuming that the 14,000 ha presently abandoned are reclaimed, this would work out at approximatelyFM 20.000 per ha. These orders of magnitudes are given mainly in order to emphasize the difference between actual and required maintenance; at present, only one fourth of required maintenance is carried out. Further studies need to be undertaken, of course, to identify the nature and extent of necessary maintenance works and to itemize costs involved.
III. RehabilitationRequirements
1. Infrastructures a) Barrage and Headreach Canal
3.01 The Markala barrage is in reasonably good shape and its operation is restricted only to a limited extent. However, several repairs should be carried out urgently to prevent a spread of the existing damages. These works comprise:
- reinforcement of the aprons at the stilling basins;
- stabilization of the river channel downstream of the barrage; and
- renewal of neoprene seals at the joints of the ramp gates. - 97 -
ANNEX 2 Page 13
3.02 Recommendations to that effect have been made in 1964 by engineering consultants SATRAM (Abidjan),and in 1976 by Chinese technicians. These repair works are now scheduled to be carried out in 1978 and 1979 with Chinese technical and financial assistance.
3.03 Conditions at the headreach canal's intake are potentiallymore harmful for the operation of the irrigation system. The main problem is the deposit of bedload sediment which forms moving sandbanks. These limit the canal's intake and are an obstacle for the shipping of Office du Niger pro- duce and other bulk freight.
3.04 A hydraulic model of the intake has been tested in 1962 at the Chatou Laboratories in France. The construction of deflector vanes at the canal's entrance was recommended;these vanes would not obstruct navigation. Another solution, which was finally adopted, was proposed by a Chinese Technical Mission and consists of the relocation of the canal entrance several hundred meters upstream from its present site. At that point, 3.6 km upstream from the barrage, a depression in the river forms a natural sediment trap. The relocation of the canal entrance is also scheduled to be carried out, with Chinese technical and financial assistance, in 1978 and 1979. It is not quite clear whether the Chinsse assistance3also comprises the enlargement of the headreach canal from 110 m /sec to 150 m /sec. b) Main Service Canal Systems
3.05 Lack of systematic and periodic maintenance over the past decades has resulted in a serious deterioration of the main supply system's dikes and levees. These now consist in many places of mere protective bunds, which even under normal operation conditions leave a free board of as little as 10-20 cm. The operation of the canal system, therefore, is very inflexible and must be handled with great care.
3.06 The Canal du Sahel/Molodosystem is the more critical of the two main supply systems. It is now considered hazardous to operate the canal at its capacity for more than one week at a time since seepage through the body of the dikes then reaches dangerously high levels. Strengtheningof the dikes would eliminate the constant threat of ruptures, and a heightening of their freeboard by 0.5 m or 1 m would incre se live storage capacity of the Canal du Sahel/Molodoby 40 or 80 million m (acording to the additional freeboard provided). c) Distribution and Drainage System
3.07 Canals of the irrigationdistribution system are generally in a poor state of repair. They have lost their original capacities, embankmentshave caved in, gates have jammed or been lost, and head walls of structures have foundered. Siltation is not a serious problem since Niger waters carry a low siltload in this stage of the system. - 98 -
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3.08 Conditions in the drainage system are worse. Not only have canals not yet been given their final design dimensions, they are also overburdened with excess irrigation water. The latter is a direct result of the low irrigation efficiency. The common practice among farmers to build checks in the system for illegal irrigation enterprise has further aggravated matters.
3.09 Listing specific shortcomingshere is of little avail. Each auto- nomous distributionsystem should be rehabilitated from head to tail, i.e. from intake to drainage outlet; improving flows in only a few canal sectors would not be a sufficient remedy. Constructionwork should be preceded by a comprehensive study of all factors affecting water use under improved conditions, notably planting dates, irrigation efficiency, flooding tolerance of high-yieldingvarieties, and the new irrigation and drainage modules to be adopted. Special provisions for such studies are included in the Technical Assistance/ Engineering Project (Annex 5). d) Service Roads and Waterways
3.10 A large number of irrigation canals, and even parts of the main canals, have not been equipped with service roads; most of the drains, and their outlets, are not accessible by road. This inadequate network of service roads has been an important factor contributing to the poor maintenance of the irrigation infrastructures. Rehabilitationworks should include the design and constructionof a coherent and functional network of maintenance roads.
3.11 Navigation on the Fala de Molodo's third reach, up to Kourouma, is hampered by sand bars; this reach should be deepened to the required draught of 2 m. In addition, the entire transport needs of the Office du Niger and the various options to satisfy these needs should be studied in the near future.
2. On-Farm Development
3.12 The degree of on-farm development required in different areas of the Office du Niger varies considerably: required works are generally light in the better preserved of the "piano-key" perimeters improved between 1958 and 1966 (para. 1.35-1.37) as well as in parts of the Kourouma sector, where the terrain is naturally flat; required works are heaviest in the Kolongo sector and small parts of the Molodo sector. The areas requiring light, average, and heavy on-farm works are reflected in Map II showing areas with high, average, and low yields. On-farm development costs have been estimated, in a very preliminary way, at US$300-700/ha for these three categories (not counting physical contingenciesof 25%), and these figures will be used in the cost estimate for the RehabilitationProgram (see Table 1 of Annex 4).
3.13 As mentioned at various instances, some 14,000 ha of rice fields have been abandoned by settlers because of irrigation and drainage problems, - 99 -
ANEYX 2 Page 15
weed infestation,and in a few cases, soil problems. Some 60% of these abandoned fields are in the Kolongo sector, and only 5,700 ha in the Canal du Sahel/MolodoSystem. Except where soil quality does not warrant rehabi- litation costs (estimated at US$1,000/ha for these fields), they should be reclaimed.
3.14 As is apparent from Table 1 in Annex 4, costs of on-farm works account for the bulk (i.e. 62%) of the RehabilitationProgram's total cost. In order to ensure that these works are carried out as cost-effectivelyas possible, the RehabilitationProgram should be preceded by a pilot program, which would serve to test different approaches and adapt them to the particular circumstancesand requirementsin each area; the program would also serve to test different types of equipment and train specializedbrigades to plan and carry out these on-farm works. A properly sampled pilot program of 250-500 ha in each sector, or a total of some 1,500 ha, would be sufficient to arrive at a well founded estimate of the cost of rehabilitatingthe 40,000 ha now under cultivation and of reclaiming the 14,000 ha abandoned, and to establish fea- sible annual targets for the RehabilitationProgram.
3.15 Finally, this pilot program should be used as a demonstrationdevice for settlers in surroundingareas. This requires close cooperationwith the Department of Agriculture in order to ensure that the perimeters rehabilitated in the first years are immediately cultivated in such a way as to produce the anticipatedcyields (Annex 4, Section II).
IV. Water Demand and Supply: Short Term Prospects
1. Present Situation
Water Demand
4.01 Of the 57,000 ha gross developed area, 42,200 ha are presently irrigated. With the exception of 2,700 ha under sugar-cane, the sole crop is rice (39,500 ha). Thus, the overall cropping intensity (in relation to the developed area) is 75%.
4.02 The following irrigation calendar has been adopted: Pre-irrigation of rice takes place in April, May and June, followed by flooding from May through August, and by maintenance irrigation from June through November. During flooding, the fields are filled up to 15-20 cm, and this level is maintained until they are drained, 2-3 weeks before harvest.
4.03 Crop Water Requirements. Irrigation is required throughout the rainy season to make up for deficits in rainfall. Some uncertainty exists over the unit requirements,or module, expressed in 1/sec/ha, which has to be adopted for irrigation on a round-the-clockbasis. From information - 100 -
ANNEX2 Page 16 supplied by the Office du Niger 1/, it appears that a module of 3 1/sec/ha is applied for both early and late rice during flooding, and 2 1/sec/ha during maintenance. These figures refer to diversion requirements at the head of the main supply canals and do not, therefore, reflect losses incurred in these canals (Sahel/Molodo and Macina/Boky-Were). They are very much on the high side compared to water use norms for paddy in schemes with similar conditions. It provides an insight into the current state of irrigation in the Office du Niger.
4.04 Information on the amount of water actually used for irrigation is difficult to obtain, since few, if any, canal flow measurements are made at the subdivision level. Investigations carried out during the 1950's 2/ suggest that modules for flooding and maintenance of rice can be reduced to 2 1/sec/ha and 1.2 l/sec/ha, respectively. The module for sugar cane would be 1.25 1/sec/ha; here again, actual water use is not known but could be deter- mined with precision since water is supplied to the sugar plantations by pumping.
4.05 Canal Losses. Since gross irrigation requirements presently run at 2 1/sec/ha instead of the 1.2 1/sec/ha that are considered to be adequate, losses in the distribution system and at the farm level would, at a water use efficiency of 60%, amount to 40% on average. Losses fro i seepage and evaporation in the Sahel/Molodo system are estimated at 15 m /sec or about 20% of the flow diverted at point A. Total losses, therefore, would be over 50% (i.e. 20% + 0.8 x 40%), and total water use efficiency from the Niger to the farm a maximum of 50%. This figure is probably lower (perhaps 30%) in a subdivision like Kolongo. Overall water use efficiency for the Office du Niger as a whole is, therefore, probably closer to 45% than to 50%.
Water Supply
4.06 Rainfall. Water supply from rainfall is concentrated in the months of June through September and amounts to an average of 566 mm per year. Yet, rainfall of no more than about 300 mm may be expected in one year out of ten:
Monthly Rainfall in Niono (mm)
J F M A M J J A S 0 N D TOTAL
Average - - 2 4 18 64 146 214 101 16 1 - 566
90% - - - - 2 26 83 136 49 - - 296
1/ Etude de Factiblite "Project Office du Niger", Table 4.
2/ Information supplied by M.J. de Casanova in his report of June/July 1964. - 101 -
ANNEX 2 Page 17
4.07 Water Supply at Markala. Since "class A" (Coloradopan) evaporation during the rice growing season totals around 1,800 mm, the bulk of the crop water requirementsmust be satisfied by diverting water from the Niger. As indicated in the following table, the critical months for water diversion at Markala are April, May, and June, particularly the two latter months, whereas supplies are ample from July through December.
Natural Flow at Markala 3 J F M A M J J A S 0 N D
Average 445 210 98 64 70 309 1,308 3,065 4,951 4,842 2,859 1,009
60% 223 99 44 28 37 137
80% 156 63 30 22 24 79
85% 140 57 27 20 22 68 3 River flow is likely to exceed 20 m /sec in April and May in 85 out of 100 years. In an average year, the June flow is quite substantial,bu at a probability level of 80 percent it drops sharply to around 70-80 m /sec.
4.08 The barrage at Markala is operated to allow a flow of 10 m /sec to satisfy minimum needs of aquatic life and traditional river transport further downstream. The river level upstream of the dam is, in the process, maintained at 300.5 m.o.s. which, due to head losses in the headreach canal, results in a level of 300.1 at "Point A".
4.09 Water Supply in the Sahel/MolodoSystem. Water supply conditions in the Sahel/Molodo System are at present not known with any great precision. Its head regulator, apparently, is operated to maintain a constrant discharge of 70 m /sec as long as the level at "Point B" does not exceed its maximum. The optimum level at this point stands at 297.00 with an allowance of 50 cm between maximum and minimum levels of 297.20 and 296.70, respectively.
4.10 Flow into the Molodo's second reach beyond Point B amounts to the discharge at Point A less canal losses and water diverted to both sugar planta- tions as well as to the Molodo, Niono and N'Debougou subdivisions. Levels at "Point C" are, through the operation of a tail-end structure, maintained at a minimum, optimum, and maximum of 293.80, 294.10, and 294.30, respectively. A separate regulator at this point controls the water supply for the Kourouma subdivision. - 102 - ANNEX 2 Page 18
4.11 The volume of wa5er kept in storage between Points3A and C is estimated at 180 million m , which3is the equivalent of 72 m /sec during one month; of this, some 140 million m would represent storage between closed regulators at Points A and B 1/. How much of this must be considered dead storage is not known but since the Sahel/Molodo system covers from head to tail around 8,000 ha, 50 cm surcharge above nor7al operating levels would allow for an additional reserve of 40 million m , or 23 m /sec during any one month.
2. Short Term Prospects
4.12 If the dikes and levees of the Canal du Sahel/Molodo were reinforced and free-board increased by 0.5-1.0 meter, the system could be operated much more flexibly, and more use could be made of its considerable storage poten- tial. Storage capacity could be put to effective use for:
(i) pre-irrigating at the earliest possible date; and
(ii) allowing an increase of up to 20 m /sec (or 25%) in short term peak flows.
The major investments that are required for an increase in the capacity of the main supply systems, could thus be postponed for several years.
4.13 Water supply conditions in the Office du Niger are expected to improve when the Selingue dam, now under construction, will be completed towards 1982. The dam will in particular permit to increase flows in the period from March to May, which is now the major constraint. The following table 2/ compares flow conditions at 85% probability with and without the Selingue dam, during the first six months of the year. (See also table 2).
Expected Flow at Markala (85% Probability)
Monthly average (m /sec)
Jan Feb Mar April May June
Without Selingue 140 57 27 20 22 68
With Selingue 149 128 137 183 86 84
1/ These figures are all rough estimates based on a small number of cross sections and longitudinal sections of the canal du Sahel between Point A and Point B. They are subject to significant error.
2/ Derived from: Effets Economiques du Barrage de Selingue dans le Domaine Agricole, by Research and Development, March, 1975 (draft report). These estimates are not undisputed and must be regarded as rather optimistic. - 103 -
ANNEX 2 Page 19
It is not known whether water release from the Selingue dam can be further increased during the months of May and June, if this should prove desirable.
3. Present and Future Balance of Demand and Supply
4.14 Water demand and supply projections are summarized in Tables 2 and 3a-3c, from which the following conclusions can be drawn.
4.15 Present balance: The Sahel/Molodo system serves 33,000 ha under paddy and nearly 3,000 ha of sugar-cane; the Macina/Boky-Weresystem, a maximum of 8,000 ha paddy. Most of the planting takes place in June and July and water use efficiency is low. Total gross demand of the Office du Niger would in a normal year (50% probability) not exceed the flow at Markala. At 85% probability,however, shortages would be experienced in April, May and June; planting would have to be postponed until later in the season, and this would have an adverse effect on crop yields. Without any extension in cultivated area, the gross demand in the Canal du Sahel/Molododivisions would not exceed its present capacity, which reportedly stands at around 70 m /sec. The Macina canal would have an ample capacity at all times, and so would the headreach canal.
4.16 Future balance (short term): As a consequence of the rehabilita- tion program, the storage capacity of the Canal du Sahel/Molodosystem would be increased, and water requirementsper ha would decrease as a consequence of land levelling. A 33% drop in flooding requirements from 3 1/sec/ha to 2 1/sec/ha) and a 40% drop in maintenance requirements (from 2.0 1/sec/ha to 1.2 1/sec/ha) may be expected.
4.17 Assuming that the Selingue dam comes into operation in the early 'eighties and that the existing sugar-came plantations, as well as any addition thereto, would be supplied through the Canal de Costes from Point A,1/ the flow at Markala would be fully adequate to irrigate a total of 60,000 ha in the Canal du Sahel/Molodosystem at a probability of 70%. Such a probability, however, is in the mission's view not acceptable for an irrigation scheme which aims at full water control.
4.18 A more realistic target for short term expansion in the Canal du Sahel/Molodosystem would be an addition of some 12,000 ha to the area pre- sently developed, increasing it to 51,000 ha. Under the assumptions spelt out in the preceding paragraph, the headreach canal would, in this case, amply satisfy total needs (once the present bottleneck at the canal's entrance is removed). However, the Canal du Sahel, in its rehabilitatedshape, would have to be run at its presumed peak capacity of 70 m /sec, and the storage potential from the Canal du Sahel/Molodo3system would have to be mobilized as well to supply a total of 70 + 23 = 93 m /sec for about one month. Under
1/ See para. 5.03 below. - 104 -
ANNEX 2 Page 20 these circumstances, total gross demand would in average years (50% probabi- lity) not exceed the flow at Markala. At 85% probability, shortages would develop in June, but these would be overcome by making use of the storage potential.
4.19 The probability of sufficient water supply at all times of the growing cycle could be raised beyond 85% only by one of the following two measures:
- by reducing the early sowing of rice and consequently shifting the periods of high water consumption to later in the season (July/August) when there is no water constraint; this, however, would have adverse effects on yields; or
- by modifying the water release schedule of the Selingue dam; if there are no compelling reasons to the contrary, water release should be scheduled in such a way as to bring maximum relief to the Office du Niger in the period of constraint.
The Office du Niger ought to be represented on the board which would even- tually decide on water management policies at the Selingue dam.
4. Conclusion
4.20 In summary, it appears from a preliminary evaluation - and taking into account the uncertainties surrounding the system's present capacity - that a major recalibration of the Office du Niger's main supply system will not be necessary before the late 1980's. This conclusion is based on the following assumptions:
- that the Canal du Sahel/Molodo system be reinforced to all w an additional 0.5 m storage and an additional flow of 23 m./sec in any one month; this would also involve the removal of several sand barriers in the canal which now reduce the Canal du Sahel's capacity;
- that the sugar plantations in the Kala Superieur, and any future extensions thereto, are irrigated from the Canal de Costes as of the early 1980's;
- that the Selingue dam comes into operation in the early 1980's and its water flow is regulated in such a way as to be in accordance with the Office du Niger's requirements; and
- that the total irrigated area in the Canal du Sahel/Molodo system at 85% probability flow at Markala does not exceed 50,000 ha by more than a small margin. - 105 -
ANNEX 2 Page 21
V. Medium and Long Term Expansion Possibilities
1. Medium Term
5.01 Medium term expansion possibilitiesare summarized in Table 4.' Ex- cept for the Alatona sector and the Canal de Costes, no new main canals would be required. Expansions are based on the existing distribution system which has been built with these extensions in mind. Some 30,000 ha could be developed, in this way, on the fringes of the sectors Molodo, Niono/N'Debougou, Kourouma and, to a minor extent, Kolongo. For the areas shown in Table 4, detailed plans exist for the required secondary and terminal canals and for the drains.
5.02 The mission had proposed to relocate cotton research and trial programs from the Kogoni station to the Alatona sector as a preparatory step to developing this sector for irrigated cotton production. This proposal was not accepted by the Office du Niger for technical reasons (Annex V, para. 4.05).
5.03 Constructionof the Canal de Costes was planned under the on-going Five Year Plan DevelopmentPlan 1974-78 but was delayed for financial and technical reasons. The Office du Niger is now preparing to carry out the civil works by force account 1/.
2. Long Term
5.04 The irrigable area commanded by the Markala barrage covers 2 million ha, of which 75% are on the left bank and 25% on the right bank of the Niger. Early expansion plans focussed on the Canal de Macina area but were abandoned when it became apparent that natural conditions were less favorable than assumed. Cotton cultivation,at that time the prime interest of the Office du Niger promoters, prompted the early expansion of the irrigated area toward the North. In this process, 1 million ha on the left bank were covered by soil and topographical surveys; for these areas, the approximate alignments of main canals and drains have already been established 2/.
5.05 On the other hand, the potential on the right bank of the Niger has remained unexplored until this day. The area has a higher population density than the left bank areas and is much closer to the barrage. Soil and topo- graphical surveys at the reconnaissancelevel ought to be carried out as soon as possible for a gross area of 500,000 ha (of which probably only a part will prove suitable for development). They would be in indispensable input for the Master Plan of long term development of the Office du Niger, which, according to the mission's proposals, should be drawn up shortly.
1/ For recent developments see Main Report, Chapter VII, para. 7.07-7.10.
2/ For a list of maps available at the Office du Niger, see Appendix I on the following page. - 106 - Annex 2 Appendix I
MALI
OFFICE DU NIGER - IDENTIFICATION REPORT
Maps Available at the Office du Niger
General
1:200,000 Carte routiere de la zone d'action de l'Office du Niger 1:200,000 Plan d'ensemble du Delta Central Nigerien 1:1,000,000 Carte de la vallee du Niger, de Bamako a Tombouctou
KALA SUPERIEUR
1:20,000 Avant-Projects - Canal Costes 1955 - Casier de Dougabougou 1955 - Casier de Seribabougou, Planche 1 and 2 - Casier de Seribala, Planche I and 2 - Casier de Bovani, Planche 2a et 2b - Casier de Dougabougou, variante - Casier de Kourmuna - Canal Costes, variante 1955
1:50,000 - Systeme hydraulique Kala Superieur, avant-project 1954 - Canal Costes et Casier de Dougabougou, variante avant-project 1955.
KALA INFERIEUR OUEST ET EST
1:20,000 - Carte Pedologique du Casier Blanc - Casier Blanc, Quartier Retail, Carte des sols, levee 1954 - Casier de N'Debougou, project jusqu'au partiteur BG - Nature des sols et microrelief, Casier de N'Debougou - Etat des cultures, casier de N'Debougou - Quartier de Siengo nord et Phedie, assolement coton- riz - Casier de Siengo, pedologie - Carte de la nature du sol et densite de boisement - Casier de Kolodougou, carte de la nature des sols - 107 - Annex 2 Appendix I Page 2
1:50,000 - Casiers de Kolodougou, Blanc, N'Debougou, Siengo, projects - Quartiers de Siengo Nord et de Phedie, D.V. - Plan d'ensemble du Kala inferieur et du Kouroumari - Casier de Molodo, Plan d'ensemble (2 calques)
1:100,000 - Plan d'ensemble Kouroumari, 21 x 31 format, rapport; Aire de transhumance,region de Niono; Plan d'ensemble du Kala Inferieur
1:200,000 - Plan d'ensemble du Kala Inferieur et du Kouroumari - Parcours de transhumance.
KOUROUMARI
1:20,000 - Casiers de Kogoni et Sokolo, carte pedologie - Casiers de Kogoni et Sokolo, nature du sol - Casiers de Kandiourou et Touraba, Avant Project - Casier de Sokolo, Quartier de Banivi, Carte Pedologique simplifiee - Casier d'Alatona, avant-project
1:50,000 - Carte simplifiee de la nature des sols du Kouroumari (2 planches) - Carte des sols et de boisements dans le Kouroumari - Aires de transhumancedans le Kouroumari
1:100,000 - Limite du Kala Inferieur et du Kouroumari - Aire de transhumance,region de Sokolo
1:200,000 - Parcours de transhumancedans le D.C.N.
1:250,000 - Systeme hydraulique du Kala Inferieur et du Kouroumari
MEMA - FARIMAKE
1:50,000 - Avant project d'irrigation du Mema 1953 Avant project d'irrigationdu Farimake 1953
1:100,000 - Avant project du Mema et Farimake
1:100,000 - Cartes des sols du Mema et du Farimake (Baguineda) - 108 - Annex 2 Appendix I Page 3
MACINA
1:20,000 - Carte de la nature des sols du casier de Niaro - Casiers de Boky-Were, amenagements realises - Casier de Boky-Were, carte de la nature des sols
MACINA - FY
1:20,000 - Plan d'ensemble, project irrigation reguliere - Casier de Macina, project 1957 irrigation par bassin (panches I, II, III) - Casier de Fy, irrigation par bassin, project 1957 (planche I, II, III) - Casier Macina, nature du sol et microrelief, 1947 - Casier de Macina, densite de boisement 1947 - Casier de Macina, Plantes annuales et boisement, 1947 - Avant-projet d'amenagement de Ke-Macina et Fy (2 planches) - Avant projet d'amenagement du Macina Ouest, Sarebarke, Kona, Dia-Beze (3 planches).
1:50,000 - Casier de Macina, avant-project - Avant projet d'amenagement du Macina, Mars 1954 - Avant projet d'amenagement des casiers de Dia et Tenenkou
1:100,000 - Canal de Macina - Casier de Macina - 109 - ANNEX 2 Table 1
MALI
OFFICE DU NIGER - IDENTIFICATIONREPORT
Area Developed and Cropped (1977)/ SuperficieAmenagee et Superficie Cultivee (1977) (ha)
Sub-division/ Secteurs Developed Area Cropped Area
Niono 7,300 5,300
N'Debougou 13,400 12,180
Molodo 7,240 6,170
Kourouma 10,920 9,510
Kolongo 14,400 6,320
Total Paddy/Riz 53,260 39,480
Sirabala 2,500 1,660
Dougabougou 1,200 1,080
Total Cane/Canne 3,700 2,740
Superficie Superficie Am6nag6e. Cultiv6e -110- Annex 2 Table 2
MALI
OFFICE DU NIGER - IDENTIFICATION REPORT
Discharges at Markala Barrage before and after
the Construction of the SUlingue Dam
Debit au Barrage de Markala avant et apres
la Construction du Barrage de Selingue
Month/ Discharge in m3 /sec Exceeded with Probability of (%)/ Mois Debit en m3 /sec Depassement avec Probabilite de (%) Without Dam With Dam Sans Barrage Avec Barrage
January/ 140 149 85 Janvier 156 166 80 184 197 70 223 237 60 250 266 50
February/ 57 128 85 Fevrier 63 139 80 83 163 70 99 185 60 115 206 50
March/ 27 137 85 Mars 30 146 80 38 162 70 44 175 60 53 190 50
April/Avril 20 183 85 22 193 80 25 205 70 28 219 60 32 230 50
May/Mai 22 86 85 24 92 80 30 104 70 37 169 60 47 185 50
June/Juin 68 84 85 79 97 80 102 123 70 136 159 60 168 246 50
Source: Research and Development, 1975 MALI
OFFICE DU NIGER IDENTIPICATION REPORT 3 Water Dnaaod-Nupply Balan.e (s /sec) -Preseat tt.stton 1/ Bluan des be.osno an s.u d-icrtigtion;altetlou.. actuells
JA)d FEN Ku! AP M4AY JUNE J1ULY AW SCT NO° PEC
SAIEL CANAL/HOLDO SYpce A. CANAL du SAL/HOIOW Paddy 33.000 (b) K[ler 5 (33.000 ha) fc-icrigation (ha) - - - 500 1, 100 1,200 500 pFe-lrrcigtltn (..) Pleodiso (ha) 5,000 11.000 12.000 5,000 Miss en as. (ha) Miontenonc. irri.tsIon .(I.) 5_0__ 16.000 28.bo0 33.000 22 000 10.000 5.000 Eutretlan (h.)
Subtotal land .nd., paddyt - - 500 6.100 17,200 28,500 33,000 33.000 22,000 10.000 5,000 Sons-t.tal rlltres (ha)l
rr5g9tlot..r au.rcc,c; *nnesoln d irioation Olveralon Paddy UJsSc3 2/ 1 17 46 69 71 66 44 20 10 bol.n. a 1- prie. IRls 5/ e. Dlversion Scoot .. /sso - 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4e4o4n 4 4 4 *oa I Drip Caonn u.3/sec
3 3 (a) Subtot-l diverslon , /s5u 4 4 4 5 21 50 73 75 70 48 24 14 (a) Slen-total balns . /sc
Loses MaIn supply .anal Pert. ca nal d dduetlo Entlsted Evaporation tarts. par -vaporation Lossc(fror 8.000 ha) 7 6 10 10 11 8 8 7 7 8 7 6 Parts. par evaporation (ur N.GOOOha) Ettisnted te.p.slosso6 . 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 'ot. sar toflltcstlo
3 3 (b) Subtotal loses o /s.c: 13 14 16 16 17 14 14 13 13 14 13 12 (b) Sos-totEl perts. s /.s.
Effective reistfil (stn) 14 51 117 171 81 13 Precipitatlon 3 effective3 () On paddy fislds . /sso 0.3 5.4 13. 22.2 10.5 1.2 3 Sur cestace . /g.c 3 On .. nal ares (8.000 hb-) /sen 1.6 3.6 5.3 2.5 0.4 Sur canal d'adduction e /sec t 3 3 (ci Subtotal aff nLivc rainfAll o /ssc - - - - 0.3 5- 17.- 28.- 13.- 2.- (i Sons-total p...eiptatlon effective e /.ec H- Cross (d) Irrigotlon DVnad (. + b + c) 17 18 20 21 38.- 39.- 70.- 60.- 70.- 60.- 37.- 26.- (d) Bi>lno a L c C/se3ource H
HACINA CANAL/hbky.Wers lystee 9. CANAL ds MACINA/lokyvWers Pr-itr'igotion (ho) 160 240 240 160 Pre-irrlg.tion (hs) Floodig (ha) 1,600 2.400 2.400 1.600 Miss an asa (ha) lOInte.an.e... ) 1.600 4.000 6.400 8 000 6.400 4o000 1.600 Entretis (1 i
subtotal lnd ondtr Paddy (ha) 160 1,840 4,240 6,560 8,000 8.000 6,400 4.000 1.600 lees-total r .la.res
)i Srclaatleoranorireoont 3 (a) Resole. aa is r5.e Rie Dive-tlon reqctreents (,s /sec) 2/ . 5- II.- 15.5 18.- 16.0 12.8 8.0 3.2 tonal losses Perces canal d .ddoctton Esti .tsd tvap-rstioo 2 2 2.5 2.5 3- 2.- 2 2 2 2 2 1.5 Porte. por scporatlon Estimated Seepsl.ela22 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 Pertes pcr infiltration
3 3 (b) Subtotal Lo.sos /nc 4 4 5 5 5 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 (b) Sons-total pettes . /Sec 3 c) Estlted effective rnloil n /ec - 14 3I9 6.6 2.8 - (Ci prvclsltation effective
3 (d r .E.. irt£n... denend 3 4 4 5 5 10 14 16 15 17 17 It 7 (d) Reeoi,. a 1 eo.rc. e /src Total .os ibsnd (A + 0 ) t Point A Inn I/sc 21 22 25 26 48 3 73 86 75 87 77 49 33 C. Bseoosn tot..o a Is soarl e(a leec)eu Point A
' Eatistla -Msb are subject to verificotlos. ZaliCaliostUt preli ir £ v4ritfl.r. 'O the bais of 3 I/usc/bh flooding,s 2 pr-irr torlona nd I/ aaleecs.estm tor / - urs oeaotiom ds 5 l/sel pwr *oen sn *1uat 2Il A_*h pour pr4-irrigatioa at sot-sis. For *augr-ceas, thl soduls is 1.25 I/aoh/bA. Poor 1. cans. & s*are, ls consoestioan *t de 1.25 I/ass/ba. gnICZ-u Nioa - IltDinCATOIO IIEP&T WATER DgNAtlD AID SUPPLY SALANCE ( _ S-hac)660rt Taro PcO.pacpa h,lla d.a b.aoiS onl *.U d 'ircIS,t1oo parapectiven aoart taran
JAN FBB MIAR APR MAY JUNE JULY AUG SEPT OCT Nov __C A. SAIEL CANAL/NOLODOSymtaa A. CANAL du SMI6L/NOLODO paddy (46,000 h-) Rli.i-rs 55.000 h. trn-IcrrlgtIOfl ha I/ 12,000 12,000 22,000 ploadlag "12,000 Pra-Ivl.ratlon ha 12,000 22.000 NIna en *00 plolntroanca nc IVOI At ev." 46 I4- 1- oCO_ 22.000 gntratlan S.btotal Ind .ndar paddy (h.): 12,000 24,000 46.000 46,0o0 46,000 46,000 34,000 22,000 Lana-total rclaLrna (ha): Ia.tL.n rautennta 3 macma an am. dlrnla n hac Dlveriaonn aa. c /ttn Paddy ( 46,000 ha) Dlveraian a'/&c 14 38 65 73 54 5 4 26.1 Coton (5.000 )a) Bosint a lnpprita RIa .3/c 2.5 6 , 6. 6.1 6.3 6.3 2.5 Irolna 1a cri.. Canon 3 (a) Sobtotal din-Iaon D /-CC 14 3 38 67.5 79.3 61.1 61.3 147.3 32.7 2.5 (a) Sobn-total ... olna . /aac Loasa n.alnaopply canal; EvaporatIon Part .. canal d'addncttoa 7 8 10 10 11 a 8 7 7 a 7 6 Partca par Vaporatioa SaVPNno 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 Partca par iafiltratlon 3 (b) S.btota1 I a.e. . /nac 13 14 16 3 16 17 14 14 13 13 14 13 12 (b) SOa-rocal partaa . /a.. Eff-ctivo ralnfall .. I Pr-ctpit.tton Croppad raa afficaca3 (i) 1.2 10 22 33 16 2.0 Sor c...Ir. r(. Canal /..c) 1_F 1.6 3.6 5.3 2.5 0.4 Sor canal dadd-ctlon (-3/lac) H (c) S.btotal off.clIv rainfll _- - 1.2 11.6 25.6 38., 18.6 2.4 (a) Sloa-total p-ecipItatioa (d) Coon. divnratoo -quirna.n. to (d) B..cI. Canal du Sahal Canal SAhnl e3/'Ca 13 14 16 30 54 70 68 36 56 59 46 IS a 1anaon (3/...c) . Cro dtv--aic n r-qolcctants Canal do Cotaa D. BS-ln Canal do Coatna 2/ 3 (at 80Xdfflolnocy) 2 . /aac 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 a la ... cc. .3/_. C. Eatlnata jtca divocalon .~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~3c C. BSaoin Canal dn llaclna raquolccmnta lacc. 3 a I- anoucc Canal (n3/.c) 2' (c /anc) 4 4 5 6 15 21 24 23 26 26 18 11 D. Totl Groom Drnad D. Lnoontotnot a 1a 00c.- (A + B + C) at polnt A (n3"Ac) 33 34 52 37 85 107 108 75 98 101 80 42 Polnt A (Ad + 8 + C)
) 0. tta b"ia of 2 1/annum t flardiag an 1.2 1,naaA& for po-frrtistom and at aoa. 1/ B"no ant 2 1/nOAa pnr al.. an "a at 1.2 1/sanan pa pr-Irrigati *at antration. 10moO ha Ar-.aan at 1.23 I/ahnp. I/ 10 .0 h. cnnna i acro, A 1.25 I/vnn/oa. 5/ Incr.ana of 50% vacr acc-ng prannatly und-r paddy. XItanaion p-rin,tnr ri-icals da 50X. MA,LI
OFFICE DU NIGER - IDENTIFICATIONREPORT
Estimated Gross Irrigation Demand (m3/sec)
Present Situation (1978)
Besoins Brute en Eau d'Irrigation (m3/sec)
Situation Presente (1978)
J F M A M J J A S 0 N D
Sahel/Holodo 17 18 20 21 38 59 70 60 70 60 37 26 Sahel/Molodo
Macina/Boky Wire 4 4 5 5 10 14 16 15 17 17 12 7 Macina/loky Were
Total Offie du Total Office du Niger 21 22 25 26 48 73 86 75 87 77 49 33 Niger
Short Term Future (until about 1988) Court Terme (1usiu'en 1988 environ)
Sahel/Molodo 13 14 16 30 54 70 68 36 56 59 46 15 Sahel/Molodo
Costes Canal: 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 Canal de Costes w
Macina/Boky Weri: 4 4 5 6 15 21 24 23 26 26 18 11 Macina/Boky W6r6
Total Office du Total Office du Niger; 33 34 37 52 85 107 108 75 98 101 80 42 Niger
Expected Flow at Markala (m3 /sec) Debit a Markala (ms/sec)
Without Seelingue'dam: Sans Barrage de S'lingue
Average: 445 210 98 64 70 309 1.308 3.065 4.951 4.842 2.859 1.009 Moyenne:
85Z probability: 40 57 27 20 22 68 Probabilite 85%
WithlSi1in&d dam Avec Barrage de Se'lingue
Average: 266 206 190 230 185 246 Hoyenne no constraint to irrigation/ 85% probability: 149 128 137 183 86 84 1/ disponibilite sans contrainte Probabilite 85X
3 It to assumed that an additional 23 m /mec can be made available from 1quruII1 eat de1le dbibt add itiorel de 23 M3/ec pourrait Streo obtonu do la riserve ied ao/ooo the Sahel/Molodo syatem of live atorage. t 114 - ANNEX 2 Table 4
MALI
OFFICE DU NIGER - IDENTIFICATION REPORT
Existing Irrigation Area and Possible Medium Term Exteasion
Superficies Am6nag&es et Possibilites d'Expansion a Moyen Terme
Supply canal system/ Division Subdivision Main Canal/ Area Developed/ Extension Area/ Systeme d'irrigation Canal Principal Superficie Aminagee Ex ansion Possible Sector/ ha Sector/ ha Secteur Secteur
Sahel Canal/Molodo Lower Kala Niono Gruber Niono 7,300 Retail 2,500
N'Debougou N'Debougou 13,400 N'Debougou- 1,000 East Siengo-North 8,000 Phedie Molodo Molodo Molodo 7,240 Molodo-Sorth 5,000 Faba
Kourownari Kourouma Sokolo Sokolo 10,920 Singo/ 10,000 Kogoni Diadian
Alatona 15,000
Subtotal (ha)/ 38,860 41,500 Sous-total (ha)
Macina Caaal/Boky WMer6 Kolongo Boky-Were Boky-Were 14,400 Boky-W-ri 3,500 Niaro Niaro
Subtotal (ha)/ - Sous-total (ha) 14,400 3,500
* Coates Canal Upper Kala Siribala 2,500 1/ 8,500 Costes Canal Dougabougou 1,200 1/ 1,800
Koumona 2,100 Seribabougou 8,100 N'Bevani 16,700
Subtotal (ha)/ 3,700 37,200 Sous-total (ha)
.* Total (ha) 56,960 82,200
1/ Presently irrigated directly from Molodo. 1/ A present irrigues par le Canal du Sahel/Molodo. - 115 -
ANNEX 3
3. AgriculturalProduction
I. Climate and Soils
1. Climate 2. Soils
II. Developed Areas an! Cultivated Areas
III. Rice
1. General 2. Production and Yield 3. Limiting Factors 4. Threshing and Marketing 5. Milling 6. Storage 7. Rice Research 8. Farm Budgets
IV. Sugar
1. Situation 2. Problems
V. Animal Husbandry
1. Cattle Fattening in Feedlots 2. Pork and Chicken Production 3. On-Farm Husbandry of Settlers
VI. Cotton
1. Climate and Soils 2. Land Development 3. CultivationTechniques; Crop Rotation 4. Fertilizer; Plant Protection 5. Cotton Varieties 6. Farm Budgets 7. Conclusion - 116 -
ANNEX 3 Page 1
MALI
OFFICE DU NIGER - IDENTIFICATION REPORT
Agricultural Production
I. Climate and Soils
1. Climate
1.01 This section reviews those climatic features that are most relevant to crop production in the Office du Niger. Reliable climatic data are avail- able from the Niono research station since 1939, and from the Kogoni research station since 1948. Climatic conditions are generally favorable for rice, cotton, wheat, sorghum, sugar-cane, and fodder plants. A summary of relevant data is given in Tables 1-3 which also show the vegetation cycles of main crops and the climatic constraints they face.
1.02 The cold nights that occur between December and March are an impe- diment to the cultivation of rice and cotton in that season since vegetative growth is retarded or halted during the cold. Measurements at Kogoni re- search station indicate minimum temperatures of 10.2 C in December, 5.6 C in January, and 7.20C in February. The number of days with temperatures below 150C is (on average) 12 in December, 31 in January, 25 in February, and 12 in March (Table 2). These temperatures make it difficult to fit in a second annual rice crop. The cold would be no obstacle to wheat production. However, sowing of wheat should be timed in such a way as to avoid that the heading period coincides with the Harmattan winds.
1.03 Evaporation is very high and exceeds rainfall in each month of the year; it must be taken into account, however, that real evaporation over large areas is about 20% less than measured by the "Colorado pan" method. High evaporation means high water requirements (and high losses of stored water) but on the other hand land dries quickly before harvesting.
2. Soils 1/
1.04 There is a soil map (1:20,000) for the entire developed area of the Office du Niger. Soils are of the alluvial type and not less than 2 m in depth. There is no salinity problem. Generally speaking, soils are rather poor, with acidity (pH) varying between 5.5 and 7, and a low content of organic matter.
1/ For a detailed chemical and physical analysis of soil types see B. Dabin, Contribution a l'etude des sols du Delta Central Nigerien, Agronomie Tropicale, Nov/Dec 1951. A summary table is in WARDA: Etude Prospective d'Intensification de la Riziculture a l'Office du Niger, June 1977, p. 23. - 117 - ANNEX 3 Page 2
1.05 Soils best suited to rice cultivation are:
- slate-coloured,loamy grey goils (calledBoi in local terminology);
- loamy-clayey grumosols (Boi-fing);
- clayey-loamy brown soils (Dian), and very clayey Dian soils (Dian-Perre).
Soils best suited to cotton cultivationare very clayey grumosols with low water affinity and a friable surface structure (called Moursi) as well as the Dian soils (and transitionsbetween Moursi and Dian). Thus, there is an overlap between areas suitable for the cultivation of rice and cotton, respectively.
1.06 The different types of soil rarely occur in large homogenous areas; the general pattern is rather that of a huge mosaic with different types of soils. Allocation of land to specific crops can only be based on dominant soil types; as a consequence, there is frequently a certain hete- rogenousness of vegetation in each individual area.
1.07 In addition to a fragmented pedological pattern, the area also has an uneven micro-relief. Lack of detailed topographical data at the time of the first development of irrigation perimeters led to serious diffi- culties in the following decades. The micro-reliefbecomes increasingly level toward the North and is quite flat in the Kouroumari sector.
II. Developed Areas and Cultivated Areas-1/
2.01 Between 1934/35 and 1964/65, the developed irrigable area of the Office du Niger increased at an average rate of nearly 1,800 ha annually; since 1965, it has remained constant at 53,260 ha (Table 4). Cotton occupied about 20% of the cultivated area throughout the first two decades of the post- war period; it declined as from 1964 and was phased out in 1970. The expe- rience with cotton production is discussed in Section VI below.
2.02 The developed ara of 53,260 ha was never fully used. Over the last 30 years, between 7,000 ha and 20,000 ha have been left uncultivated. This was mainly due to deficiencies in irrigation or drainage conditions; poor soil quality may have been a contributingfactor. In some periods, the high share of uncultivated land can also be attributed to the temporary decline in the settler population for reasons not related to the quality of infrastruc- tures but rather to declining attractivenessof economic conditions in the
11 In this section, the area under sugar-cane (3,700 ha) is disregarded. For sugar, see Section IV below. - 118 -
ANNEX 3 Page 3
Office du Niger (producer prices, problems of cotton cultivation, indebted- ness). Charts I-V show the development of irrigable areas and cultivated areas by crop and by sector from the beginning of the Office du Niger until the present. It appears that the uncultivated area, which at its peak in 1968/69 accounted for 3/8 of the total, has been reduced to 1/4 of the developed area in recent years.
2.03 The present distribution of cultivated and uncultivated land (excluding the two sugar estates) is shown in Table 5. It appears that the problem of underutilization of developed land is basically a problem of the Kolongotomo sector where drainage problems are paramount (Annex 2). In the remaining sectors, the proportion of unused land is about 15%. Map II shows the location of cultivated areas as well as of rice mills, sugar factories, research stations, etc.
III. Rice
1. General
3.01 In spite of the increase in sugar production since the Siribala factory came on stream in 1976/77, rice production is still the basic and characteristic activity of the Office du Niger. The following summary of paddy cultivation, marketing, milling and research is relatively succint however, because a comprehensive review of problems associated with paddy cultivation in the Office du Niger has recently been undertaken by the West Africa Rice Development Association (WARDA). The reader is referred to this document. 1/
3.02 Paddy is cultivated by settlers on holdings of 8.5 ha on the average. The average family structure, the size distribution of holdings and the equip- ment used by farmers are discussed in Annex 1. During the sixties, an in- creasing part of the total area was cultivated by the Office du Niget on its own account ("en regie directe"), with heavy use of farm machinery and hired labor; in 1968/69, the share of land cultivated "en regie" had reached 48%. Because of the high costs and the low productivity of hired labor, this method was quickly abandoned under the new management. At present, only some 600 ha are cultivated directly by the Office du Niger for seed production.
1/ WARDA: Etude Prospective de l'Intensification de la Riziculture a l'Office du Niger, June 1977. (See in particular paras. 13-69; paras. 85-120; and paras. 131-144). The main author of that report, Mr. Djibril Aw, Head of the Development Department of WARDA, participated in the Bank identification mission and in the formulation of the conclusions and recommendations of this report. - 119 -
ANNEX 3 Page 4
2. Production and Yields
3.03 Development of areas under rice, estimated total production, and yields are shown in Table 6. The ony magnitudes known with a fair degree of precision are the areas under cultivation and marketed production. Total production is estimated, since 1971/72, on the basis of a sample survey car- ried out by the Bureau des Affaires Economiques; random samples of 5 m x 10 m are taken for every 25 ha. The method is, on the whole, sound and the reli- ability of results depends mostly on the care with which the survey is carried out. The recent increase in total production and yields in the Office du Niger has variously been contested. However, starting from the known magni- tudes, there is little reason to assume that total production would have deviated by more than 5% from the figures advanced. Comparison with a set of figures based on marketed production, home consumption allowances and seed requirements show divergences of not more than 1-5% in recent years (Table 6).
3.04 Divergencesmay be attributed mainly to two factors influencing results in opposite directions: Marketing of some paddy produced in un- authorized fields ("hors casier") through official channels, and clandestine sales of paddy produced in Office du Niger fields. The unexplained differ- ence between the two estimates in Table 6 may, therefore, be interpreted as representing- besides inaccuraciesin the sample survey - the excess of clandestine sales over the part of production "hors casier" that was marketed through official channels. Since the latter is probably small, the bulk of the difference shown in the last column of Table 6 would be sales to private traders. This hypothesis is supported by the fact that this difference declined markedly in 1974 when the official producer price was increased by 60%, and also by the fact that there was a certain increase in 1976/77 when the official producer price, unchanged since 1974, was clearly below the price offered in the parallel market.
3.05 Yields vary considerablybetween sectors and Unites de Production, as shown in Table 7 based on the 1974/75 survey, which is judged to-be the most reliable one in recent years. Yields vary from 2,700 kg/ha in parts of the Niono/N'Debougousector to 1,000 kg/ha, the latter in parts of the Kolongotomo sector. Differences in irrigation and drainage conditions are clearly the prime contributingfactor; in the case of Kourouma, the fact that soils have been cultivated for a shorter period than in other sectors may also be a contributingfactor. On the basis of these findings, the area under paddy has been classified in three categories according to the level of yields (and the state of irrigation infrastructures). Adjusted for the increase in overall yields between 1974/75 and 1976/77, we obtain the classificationshown in Table 8, which is used as a basic information for the economic justificationof the proposed RehabilitationProject. The location of the areas belonging to stages 1-3 is shown in Map II.
3.06 The increase in overall yields can be attributed to a number of factors, among which: - 120 -
ANNEX 3 Page 5
the sharp reduction in area cultivated "en regie" (para. 3.02);
the incentive provided, after 1974, by the higher producer price;
the phasing-out of cotton production and the consequent improvement in settlers' financial position;
the improved ratio of equipment and oxen per ha (Annex 1);
increased fertilizer use; and
- better management and increased extension efforts.
3. Limiting Factors
3.07 The considerable increase in yields achieved over the last 7 years should not detract from the recognition that yields of 2.26 t/ha are still very low for an irrigation system with full water control. Several factors influencing yields levels (extension services; state of irrigation infra- structures; use of inputs and improved seed; land-labor ratios, equipment density) will be examined below.
3.08 The density of the extension service has increased from 1 agent for 34 families (360 ha) in 1970/71 to 1 agent for 28 families (235 ha) in 1977/78. There is one "encadreur" (an agent trained on the job who has, as a rule, not attended a training institute) in each village, and a "moniteur" (an extension agent with several years' training in an agricul- tural school) in each Production Unit and in some of the larger villages. This density is more than sufficient but the quality of both "encadreurs" an "moniteurs" is uneven. While unsatisfactory "encadreurs" can be fired. this is more difficult in the case of "moniteurs" since they have acquired civil servant status. By living in their village, extension agents are thoroughly familiar with the farmers they are responsible for; on the other hand, they have a strong desire to live in harmony with the village community and, therefore, tend to look the other way if settlers engage in undesirable activities such as farming "hors casier" and blocking drains.
3.09 The degree of land levelling varies considerably from the former cotton lands in Niono and the naturally level Kourouma area on the one hand to the Kolongo sector, the oldest part of the system, where the original terrain is more uneven than further north but where no attempt at levelling was made during construction in the 'thirties'. According to WARDA estimates, about a quarter of cultivated areas belong to the latter category, which also includes some areas in the Molodo sector. In these badly levelled fields, farmers use excessive quantities of water because they aim at covering even the highest sections of their fields. This leads to drainage problems as drains have been designed, in the best of cases, to cope with normal - 121 -
ANNEX 3 Page 6
quantities of water run-off but are in several cases too small even for these. Several sectors (Kourouma,Kolongo) have additional drainage problems, which are described in Annex 2.
3.10 Insufficientwater control and inadequate weeding have resulted in wild rice infestationwhich, in many cases, has induced farmers to abandon infested fields, in particular in the Kolongotomo sector. Pre-irrigation and early flooding of well-levelled rice fields is expected to be an effective method of eradicatingmost of the wild rice varieties, provided that these measures are accompaniedby better weeding practices. A pre-condition for effective weeding, however, is the transition from broadcast sowing, which is now generally practiced, to line-sowing. In 1977/78, line-sowing has made some progress (584 ha). Experiences with line-sowing showed remarkable results where farmers followed up with intensive weeding (close to 5 t/ha in one case in Kourouma); unfortunately, several extension agents failed to ensure that the farmers applying line-sowing followed weeding recommenda- tions, and results in these cases were disappointing. Better follow-up and intensified demonstration to other settlers are key elements in achieving further progress. Parallel to the planned improvement of infrastructures, extension agents need to receive supplementarytraining.
3.11 Use of fertilizer has doubled between 1975/76 and 1977/78 (Table 9) but the increase has been concentratedin the sectors with the best growing conditions (N'Debougouand Kourouma in the first place) while fertilizer use in the Kolongotomo sector has actually decreased. Furthermore,the fertilizer doze (50 kg of urea per ha) is very low and is hardly sufficient to maintain soil fertilizer at yield levels approaching 2.5 t/ha. Use of more fertilizer is not recommended,however, until line-sowingand effective weeding practices have been introduced on a larger scale since otherwise more fertilizer would mainly benefit weeds. Finally, the high water level presentlymaintained in poorly levelled rice fields also hampers intensificationof cultivation because it enforces the use of varieties with long stems that have a lower yield potential than short-stemvarieties.
3.12 A key factor limiting intensificationof rice production is labor. This will become fully apparent once the infrastructureshave been suffi- ciently improved to permit the general introductionof improved techniques leading to yields in the range of 3.5-4.0 t/ha. The present farm size cor- responds on average to a ratio of nearly 3 ha per active male family member (15-55 years), and this is bound to lead to labor bottlenecks at ploughing and, in particularly,at harvesting. Highly labor-intensive techniques like transplanting(repiquage) cannot be applied even if holdings were reduced by half. Attempts to introduce transplantingin the sixties have predictably been a failure. The overall land-labor ratio in Mali is such that highly labor-intensivecultivation methods must wait until pressure on land has become considerably higher than can be foreseen over the medium term.
3.13 For the same reason, double-croppingof rice cannot be envisaged even if the problems associated with the cold climate in December/February - 122 -
ANNEX 3 Page 7
(para. 1.02) could be overcome. With present farm sizes, the period between harvesting of the first crop and the required sowing date for the second crop is not more than 45 days, and this is not sufficient to execute the post-harvest operations and prepare the land for the new sowing. Double- cropping can be envisaged only on holdings which are considerably smaller.
3.14 Labor problems are aggravated in many cases by insufficient equip- ment. As shown in Annex 1, some 20% of farmers do not have the basic equip- ment of two oxen and a plough. They rely on services from better equipped farmers; since such farmers attend to their own fields first, this tends to cause delays in ploughing and sowing on under-equipped farms, with consequent losses in yields.
3.15 Yield losses in the case of delayed sowing are high because the varieties of paddy used at the Office du Niger are very photo-sensitive, i.e. they mature at a certain date independently of the sowing date. (Varieties- used in the Office du Niger are shown in Table 10). Thus, if sowings are late, the vegetation cycle is shortened, which entails losses in yields. Sowings ought to take place between late May and the end of July, and har- vesting between mid-November and the end of December. In reality, sowings continue until the end of August, and harvesting extends until February. In such extreme cases, losses may be 30-40% compared to farmers who sow and harvest in time. Experiments concluded in Mali by IRAT in 1966 have demon- strated the dramatic fall in yields for sowings after the end of July, and the excellent results obtained with early sowings (in May). Pre-irrigation with additional water made available by the Selingue dam can have a signi- ficant impact on production particularly through advancement of ploughing and sowing dates.
3.16 Production losses comprise not only lower yields due to the shorter growing cycle (para. 3.15) but also losses from shedding, and from birds and rats. In addition, in the dry climate with the strong daily fluc- tuations in temperature occurring between December and February, paddy grains remaining in the field are subject to cleavage; this paddy, when it is milled, produces a very high percentage of (low-value) broken rice. Thus, in addition to the quantity losses, there is an appreciable loss in quality. Under the present system of marketing, this loss is not borne by the settler since there is no quality differential in the producer price (except for paddy containing a high percentage of red rice). Thus, through the delays in sowing and/or harvesting the Office du Niger foregoes significant income since it is paid by OPAM according to the quality of the rice delivered.
4. Threshing and Marketing
3.17 About 70% of paddy production is threshed by machine; this service is performed by the Division des Travaux against a fee of 120 kg of paddy per ton; this fee has been calculated in such a way as to reflect actual cost to the Office du Niger. At the prevailing producer price of paddy - 123 -
ANNEX 3 Page 8 this corresponds to FM 5,400/t. Since it takes about 12 man-days to thresh a ton manually, substitutionof the machine by manual labor would yield only FM 450 per man-day, less than the official wage rate, and much less than the opportunity cost of labor in the harvesting season.
3.18 The quantities threshed are nearly identical with the quantities marketed as farmers normally withhold their home consumption allowance (300 kg per capita) before the threshing machine appears on the field. In years when private market are considerablyhigher than official producer prices, farmers are tempted to withhold as much paddy as possible (except for the development levy of 400 kg/ha) and thresh it manually. In this case, the low returns on manual threshing are outweighted by the higher price paid by private traders. Access to private market outlets varies with the location and experience of settlers but total private sales from Office du Niger fields are estimated to be in the range of 5-15% of total production (according to- the gap between official and private market prices in individual years). To this may be added part of the production "thors casier"; as total areas "hors casier" do not exceed 6,000 ha, this flow should be less than 10,000 tons. The Office du Niger makes some efforts to control those clandestine flows; a small unit of the "Police Economique" (attached to the Military Command of the 4th Region) circulates in the area in post-harvest times. Farmers need permits to move rice quantities exceeding one bag.
3.19 In 1976/77, some 65,500 tons were collected, which corresponds to 1,650 kg/ha on average. Total paddy collection has increased with overall yields and production. Charts I-V show the period of declining deliveries in the sixties when official producer prices were so low that farmers had little incentive to produce, and little incentive to deliver what they pro- duced. The simultaneous increase in the share of areas cultivated "en regie" (with 100% of production marketed) was a partially offsetting factor; for farmers alone, marketed production per ha was even lower than shown in these charts. When new policies were introducedafter 1968/69, deliveries per ha doubled within 8 years.
3.20 Machine threshing starts in late December and normally ends in May. The distribution of marketed quantities over the campaign period is shown below:
- January 17% - February 23% - March 28% - April 21% - May 10% - June 1% - 124 - ANNEX 3 Page 9
5. Milling
3.21 The Office du Niger has four rice-mills with a total capacity of 60-66,000 tons of paddy (according to the assumptions on the number of operating hours per year). Details are given in Table 11.
3.22 Milling results for the three units operating before 1977 are shown in Table 12. The milling rate of 65-66% is satisfactory but the quality of rice produced is extremely low. Output consists nearly entirely of brokens, or of RM 40, which officially contains 40% broken rice, but in reality more. This is only partly due to the type and state of the equipment. As long as most of the paddy stays too long in the field and arrives at the mill with cleavage of the grain, no better result can be expected. Corrective measures must start with concentration of harvesting in the last 6 weeks of the year, reduction in the size of holdings to make this feasible, and introduction of differentiated prices for paddy according to the proportion of cleavages, and possibly a bonus system for timely harvesting (or penalties for late harvesting). Improvement of rice quality becomes imperative if Mali envi- sages to eventually produce a structural surplus for export to West Africa. Mali cannot expect to become competitive in the brokens market (1977 CIF prices at Dakar FM 76/kg); for other markets, Mali must be able to produce at least a regular RM 25 quality.
3.23 The rice-mills produce a substantial amount of brans and meal which is sold to settlers as cattle feed (see Section V below) and to users outside the Office du Niger. Total sales of rice by-products amounted to about US$100,000 in 1976.
3.24 If all four factories work at full capacity, they are just suffi- cient for the quantity of paddy marketed in 1976/77 (65,000 t). However, two of the mills are 25 and 30 years old, respectively; they are in urgent need of a complete overhaul; the same is true for the Chinese-built mill at N'Dogofiry which is only 10 years old. Maintenance of rice-milling equipment appears to need more attention. Since there of the four mills may suffer a breakdown at any moment and may be inoperative for several months, the milling situation is the most serious bottleneck in the development of rice production over the short run.
3.25 The management of the Office du Niger has entered into negotia- tions with the Italian producer of the Molodo rice mill. Its rehabilitation and expansion (from 19,000 to 30,000 tons) is scheduled to begin in autumn 1978. The P.R. of China reportedly has agreed to the rehabilitation of the N'Dogofiry rice mill but no firm date could be advanced.
3.26 Discussions with the European Development Fund (EDF) and the European Investment Bank (EIB) on the subject of a fifth rice-mill (30,000 t) have led to no result. Construction of this mill is linked with Govern- ment's plan to constitute a rice reserve stock of 60,000 tons as a protection against future droughts. EDF has agreed to finance the required storage structures and fertilizer for this program but funds for the additional rice mill (and for the purchase of the rice stock) remain to be found. - 125 -
ANNEX 3 Page 10
3.27 It is true that the mill would in the first place absorb the mar- keted paddy of Operation Riz Segou (ORS) but this would liberate capacity in other mills that presently are used for ORS paddy. In the longer run, this solution is unsatisfactory,however, as it leads to uneconomic move-, ments of paddy from rice-fields to distant mills. A supplementaryrice- mill will therefore be required at the Office du Niger within a few years.
6. Storage of Paddy
3.28 Paddy storage capacity at the mills is about 41,000 tons distri- buted as follows:
- Kolongo 8,000 t - Molodo 13,000 t - N'Debougou 10,000 t - N'Dogofiry 10,000 t
Storage facility was still sufficient in 1976/77 but was straining the limits for the N'Debougou/Niono/Molodoarea. If the marketing target for 1977/78 of 72,000 t were achieved, the Office du Niger would face storage problems in this key area (Table 13). In Kolongotomo, on the other hand, storage capacity is ample but this sector is too distant to be of much use as a stand-by. Storage problems could be overcome only at the cost of a length- ening of the marketing period, with a further decline in grain quality. Constructionof new storage facilities is therefore a further priority need. The Office du Niger is preparing plans for the construction of a store of 20,000 tons capacity near the Molodo rice-mill but details of the design and methods of procurement are still under discussion.
3.29 In Niono, there is a store of 14,000 t capacity which previously was used for cotton. It could serve as a stand-by in the short run. In the longer run, storage at a location away from the rice-mill would be too costly, however, as it involves an additional unloading and loading opera- tion; this store can best be used for agriculturalinputs.
7. Rice Research
3.30 The research station at Kogoni (in the Kouroumari sector) was once part of the Office du Niger but is now under the direction of the Institut d'Economie Rurale (IER) of the Ministry of Rural Development. IER has the responsibilityfor coordinatingagricultural research in Mali and for pro- viding scientific guidance and control. The staff at Kogoni is fully com- petent but lacks sufficient equipment to carry out their tasks. Physical conditions are on the whole well suited to rice research. However, drainage conditions should be improved. - 126 - ANNEX 3 Page 11
3.31 The Kogoni station focusses on:
- continuing work on trials concerning varieties; fertilizer use; sowing dates; cultivation practices, etc.; and
- multiplication of seed and production of Elite 1 and 2 seed.
The station maintains a few trial points within the Office du Niger paddy- fields in order to study responses in varying environments; these field trials are monitored by Office du Niger extension staff with some supervision from the Kogoni station. Separation of the research station from the Office du Niger has reduced the exchange between researchers, extension staff and farmers. In view of the importance of a feedback from the field to research, the Office du Niger should make efforts to establish closer links between its agricultural staff and the Kogoni station.
3.32 The Kogoni station has a stock of well-tested varieties with growing cycles of different lengths and comprising both long-stem and short-stem varieties (Table 14). In the past, research has concentrated on long-stem varieties as those were the appropriate ones under the prevailing conditions (insufficient levelling of fields). In future, research should concentrate on the short-stem varieties in order to have a sufficient wide choice of these once the rehabilitation of the rice-fields permits the use of short-stem varieties of paddy.
3.33 A further priority of research could be to explore the various pos- sibilities of fitting a double-cropping pattern into the agricultural year, in particular the advantages and disadvantages of the two basic options:
(a) 1st crop: June-October 2nd crop: November-April/May
(b) 1st crop: July-December 2nd crop: March-June
3.34 Fertilizer response experiments show that nitrogen is the most important element. Yields increase until nitrogen doses reach 80 units per ha; beyond this point, heavy lodging occurs. Presently, 23 units/ha are used at the Office du Niger. Phosphate is lacking only in some areas in the Office du Niger, such as Molodo. No response to potash was found in experiments at the station 1/.
8. Farm Budgets
3.35 Farm budget estimates (Tables 15-17) have been made for the three yield levels identified earlier (Table 8). Labor inputs, for men and women/ children separately, have been expressed in man-day equivalents and range from 62 to 76 days per ha (Table 15), or 530-650 days per average farm unit. Work to be executed by men is estimated at 49-59 days/ha, or 420-500 per
1/ For a discussion of fertilizer issues see WARDA, paras. 57-61. - 127 -
ANNEX 3 Page 12 average farm unit. With 2.5 active male workers per average family, this implies 170-200 working days per male worker between May (ploughing)and late December. This calculationdoes not reflect the labor constraint in peak periods of labor demand, in the first place at harvesting but also at ploughing (because of competing demands of rainfed plots at that time; it' is true that rainfed land is attended mainly by women but ploughing has to be done by men). As a result of these labor constraints,both land prepara- tion and harvesting are drawn out well beyond the recommended periods.
3.36 Cost of oxen and equipment use (Table 16) is based on the average density prevailing in 1977, with some adjustmentsmade for varying cultiva- tion intensity.
3.37 Remuneration per man-day, according to Table 17, varies between FM 600 in Stage 1 (mainly Kolongotomo,and some sections of Molodo) and FM 900 in N'Debougou and Kourouma. In Stage 2, most representativeof the average, returns per man-day are FM 730 and total family income is FM 420,000 or US$860. This figure, incidentally,is very close to the figure shown in Annex 1, Table 22, derived from the Office du Niger's Farm Accounts, which is FM 430,000 for the average family income. In the lower income group, returns per man-day are only slightly higher than the current rural wage rate of FM 500, and considerablyless than the wage rate paid in periods of peak demand; the implicit wage of piece-rates paid at ploughing or harvest time are reportedly in the range of FM 750-850 per man-day.
3.38 Figures for Stage 1 farmers do not take into account the situation of sub-averageyields in this group, sometimes with yields as low as 1.2 tons per ha, which leaves a remunerationof FM 300 per man-day; this is insuffi- cient for able-bodiedmen with alternative employment opportunitiesbut may still be acceptable for the elderly who form the bulk of the population in the Kolongotomo sector; nor do these farm budgets reflect the income transfers from underequipped farmers, who have to hire oxen and/or equipment, to their better endowed neighbors. (As mentioned in Annex 1, settlers derive substan- tial additional income from other sources, in the first place rainfed crops, vegetables, and livestock.)
IV. Sugar
1. Situation
4.01 The Office du Niger operates two sugar factories with a total capacity of 19,000 tons of sugar; they are along the Canal du Sahel and the Fala de Molodo located between Point A and the Niono rice fields (see Map II). Close to 4,000 ha have been developed for cane production, of which 2,700 ha have been planted to cane. Both factories were built with technical and financial assistance of the P.R. of China. - 128 -
ANNEX 3 Page 13
- the Dougabougou factory (1964) is an experimental factory of 4,000 tons capacity;
- the Siribala factory (1976) has a capacity of 15,000 tons (Table 18).
An alcohol distillery is attached to each of the sugar factories. The Dougabougou factory has been operated by Malian staff for a number of years. The Siribala factory has been handed over to Malian staff in 1977 after the first campaign but Chinese technicians are still in charge of the operations in the cane plantations surrounding Siribala. In 1976/77, production of sugar was 14,250 tons; data on the development of cane, sugar and alcohol produc- tion are at Table 19. 1/
4.02 The Dougabougou unit has from the beginning suffered from low sugar-cane yields and also obtained a low sugar extraction rate. Low yields are attributed to
- frequent attacks by smut and bohrers;
- excessive age of the plantations, some of which have not been replanted for 8-10 years;
- the uneven quality of land levelling in this perimter, (in particular the scraping-off of top-soil at development);
- occasional water supply problems when the low water level in the Canal du Sahel reduced pumping efficiency; and
- use of Chinese cane-varieties that are not suited to local conditions.
With yields of 45-65 tons of cane per ha and a sugar content fluctuating around 8%, the average ratio of sugar per hectare harvested remained a poor 4.5 t/ha. Costs of production were correspondingly high, close to twice the level of import substitution costs. Besides the poor performance of the cane, these high costs can be attributed to the uneconomic size of the factory and to weaknesses of the cane crushing equipment.
4.03 The Dougabougou factory is worn out. At the end of the 1977/78 campaign, it is scheduled to be rehabilitated by the P.R. of China. Un- fortunately, the size of the factory will not be increased significantly.
4.04 The Siribala factory started under better conditions. Yields of cane have been well above 100 t/ha, which is attributed to
- better varieties, in particular Sc 57-423, Co419, C 56-21, NCO 310 and POY 310, and
1/ For a summary of the 1977/78 campaign, see Annex 6, paras. 3.01-3.03. - 129 - ANNEX 3 Page 14
better methods of land development: fields were levelled in units of 6 ha (instead of 12 ha, as in Dougabougou),which reduces the amount of top-soil that needs to be moved.
In addition, of course, it must be taken into account that the plantations are young. It remains to be seen how they perform after a number of years. Re- planting is scheduled to be carried out more frequently than in Dougabougou in the past.
4.05 Sugar content in the Siribala factory is between 8 and 9%, which is still an average performance at best. If the result obtained in 1976/77 (8.75%) can be sustained and if yields of cane remain stable at 100-110 t/ha, the Siribala factory should be able to produce sugar much more economically than Dougabougou; other favorable factors are the larger (though still sub- optimal) size of the factory and the spreading of administrativeoverheads over two units. Whether the Siribala factory will be able to produce sugar at a cost level approaching the import substitutioncost (estimatedat i FM 200-220/kg loco Bamako in 1977 prices) can only be determined by a closer analysis, which the mission was unable to carry out.
2. Problems
4.06 Besides the rehabilitationof the Dougabougou factory (para. 4.03), the sugar sector of the Office du Niger faces three major technical problems:
- identification,introduction and protection of cane varieties suited to local conditions;
- removal of labor bottlenecks in cane harvesting and loading; and
- substitution of the high-cost pumping stations by gravity irrigation.
4.07 Work on the introductionand protection of new varieties of sugar- cane is under way in cooperationwith IRAT, which has carried out th^reeplant protection missions in 1976/77. So far, the Siribala plantations have only been marginally affected by plant diseases.
4.08 Even before the Siribala factory came on stream in 1976/77, the Office du Niger had difficulty in securing the seasonal labor required for cane-cuttingand loading. In the first months of 1976, nearly 7,500 seasonal laborers were employed. Laborers are paid at piece-rates which, according to Office du Niger staff, allow them to earn well above FM 1,000 (US$2) per day, but labor supply is not forthcoming readily; this is partly due to the fact that the area is not densely populated (apart from the rice-farmers)and labor has consequently to be brought from distant areas. As wage-rates have to be continuously increased to ensure the necessary labor supply, the Office du Niger believes that mechanization of harvesting operations may soon be economically justified. - 130 - ANNEX 3 Page 15
4.09 Both plantations pump their irrigation water from the Canal du Sahel system: the Dougabougou plantation from the canal itself, the Siribala plantation from the Fala de Molodo, which is the continuation of that canal. The pumping costs are a major factor in the cost of the Office du Niger's sugar production and are estimated at US$0.5 million annually. Government and the management of the Office du Niger are very concerned with the situa- tion not only for cost reasons but in the first place because the pumps may fail. Experience has shown that spare parts take a very long time to arrive from China, and in the meantime tremendous losses of sugar production may occur. It is mainly in order to eliminate this risk that the Office du Niger attaches high priority to the construction of the Canal de Costes which, starting from Point A, bring irrigation water by gravity to the Dougabougou and Siribala plantations. (See also Chapter VII, paras. 7.07-7.10, of the Main Report.)
4.10 As shown in Table 19, the sugar factories convert only a fractio4 of their molasses into alcohol. The reason is that the sale of alcohol is a state monopoly, and the agency in charge has not been able to provide the Office du Niger with outlets outside the country; the only buyer of alcohol is the Pharmacie Populaire, the state-administered drug production and dis- tribution system. The economic feasibility of exporting alcohol and the opportunity costs of using molasses for cattle-fattening (Section V below) should be explored in order to avoid further waste of a valuable by-product; this waste will otherwise increase substantially with the incremental produc- tion of molasses by the Siribala plant.
V. Animal Husbandry
5.01 Animal husbandry is practized in various forms at the Office du Niger:
- the Office du Niger makes use of its by-products for cattle- fattening, pork and chicken production;
- the settlers, besides their draught-oxen, have a certain number of cattle and small animals for domestic requirements of milk and meat;
- finally, nomadic settlers bring their herds to graze on the rice-fields in the dry season; settlers entrust to these Peulh herdsmen cattle which they do not keep permanently on the farm, frequently the larger part of their cattle wealth.
An important and lively cattle-market is held each Sunday at Niono, the central place of the area. Just outside Niono there is a livestock research station (Station du Sahel) which is assisted by the International Livestock Research Center for Africa (ILCA). - 131 -
ANNEX 3 Page 16
1. Cattle Fattening in Feedlots
5.02 In 1969, the Office du Niger asked the Station du Sahel to develop an appropriate formula for the use of its by-products for cattle-fattening; available by-products are in particular molasses, the top ends of sugar-cane stalks ("bouts blancs"), rice straw, rice meal and brans. Until 1970, there was also a supply of cotton-seed;since that time, cotton-seed must be pro- cured from the Mali-Sud area. Experiments carried out at the station resulted in the definition of a fattening scheme extending over 3 months, during which animals would gain 75 kg in weight (from 300 kg to 375 kg). The ratios pro- posed by the Station du Sahel are at Table 20.
5.03 On the basis of this, two feedlots were constructed,one at Dougabougou, the other in the Molodo sector (UP5). The structures are simple, economic, and functional. The capacity is 900 animals at a time in Dougabougou, and 550 animals in Molodo. With three rotations per year, total capacity would be 4,350 heads of cattle, but in Molodo only two rotations can be aceom- modated because the feedlot is not accessible by vehicle in the rainy season; thus, annual capacity is 3,800 animals. The diet presently applied is based on molasses and cotton-seed;bulk food (roughage) is provided by the tops of sugar-cane stalks in Dougabougou,and rice straw in Molodo. Good quality meat is produced under this system.
5.04 From 1971 to 1974 the two feedlots operated satisfactorily,although never at more than 50% of theoretical capacity. Subsequently,the number of animals sold decreased rapidly:
- 1971: 1517 animals sold - 1972: 1544 " - 1973: 1922 " - 1974: 1580 " - 1975: 519 " - 1976: 413 "
In 1977, the Office du Niger phased out its cattle fattening operations.
5.05 The failure of the feedlots is not due to technical factors but to managerial and commercial shortcomings. Initially, the Office du Niger sold the fattened animals to the state agency SOMBEPEC (Societe Malienne de Betail, des Peaux et des Cuirs) under the same system as sales of rice (to OPAM), or of sugar (to SOMIEX), i.e. according to a negotiated price schedule presumably reflecting cost of production. SOMBEPEC having proved unable to meet its liabilities to the Office du Niger, management severed relations with this agency and sold fattened cattle to private traders as from 1974. The price was fixed, however, on the basis of the Office du Niger's notion of what constituted costs of production,without regard to the actual market price. Thus, in 1976/77 cattle was offered at FM 350 per kg liveweight (Table 21) while the market price in 1977 was FM 225 (Table 22). Not surprisingly, sales went down, and when operations were phased out in the second half of 1977, there were still 120 animals left. - 132 -
ANNEX 3 Page 17
5.06 Cattle fattening operations at the Office du Niger are the respon- sibility of two different services:
- the Division de l'Elevage (part of the Service Agricole), which is technically competent but has no management ability; and
- the Service de la Commercialisation, which does not have the specific market know-how required for marketing cattle.
In particular, having been accustomed to deal only with state agencies on the basis of baremes, the Service de Commercialisation fundamentally mis- understood the nature of a real market price. Thus, the Office du Niger priced itself out of the market.
5.07 It would seem that there was no reason for the Office du Niger to give up the feedlots. Taking into account a small quality premium, a price of FM 250 per kg liveweight could be obtained. The gross margin of FM 44,000 per animal 1/ should be fully sufficient to make cattle-fattening a profitable operation. An examination of the Office du Niger's cost calculation (Table 21) suggests that several key cost factors are overevaluated, in particular
- overheads, and - molasses.
5.08 The key question is the valuation of by-productss. Although the Office du Niger can transform only a fraction of molasses production into alcohol (Table 19), molasses is billed at FM 17/kg to the feedlots; similarly, rice-meal is billed at FM 17/kg, and bran at FM 12/kg, without any economic justification for this pricing. (At the same time, settlers obtain ricemeal at FM 7/kg and bran at FM 5/kg). It is important that the Office du Niger develop a consistent and rational pricing policy for its agricultural by- products based on the returns from alternative uses.
5.09 It is recommended that the feedlot operations be reactivated after a technical and economic view of their feasibility and, in particular, after a restructuring of their organization, giving overall responsibility to a competent manager who oversees both the technical aspects and the marketing side. This review should also include the effect of the livestock export monopoly of SOMBEPEC which has prevented the Office du Niger from by-passing local dealers and from establishing direct contacts with buyers in neighboring countries.
1/ Selling price = 395 kg x FM 250 = 98,750 Buying price = 320 kg x FM 175 = 54,600 - 133 - ANNEX 3 Page 18
2. Pork and Chicken Production
5.10 Rice by-products are used partly for pork production in two stables: one at Nionokoroni (near Molodo), the other near Kolongotomo. The total number of animals is about 900. At Segou, the Office du Niger has a small chicken production unit with some 200 hens. Production of eggs and meat is entirely for the local market.
5.11 Here again, technical and commercial management are split between the Division de l'Elevage and the Service de Commercialisation,with similarly poor results. In 1976, only 210 swine were sold, and many of the animals inspected in late 1977 had long passed the optimum selling weight of 80-90 kg. The small scale of the chicken production unit is surprising since the price of chicken should be very attractive to the Office du Niger (if by- products are correctly valued). It is recommended to include pork and chicken in the review proposed above (para. 5.09).
3. On-farm Husbandry of Settlers
5.12 In addition to their draught-oxen, settlers have additional cattle and small animals on the farm (Annex 1, Table 18). They are mostly used for home-consumptionof milk and meat.
5.13 Where pre-irrigationis possible, the draught-oxenbegin work as early as March; in other areas, in April/May. At this time, they are still weakened from the poor diet in the dry season, as farmers presently use only modest amounts of supplementaryfeed (Table 23). The Office du Niger plans to intensity its efforts to improve the distribution of rice-meal, brans and cotton-seed. Use of molasses would also be beneficial but poses additional problems of distributionas handling and storage is more difficult. For a fully adequate diet between March and June, a supplement of about 500 "unites fourrageres"should be available per draught-animal (instead of 80-200 units at present). This supplement would increase the ploughing capacity of a pair of oxen from 0.22 ha/day to 0.36 ha/day on average according to expe-riments carried out in the Office du Niger, i.e. one ha could be plowed in 3 days, instead of 4-5 days now. This measure would permit more timely sowing and thereby have substantial benefits in terms of increased yields.
5.14 Another promising approach to improving the strength of animals is the development of irrigated communal pastures close to the villages. This method should be introduced,on an experimental scale, in the near future. (For a proposed pilot project, see Annex 5, Section IV.) - 134 - ANNEX 3 Page 19
VI. Cotton 1/
6.01 According to the original plans, cotton would have been the main crop of the Office du Niger, with an area of ultimately 500,000 ha. Cotton cultivation reached a maximum of 7,400 ha in 1963. Average yields peaked at close to 1,500 kg/ha in 1966/67 but some villages obtained more than 2,500 kg/ha. Cotton production was abandoned in 1970 mainly because of per- sistent drainage problems. The history of cotton production in the Office du Niger is summarized in Table 24. The possibility of starting irrigated cotton production on a new basis should not be excluded, however. Therefore, the conditions and methods of cotton production in the Office du Niger are of more than academic or historic interest.
1. Climate and Soils
6.02 Data regarding climate and soils have been summarized in Section I of this Annex. Average rainfall (567 mm) is sufficient for cotton plant growth in July through September but needs to be supplemented by irrigation at sowing time in June and in particular in October/November when plants approach maturity. Rainfall in the third quarter of the year is excessive for long-staple cotton (G. Barbadense) and induces bacteriosis; it is signi- ficant that the highest yields have been obtained in years of poor rainfall (for instance in 1973 at Kogoni research station when rainfall was only 253 mm) while the lowest yields were achieved in years of high rainfall (for instance 1965, when rainfall was 867 mm). It may be recalled that in the Gezira scheme (Sudan), rainfall is only 400 mm; more significantly, all or most of this falls before sowing time. The need to escape excessive rainfall was the main reason for the early expansion of the Office du Niger towards the North.
6.03 The soils most suited to cotton (and the cereals that are frequently grown in rotation with cotton) are:
- Moursi - Dian Moursi - Dian, and - Dian Perre (see para. 1.05 of this Annex).
2. Land Development
6.04 Until 1958, ridging was done parallel to the tertiary irrigation canals (arroseurs). In that year, the Office du Niger introduced the so- called "piano key" development method. Each plot, a piano-key shaped strip of generally 5-6 ha, was regarded as a self-contained entity, for which topo- graphical survey and levelling operations were carried out independently of
1/ This Section summarizes a more detailed technical note prepared by Mr. Claude de Caso of CFDT, who participated in the identification mission. - 135 -
ANNEX 3 Page 20
neighboring plots. Levelling was carried out in such a way as to eliminate the transversal slope and to provide a uniform slope of 2% along the length of the strip. Irrigation along transversal furrows ensured that water travelled evenly over the entire unit without stagnating at one point. The chief purpose of this method was to ensure that only the amounts of water really needed would enter the rice-field and that most of this would be absorbed on its travel through the furrows in order to protect the cotton plants against excess humidity. In addition, this method had the advantages of limiting the amount of earth to be moved, avoiding the removal of much top-soil, and reducing the cost of levelling.
6.05 According to IRCT research carried out in 1964/65, the evapo- transpirationof cotton plants in the blossoming period is 7 mm/day. Water requirements(for G. Hirsutum) were defined as follows:.
- 1,000 m 3/ha in June before sowing; - 600 m /ha in early Julf; - 1-3 irrigations of 4503m /ha in September; and - 3 irrigations of 500 m /ha in October.
Beyond that point, continuationof irrigation is counterproductiveas it facilitates the development of parasites.
6.06 With the new type of land development,increased use of fertilizer, and better plant production measures, remarkable progress was achieved. The land with "piano key" levelling showed markedly superior results (Table 25). Until 1966, 11,300 ha were improved according to this method, of which:
- 6,850 ha in Niono/N'Debougou; - 2,250 ha in Molodo; - 1,570 ha in Kourouma; - 650 ha in Kolongo.
6.07 While by this method the supply of water could be regulated (except for rainfall in the July-Septemberperiod) drainage could not be controlled as expected because the capacity of the primary and secondary drains proved insufficient;this insufficiencywas exacerbated by the tendency of rice farmers to block drainage canals in order to direct the overflowing water on unauthorized rice fields ("hors casier"). In general terms, the proximity of rice and cotton fields proved the undoing for cotton as rice cultivation also resulted in a general rise in the groundwater level, which does not suit cotton plants.
3. Cultivation Techniques, Crop Rotation
6.08 Cultivation techniques are well established. Ploughing is carried out parallel to the tertiary irrigation canals while ridging is done in the sense of the "piano keys". Scarificationhas little effect on cotton yields. - 136 -
ANNEX 3 Page 21
Optimal sowing dates are end of May/early June for G. Hirsutum and second half of August for G. Barbadense. Optimal spacing is 90 x 25 cm for G. Hirsutum and 70 x 20 cm for G. Barbadense.
6.09 The Office du Niger has experimented with various crop rotations. Initially cotton-sorghum-fallowwas practiced, subsequently cotton-fallow only. Until 1954, rice and cotton fields were kept separate. The crop rotation rice-cotton, practiced from 1954 to 1958, proved to be a complete failure. The rationale behind the attempt was the hope to control weed infestation by the weeding operations associated with cotton cultivation. However, this overlooked the incompatibility of rice and cotton in important respects:
- rice requires a flat terrain and cotton a slightly sloped terrain;
- rice requires submersion and cotton furrow irrigation;
- rice is, to a degree, indifferent to poor drainage while cotton requires good drainage; and
- rice is content with an acid soil while cotton requires a neutral soil.
The 4-year crop rotation recommended as from 1965 was:
- two years of cotton (June-January); - one and a half year of stylosantes; and - one wheat crop in the off-season (November-March).
4. Fertilizer, Plant Protection
6.10 Nitrogene is the key element in fertilization. Phosphor response becomes positive only if associated with nitrogen doses of at least 50-100 kg/ha; the optimum level of fertilization is thought to be about 200 kg/ha of nutrients, for instance 300 kg/ha of urea and 100-200 kg/ha of triple- superphosphate. The amounts of fertilizer used in the sixties were much lower, however: 100 kg/ha of triple-superphosphate and 75 kg/ha of sulphate of ammonia; to this were added 350 kg of groundnut-cake per ha. Urea is to be preferred to sulphate of ammonia, however, as the sulphur has been found to have a negative impact on yields.
6.11 The most widespread parasite in the Office du Niger was Earias, which attacks immediately after sowing in late June; Heliothis, Diparopsis, Pectinophra, Gossypiella and Cosmophila are the other insects that affect cotton plants in the area. Six treatments with Endrin DDT, Carbaryl and Toxaphiene were recommended and generally executed in the sixties. With spraying from airplanes, about 32 ha were covered per hour. - 137 -
ANNEX 3 Page 22
6.12 In recent years, excellent results were obtained in rainfed cotton cultivationwith ternary organochloricand organophosphoricinsecticides such as Endosulfan,Dialifor, etc. Insecticidesbased on pyrethrum have also proved effective. This should be of particular interest if spraying were to be carried out, in a future project, with hand-carried equipment since. pyrethrum derivatives are less toxic for human beings. They are also to be preferred for environmentalreasons.
5. Cotton Varieties
6.13 The varieties of G. Hirsutum introduced at the Office du Niger were of the Allen type and derived from varieties used in the state of Carolina (USA). These varieties (E 24, Al 50, A 333.57) have a fibre-lengthof about 22 mm; time between germination and blossoming is 50 days, between germination and opening of capsules, 100 days. They are very sensitive to low tempera- tures. Interesting results were obtained with a hybrid (NKouralax E 24). The best varieties presently available at Kogoni are summarized in Table 26.
6.14 Since the end of cotton production in the Office du Niger research has continued for some time at the Kogoni research station, both on G. Hirsutum and G. Barbadense. Conditions at Kogoni, in particular drainage, are such, however, that further research cannot be carried out with prospects of success. Recognizing this, the National Research Committee instructed the Kogoni station in May 1977 to limit its activities to the conservation of the varieties developed (57 types of G. Hirsutum and 90 varieties of G. Barbadense) and the multiplicationof varieties that may be used again in the future.
6. Farm Budgets
6.15 The Office du Niger supplied seed, fertilizer and insecticidesand provided important services:
- ridging of cotton fields; - spraying of insecticidesby airplane; and - maintenance of infrastructures (except for the terminal canals).
6.16 Farmers supplied an average of 110 man-days per ha for the following operations:
- sowing 7 days - thinning 3 - weeding and fertilizer spreading 25 - re-ridging 5 - irrigation 10 - harvesting 50 - maintenance of canal 5 - uprooting and burning of plants 5 - 138 - ANNEX 3 Page 23
6.17 An average farm comprised 8 ha, of which 2.7 ha under cotton and 5.3 ha under rice. With rice cultivation, of the semi-extensive type prac- ticed at the time, requiring some 65 man-days per ha or 345 man-days per farm, total labor requirements including cotton were 640 man-days. During the 8 months of the agricultural year, the average family (with 3 active persons) could not muster more than 600 man-days. This partly explains the unsatisfactory execution of certain tasks in many cotton-fields.
6.18 A more important reason was that many farmers obtained mediocre or outright poor results even if they tried hard. Leaving aside the period before 1961, when cotton cultivation was much more extensive, it appears (from Table 24) that outside of the Niono sector (and occasionally Molodo), yields were consistently below 1,000 kg/ha and fluctuated around 1,100 kg/ha for the Office du Niger as a whole with a peak of 1,500 kg/ha in 1966/67 and with two bad failures in 1965/66 and 1967/68. The cost of the services and inputs supplied by the Office du Niger, however, amounted to 1,050/kg of seed-cotton per ha (Table 27). Thus, sub-average cotton farmers had no return on their labor and many of them, in particular in sectors other than Niono, could not even pay their debts to the Office du Niger.
7. Conclusion
6.19 Cotton was abandoned at a time when the technical problems surround- ing its cultivation at the Office du Niger were largely solved. Concentration of production on the areas with adequate land development and drainage might have demonstrated the viability of irrigated cotton. By way of illustration, the 1963/64 results for Niono, by far the largest sector, are shown in Table 28. Even with charges amounting to 1,050 kg of cotton per ha, cotton culti- vation must have been attractive with an average yield of 2,100 kg/ha in the Niono sector. Relative prices have changed little since 1965 as shown in Table 27. Thus, a yield of 2,100 kg/ha would still correspond to a net revenue of 1,000-1,100 kg/ha, or about FM 800 per man-day, in 1977. This is half way between the returns to labor for the more progressive rice-farmers and the average rice farmer, respectively (Table 17). This result mnayalso be turned around by saying that for cotton to become an attractive proposi- tion in the Office du Niger, yields should not be less than 2,000 kg/ha (Table 27). MALI_- OFFICE DU NIGER - IDENTIFICATION REPORT MONTHLY RAINFALL - KOGONI
JAN FEV MAR AVR MAI JUN JUL AOU SEP OCT NOV DEC TOTAL
1951 .0 .0 .0 .0 .0 .0 82.5 -213.2 249.9 56.8 .5 .0 602.9 1'152 1.0 .0 .0 .0 3.5 27.0 159.9 202.7 187.5 9.5 .0 .0 591,1 1953 .0 .0 8;7 .0 18.5 36.7 173.8 .155.9 82.2 3.5 .0 .0 479.3 1954 .00 .0 .0 .0 4.1 46.6 335.6 399.7 40.7 .0 .0 , .0 826.7
1955 ..0 .0 13.6 .0 1.9 79.9 174.8 201.1 68.9 5.7 .0 .0 545.9 1956 .0 .0 .0 .0 14.7 21.5 192.2 179.3 12,7.8 1.4 .0 .0 536.9 1957 .0 .0 .0 .0 22.9 87.5 139.1 88.0 63.8 57.3 .0 .0 458.6 1958 .0 .0 .0 .0 15.3 143.8 142.4 156.4 83.3 43.0 24.6 .0 608.8 1959 .0 .0 .0 .0 9.7 64.1 120.3 313.3 132.7 2.6 .0 .0 642.7
1960 .0 .0 .0 .0 12.2 120.7 248.5 134.9 110.8 7.0 .5 .0 634.6 1961 1.0 .0 .0 .0 9.0 70.0 151.9 164.5 53.6 .5 .0 .0 450.5 1962 .0 .0 .0 3.1 3.3 86.7 75.2 216.0 26.7 39.9 .0 .0 450.9 1963 .0 .0 2.5 8.0 16.7 31.0 118.8 119.6 139.4 48.9 .0 .0 484,9 1964 .0 .0 .0 .0 32.4 110.7 212.3 190.1 150.0 6.4 .0 14.7 716.6
1965 .6 .0 .0 1.3 .0 24.3 155.6 467.0 205.1 12.7 .0 .0 66^6.6
1971 .0 .0 2.4 3.2 19.8 42.1 158.1 186.7 15.3 2,0 .0 .0 479.6 1972 .0 .0 .0 22.8 7.2 97.9 77.4 134.1 22.2 .0 .9 .0 369.o 1973 .0 .0 .0 .0 7.1 36.7 107.3 47.3 43.4 11.6 .0 .0 253.4 1974 .0 .0 .0 1.0 4.6 131.9 100.2 173.3 42.9 8.6 .0 .0 462.5
;L975 .0 .0 16.0 4.5 39.6 62.0 213.6 217.4 113.4 .0 2.2 .0 668.7 1976 .0 .0 .0 .0 9.6 22.0 106.0 198.0 138.0 115.2 .0 .0 589.8 1977 1.9 .0 .0 .0 2.6 59.4 73.9 193.8 106.9
iiALU - OFFICE DU NIGER - RAPPORT DIDENTIFICATION . PLUVIOMETRIE - STATION DE KOGONI 1951/65 MALI
OFFICE DU NIGER - IDENTIFICATIoN REPOiT
Climatological Data
Donnees Climatologigues
N D Total Month/Mois J F M A M J J A S 0 0.9 0.3 567.2 Pluviometrie (mm) 2/ Rainfall (mm) j/ 0.1 1.7 4.4 17.6 64.o 147.9 213.6 100.8 15.9 Temperatures Moyennes (0C) / Average Temperature (00) 2/ 17.2 13.5 Minima Minimum 12.2 15.6 18.1 21.7 24.4 23.8 22.2 21.6 21,6 20.9 29.2 25.9 Moyennes Average 25.8 29.0 31.4 33.7 31i.7 32.1 29.1 27.8 28.7 30.1 32.5 Maxima Maximum 33.2 36.1 38.1 39.6 40.2 37.7 33.6 32.0 33.0 35.8 35.9 ~ ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~TemperatureMin. Absolue 3 Absolute Min. Temp. 31 Tepear M Absolute Mi. Temp. '3 5.6 7.2 10.2 14.4 16.4 12.6 16 13.4 15.4 11.2 10.6 10.2
Nombe de Journeem avec 3/ Nume r of Days with 3]/ 0 12 moins de 15 C ;, less than 15°C 31 25 12 2 - 1 - 3 - 10 28 18 15 - 20°C 0 15 - 20oC 3 19 24 7 9 27 27 30 21 2 liumidite Relative Aver eR59elative 32.3 Moveone (%) !/ 26.1 26.0 22.7 26.4 34.5 50.3 66.7 74.2 73.4 55.8 37.4 Evaporation Mensuelle (mm) 2/. Monthly Evaporation (mm) 2/ 223.2 272.6 331.7 327.0 369.6 258.0 266.6 232.5 237.0 251.1 228.0 207.7 Insolation Mensuelle (h) §/ Mo UthlyInsolation (h) I 288.3 295.8 288.3 228.0 226.3 231.0 244.9 241.8 264.0 251.1 222.0 207.7
N/Niono research station 1939-74 2/ Station de recherche de Niono, 1939-741, 1951-70 " " 1951-70 g/ " 2/ " Station de recherche de Kogoni 19741 31 Kogoni research Otation 1974 3] Niono 1948-54 1948-541 Colorado 5/ Kogoni 1972, bac Colorawo V 1972, bac MALI
OFFICE DU NIGER - IDENTIFICATION REPORT
Agricultural Calendar/CalendrierAgricole
J F M A M J J A S 0 N D
Paddy XXXX XXXX XX XXXX S S H H
Wheat/Ble XXXX XX XX XXXX H H S S Sorghum/Sorgho a) 1st possibility/ XXXX XX XX lere possibilite S H H b) 2nd possibility/ XX XX XXXX 2eme possibilite S H
Cotton/Coton XXXX XXXX H H S xxxx~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~XXXX H~~ Sugar cane/canne a sucre XXXX XXXX XXXX XXXX XXXX XXXX P P P P P P .
xxxx XXXX xxxx xoxx xxxx xxX ' if H H H H H
Winds/Vents Humid/Humides 0000 0000 000 0000 0000
Dry/Secs (Harmattan) 0000 0000° 000
S== Sowing/Semis 0000 = Strong/Fort P = Planting/Plantation oooo = Increasing or decreasing /Accroissant ou decroissant H = Ilarvesting/Recolte
exIJ4"o - 142 -
Annex 3 Table 4
MALI
OFFICE DU NIGER - IDENTIFICATION REPORT
Developed and Cultivated Areas, by Crop, 1934/35 - 1977/78 1/
Superficies Aminagdes et Superficies Cultivees (par Cultures), 1934/35 - 1977/78 1/
Area/Surperficie (ha) Year/ Developed/ Cultivated/Cultivee Total Not Cultivated/ Not Cultivated/ An;me Amdnagde Rice/Riz Cotton/Coton Cultiv. Non Cultivee Non Cultivde
1934/35 457 165 - 165 292 64
1939/40 11,198 3,696 850 4,546 6,652 59
1944/45 22,195 8,330 1,672 10,002 12,193 55
1949/50 23,642 10,538 1,934 12,472 11,170 50
1954/55 35,958 20,054 4,109 24,163 11,795 45
1959/60 44,499 29,979 6,589 36,568 7,931 18
1964/65 53,260 28,271 5,478 33,749 19,511 37
1969/70 53,260 32,826 2,798 35,624 17,636 33
1970/71 53,260 39,838 - 39,838 13,422 25
1971/72 53,260 38,534 - 38,534 14,726 28
1972/73 53,260 37,626 - 37,626 15,634 29
1973/74 53,260 40,139 - 40,139 12,486 23
1974/75 53,260 40,774 - 40,774 12,486 24
1975/76 53,260 39,916 - 39,916 13,344 25
.1976/77 53,260 39,567 - 39,567 13,693 26
1977/78 53,260 39,476 - 39,476 13,784 26
1/ Excluding sugar cane. See Table 19 /A l'exception de la canne a sucre. Voir Tableau 19 MALI
OFFICE DU NIGER - IDENTIFICATION REPORT
Developed and Cultivated Area, by Sectors, 1977/78 (ha) 2
Superficie Amenagee et Cultivee, par Secteurs, 1977/78 (ha) 2
Kourouma N'Debougou/Niono Molodo Kolongo Total
1. Developed Area/ 10,917 20,696 7,243 14,404 53,260 Superficie Amenagee
2. Cultivated Area/ 9,508 2/ 17,482 6,166 6,320 39,476 Superficie Cultiv6e
2 1 (%) 87 84 85 44 74
2~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ ( 2 without/sans Kolongo) (85)
3. Not Cultivated/ 1,409 3,214 1,077 8,084 13,784 Non cultivees
in % of Not Cultivated/ 10 23 8 59 100 en % des Non Cultivees
1/ Excl. sugar cane/Sans canne a sucre. 2/ Including 496 ha seed production and 132 ha "en regie"/Y inclus 496 ha champs semenciers et 132 ha en regie.
CDXcr MALI
OFFICE DU NIGER - IDENTIFICATION REPORT
Marketed Production and Estimates of Total Production of Paddy, 1968/69 - 1976/77
Collecte de Paddy et Estimations de Production Totale, 1968/69 - 1976/77
Year Cultivated Marketed Estimated Theoretical Yield Production (6) Area Production Home Seed Production (t) Estimate ace. to minus (ha) (t) Consump. (t) Require. (t) (2) + (3) + (4) (Sample) g Sample (t) (2) + (3) + (4) (1 (2) (3) (I+) (5) (6) (7)
1968/69 29,898 25,300 8,941 3,588 37,829 (1,463) 43,650 5,821
1971/72 38,534 46,320 10,223 4,624 61,167 1,716 * 66,124 4,952 1972/73 37,626 46,852 10,520 4,515 61,887 1,874- 70,511 8,624 1973/74 40,139 54,171 11,700 4,817 70,688 1,967 79,074 7,895 1974/75 40,774 62,905 13,295 4,893 81,093 2,003 * 81,670 577 1975/76 39,916 63,880 14,228 4,790 82,898 2,141 85,460 2,562 1976/77 39,567 65,438 15,106 4,748 85,292 2,260 89,420 4,128 -c-
Annee Superficie Estimation de Production Rendement Production (6) Cultivee Collecte Auto Besoins Theorique (t) selon selon moins (ha) (t) Consom. (t) Semence (t) (2) + (3) + (4) Sondage Bondage (t) (2) + (3) + (4) (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7)
* Best sample surveys acc, to Office du Niger assessment/meilleurs sondages, selon appreciation de l'Office du Niger. V Yield estimates of the sample survey have been reduced by 5% to take into account losses during harvesting/ Les rendements obtenus des echantillons ont ete diminues de 5% pour tenir compte des pertes au champs. - 145 - Annex 3 Table 7
MALI
OFFICE DU NIGER - IDENTIFICATIONREPORT
Yields per Unit of Production
Rendements par Unite de Production
(1974/75)
Sector/ Production Unit! Area! Yield/ Secteur Unite de Production Superficie Re*dement Ha Kg/Ha
Kolongo UP 1 1,291 1,810 2 1,323 1,848 3 2,290 1,366 4 863 1,177 5 896 1,296 6 1,477 1,696
Total 8,140 1,546
Molodo UP 2 1,404 1,936 3 1,051 1,819 4 924 2,501 5 1,400 2,297 6 1,201 1,234
Total 6,050 1,967
Niono/N'Debougou UP 1 2,775 1,762 2 2,621 1,879 3 3,080 2,763 4 2,891 1,789 5 2,799 2,356 6 2,564 1,852
Total 16,730 2,085
Kourouma UP 1 1,080 1,850 2 710 2,587 3 1,626 2,042 4 1,420 2,453 5 1,320 2,385 6 1,144 1,830
Total 7,300 2,167
Rigie 2,300 2,242
Total 40,520 1,980 MALI
OFFICE DU NIGER - IDENTIFICATION REPORT
Areas Under Rice Cultivation by Yield Categories (1977) and Sectors
Superficies Cultivees en Riz par Categories de Rendements (1977) et par Secteur
Sector/Secteur Stage 1 Stage 2 Stage 3 Total Not Cultivated Total (- 1.75 t/ha) (1.75-2.50 t/ha) 2.50 t/ha- Cultivated/ Non Cultiv6e Developed/ Ha Ha Ha Cultivee Amenag6e
Kourouma 2,200 7,300 9,500 1,400 10,900
Niono/N'Debougou - 11,600 5,900 17,500 3,200 20,700 p. Molodo 1,200 2,600 2,400 6,200 1,100 7,300
Subtotal 1,200 16,400 15,600 33,200 5,700 38,900
Kolongotomo 4,000 2,300 - 6,300 8,100 14,400
Total 6,200 18,700 15,600 39,500 13,800 53,300
Yields (1976/77) 1.61 2.06 2.72 2.26 1.68 1/
Yields (1976/77) without Kolongotomo 2.35 1.95 1/
1/ Total production in relation to developed area (including unused area)/ Production total par rapport aux superficies d6veloppees (y indlus les terres non-utilisees) w x MALI
OFFICE DU NIGER - IDENTIFICATIcN REPORT
Development of Fertilizer Use 1/. by Sector. 1975/76- 1977/78
DNveloppement de l'Utilieation d'Engrais. par Secteur. 1975/76 - 1977/78
Sector/Secteur 1975/76 1976/77 1977/78 Area (ha)/ Fertilizer (t) Area (ha) 1977/78 Fertilizer (t) Area (a) Fertilizer(t) Fertilizer Use (in I of Area) Superficie (ha) Engrais (t) Superficie (ha) Engrais (t) Superficie (ha) &igraie (t) . Itiliseation d'Engrais (Z des Superficies)
Kolongo 2,579 129 2,048 102 2,046 102 32 Molodo 1,293 65 1,986 99 2,207 110 36 Kourouma 2.520 126 4,000 200 5,271 264 55 N'Debougou/Niono 3 017 151 8,332 417 9,866 493 56 Total 9,389 471 16,366 818 19,390 969 49
l/ 50 kg of urea per ha/50 kg d'urAe par ha. MALI
OFFICE DU NIGER - IDENTIFICATION REPORT
Paddy Varieties Cultivated in the Office du Niger, 1975/76
Varietes de Paddy Cultivees a l'Office du Niger, 1975/76
Kolongo Kourouma Molodo Niono N'Debougou Total Varieties/Varietes Ha % Ha Ha Ha % Ha % Ha %
D 52 37 7,282 91 6,353 92 4,521 73 1,654 31 5,648 50 25,458 67
Gambiaka 594 7 369 5 608 10 1,946 36 2,656 23 6,173 16
Kading - Tang 2 - 47 - 1,003 16 1,765 33 2,995 26 5,812 15
B H 2 0 4 0 _ _ _ 4 4Ž- D K 3 0 0 0 - - -
Divers 154 2 154 3 100 1 23 - 110 1 541 2
Total 8,032 100 6,927 100 6,232 100 5,388 100 11,409 100 37,988 100
(DX o k MALI
OFFICE DU NIGER - IDENTIFICATIONREPORT
Rice Mills Operating at the Office du Niger in 1977/78
Rizeries en Activit6 a l'Office du Niger en 1977/78
Name/Nom Start of Operations/ Origin/ Capacity (t/h) Annual Capacity/CapacitePar An (t) Mise en Service Origine Capacite (t/h) (a) (b)
Kolongo 1948 Italy 1.5 8,250 9,000 (OLMIA)
Molodo 1953 " 3.5 19,250 21,000
N'Godofiry 1968 China 3.0 16,500 18,000 (Kourouma)
N'Debougou 1977 3.0 16,500 18,000
Total 11.0 60,500 66,000
(a) 11 months x 25 days x 20 hours/ 11 mois x 25 jours x 20 heures.. (b) 12 months x 25 days x 20 hours/ 12 mois x 25 jours x 20 heures.
H 0D tD X
Hj MALI
OFFICE DU NIGER - IDENTIFICATION REPORT
Rice Milling Results 1974/75 and 1975/26 (in %)
Resultats d'Usinage pour 1974/75 et 1975/76 (en %)
N'DOGOFIRY MOIDDO KOLoNGO TOTAL 1/ 1974i-75 19751977 97T4-75 1975-76 11974--75 1975-767 .9475 1975-7
Paddy Milled (t) 21,480 18,540 18,760 19i246 7,620 6,649 48,220 44,436 Paddy usine (t)
Yield Produits obtenus
Whole Rice 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.8 0.1 Riz entier Merchant Rice 25% brokens 1.2 0.7 1.4 9.3 2.5 1.8 0.7 Riz marchand 25% Riz Merchant Rice 40% brokens 43.2 45.9 39.4 47.0 40.3 26.8 41.3 43.5 marchand 40% White brokens 20.6 178.3 P.8 16.3 12.4 34.1 18.3 19.8 Brisure blanchie
Total Rice 65.0 65.1 58.6 63.3 62.3 63.8 62.1 64.1 Total Riz F'
Other brokens 1.7 2 4.8 1.8 3.2 1.2 3.1 1.8 Brisures finie_
Total Products 66.7 67.1 63.4 65.1 65.5 65.0 65.2 65.9 Total Produits
By-Products Bous-Produits
Bran 3.9 3.5 5.2 2.9 1.6 2.0 4.0 3.0 Son Heal 51 .2 4.1 3.0 4.2 4.3 Farines
Total By-Products 9.0 9.3 8.4 6.3 5.7 5.0 8.2 7.3 Total
>j % N'Debougou was not yet operative in 1975/76/ N'Debougou n'etait pas encore entre en production en 1975/76. MALI
OFFICE DU NIGER - IDENTIFICATION REPORT
Padd,y Storage Capacity and Expected Storage Needs at a Marketing Volume of 72,000 t
Capacite de Stockage en Paddy et Previsions des Besoins de Stockage a un Niveau de Collecte de 72,000 t
Yonth/' ir Sector (Storage Cap) Kolongo (8000 t) Kourouma (10,000 t) N'Debougou/Niono/Molodo (23,000 t) Marketing Milling Storage Marketing Milling Storage Storage Marketing Milling Storage Storage Forecast I/ Capacity Need Forecast lt Capacity Need Deficit Forecast I/ Capacity Need Deficit
Jar..:ary 1,200 750 450 3,050 1,500 1,550 8,000 3,250 4,750 1
:erIuary 1,600 1,300 4,150 " 4,200 10,800 " 12,300 U-
March 1,950 2,500 5,050 7,750 13,150 22,200
A-^ il 1,500 " 3,250 3,750 10,000 9,850 28,800
May 700 " 3,200 1,800 10,300 300 4,700 30,250 7,250
50 2,500 200 9,000 500 27,500
T- ~al 7,000 18,000 47,000
Previon Cesoin devision Besoin deCapacite Deficit Besoin Previaion Capacite de Deficit Collecte 1/ Usinage Stockage Collecte;J Usinage Stockage Stockage Collecte I/ Usinage Stockage Stockage
Secteur (Cap. de Kolongo (8000 t) Kourouma (10,000 t) N'lDebougou/Niono/Molodo (23,000 t) Stockage )
j Assuzing that marketing will be distributed as in recent years, i.e. Jan. 17%; Feb. 23%; March 28%; April 21%; May 10%; June 1%. L'bypothese est que la collecte serait distribuee comme dans les dernieres anne'es, a savoir Jan. 17%; Fevrier 23%; Mars 28%; Avril 21%; Mai 10%; Juin 1%. - 152 - Annex 3 Table 14
MALI
OFFICE DU NIGER - IDENTIFICATION REPORT
Varieties of Paddy Available at Kogoni Research Station
VarietEs de Paddy Disponible a la Station de Kogoni
Variety Growing Stem Yield (Kg/ha) Varietes Cycle 1974 1975 197 (days) a) Varieties for a) Varietes Cycle Estival Main Season
j. PAUGEP1 110 - 130 L 3,604 4,lJ2 4,593 IR 1529-677 S
JAYA 130 - 145 S 6,100 4,037 5,104 ET 2885 S 6,300 4,419 5,333 I3T 2911 S 7,300 4,482 6,o98 SFG.ADIS L 4,520 4,o96 3,419 H15-23DA M 5,877 5,249 5,722 IR 269-26-3-3-3 S 5,194 4,590 5,715 MALIRAT-DK3 z 4,384 4,482 2,622
DIOU 145 - 165 L - 5,415 3,271 FTA 2 L - 5,205 2,913 KOROMAKAN L - 4,576 3,580 * D 52-37 L 5,857 4,999 4,915 * GAMBIAKA L 3,912 4,949 4,866 HKG 98 L 4,260 5,107 3,757 * KADEIG-THANG L 4,288 4,988 3,566
Il4 16 165 - 175 M 5,175 5,197 3,783 MAIIRAT-BH2 L 4,481 5,905 4,777
PHIARCOMEN - 175 1; 4,406 3,940 - DOC PHUNG LUJN L 2,733 - - b) Varieties for b) Va.rietesContre-Saison Off-Season
IR 30 135 - 140 S 2,610
D52-37 160 - 165 L 2,243
IR 28 165 - 170 S 1,651 IKP S 2,210
Cycle Paille / Rendement (kg/ha) Vegetatif 1974 1975 1976 (Jours)
L = Long/Longue M = Middle/Moyenne S = Short/Courte
Source: IER Rapport 1974-76 MALI
OFFICE DU NIGER - ILENTIFICATION REPORT
Labor and Equipment Input per Hlaat the Office du Niger (daye/ha)
Temps des Travaux at Utilization des Equipements par Ha A l'Office du-Niger (journ6es/ha)
:tivity/OPeration Stage 1/Stade 1 Stage2Stade2 Stage 3/Stade 3 Men Women or otal Oxen and Men Women or otal Oxen and en Women or Total Oxen and Children Labor L Equipment Children Labor 2/ Equipment Children Labor / Equipment
.oughing 5 5 7.5 5 7 7 10.5 7 9 9 13.5 9 Labour xrrowing 4 4 6 4 4 4 6 4 4 4 6 4 Hereage
wing 1 - 1 1 - 1 1 - 1 Semie
intenance Infrastr. 2 - 2 2 - 2 2 - 2 Entretien Reseau
eding 8 - 8 8 - 8 10 - 10 Sarclage/Desherbage
rtilizer 3preading - - 0.5 - 0.5 1 - 1 Epandage Engrais H rigation 4 - 4 4 - 4 4 - 4 Irrigation : n rd Protection - 6 3 - 6 3 6 3 Gardiennage rvesting 11 6 14 13 7 16.5 15 8 19 oaisson
acking 6 - 6 2 6 - 6 4 6 - 6 6 Mize en Gerbier ansaport 2.5 - 2.5 2.5 2.5 - 2.5 2.5 2.5 - 2.5 2.5 Transport
nual Threshing 5 - 5 5 - 5 B-attage Manual
nnowing/Bleamin6 -. 6 _- 6 3 - - Vannage/Glanage tal 48.5 27 62 13.5 53 30 68 17.5 59.5 33 76 21.5
Hommes Femmes ou Total / Boeufe et liommes Femmea ou Total / Boeufs et Homes Fammee ou Total Boeufs et Enfante Equipements Enfants Equipements Enfants Equipemente
Women or children counting aa 1/2 male. / Femmes ou enfants etant compt6s comme 1/2 homme. Source: Misaion's Eetimatee/Eatimations de la mission -154- - ~~Annex2~~~54 - 3 T!able 16 MALI
OFFICE DU NIGER - IDEWTIFICATIONREPORT
Details of Cost of Oxen and Equipment Use per Ha
Details du Cost des Boeufs et d'Equipement a l'Hectare
Average Equipment Density 1977/ Amortisation Rate/ Densiti Moyenne d'Equipement 1977 Taux d'Amortissement 1/
5.5 ba/2 oxen - 2 boeufs 1/10 5.5 hall gear - 1 harnachement 1/6 6.0 ha/l plough 1 charrue 1/10 10 ha/l harrow - 1 herse 1/10 16 ha/l cart - 1 charrette 1/10
Equipment+ Oxen/ Number/ Cost to Farmer/ Cost per Ha/ Amortisation/ Equipement-| Boeufs Nombre Coat au Producteur CoOt par Ea Amortissement FM FM FM/ha
Plough/Charrue 1 52,870 8,800 880 Harrow/Herse 1 23,550 2,400 240 Cart/Charrette 1 90,000 5,600 560 Gear/Harnachement 1 7,500 1,400 230 Subtotal Equipm./ 173,920 18,200 1,910 Sous-total Oxen/Boeufs 2 160,000 29,100 2,910
Total 339,920 47,300 4,820
Maintenance Equipment 2/ 190 Entretien Equipement 2/
Maintenance Oxen 3/ 1,800 Entretien des Boeufs 3/
Total Cost per ha, 6,810 Average Farn/ Cout Total par Ha, Exploitation Moyenne
Stage 1/ Stage 2/ Stage 3/ Stade 1 Stade 2 Stade 3
Days of Oxen and Equipment Use 4/ 13.5 17.5 21.5 Journxes d'Utilisation des Boeufs et Equipements 4/
Cost for Average Farm (fM/ha)/ 6,800 CoOt pour Exploitation Moyenne (FM/ha)
Cost for Stage 1 and Stage 3 5,200 8,400 (FM/ha) 5// CoO;t pour Stade 1 et Stade 3 (FM/ha) 5/
1/ The service time of draught-oxen is 1/ L'hypothese east que la pairs de 5 years. It is assumed that one out boeufs travaille 5 ans. L'un des of two oxen dies at the end of this boeufs meurt vers la fin de cette period, the other is sold at its periode, l'autre est revendu au purchase price. The average amorti- prix d'achat. Le taux moyen sation rate over 5 years is thus 10%. d'amortissenent est donc 10%. 2/ 10% of equipment anortisation. 2/ 10% de 1'amortissement annuel d'iquipement. 3/ Health care4 suppl. feed (rice and 3/ Soins vitirinaires et alimentation sugar by-products)= MF 5,000 per supplementaires (sous-produits riz head and year. et sucre)= F 5,000 par tite et par an. 4/ See Table 15 4/ Voir Tableau 15 5/ 13.5 F 2 5 133/ 5 21.5 x FM6,800 and 21 x FM6,800 1-j7--x FM6,800 et y 3 x FM6,800 - 155 - Annex 3 Table 17 MALI
OFFICE DU NIGER - IDENTIFICATIONREPORT
Farm Budget, for Rice Farmers at the Office du Niger, 1976/77
Budget d'ExploitationFamiliale a l'Officedu Niger, 1976/77
Stage 1/ Stage 2/ Stage 3/ Stade 1 Stade 2 Stade 3
per Hectare A. Par Hectare
Average Yield 1976/77 1,610 kg/ha 2,060 kg/ha 2,720 kg/ha RendementMayen 1976/77 ProducerPrice FM/kg 45 45 45 Prix au Producteur(FM/kg) Gross Value of Production 72,450 92,700 122,400 Produit Brut Use of Farm Equipment Utilisationde boeufs et and oxen 1/ 5,200 6,800 8,400 de l'equipement1/ Seed 2/ 5,400 5,400 5,400 Semence 2/ Fertilizer - 4,600 3/ 9,350 4/ Engrais Small Tools 300 300 300 Petit Outillage Machine Threshing5/ 5,990 8,420 11,990 BattageMecanique 5/ Levy 6/ 18,000 18,000 18,000 Redevance6/ Total Charges 34,890 43,520 53,440 Charges Totales Net Value of Production 37,560 49,180 68,960 Revenu Net Farm Labor (Man-Days/ha)7/ 62 68 76 Journees de Travail 7/ Return per Man-Day 606 723 907 emunerationpar Journde
Total Farm Unit B. ExploitationFamiliale
AverageFarm Size (ha) 8.5 8.5 8.5 AttributionMoyenne (ha) Net Revenueper Family 320,000 420,000 586,000 Revenu net par Famille (US$ equivalent)8/ (652) (857) (1,196) (equivalent$EU) Per capita income (US$) 9/ 61 80 112 Revenu par tete ($EU)
1/ See Table 16 1/ Voir Tableau 16 2/ 120 kg/ha at FM45/kg 2/ 120 kg/ha a FM45/kg 3/ 50 kg of urea per ha at FM92/kg 3/ 50 kg d'uree par ha a FM92/kg 4/ 50 kg of urea per ha plus 50 kg of phosphate 4/ 50 kg d'uree par ha et 50 kg-de phosphate of amonia at FM95/kg. The latter is not d'amnoniaquea FM95/kg. Ce dernier n'est pas actually used at present but is required appliqtua present mais un tel dosage est to have a level of yields of 2.7 t/ha on requis si l'on veut maintenir en permanence a sustained basis. un rendement de 2.7 t/ha. 5/ Total productioa minus 300 kg per head for 5J Production totale moins 300 kg par tgte pour home-consumption and 120 kg/ha for seeds. autoconsommation et 120 kg/ha pour semences. - Deductions amount to 500 kg/ha, as shown: Les deductions s'elavent A 500 kg/ha, come suit: 10.7 persons x 300 kg + 120 kg - 498 kg/ha 10.7 personnes x 300 kg e 120 kg - 498 kg/ha 8.5 ha 8.5 ha Charges are 120 kg per ton threshed. Les charges sont 120 kg par tonne battue. 6/ 400 kg/ha x FM45 6/ 400 kg/ha x FM45 7/ See Table 15 7/ Voir Tableau15 8/ I U.$ = FM490 8/ 1 $EU s FM490 9/ 10.7 persons 9/ 10.7 Dersonnes MALI
OFFICE DU NIGER - IDENTIFICATION REPORT
Dougabougou and Siribala Sugar Factories (1976/77)
Dougabougou et Siribala - Characteristiques des Complexes Sucriers (1976/77)
Dougabougou Siribala Total
Start of Development 1964 1974 Premiers Amenagements
First campaign 1966/67 1976/77 Premiare Campagne
Capacity of Factory (t) 4,000 t 15,000 t 19,000 t Capacite de l'Usine
Capacity of Pumps 5 - 1,200 1/sec 6 - 2,400 1/s Capacite des Pompes
Area Planted to Cane in Superficie plantge 1976/77 (ha) 1,077 1,663 2,740 en canne en 1976/77 (ha) '
Area Harvested Superficie recolt6e in 1976/77 (ha) 972 1,118 2,090 en 1976/77 (ha)
Total Area Developed (ha) 1,200 2,500 3,700 Superficie Amenagee (ha)
Sugar Production 1976/77 (t) 2,870 11,382 14,252 Production de Sucre
(in % of capacity) 72 76 75 (en % de la capacite)
H 0 MALI
OFFICE DU NIGER - IDENTIFICATION REPORT
Development of Sugar Production in Dougabougou and Siribala, 1965/66 - 1976/77
Developpement de la Production Sucriere dans les Perimetres de Dougabougou et Siribala, 1965/66 - 1976/77
Campaign Duration of Area Yield of Sugar Sugar Sugar per Molasses Campaign Planted Harvested Sugar cane Production Content ha harvested Total Fermented Alcohol (days) (ha) (ha) (t/ha) (t) (%) (t) Output (t) (t) (1000 1)
DOUGABOUGOU
1965/66 8 58 42 43.7 82.2 6.27 1.9 193 97 28.7 1966/67 138 521 495 50.2 2642.4 10.80 5.3 1,170 728 198.5 1967/68 124 712 591 55.8 3331.2 10.48 5.6 1,218 630 149.6 1968/69 189 1,150 768 64.7 4826.9 9.73 6.3 i,745 1,337 321.3 1969/70 180 1,329 943 58.5 4634.8 8.47 4.7 1,872 1,537 320.1 1970/71 193 1,309 1,117 54.2 5102.7 8.49 4.6 2,247 1,802 384.2 1971/72 185 1,042 901 58.0 4224.3 8.22 4.7 1,607 2,011 352.9 1972/73 150 1,231 1,026 46.o 3722.8 8.04 4.0 1,550 1,326 207.2 1973/74 210 1,248 939 65.6 5170.5 8.87 5.5 1,955 1,256 190.5 1974/75 174 1,235 1,151 45.8 4070.1 7.90 3.3 1,739 644 91.7 1975/76 200 1,190 1,975 53.1 4266.5 7.13 4.2 1,997 824 110.2 1976/77 1914 1,077 972 48.1 2870.3 6.36 2.9 1,513 560 77.8 SIRIBALA
1975/76 633 253 154.6 3160.2 8.08 12.5 3,182 275 100.2 1976/77 1,663 1,118 116.6 11381.7 8.73 10.2 6,029 1,022 308.3
Campagne Duree de la Superficie Rendement en Sucre Rendement Sucre par ha Melasse periode de Plantee Recoltee Canne a sucre Produit sucre en recolte Total Fermente Alcool recolte (ha) (ha) (t/ha) (t) (%) (t) (t) (t) (1000 1) (jours)
'0 MALI
OFFICE DU NIGER - IDENTIFICATION REPORT
Rations Fed in Office du Niger Feedlots
Rations des Boeufs a 1'Embouche (Office du Niger)
Dougabougou Molodo UP5 Product/Produit Price Quantity Dry Energy Quantity Dry Energy (FM/kg) (kg) Matter Units (kg) Matter Units
Molasses/Melasse 17 1 0.8 1.0 2 1.6 2.0
Rice Meal/Farine de Riz 17 2 1.8 1.7 2 1.8 1.7
Rice Bran/Son de Riz 12 2 1.8 1.2 2 1.8 1.2
Sugar Cane Tops/Bouts Blancs 1/ - 18 4.5 2.7 0 0 0 1
Rice Straw/Paille de Riz 1/ 2/ - 0 0 0 4 3.7 1.4 c
Cotton Seed/Graines de Coton 20 2 1.9 2.2 2 1.9 2.2
Total 25 10.8 8.8 12 10.8 8.5
Prix Quantite Matiere Unites Quantite Matiere Unites (kg) Seche Fourrageres (kg) Seche Fourrageres
1/ Cane tops and rice straw are not sold but can be obtained 1/ Les bouts blancs et les pailles de riz ne a, for the cost of collection and transport. sont pas vendus; ils coatent le prix du 0 x 'remassage et du transport. 2/ The nutritional value of rice straw diminishes rapidly 2/ La valeur alimentaire de la paille diminue if it is not put in stacks or in sheds. si, apres le battage, elle n'est pas ou bien mise en botte ou en meule ou bien stockee sous hangar. - 159 - Annex 3 Table 21
MALI
OFFICE DU NIGER - IDENTIFICATION REPORT
Cost of Cattle Fattening According to Office du Niger (1976)
Prix de Revient du Betail Embouche Etabli par Office du Niger (1976)
FM per ox/ FM par boeuf
Purchase price (average) 51,000 Prix d'achat (moyen) Cost of animal feed 30,870 Frais d'alimentation Cost of transport - Frais de transport Cost of personnel 6,155 Frais de personnel Services Station du Sahel - Intervention Station du Sahel
Amortisation of structures 6,450 Amortissement du parc Amortisation of small equipment 1,800 Amortissement du petit materiel Animal mortality (10%) 9,727 Pertes par mortalite (10X) Overheads 12,330 Participation Frais Generaux Profit margin (11.11%) 13,258 Marge beneficiaire (11.11%)
Cost price 132,590 Prix de revient
Animal weight (average) 380 kg Poids du boeuf (moyen)
Cost price per kg liveweight (FM) 348.9 Prix de revient (FM)
(Rounded) (350) (Arrondi) MALI
OFFICE DU NIGER - IDENTIFICATION REPORT
Prices Prevailing at Niono Cattle Market December 12, 1977
Prix Relevds sur le Marche de Niono 12 DEcembre, 1977
(350 heads of cattle / 350 bovins a la vente)
Price per Head/ Average Price per kg liveweight/ Prix Unitaire Prix Moyen par kg vif (FM) (FM)
Ox, "export quality", 7-9 years, Boeuf "export" (7-9 ans, plus de more than 420 kg liveweight 90,000 - 100,000 225 1/ 420 kg vif)
Ox, about 5 years, 325 kg Boeuf (environ 5 ans et 325 kg vif) liveweight 60,000 - 70,000 200
Young ox, 1-2 years, Bouvillon ( 1 a 2 ans, 125 a 200 kg 125-200 kg liveweight 20,000 - 30,000 155 vif)
Draught ox, fattened after Boeuf de labour reforme (environ service (about 380 kg) 60,000 - 70,000 171 380 kg) F- Breeding heifers, 2 years 60,000 Gdnissea d'glevage 2 ans C0
Breeding heifers, 3-4 years 75,000 - 80,000 Genisses d'elevage 3 a 4 ans
Sheep 12,000 - 20,000 Moutons
Goats 6,000 - 15,000 Ch&vres
Horse, 6 years 150,000 Cheval 6 ans
Camels 150,000 - 200,000 Chameaux
1/ This price ia fuUy cqnfistent with thl present liveweight price 1/ Ce prix au kg vif A Niono refl&te bien le prix de in Abidjan, whicih is FM 430/kg. Taking into account transport marche a Abidjan de FM 430/kg vif. En effet, tn costa by road (MF 40,000/head), taxes and'export duties cel boeuf, s'il etait exporte, devrait payer (FM 12,000/head), a 5X mortality rate and 15Z profit, we obtain FM 40.000 de transport, FM 12.000 de droits et a price of MF 424/kg in Abidjan. This computation also illustrates taxes de sortie et 5% de perte au transport par the handicap of the land-locked countries of the Sudano-Sahelian mortalite et assurer un b4nefice minimum de 15%, Zone. soit F-I4424/kg rendu Abidjan. Ce d&compte demontre le handicap des pays sahelo-soudaniens, eloignds des grands centres de consommation des pays cotiers.
I') MALI
OFFICE DU NIGER - IDENTIFICATIONREPORT
Draught-Oxen (1976) and Animal Feed Purchased by Sector, 1976/77
Boeufs de Trait (1976) et Alimentation Animale Achetee par Secteurs, 1976/77
Sector/Secteur Draught- Animal Feed Purchases (t) Total Equiv. 1000 Energy Units per 1/ Oxen Rice Meal Rice Bran Cotton Seed (t) Energy Units 1/ Draught-ox
Kolongotomo 2,097 93 102 36 231 180 86
Kourouma 3,188 189 168 6 363 268 84
N'Debougou 4,730 307 427 27 761 547 116
Niono 2,099 206 308 50 564 415 198
Molodo 2,145 133 273 - 406 277 129
Total 14,259 928 1,278 119 2,325
In 1000 energy units/ En 1000 unites fourrageres 789 767 131 1,687 118
AlimentationAnimale Achet6e Boeufs de Farine Son Graines de Total Equiv. 1000 Unites Fourrageres Trait de Riz de Riz Coton (t) Unites Fourrageres par boeuf de Trait
1/ Unites fourrageres. MALI - OFFICE DU NIGER - IDENTIFICATION REPORT EVOLUTION OF SEED COTTON PRODUCTION FROM 1937 TO 1970 (OFFICE DU NIGER)
Area (ha)/ Marketed Quantities (t)/ Yield (kg/ha)/ SUPERFICIE C ha ) COLLECar ( T ) RENDEMENTCOLLECTE (Kg/ha) K1A N?O MDO KCO TOt KMA NNO MDO KCO TOT KlA NNO MDO KGO TOT 1937/'3 98 98 52 52 531 531 1933/39 495 495 298 298 602 602 19~1a40 850 850 445 445 524 524
19.1/41 2.054 2.054 1.001 1.001 487 487 19,i/42 2.200 2.200 1.316 1.316 598 598 I i.42i43 2.283 2.283 1.049 1.049 459 459 IV.3/4.4 1.913 1.913 1.071 1.071 560 560 1 W4 /45 1.672 1.672 598 598 358 358 194,5/46 1.370 1.370 509 509 372 372 19-:i/47 1.05 1.805 1.089 1.089 603 603 1947/48 1.9.5 1.985 951 951 479 479 19i.dt!9 2.030 2.030 1.170 1.170 576 576 1949/50 1.934 1.934 1.001 1.001 518 518 1
1950/51 2.122 2.122 1.227 1.227 578 578 c I94i/52 2.616 2.616 1.895 1.895 724 724 :95 2 13 89 2.742 2.831 51 1.805 1.856 573 658 651 19i3i54 303 3.229 3.532 241 2.696 2.937 795 835 832 1 o 4/55 4 3' 3.625 4.109 66 2.827 2.893 136 798 70! 5, 6_4 4.2i2 4.836 330 1.970 2.3C0 529 468 476 i-;,;/;7 51,3 3.877 4.529 203 2.197 2.116 3:;4 567 467 I ';i/3 S:.7 4.434 5.281 401 2.350 2.751 473 530 521 /v.'/&Y 736 4.434 45 5.217 274 1.764 5 2.0!3 371 398 392 19'59/60 1.19)6 5.393 32 6.621 530 3.011 22 3.563 443 558 53P
I60,/Ci 1.379 4.303 60- 5.739 618 3.932 45 4.595 448 914 RO; 1I:1/(.2 1.5;.2 4.1IC6 916 173 6.817 680 5.175 1.072 63 6.990 435 1.242 1.170 364 1.025 ')( .:/63 1.250 4.071 1.754 302 7.317 1.022 5.787 854 36 7.699 818 1.422 487 119 1.04. 15,9/!4 1.057 4.165 1.754 385 7.391 603 7.269 1.411 90 9.373 555 1.745 804 234 1.268 I r94 !65 401 4.271 806 5.4-78 163 5.354 794 6.411 406 1.253 985 1.170 I 1.3/40', 359 .4C- 612 5.378 44 2.064 167 2.275 123 468 273 423 F3 > ; (; /O7 348 3.438 405 4.191 132 5.510 593 6.235 379 1.574 1.454 1.483 ID i9i/7S 24 3.510 371 3.S95 11 2.362 3S8 2.741 458 675 992 704 1 0 ';c-/ 9 - 2.)18 303 3,.213 _ 3.536 303 3.839 - 1.212 1.010 1.193 - 2.4;)3 303 2.796 - 2.928 396 3.324 1.176 1.286 1.i3a m.LI - C,FFICE DU NIGER - RAPPORT D'IDENTIFICATION KKA Kourouma MDO . Molodo NNO = Niono KGO s Kolongo EVOL.UTIONDE LA PRODUCTION COTONNIERE DE L'OFFICE DU NIGER 1937/70 MALI
OFFICE DU NIGER - IDENTIFICATIONREPORT
Cotton Yields on Levelled and Unlevelled Land, by Sector, 1963/64
Rendementsde Coton-Grainesur des Terres Planees et Non-Planees, par Secteur, 1963/64
Sector Kourouma Niono 1/ Molodo Kolongo Total Total excl. Secteur Kolongo
Area under Cotton (ha) 1,076 4,165 1,745 386 7,372 6,986 Superficie sous Coton (ha)
Production Marketed (t) 603 7,269 1,411 90 9,373 9,283 Collecte (t)
Yield (kg/ha) 560 1,745 809 233 1,271 1,329 Rendement Collecte (kg/ha)
Levelled Area under Superficie plan6e sous Cotton (ha) 725 2,975 1,654 306 5,660 5,354 coton (ha)
Production Marketed (t) 471 6,259 1,356 (90)2/ 8,176 8,086 Collecte (t)
Yield (kg/ha) 650 2,104 820 294 1,445 1,510 Rendement Collecte (kg/ha)
Unlevelled Area under Superficie Non-plan6e Cotton (ha) 351 1,190 91 80 1,712 1,632 sous coton (ha)
Production Marketed (t) 132 1,010 55 (-) 2/ 1,197 1,197 Collecte (t)
Yield (kg/ha) 376 849 604 - 699 733 Rendement Collecte (kg/ha)
(In % of Yield on (En % des Rendements sur Levelled Land) (58) (40) (74) - - 49 Superficies Planees)
1/ Including the present sector of N'Debougou/Y inclus le secteur de N'Debougou cree depuis lors. 2/ Only total production is known. It has been assumed that all production was on levelled land/ Seulement la production totale est connue. L'hypothese est que toute la collecte ressort des superficies planees. r , N) \, MALI
OFFICE DU NIGER - IDENTIFICATION REPORT
Characteristics of Best Cotton Varieties Available at Kogoni
Caracteristiques des Meilleures Varietes de Coton Disponibles a Kogoni
Variety Fibre Yield Likelihood (kg/ha) Strength Length in in Fineness Elasticity PSi Stelo- (inch) Trials Production (Micronaire) (%) (1000) metric
G. IIIRSUTUM
HAR.L.231.24 1 1/16 3,150 2,500 5.0 7.0 100 26
ACALA DEL CERRO 2,270 1,800 4.4 7.0 110 29
G. BARBADENSE
PIMA S4 1,915 1,500 3.4 8.8 105 31
Variete Longueur Rendement Probable (kg/ha) Tenacite de Fibre Experi- Grande Indice. Allongement PSI Stelo- (pouce) mentation Culture Micronaire (%) (1000) metre
(DX - 165 -
Annex 3 Tab-le27
MALI
OFFICE DU NIGER - IDENTIFICATION REPORT
Cotton Farmer's Budget 1965 and 1977 (per ha)
Budget de Cultivateur de Coton 1965 et 1977 (per ha)
Cost Item FM/ha Equiv. cotton (kg/ha) Charges 1965 1977 1965 1977
Ridging by Machine 6,000 12,900 150 150 Billonnage Mecanique
Fertilizer 1J 6,400 20,200 160 240 Engrais 1/
Insecticides2/ ) 20,000 235 Insecticides 2/ ) 16,800 420 Sprayingby Airplane 3/ ) 11,700 _ 135 Epandage aerien 3/
Subtotal 29,200 64,800 730 760 Sous-total
Contributiontow. Maintenance 1,200 ) 30 ) Entretien AmdnagementsT ) 27,200 4/ ) 270 4/ DevelopmentLevy 9,600) 240 ) Redevance
Total Production Cost 40,000 92,000 1,000 1,030 Total des Charges
Competitive Income Level 5/ Niveau de Revenu Comp6titif5/
a) 110 man-days x FM907 100,000 1,170 a) 110 journ6es-hommesa FM907 b) 110 man-days x FM727 80,000 940 b) 110 journ6es-hommesa FM727
Required Yield Level (kg/ha) Niveau de Rendements Requis (kg/ha)
a) 2,200 a) b) 1,970 b)
1/ 100 kg urea at subsidizedprice to farms FM9,200 l/ 100 kg d'urde au prix subventionnd= FM9,200 100 kg triple super phosphate at subsidized price 100 kg de triple super phosphate au prix FMll,0OO subventionne= FMll,000 2/ 20 litres/ha at FMl,000 2/ 20 litres/ha a FMl,000 3/ 6 treatments at 100 sec/ha at FM70,000/h 3/ 6 passages a 100 sec/ha a FM70,000/h - 4/ Assuming that the levy in 1977 is set at the same 4/ L'hypotheseest que la redevance serait fixde level in terms of seed-cotton as in 1965, a un niveau equivalent en termes de coton-grain (including the maintenance charge) a la redevance.de 1965 (y compris la charge pour 1'entretiendu reseau). -5/ Assuming that the return per man-day shall be 5/ Admettant que le revenu par journde de travail equal doit ^tre egal a a) to that of the most progressiverice farmers a) celui des riziculteurs les plus avances (Stade 3) (Stage 3) b) to that of the average rice-farmer (Stage 2). b) celui d'un riziculteurmoyen (Stade 2). Voir See Table 17 Tableau ;7 MALI
OFFICE DU NIGER - IDENTIFICATION REPORT
Cotton Production in the Niono Sector, by Village, 1963/64
Area/ Yield/ Area/ Yield/ Sup.(ha) Prod.(T) Rend.(kg/ha) Sup.(ha) Prod.(T) Rend (kg/ha)
Niegue 49 2092 Siengo 94 1458 Gnoumake 95 1324 Ringaride 60 2080 Kolodougoucoura 73 2200 Siguinvonce 64 2274 Kou5a 106 2587 Dar Salane 84 1436 Kouiacoura 52 1815 Nara 26 2251 Fassou 92 1997
UP1 ( Kolodougou) 357 757 2018 UP4 ( Siengo) 420 767 1826
Niono km 26 107 2433 Seriwala 71 2777 41 168o Foabougou 96 2621 Sassa 41 1680 M6dina 131 2380 Tigabougou 4o 3591 Bagadadji 163 2190 Worotiguila 57 2799 Werekela 162 1778 UP2 (U. Centrale) 568 1377 2426 Tissana 110 2360 Tenegu6 136 2329
UP5 ( Sahel) 546 1234 2260 Niobougou B1- 75 2540 Banisirailu B2- 115 2185 Medina Coura B3- 133 1860 Sarango B4 62 1687 Sangarala 46 1295 Tigabougou ND5- 82 1_90
UP3 (Ndebougou) 513 962 1875 Total Niono 2422 5097 2104 a 0X> MALI- OFFICE DU NIGER- RAPPORTDIIDENTIFICATION ru RESULTAT DE LA CAMPAGNE COTONNIERE 1963/64 PAR VILLAGES DU CENTRE DE NIDNO ANNEX 3 ui Chart I W ~~~~~~N
w < (6 w -< a- 0 >
a z < o o g
......
C,, .'0; 0 4 ' ., - S4 . O ' ,', C-0 ...... o.o ......
...... - ...... C ...... ~ ~
w~~~~~~~......
C.,,- ...... - - . .. (0~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~. uQ - ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~...... ;;
O=n ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~-...... \ ...... XXt t ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~......
~~~~..-~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ (0~~~...... ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~,( 0.>.~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~...... 2o~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~...... 0~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~...... ::...... I ... .. '.. .. . ,......
...... I......
......
0 0 0 0~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~...... a,..... 0~~~~~~~~~~ ...... -..0~~...... 0~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~... .. I ~~ ~~~ ~ ~~ ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ 0.. 0 ...... 0 .... ANNEX3 Chart II
@
Lu LO)
< ~~~~~~~< CX< w U .z w . 0 z~~~~~~
o 0~~~~~~.)c
n '-~~~~~~~~~~~~~I
l~~~~~~~~~~ i .:0. :...... -. ,:- . , ,.. - :.::: ,::e; ...... -.
0~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~(
LLI~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~...... ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~,~ ~~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ......
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~. . . . . 0~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~...... U- -~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~...... ...... ~~~~~~~~~~~~( LO ...... :~~~~~~~~~~~~~ C .>.... ,,.,,,-..'.,'~~~..,...'...... C~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~.....0~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~...... o~~ Nt Ci c e LLJ~~~ 0 0 0 0 0 0 0..0... '8 2 2 2 8 2 0 0 (0~~~~~~~~~~~~~...... 2 3~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~..... MALI OFFICE DU NIGER Developed Area, Cultivated Area (by Crop), and Paddy Marketed per Ha, 1934/35 - 1976/77 Niono Sector HA 20696 HA DEVELOPED 20,000 18,000 3920 HA NON CULTIVATED 16,000 14,000 _ .- ... 12.000 ...... 10,000 _ 16776 HA RICE 4,000 X1800 . KG/HA PADDY MARKETED 2,000 ... .: 1936/37 1940/41 1950/51 1960/61 1970/71 1976/77 N.B. This chart comprises the sectors of Niono and N'Debougou, which until recently were one single sector. . . 9 World Bank -18568 P H MALI OFFICE DU NIGER DevelopedArea, Cultivated Area (by Crop) and PaddyMarketed per Ha, 1934/35 - 1976/77 Molodo Sector HA 7243 HA DEVELOPED 7,000 ON CULTIVATED 1010 HA NON CULTIVATED 6,000- 5 , 00 _ . : ...... ~~~~~~~...... fi~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~...... CO 5,000 - :...... HA~~~~~~~~63 ARC ffi '.',.'.''.:: ',..,,''''''.',''' ':~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~...... ' ,,~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~..'' '' : . '''. -'.''''."-. '.. ''''''':'..'''''' "": 3,000 ...... 2560 KG/HA PADDY MARKETED World Bank -18566 i- W MALI OFFICE DU NIGER DevelopedArea, CultivatedArea (by Crop), and PaddyMarketed per Ha, 1934/35 - 1976/77 KouroumaSector HA 12,000 10917 HA DEVELOPED 10,000 NON CUIVATED 1964 HA NON CULTIVATED t ' .: ' :::,~~~~. : .::.:'..'::. 'S,:,:...,sS.:..,:S:':: 2,00C - t~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~.:.:...... :. ::. :. .. :... :...... :...... :::::::: 4,000 ...... : : :: .:::::: ::::: : ::: : ::: }: 1720 KG/HA PADDY M R EE £ t A::~~~~~~~~~~~.:.''''::'''. "''::'S: : :::'.S:'.:'::'': '".: 2.000...... Y S-"~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~.'.'.''.',''.'..'"'"""'"'"""""'"S"-"' ~~~~HCOTTON ::::::: :::::::l: - :::::: ::::::::: ::::::: 1950/51 1960/61 1970/71~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~...... 197/7 1950/51 .'9:',/'11960/61..'..,.'...... 19.6/7...... A.. ::::::::::::::::::::-::..:...:::-:::.::::.-:..:..:.:...... :k-1 o...... - 167 - ANNEX 4 4. The RehabilitationProgram 1. Program Content and ImplementationSchedule II. Rice Production and Markets III. Impact at the Farm Level 1. Employment 2. Incomes IV. Economic Justification - 168 - ANNEX 4 Page 1 MALI OFFICE DU NIGER - IDENTIFICATIONREPORT The RehabilitationProgram This annex contains details of the RehabilitationProgram; a dis- cussion of assumptions regarding its expected impact on rice production in the aggregate and at the farm level; and assumptions underlying the economic justification. I. Program Content and ImplementationSchedule 1.01 The various elements of the proposed RehabilitationProgram have been spelt out in the main report. For the civil works aspects, which are the core of the Program and by far its largest item of expenditure,works to be executed have been discussed in Annex 2 and are summarized in Table 1 of Annex 4, together with an indicative implementationschedule. Since detailed plans and designs for these works have not been prepared, the cost figures are preliminary. A physical contingency factor of 25% has been added, to reflect this. Allocation of these costs between rice and sugar production,and between presently developed areas and future exten- sions, will be discussed in Section IV. II. Rice Production and Markets 2.01 Cultivation of improved or reclaimed land is assumed to begin in the year following rehabilitationworks (Table 2). Withhout the Program, the area under cultivation is assumed to remain at its 1977 level. 2.02 Yields are presently 2.35 t/ha in the sectors commanded by the Canal du Sahel (2.26 t/ha in the Office du Niger as a whole) and are expected to level off at 2.40 t/ha in the absence of the Program. While there may well be further increases in yields due to a continuation of efforts aiming at the introductionof line-sowing,use of improved seed and of more fertilizer, it is expected that, without comprehensiverehabilitation measures, there will be, over the medium term, more and more frequent disturbances of the irriga- tion process due to breaches in dikes or the lowering of water levels in anticipationof such breaches; the consequent losses in paddy production would set-off possible yield increases. - 169 - ANNEX 4 Page 2 2.03 If the RehabilitationProgram is carried out and followed up by the required extension effort, yields are expected to develop as follows: - 30% of settlers would reach 4.0 t/ha; - 60% of settlers would reach 3.5 t/ha; - 10% of settlers would reach 3.0 t/ha. The overall average yield would be 3.6 t/ha; targets would be reached, for each improved area, in the fourth year after rehabilitation. 2.04 To reflect the present situation, settlers have been grouped (in Annex 2), in 3 categories 1/. - with yield levels between 2.5 t and 3.0 t per ha (average 2.72 t/ha: stage 3); - yields around 2.0 t/ha (average 2.06 t/ha: stage 2); - and a minority of farmers with yields just over 1.5 t/ha (average 1.62 t/ha: stage 1). Although no strict correspondencecan be assumed, it is expected that settlers who now belong to the most efficient group would be more predominantamong those attaining 4.0 t/ha while, conversely,many of the least progressive farmers would not exceed 3.0 t/ha after rehabilitation. Thus, the average increase in yield would be roughly 1.5 t/ha in each group. 2.05 Incremental production is shown in Table 2, and its impact on the national supply and demand situation in Table 3. Without the Program, there would be, in years of satisfactoryweather conditions, a small surplus over domestic requirements until about 1983; the Program would prolong this theoretical surplus for two years, until 1985. Given the uncertainty of weather conditions, this theoretical surplus can be looked upon as a safety margin against drought-inducedshortfalls. If the surplus actually mate- rializes, it can be exported to neighboring countries, which have been able to absorb similar quantities in recent years, (in 1976 and 1977 for instance). III. Effects at the Farm Level 3.01 Cultivation techniques to be applied after rehabilitation,assoc- iated labor requirementsand equipment needs are summarized in Tables 4 and 5, farm budgets per ha and per settler family in Tables 6-8. 1/ See also Map II. -170- ANNEX 4 Page 3 3.02 The key issue is the reduction in the size of holdings. From Table 7 it appears that especially the more efficient settlers would, in spite of high yields, not increase their total net value of production if their hold- ings were reduced to 6 ha; this suggests that, in a first stage of intensi- fication measures, holdings should not be reduced by more than 25%, or from 8.5 ha on average to approximately 6.5 ha (or 2.5 ha per active male). 3.03 Net value of production figures have been derived on the basis of a levy of 600 kg/ha (comparedto 400 kg/ha before rehabilitation). If settlers achieve the yield targets, which are not overly ambitious for a scheme with full water control, a levy of 600 kg/ha is not a heavy burden. In fact, for the average settler the levy would be a slightly lower share of total production than at present (16.7% against 17.5%); this suggests that the levy could be increased to approximately 750 kg/ha at a later stage but it would be prudent to postpone such a step until anticipated yield levels have actually been reached by a large number of settlers. For settlers with a continuouslypoor production record, this further increase in the levy may then be an incentive to either intensify their efforts, or abandon. For other settlers, higher levies would be an inducement to release land they cannot fully cope with and intensify production on the remaining land. 3.04 Labor bottlenecks in peak seasons, in particular harvesting, would be reduced by the proposed reduction in the size of holdings. Labor require- ments per ha would rise from 68-76 man-days, in the most representative cases (Stages 2 and 3), to 102-104 man-days, i.e. by some 40%; however, with a reduction in average farm size to 6.5 ha, labor demands per holding would increase by only just over 10%. 3.05 Average returns per man-day would increase only moderately as a consequence of the Program. Returns per marginal man-day are quite satis- factory, however, ranging from FM 800 to nearly FM 1,100 (Table 8). Of course, labor input figures are among the more uncertain and controversial parameters, but the orders of magnitudes suggest that the proposed rehabil- itation and intensificationactivities should be economicallyattractive to settlers. 3.06 As a consequence of the reduction in the size of holdings, some 1,150 new settlers can be accepted on the areas presently under cultivation; and a further 850 families can settle on the area to be reclaimed (assuming average holdings of 6.5 ha per family after rehabilitation). IV. Economic Justification 4.01 The issues to be discussed with regard to economic justification are: allocation of rehabilitationcosts; - treatment of infrastructuremaintenance costs; and - valuation of incremental labor requirements. Each of these issues will be discussed in turn. - 171 - ANNEX 4 Page 4 1. Allocation of RehabilitationCosts 4.02 The FM 21 billion (US$43 million), which the RehabilitationProgram is estimated to cost (in 1977 prices), should be allocated to all economic activities that derive benefits from these works, and in proportion to the direct impact of these works on each activity. Three activities must be examined in this context: - rice production on perimeters now cultivated, or to be reclaimed; - production of rice or other commodities on expansion areas that can be developed with the Canal du Sahel's present capacity; and - sugar production on existing perimeters. 4.03 The sugar perimeters benefit fully from the rehabilitationof the Canal du Sahel and the main structures (items A+B+C in Table 1) but not at all from improvementsof primary and secondary canals and from on-farm development in rice cultivation areas. The future expansion areas benefit fully from improvementsof the main infrastructures,and to some extent from improvementsof other canals and drains (item D in Table 1); it was esti- mated that they would benefit from roughly one third of these expenditures (i.e. improvement of canals that would ultimately feed these expansion areas). It would seem that investment in on-farm development would not benefit future expansion areas, but it is only the important saving in water use per hectare, a major consequence of on-farm development works like levelling, which makes it possible to expand the irrigable area by 12,000 ha without enlarging the basic system. Thus, these expansion areas also benefit fully from on-farm works (item E in Table 1). 4.04 While production on improved or reclaimed rice fields begins imme- diately after rehabilitation (para. 2.01), the expansion areas are expected not to come into production before the second half of the eighties. Thus, account has to be taken of the time factor. Costs have been allocated accord- ing to the principle that costs per ha for future expansion areas would be the same as for areas presently developed, taking into account, however, compound interest at 10%; this rate is assumed to approximatelyreflect the opportunity cost of capital. Since these expansion areas are projected to be developed on average some 6 years after rehabilitationexpenditure (see Table 1), this means that, in present cost terms, these areas absorb only just over half as much per ha in rehabilitationcosts as areas that have already been developed. The methodology is set out and applied in Table 9, which shows that 86.6% of civil works costs are to be applied to the 37,400 ha to be rehabilitatedor reclaimed for rice production. - 172 - ANNEX 4 Page 5 4.05 As total cost, including physical contingencies,is estimated at US$43.2 millon, cost per ha of rehabilitated rice perimeter is: US$43,200,000 0 866 US$1,000/h 37,400 ha x086 US10/h (The 1,500 ha to be rehabilitatedin 1978/79 - 1981/82 have been left out of account; they would absorb a similar amount of costs per ha, according to Table 1.) 2. InfrastructureMaintenance Expenditures 4.06 According to the mission's preliminary estimates, some FM 20,000/ha have to be spent on maintenance of infrastructures (excluding on-farm main- tenance) to keep the rehabilitatedstructures from deterioratingagain. Only FM 6,000/ha have, on average, been spent over the last few years, and possibly less in the late sixties. If required maintenance costs are takefi into account for the calculation "With the Program", while only actual ex- penditure is counted "Without the Program", the comparison is obviously distorted because there is no entry for the capital consumption resulting from omitted maintenance or, more concretely, the repair costs that will have to be incurred, with increasing frequency, to counter the effects of omitted maintenance. To put it differently: without the Rehabilitation Program, it is technically not feasible to continue operation with minimum maintenance for a period commensurateto the economic life-time of the rehabilitationworks (30 years). 4.07 Since the hypothetical repair costs without the Program cannot be quantified with any degree of precision it has been assumed that repair costs resulting from omitted maintenance are equal to required incremental maintenance costs per ha with the Program. They have, therefore, been omitted on both sides of the calculation. For areas to be reclaimed (5,700 ha), full maintenance costs of FM 20,000/ha have been taken into account, however (Table 10). 3. Valuation of IncrementalLabor 4.08 Valuation of incremental labor has two aspects: (a) the opportunity costs of incremental labor on existing holdings; (b) the opportunity costs of attracting new settlers. Each question will be discussed in turn. 4.09 At the anticipated higher level of cultivation intensity, labor input per ha will increase by some 40% on average. With the proposed decrease of the average size of holdings to 6.5 ha, the net increase in - 173 - ANNEX 4 Page 6 labor requirementsper family is only just over 10% (para. 3.04). Only the able-bodied men's labor is regarded as having an opportunity cost while women and children, who participate in some operations (such as protecting crops against birds, directing draught animals, winnowing and gleaning) are supposed to be in sufficient supply. The weighted average increase in labor input by able-bodiedmen works out at 8 man-days per ha. To this incre- mental labor a shadow price of FM 750 per man-day is applied. This is the approximate cost of a hired laborer at harvest or other times of peak demand. 4.10 As mentioned in para. 3.06, there will be some 2,000 additional settlers occupying both the abandoned areas to be reclaimed and the land that becomes available as a consequence of the proposed reduction in holding size. These settlers, supposed to be farmers in their majority, have an economic cost in terms of output foregone in their former homestead. This output foregone is best defined in terms of the economic value of output of typical farm units in marginal conditions, because it is likely that many applicants would come from poorer areas rather than from areas assisted by Operations de Developpement. 4.11 The farm type used as for reference is the traditional rice-farmer in the flood plains of the Niger who, according to a survey conducted in the Mopti area, grows on average some 2.5 ha of rice under uncontrolledflooding and some 1.5 ha of millet, sorghum and other rainfed crops. This type of farm is the most convenient standard of reference: - as settlers in the Office du Niger continue to have sup- plementary incomes of a similar order of magnitude from dry-land farming or animal husbandry (Annex 1, para. 2.22), we can disregard the rainfed component and regard flood rice production as the only output foregone as a consequence of the move to the Office du Niger; - the output foregone is then the same commodity as the project output and we can apply the same-economic price to it. The value of output foregone is on the high side because of the high economic price of paddy; checks on alternative farm types (only rainfed cereals; or rainfed cereals plus groundnuts) confirmed that the economic value of output foregone would generally be lower. 4.12 Assuming yields of 700 kg of paddy on 2.5 ha, an economic price of paddy of FM 86/kg, and input costs of FM 25,000 (or FM 10,000/ha), we obtain a value of output foregone of FM 125,000 for every new settler family. 4. Rate of Return 4.13 The economic rate of return of the RehabilitationProgram is shown in Table 10. In interpretingthe relativelymodest return of 14%, it should - 174 - ANNEX 4 Page 7 be kept in mind that assumptionshave, in all cases, been on the conservative side, the purpose being to demonstrate that even under such assumptions the Program is justified from the economic point of view. A more precise evaluation can only be made when the cost of civil works has been defined in more detail during preparation of the Program. MALI OFFICE DU NIaER - IIENTIFICATIOd REPORT eohabilitetion orgras Su o Estltated leveatsento and Indictive In,leeont.tion Schedule Programme de R66nicgeeent, Nyevi E.tsntitf doe Invaetie..ee.nt et E.helon..ent do Miee en Oeuvr- firat Project Period - _ _ Subtotal/ _ Second Pooject Period ------Subtotol/ Total 1978/81 198V]82 1982/83 1983/84 1984/85 1985/86 S30u-tgtal 1986/8? 1987/88 1988/89 1989/90 1990/91 Sone-totol 1981/82 - 1990/91 Praliro Priode de Prolet ------1981/82-1985/86 -- _--- Pmontem, P6riod. de Projot ------1906/87-1990/91 U1SS1000 FM Iillion Ihnubilitetion Aree (ha) S.pertioia & r6a,Iogr (ba) bondaned eros - 200 550 750 750 750 3,000 900 900 900 roas under Cultivation - _ 2,700 5,7CO Coioers abndoodrA Cosir. coultivta poor on-for development 5C0 1.300 950 1.250 1,250 1,250 6.000 1.500 1.500 1,500 - _ 4,500 10,5C- - eabnag.seot porcellee smani*.. average on-fare devolopoont 500 - 1,000 1,750 1,750 1,750 6,250 1,750 1,700 1.000 - _ 4,450 10,700 _ n n nyonee fair on-fern development 50 - 1000 1,250 1,250 ,250 4,50 1,850 01 2, 0 5 750 1050 aebos bon.s otal Area Under Rice To BM Suporficie riticole tot.l. A Sitr e.hobilitatad (1,500) / 1,500 3,500 5,000 5,000 5,000 20,000 6,000 6,ooo 5,400 _ 17,400 37,400 rlA.onog6e rW C"o Dvelaped rr*& (3/ 900) Suparfici axto..uion Arece y socri4r* 3/ (1,000) (2,000) (3,000) (3,000) (3,000) (12,000) (12,000) Superficis d'ext.roao / ehabilitotion Cost (1OOO) Cofit du r6ecales..oat (81000) Hoin Civil Work. A. Travan princip ux de 06i. Civil - Conal do 8ubel (200) 200 150 35U - Cnrl du Sabel _ Holodo I RMach (200) 200 200 400 450 1,250 - Molodo Hi.f No. 1 - Molodo II Moch _ __ 200 250 4o5 - Holodo Bi.f No. 2 Subtotal A (400) 400 550 650 450 2,050 2,050 1,005 Soa-tts.1 A 1. Hain Drainag Ontleto B. Easloire prinoipsux - Kouroueuri 180 500 500 1,180 . - K-ourounri - NionoJN Dobougon 100 50 150 NMio.o/N8Lebougou - Molodo 5° 100 15D_ HMolodo Subtotal M 150 330 500 500 1,480 1,480 725 Sonu-total B Main LIlet Control C. Ouvragea do prines U, Strfcttr.a (100) 100 100 100 49 Principena lubtotal A . b8 C (500) 650 880 1,150 950 3,630 3,630 1,779 Sout-tot1 A . b t C 1. H1a Cna"la, S o.ud.ry Camals, ad Thair Service D. Cu-ax Principanx .t .ecodairee y inclua ro te do sorvic.~~ Mood * 8 (375) 375 875 1,250 1,250 1,250 5,000 1,500 1,500 1,360 - 4,360 9,360 4,586 On-Form Development E B6n geent A l p rcll 10005llingtc), at (nivellement etc) en I pr h. IODOabandaned) - 200 5550 750 750 50 3,0Do 900 9o0 900 - 2,7C0 5,900 2,793 - 81000/ba (absadoanao) - 7001 (poor) 350 910 665 875 875 875 4,200 1,050 1,050 1.050 - 5,150 7,350 3,602 - S 700/ha (sanolan.) - 5008 (average) 250 - 500 875 875 875 3,125 875 850 500 - 2,225 5,350 2,622 - t 500/ha (snoynee) 300i (fair) 15D 300 375 575 37 1 45 _55 570 600 - 1.720 5 145 1.541 - 300/ha (asos boonn.) Subtotal E (750) 1,110 2,015 2,875 2,875 2,875 11,750 3,375 3.370 3,050 - 9,795 21,545 10,557 Sn-t-tal E Otal B.e. Coot R.habilitetion (1,625) 2,135 3,770 5,275 5,075 4,125 20,380 4,875 4,875 4,410 - 14.155 34,535 16,922 Codt do base, rhAAe.geatut %yeinol Contingencies (25%) (405) 535 940 1,320 1,290 1,030 5,095 1,220 1,215 1,105 - 3,54.0 8,635 4,231 Provisio.* do d6p oos-t doe '1ta1 incl. Thy.. Canting. (2,030) 2,690 4,710 6,595 6,345 5,155 25,475 6,095 6,085 5,515 - 17.695 43,170 21l13 Total y cosprio provielne. d4 in HF Million) (1.308) (2.308) (3.232) (3.109) (2.526) (12.483) (2.987) (2.982) (2.702) - (8,67e) (21,153) (s FM Millions) / Areax enpented to be rehabilitated before the beginning of a Rohbbilitotton Pmogrms SopGrficiaS./ rfai-n.gioe avent 1 comnecasent du Programe do 6mbailitation., M/lention.d only a- reference for coat allocation. Any rebabilitation to be done on M/Mention.& pour gairm et pour 1- r6iprtition don Coats do ras6nxgasent. Travoox dons le pfiri.tres soorisra anger-cao perim.tero it aeunead to be executed nader a separat, project. propro..nt dit moraient tinenc6t *eon un proet iper6a et n'ont p.. 4t6 pris on 0opte. / Indicvtvo i.plsentation rate. Cropa gro.n could be rice, cotton, hest or fodder. c/hcolen..e.nt indidatif. Pourrnit ervir A tltiver du rio, du coton, du bI6 0u dse planted fourragir-. HMationed sioIlY far coat allocation rerence, *0 12,000 ha In the additional area Hantionah tci poor ln rAportition doe oAoto 12,000 ha eat la sop-rticis sppleentaire poavnt Itra irriguSa per that can be irrignted by the Canal du Suhel system aithoot in.ontzent aiming at 1 fiysttee du Canal du Sahel eons travax d'0lsrgiseemeet du y.tOo. incr...ing the ynte os capacity. / 1250/ho on everage. 1250/ha on hoyne. OFTICE DU1NICE - IDENTIFICATIONREPORT Projection of Paddy Production in the Improved Perimetere of the Canal do lahal Sy.t. with and without the Rehabilitation Project (lot and 2nd Phon6) Projection de Is Production de Paddy dane leu Caosere A Riaomnager dane l. Sy.tie. du Coneldu Sahel, ave. et cone le iro.jet de Rehobilitation (]ere et 2eme Phaoe) ______-_____ Phare I ------Phae 1I ------1980/81 1981/82 1982/83 1983/84 1984/85 1985/86 1986/87 1987/88 1988/89 1989/90 1990/91 1991/92 1993/94 etC. Total Developed Area (ha) 38,900 3uperfieie Dfveloppie (ha) Total Cultivated Area (ha) 33,200 Superfici- Cultiv6e (ha) (of which ieprov.d in (dont riam6nagSc an .972/79 - 1980/81) (1500) 1978/79 - 1980/81) Yield (t/ha) 2.40o / Rendecent (t/ha) Improved under Rehab. Project Riam6nag6opar Projet de RLhbhilitatio4 Annual Rehabilitation (ha) 1,500 3,500 5,000 5,000 5,000 6,ooo 6.000 5,400 R6acniageoeot Annual (ha) (of which reclaimed area) (200) (550) (750) (750) (750) (900) (900) (900) (dont cuperfioie reoupiree) Under Cultivation, Cumulative (ha) 1,500 5,100 10,000 15,000 20,000 26,000 32,000 37,400 Hice en Culture (euperficie cumulative) (of uhich reclaimed) (200) (800) (1,500) (2.250) (3,000) (3,900) (4,800) (5,700) (dont cuperficis ricuperie) Production with the Project (t) / 4,350 15,000 30,800 47,800 65,500 86,400 107,600 127,200 131,200 133,500 134,600 Production aven Ie Projet (t) g/ (t,/ho) 2 90 300 3.08 3.19 3.28 3.32 3 36 3 .40 3.51 3.57 3.60 (t/ha) Production without the Project ,/ 3,100 10,200 20,400 30,600 40,8eo 53,000 65,300 76,000 76,O 76,000 76,000 Production cana le Projet ,/ Incre.ental Production (t) 1,250 4 800 10 40 17,200 24,7oo 33,400 42,3002 55,200 57,50 8 Production Supple6etoire (t) of which yield increaeeo 50 2,550 5,8~ 10,100 15,000 20,300 26,100 31,700 35,200 37,1003 38,100 dont aecroieeoent de rende5nt0 of whigh reclaimed ureos 600 2,250 4,600 7,100 9,700 13,100 16,200 19,500 20,000 20,400 20,500 d.nt euporficlia ricup6r6ec Rounded (1000t) 13 4.8 1.4 17.2 24.7 _42.3 51.2 57_ 8 Chiffree Arrondiu (1000t) 0.7 2. 3W5*7 10.1 15.0 20.3 26.1 31.7 35.2 37.1 3.1. , 0.6 2.2 4.6 7.1 9.7 13.1 16.2 19.5 20.0 20.4 20.5 LYields in the Sahel Canal area ware 2.35 t/ha in 1976/77 (toe Annex 3, Table 3). ILae randementa 6taient 2.35 t/ha dan- 1. ayct&ic commacnd par 1e Canal du Sahel Du to rehabilitation wkrka on 1,500 ha under the propooed Technical Aeeistance en 1976/77 (voir Annexe 3, Tableau 8). GrAce a"u travaux our 1,500 ha, a Credit, yields will increaseto 2.40 t/ha in 1980/o1, acoaming that yielda in other axicuter maue 1 projet d Aecictcnce Technique, propoa6, lee rendemente areas reomin constant. augoenteront A 2.40 t/ha an 1980/81; lhypothlae implicite eat qua, eaeo 1e projet de r4habilitation,lea randemantanlaugmataeront guare mu delA de cc nivem.. Areaa rehabilitated show the following overage yield build-up: 2.90 tAa in year Lsro.dte redeente cur lee auperficiec raenge u gmenteraient commo euit: 2.90 t/ha4 one. 3.20 t/ha in year 2; 3,40 t/ha in year 3, cod 3.60 t/ha in year 4. Theae en lre ann6e, 3.20 t/ha en 2aem annes, 3.40 t/ha en 3eco anpc at 3.60 t/ha en ame figureB have been derived a. u weighted average of yield developo.n.t3 5 0 of 30% anne,. Ce taux a et6 derive comma meyenne pondiree de 30% do colonu protreecietee 60% de colons amoyene tteignant 3.50 t/ha, et 10% de colons progreacive fares reaching0 0 4.0 t/ht; 60% average fares reaching . t/ha, and 10% atteignant 4.0 t/ha, poor farms raaching3. t/ba. paneifa n'atteignant quo 3.0 t/ha.. 2/ 2.40 t/ha on the arcuc to be rehabilitated (excluding the abandoned once that :/ 2.40 t/ho aur lea uurtacea A reprendre (mvolsane lee cuperficie abandonnece qui III would be reclaimnd. oercient r6cup6raea par 1 projet). MALI OFFICE DU NIGER - IDENTIFICATION REPORT Projection of Domestic Paddy Demand and Supply in Mali with and without the Rehabilitation Project Pr6vinion de la Demande Int6rieure et de l'Offre de Paddy au Mal]i, avec at sane Is Projet de Rehabilitatien Plaea--- I --- 2 ----- Phase II 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 ,1992 1993 Paddy Requirements / (1000 t) 291 303 316 330 344 359 375 392 410 428 447 467 488 Be6oins en Paddy 2/ (1000 t) Paddy ProductionY! I Production de Paddy Y without the ProJect (1000 t) / 313 331 340 344 347 349 350 351 351 351 351 351 351 sans le Projet (1000 t) / Surplus (+)jDeficit6-) Surplus (+)/Defirit (-) withoat the Project (1000 t) . 22 + 28 + 24 + 14 + 3 - 10 - 25 -41 -59 -77 -96 -116 -137 sane 1e Projet (1000 t) IncrementalProduction 4/ frOm Production Suppl6mentaire v induite the Project (1000 t) ' - - 1 5 10 17 25 33 42 51 55 57 59 par le Projet / (1000 t) Surplua ()/Deficit (-) Surplus (+)/Deficit (-) with the Project (1000 t) + 22 + 28 + 25 + 19 + 13 + 7 0 - 8 - 17 - 26 - 41 - 59 - 78 avec le Projet (1000 t) Surplus/Deficit in % of Surplus/Deficit en % de la Total Production 7 8 7 6 4 2 0 - 2 - 5 - ? - 12 - 17 - 22 Production Totale 1/ Productionof 1981/82 consumed in 1982 etc; Pbase I thus covers agricultural Productionde 1981/82 consoamme en 1982. Phase I done comprend lea anneea yeara 1981/82 - 1985/86. agricoles 1981/82 - 1985/86. 2 Completionof Rehabilitation Pro3ect only; tO expansion in'srre in taken / Achevemsnt du programme de r&amenagement. Aucuns expansion dea euporticies into account. a ete prise en compte. / Starting from a per capita consumption of 20 kg of rice in 1975 and assuming y Partant d'une consommation par tite de 20 kg de riz en 1975, un accroisaement a population growth rate of 2.7%; real income growth of 2.0% annually, and de la pbpulation de 2.7%, ure augmentation du revenu reel de 4 2% par an, une an income elasticity of demand of 1.0. Seed requirements and 10% losses &lasticit de la demande par rapport au revenu de 1.0, et un taux de conversion riz: included. Milling ratio 65% (lean for industrial mills, more for traditional paddy = 0.65 (moins pour lee rizeries industriellen,davantage dana le milieu rural). production). In years with adequate rainfall and flooling. En ann4es de pluviom6trieet d'inondation suffisantes. Includes projections for Office du Niger without the project, Op&ration Riz / Comprend pr6visionB pour l'Office du Niger sans le projet et Operations Riz S6gou, 6 4 rig Segou, Operation Piz F'opti,Operation Riz Sikasso, minor schemea in the let Mopti et Sikasso, ainsi quo quelques projets mineure dane la lare et me Region, and 6thiberions, and traditionalproduction. respectivement,et la production traditionelle. / See Table 2 Voir Tableau 2 - 178 - Annex 4 Table4 MALI OFFICE DU NIGER - IDENTIFICATION REPORT Recommended Equipment Density at Stage 4 and Cost per Ha of Oxen and Equipment Use Densite d'Equipement Recommandee au Stade 4 et Coat a l'Ha des Boeufs et de 1'Equipement Recommended Equipment/ Number/ Cost to Farmer/ Cost per Ha/ Amortisation/ Equipement Recommande Nombre Cout au Producteur Cout par Ha Amortissement FM FM 1/ FM/ha 2/ Gear/Harnachement 1 7,500 1,154 192 Plough/Charrue 1 52,870 8,134 813 Harrow/Herse 1 23,550 3,623 362 Cultivator/Cultivateur 1 88,795 13,661 1,366 Cart/Charrette 1 90,000 13,846 1,385 Subtotal 262,715 40,418 4,118 Oxen/Boeufs 3 240,000 36,923 3,692 Total 502,715 77,341 7,810 Maintenance Equipment 3/ 410 Entretien Equipement 3/ Maintenance Oxen 4/ 3,460 Entretien des Boeufs 4/ Total Cost per ha/Cout total par ha 11,680 1/ For expected holding size of 6-7 ha 1/ Pour taille d'exploitationde 6-7 ha or 6.5 ha on average ou 6.5 ha en moyenne, anticipee pour le futur 21 See Annex 3, Table 16 2/ Voir Annexe 3, Tableau 16 3/ 10% of equipment amortisation 3/ 10% de l'amortissementannuel d'equipement 4t Assuming increase from MF5,000thead 4/ A cause des achats accrus d'alimentationde to MF7,500/headbecause of supple- bitail, les depenses annuelles par tete mentary purchase of annual feed augmentent de FM5,000 a FM77500 MAL1 OFFTcE DU NIGER - IIENTIFICATION REPOPT Labor and Equipment Input With the Project (stage 4) and Without the Project (Stages 2 and 3) Temps des Travaux et Utilisation des Boeufa et d'Equipement Avec le Projet (Stade 4) et Sans le Projet (Stadee 2 et 3) Stage 2/Stade 2 Stage 3/Stade 3 Stage 4/Stade 4 2.06 t h 2.72 tAha a) . 50 t/ha b) 4.0 t a Total Oxen and Total Oxen and Men Women or Total Oxen and Men Women or Total Oxen and Laboryj Equipment Labory Equipment Children Labor Equipment Children Labor Equipment Ploughing 10.5 7 13.5 9 9 9 13.5 9 9 9 13.5 9 Labour Hlarrowing 6 4 6 4 5 5 7.5 5 5 5 7.5 5 Hereage Siowing 1 1 1 1 1.5 1 1 1 1.5 1 Semis Maintenance Infrastr. 2 2 10 - 10 10 - 10 - Entretien R6Bsau Weeding 8 10 16 3 17.5 3 / 16 3 17.5 3 / Sarclage/Desherbage Spreading Fertilizer 0.5 1 2 - 2 2 - 2 - Epandage Engrais Irrigation 4 4 4 - 4 4 - 4 - Irrigation Bird Protection 3 3 - 8 4 - 8 4 - Gardiennage 'J Harvesting 16.5 19 17 10 22 19 10 24 - Moisson Stacking 6 4 6 6 7 - 7 7 7 - 7 7 Miae enGerbier Transport 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 5 - 5 5 5 - 5 5 Transport Manual Threshing 5 5 5 - 5 5 5 - Battage Manuel Winnowing/Bleaming 3 6 6 Vannage/Glanage Total 68 17.5 76 21.5 81 42 102 30 83 42 104 30 Total Boeufs et Total Boeufe et Hommes Femmee ou Total j Boeufs et lommes F7aeea ou Total / Boeutf et Equipemente Equipements Enfanto Equipemente anfants Equipements / 3ee Annex 3, Table 15 * Voir Anruexe3, Tableau 15 / ' daya weeding by cultivator / 3 joure de 6arclage avec cultivateur *IN viIin - 180 - Annex 4 Table 6 MALI OFFICE DU NIGER - IDENTIFICATION REPORT Farm Budget for Rice Farmers at the Office du Niger, with the Project (per ha) Budget d'Exploitation Familiale a l'Office du Niger, avec le Proj et (par ha) BasicYield Assumption High Yield Assumption (60% of Holdings) 6/ (30% of Holdings)6/ Yield (kg/ha) 3,500 4,000 Rendement Producer Price 45 45 Prix au Producteur Gross Value of Production 157,500 180,000 Produit Brut Use of Farm Equipment Utilisation de boeufs et and Oxen l/ 11,680 11,680 de l'equipement I/ Seed 2/ 4,270 4,270 Semence 2/ Fertilizer 3/ 18,700 18,700 Engrais 3/ - Small Tools 300 300 Petit Oueillage Machine Threshing 4/ 16,200 18,900 Battage MEcanique 4/ Levy 5/ 27,000 27,000 Redevance 5/ Total Charges 78,150 80,850 Charges Tocales Net Value of Production 79,350 99,150 Revenu Net Farm Labor (Man-Days) 102 104 Journees de Travail Return per Man-Day 778 953 Remuneration par JournEe Hypothase de Base __Eypothese Haute (60% des attributions) 6/ (30% des attributions)6/ I/ See Table 4 A/ Voir Tableau 4 / Improved seed at MF 70/kg renewed every third 2/ Semence ameliorie a FM 70/kg renouvelee tous les year. Other seed at MF 45tkg, 80 kg of seed 3 ans. Semence ordinaire a FM 45/kg, 80 kg de per ha. semence par ha. 3/ 100 kg of urea at MF 92/kg and 100 kg of 3/ 100 kg d'uree a FM 92/kg et 100 kg de sulphate sulphate of ammonia at MF 95/kg d'ammoniaque 3 TM 95/kg 4/ See Annex 3, Table 16 Footnote 5 4/ Voir Annexe 3, Tableau 16 , Note 5 5/ 600 kg of paddy per ha on improved fields 5/ 600 kR de paddy par ha sur les casiers riamenages. I/It is assumed that the remainina 10% of 6/ Les derniers 10% n'atteindraient que 3,000 kg/ha. the area will achieve a yield of La moyenne pondere. des rendements serait donc 3,000 kg/ha only. The weighted average 3,600 kg/ha. would therefore be 3,600 kg/ha. MALI OFFICE DU NIGER - IDENTIFICATIONREPORT Comparisonof Family Revenue and Returns per Man-Day with and without the Project, for Varying Farm Sizes Comparaison des Revenus Familiaux et des Remun6rations par Journee de Travail Avec et Sans le Projet, Pour Tailles d'ExploitationVariables Stage 1 Stage 2 Basic Yield Assumption Stage 3 High Yield Assumption Farm Size 8.5 ha 8.5 ha 6 ha 7 ha 8.5 ha 6 ha 7 ha Taille d'Exploitation Yield (kg/ha) 1,610 2,060 3,500 3,500 2,720 4,000 4,000 Rendement (kg/ha) Gross Value of Valeur Brute de Pro- Production (FM1000) 616 788 945 1,102 1,040 1,080 1,260 duction (FM1000) Production Cost Charges totales excl. labor (FM1000) 297 370 469 547 454 485 566 (excl. travail) Net Value of Valeur Nette de Production (FM1000) 319 418 476 555 586 595 694 Production Man-Days 527 578 612 714 646 714 728 Journees de Travail Return per Man-Day Remuneration par (FM) 606 723 778 907 953 Journee (FM) Stade 1 Stade 2 Objectif de Base Stade 3 Objectif Haut '-3 ( X MAL OFFICE DU NIGER - IINTIFICATION REPORT Average and Marginal Returne per Hanu-Day Uith and Without the Project Remun6ration Moyenoe at Harginale par Journ6e de Travail. Avec et Sane 1* Projet Without the Project With the Project Category Stage 1 Stage 2 Stage 3 A B C A B C Cntegorie Yield (1.61 tVa) (2.06 t/ha) (2.72 t/}a) (3.00 t/ha) (3.50 thA) (4.00 t/ha) minus Minus Minua Rendement % of Area 4% 49% 47% 10% 60% 30% Stago 1 Stage 2 Stage 3 % deo Superficiee Groas Value of Production 72,450 92,700 122,400 135,000 157,5C0 180,000 62,550 64,30o 57,600 Valeur Brute de Production Costs of Production 34,890 43,520 53,440 66,400 78,150 8o 08310 32,510 34,630 27,410 Couts de Production 1lit Value of Production 37,560 49,180 68,960 68,600 79,350 99,150 31,040 30,170 30,190 Valour Nette de Production flan-Dayt, 62 68 76 100 102 104 38 34 28 Journies de Travail H Return per l';n-bDy 606 723 907 686 778 953 heoun6ration par Journuc de Travail Marginai Returni per Man-Duy 817 887 1,078 Relunir.tion par Jour6* do Travail Marginale Sane la Projet Avec l Projet ; 3tade I Stade 2 Stade 3 A B C A B C Hoine Hoin Moins Stade 1 Stade 2 Stade 3 F!1 - 183 - Annex 4 Table 9 MALI OFFICE DU NIGER - IDENTIFICATION REPORT Import Substitution Price of Paddy (in constant 1977 prices; for 1980-85 horizon) at the Office du Niger Prix de Substitution aux Importations pour le Paddy Produits a l'Office du Niger (en prix constants de 1977, horizon 1980-85) A. Consumption in Bamako I/ B. Consumption in Office du Niger Area 2/ Ihai 25-35% brokens, fob in Thai 25-35% brisures, fob en prix constant 1977 $/ton 3/ 273 273 constant de 1977, $/tonne 3/ Sea-freight, insurance 30 30 Fret maritime, assurance Cost cif Dakar 303 303 Cout caf Dakar Cost cif Dakar in FM/t 148,470 148,470 Cost caf Dakar en FM/t Port Handling/Stevedoring 3,740 3,740 Frais Portuaires, Manutention Transshipment to Rail 2,000 2,000 Frais Rupture de Charge Port/Rail Rail Transport Dakar-Bamako 18,220 18,220 Transport Rail Dakar-Bamako Road Transport Bamako-Niono 4/ - 7,800 Transport Route Bamako-Niono. 4/ Unloading Bamako or Niono 500 500 Manutention Bamako ou Nioo Wholesale price Bamako or Niono 172,930 180,730 Prix de Gros Bamako ou Niono Road Transport Niono-Banako 7,800 - Transport Routier Niono-Bamako Milling.Costs 5/ 10,430 10,430 Frais d'usinage 5/ Subtotal. 154,700 170,300 Sous-total Paddy Equivalent 5/ 100,555 110,696 Equivalent en Paddy 5/ Paddy and Rice Bags 5/ 4,250 4,250 Ensachage 51 Transport to Mill 5/ 4,260 4,260 Transport Casier-Rizerie '/ Collection of Paddy 5/ 5,860 5,860 Frais de collecte 5/ -Losses (5%) 2,250 2,250 Pertes (5%) Economic Price of Paddy, Prix Economique du Paddy, Farm Gate 83,935 94,075 au Champs Rounded (FM/kg) 84 94 Arrondi (FM/kg) Composite Economic Price (FM/kg) Pri: Economique Moyen (FM/kg) (A:B - 4:1) 86 (A:B 1 4:1) A. Consommation a Bamako B. Consommation Rigion Office du Niger 2/ 1/ Or town in similar distance 1/ Ou ville en distance comparable 2/ Home consumption of settlers; consumption 2/ Auto-consonmation des colons; consommation des of Office du Niger staff; and of Segou employes de l'Office du Niger; et consommation urbaine urban population v de Segou. 3/ Derived from World Bank Forecasts, May 1977 3/ Derive des Projections de la Banque Mondiale, Mai 1977 4/ 300 km at FM 26 per tkm. 4/ 300 km a FM 26 par tkm. 5/ Bareme 1977/78: 65% 5/ Bar&ne 1977/78: 65% - 184 - _ Annex 4 Table 10 MALI OFFICE DU NIGER - IDENTIFICATION REPORT Economic Cost of Farm Inputs with and without the Project (FM/ha) Prix Economiques des Couts de Production, avec et sans le Projet (FM/ha) a) With the Project 4.00 t/ha 3.50 t/ha 3.00 t/ha Average/Moyenne a) Avec le Projet (30%) (60%) (10%) (3.60 t/ha) Use of Farm Equipment Utilisation d'Equipement and Oxen 1/ 11,900 11,900 11,900 et de Boeufs 1/ Seed 4,300 4,300 4,300 Senence Fertilizer2/ 26,800 26,800 13,400 3/ Engrais 2/ Small Tools -300 300 300 Petit Outillage Machine Threshing4/ 16,100 13,800 11,500 BattageMEecanique Total 59,400 57,100 41,400 56,200 Total (Financial Cost) (53,850) (51,150) (39,400) (50,800) (Prix au Producteur) b) Rithout the Project Stage 3/ Stage 2/ Stage 1/ b) Sans le Projet Stade 3 Stade 2 Stade 1 2.72 t/ha 2.06 t/ha 1.61 t/ha (47%) (49%) (4%) Use of Farm Equipment Utilisation d'Equipement and Oxen 5/ 8,800 7,100 5,400 et de Boeufs 5/ Seed 5,400 5,400 5,400 Semence Fertilizer2/ 13,300 6,500 - Engrais 2/ Small Tools 300 300 300 Petit Outillage Machine Threshing / 10,200 7,200 5,100 Battage Mecanique Total 38,000 26,500 16,200 31,500 Total (FinaucialCost) (35,440) (25,520) (16,890) (29,800) (Prix au Producteur) 1/ The overal cost of 1 set of equipment is only 2% 1/ Le cout total d'un jeu d'equipement n'est infirieur higher than financial cost since only harrows are au prix au producteur que de 2% puisque seules les heavily subsidized,and other items not at all. herses sont fortement subventionnies, et les autres outils pas du tout. 2/ Economic price of urea = FM 130/kg, financial 2/ Prix economique d'uree et de phosphate d'ammoniaque - cost - FM 92/kg. Economic cost of phosphate FM 130/kg et FM 138 par kg, respectivement; prix au of ammonia = FM 138/kg, financial cost FM 95/kg. producteur FM 92 et FM 95 par kg, respectivement. 3/ It is assumed that farmers achieving a yield of 3/ L'hypothese est que les paysans atteignant un rende- 3.00 t/ha use only 100 kg of fertilizer per ha. nent de 3.00 t/ha n'utiliseraient que 100 kg d'engrais par ha. 4/ The threshing charge is calculated in such a way 4/ Les frais de battage sont calcules de maniere a as to cover actual cost to the Office du Niger; recouvrer les couts reels de l'Office du Niger; ces only 5% have been deducted from financial costs couts ont ete diminues de 5% seulement (pour diverses (for indirect taxes of various kind) since the taxes indirectes) parce que l'Office du Niger est Office du Niger is exempt from fuel taxes and exondre des taxes sur le carburant, et le materiel agricultural equipment is duty-free. agricole est exonere des droits d' entree. 5/ The economic cost of equipment is 4.5% higher 5/ Le prix economique d'un jeu depasse le coat au than financialcost in this case: since the producteurde 4.5% dans ce cas puisque le jeu utilise set used without the project does not include sans le projet ne ccmprend pas de cultivateur; donc, cultivators, the weight of the subsidized le poids de la herse, fortement subventionnee, est harrow is higher. plus grand. HALI OFFIC1 DU NIGER - IDENTIFICATION REPORT Allocation of Rehabilitation Coats Imputation des CoSta de ReamAnagement Ha % Benefit Time Ha % FH Total Coat Rice Factor F/Factor A/Adjusted Million Rehabilitation Program a) Main Infrastructures 2/ a) Infrastructures Principales 2/ (1 2,224 million) (FM 2,22 million)i_ _ Developed Area, RiQes 37,400 70.4 100% 1.00 37,400 78.1 1,737 1,737 - Superficio Developp6e, Paddy / _ Developed Area, Sugar 3.700 7.0 100% 1.00 3,700 7.7 171 - Superficie D6velopp6e, Canne - Expaneion Areaa 12/000 22.6 100, 0.565 2 6 780 14.2 316 - Expansion Future 7/ Total 53,100 100.0 47,880 100.0 2,224 Total b) thr Canls. rains. Roada b) AutresF ,3 Canaux,ilo)______8 Drains, Routes 7 TN( 5,733 million) (FM5 2 - Developed Area, Rice / 37,400 70.4 100% 1.00 37,400 94.3 5,406 5,406 - Superficie D6veloppee, Paddy M - Develooed Area, Sugar 3,700 7.0 0% 1.00 - - - -- Superficie Developpee, Canne _ Expansion Areas / 12,000 22.6 33% 0.565 2 _/2,26 5 ? 32- Expansion Future 2 Total 53,100 100.0 39,660 100.0 5,733 Total c) On-Farm Developnt .2/ o) AmenageTentn la Parcelle 9/ (Fh 13, 1rmillion) (FM 13,196 million) _ Developed Area, Rice 37,400 70.4 100% 1.00 37,400 84.7 11,177 11,177 - Superficie DAvelopp6e, Paddy / _ Developed Area, Sugar 3,700 7.0 0% 1.00 - - - - Superficie Developp6e, Canne - Expansion Areas 2 12.000 22.6 100% 0/o.565 2/ 6,780 15.3 2,019 - Expansion Future / Total 53,100 100.0 44,180 100.0 13,196 Total 18.320 - Total Program * a 0.866 Programme Total 00 Hectares % Facteur Facteur Rectares X FM Cout Total BUn6ficea 3/ Temps 7/ Ajuet&a millions R6eamnagement Rit 1/ Denotes the extent to whicl vorke benefit each area category I ldique l'int4rit de la r6habilitation pour lee diversio cat&gorioe de euperficiee. 2/ Area in imeediat economic use ere given the factor 1.00; areas /Lee euperficies exploithes imm6diatement aprAs la r4habilitation eoot accordieo le use. in future receive a time-discount (see note 5) facteur 1.00; pour lee superficies d'expansion future un d6compte refl6tant l'importance du d&calage eat applique (voir note 5). '/ Items AtB*C in Table 1 of Annex 4 )/ Ligne A+B+C dana le Tableau 1, Annexe 4 ;/ Ineludes 25.S physical contingencies /Y inclue 25% d'impr&vua pour d6pasaement des quantit4a t/ 0i)6 565 = ~ (1 vio 2,' 0.565 1 6 2/0.565 tl4+OM Y(1.0.1)6 4/ Includes the 5,700 ha now abandoned but to be rehabilitated Y/Y inclue lee 5.700 ha g r6cupirer mais mans lee 1,500 ke qui seraient rShabilit6e but excluoes 1,500 ha to be rehabilitated 1978/79-1980/81 en 1978/79-1980/81. 2 Arear that can be irrigated with the preaent eize of the 21 Superficiem pouvant etre irrigu6ee avec le gabarit oxietant du Canal du Sahel. 0 Cannal dou ahel. 3ee Annex 2, Section IV, 3. Voir Annexe , Setion IV, 3. t/ Item Diin Table 1 of Annex 4 7/ Ligne D dana le Tableau 1, Annexe 4 0 / Item E in Talle 1 of Annex 4 Ligne E dane le Tableau 1, Annexe 4 10,' Only because of tho water economy in existing rice fieldam a i/L'expaneion dea muperficies n'et poemibl que grace A l6pargne en conommation consequence of on-farm development. expaneion in area ie possible. d'eau par hectare A la suite des mesuree de r6qmnnageawnt I la parcelle. HALI OFF'ICE DU NITtER- tENTIFICATIONREPORT Eatimated Ben.fitA end Costs, and Economic Rate of Return of the Rehabilitation Program Estisetion dea B6n6ficem at doe Cofita at du T,UX de Riantabilit6 Econoaitue do Progranmc de R6habilitation 81/82 82/83 83/84 84/85 85/86 86/87 87/88 88/89 89/90 90/91 91/92 92/93 93/94 Incrementl Paddy Production (l1OOtg/ 1.3 4.8 10.4 17.2 24.7 33.4 412.3 51.2 55.2 57.2 58.6 58.6 Production Suppl6mantairs de Paddy / Value of lncremental Production 2/ 112 413 894 1479 2124 28/2 3638 4403 4747 4919 5040 5040 Valour d- 1a Production Suppl6mentaire 2/ Walue of Iner.me.tal nputo Valour doe Coilte de Production Suppl6manteires a) Presantly Culti-oted Areas 2/ 32 104 210 315 420 546 672 783 783 783 783 783 a) Superficie. c.utiv6em A tp6aent I/ b) ReclaimedArena 4 0/14 126 169 32?7320 320 320 320 b)) SuperficeamAX r6cap&re r Total Incrementa1 Inputs 43 149 294 441 589 765 9412 1103 1103 1103 1103 1103 Total VH1UHOf Incremenetal Labor Velour dr Journme. de Travail Supplkoentairom a) New Settlere a/ 10 33 65 98 1,30 169 208 243 243 243 243 243 a) Nouveaux Colon ,/ b) 1,ib.r in Peah So.son P 9 30 60 90 120 15 . 192 224 224 224 224 224 b) Travail en Saieon de Point. Total 19 63 125 188 250 325 400 467 467 467 467 467 Total Coot of Increnemtol Extension Staff Z/ 2 8 15 23 30 39 48 56 56 56 56 56 Coft Suppl6nentaire de lEncadrement 7/ Incretental Haintanacce Coat CoOt Supplk.antelre poor IEntretian for Infrastructures / - - - 4 15 30 45 60 78 96 114 114 du Rbi&auo Benefits mica, Vacorrant Cocta 48 193 460 823 1.240 l,7f3 2,203 2,717 3;043 3,197 3,300 3,300 ion6fices moina CoGte R6currente Invoetment Coat 2/ 1,133 1,999 2,799 2,692 2,188 8,587 2,582 2,3 - - - - CoGt de lInvestisaement 2/ Nat Benefits 1,133 - .19 - 2.6Q6 2,832 - 4.365_ 1.347 - 869. - 137 2.n71 3,043 3,197 3.300 3,300 Ben6ficsa Note H ,. ' ' ~~~~~~~~~~00. Economic Rate of Return (30 years): 14% Taox do Rentabilith Econoique (30 ana)t - Sae Table 2 2/ Voir Tableau 2 I'M 86Ag. Voir Tbleau 9 IHF86/kg. 4 See Tatle 9 4/ HF 2 .70i/ha. Seo fable 10 (difference with and without the project) V/Vir T/abilauV0 (difbre nce avec et n lo projet). HF 56,200/ha. Se.n Table 10 H 56,200/ha. Voir Tableau 10 Value of paddy production foregone in traditional cultivation! per family Valour de la production de paddy perdue en milieu traditionnel: par famillo do nouveau, colons of new camera (2.5 ha x 0.7 tone x HF 66) tinua production coata of (2.5 ha x 0.7 t x FM 86) moine let coilta do production de FM 25,000 = FM 125,000/faeille. MF 25,000 = MF 125,000/faeily 8 man-days per ha at HF 750 per man-day g 8 journ6e-hbomems A iH 750 1a journe6 / Costa are HF 4,000 per ha; including 25% operating expones, HF 5.000/ha. 2 F 4,000/ha; en ajoutant 25% pour fraim de fonctionnemant, on arrive A FM 5,000/ha. Apr&. One ha out of tihree will be cultivated by a new settler after rehabilitation, rAam6nagement den caiera, un ha aur trois sera cultiv6 par un noveau colon, mt 1 donoit6 dq lencadrement ser. maintenue A aon nivano actuel. and the extenciop 6 danaity per fomily will be kept constant. No incremental e intenance coat for infraotructures presently in operation / Aucun coit eupplAMenteire p 6te inecrit pour lIentretisn des infraotractaro.utiliseam a are included aince aiilar coatewould have to be incurred without the pr6aent puieque doe d6penaesancloguen devraiont itreoeffctu4Ao Oaa 1 proJot. (iatoion projmct ao well (FaYilure to do aoiA bound to reault in rapidly rising de cog dSpnane angendreit dea fratade r6paratiun qui montarleot rapidesent; cos traim, coat, of repair, which would bv. to be ehown in this a...). For the arose difftcilme*nt chiffmrble, devraiont 6tre eie en compte dons n cae). Reuleent pour lee to be reclaimed (5,700 ha), the full amount of propoaed maintenance coioers A r6cup6rer, le rontent entier den coats dsontretien jug&* nic#sawireo (FM 20.00/efe) expenditure (F'H 20,0O0/he) has been .. tered; with a time lag of 4 yeara ont 6tS min en ligne de coepte, *vc un d6calege de 4 ana A partir do la erAupkration. frem rehabilit.tion. / Costs in Table lof tbisAi.,xhave bean multiplied with 0.866 to take intoe' /Le coite de linveatiesement (Tableaul de cot Anne.x) cut At6 sultiplii par 1e fatour account the casteallocatmd to augar eatatee and to future expansion areab, 0.866 pour tenir coapte de l'imputation d'une partie de cee cofts mux pirisAtree oucriero as e.plained in Table 11. inei qu'aua euperficiee d'expansinn future (aelon lea rAgles oxpliqu6es dana le Tableau 11,. - 187 - ANNEX 5 5. The Technical Assistance/EngineeringProject I. Assistance to the Office of the Director General 1. Objectives 2. Assistance Requirements 3. Time-Frame and Priorities II. Assistance to the Bureau of Technical Studies 1. Objectives 2. Assistance Requirements III. Acquisition of Equipment and Assistance to the Works Department 1. Objectives 2. Purchase of Equipment 3. Assistance Requirements IV. Support for AgriculturalResearch and Pilot Programs 1. Rice 2. Cotton 3. Fodder Plants 4. Feedlots V. Aerial PhotographicSurvey VI., Socio-economicStudy of Settlers VII. Audit Appendix I: Studies and Surveys Required for the Preparation of a First RehabilitationProject (1981-1985) - 188 - ANNEX 5 Page 1 MALI OFFICE DU NIGER - IDENTIFICATIONREPORT The Technical Assistance/EngineeringProject This annex contains additional information on the main components of the Technical Assistance/EngineeringProject. I. Assistance to the Office of the Director General 1. Objectives 1.01 The assistance to the management structure of the Office du Niger would cover the following areas: (a) Accounting and management information system, in particular - a detailed study of operations and management structure of the Office du Niger with recommendationsfor possible im- provement; and - design and implementationof a suitable accounting and management information system; (b) Budgetary control, including establishment of key operating ratios and other budgetary norms; (c) Inventory management; (d) Factory management; (e) Review of preparation of legal accounts, with particular attention to depreciation,valuation of stocks, taxation and provision for doubtful debts. Management consultants should ensure that adequate arrangements are made for pre- paring these accounts but should not get involved in this work themselves. (External auditors will be called upon to assist in establishing these accoiunts, and management con- sultants' role would be limited to setting up terms of re- ference for these auditors; see Section VII of this Annex); (f) Analysis of operational advantages and disadvantages of transferringheadquarters of the Office du Niger to Niono after improvementof the Markala-Niono road and assessing the costs and benefits of an eventual move to Niono; - 189 - ANNEX 5 Page 2 (g) Training needs of accounting staff, with recommendationsfor on-the-job training, in-house and external formal training. (Short-termtechnical assistance may be required in some areas). (h) Establishing office equipment needs. 2. Assistance Requirements 1.02 Assistance would be provided by a large firm of management con- sultants, and would consist of the following: (a) Senior Management Consultant: He should be a competent accountant, skilled in systems design, and possess a good general knowledge of all aspects of business management and administration. He would be resident at the Office du Niger for two years and pay follow-up visits during the third year. He would report directly to the Director General and his Deputy. The senior management consultantwould be responsible for implementingall aspects of his firm's interventionsunder the Technical Assistance contract, in particular for the design and implementationof the account- ing and management information system. (b) Consultationsby Partner of Firm: A partner of the firm would be responsible for overall direction and coordination of his firm's intervention. He would visit the Office du Niger at regular intervals to review progress of work and to lay down concrete objectives for the following period. (c) Specialists: Short term missions of specialists in various fields, such as inventory management, workshop control, would be organized by the firm of management consultants as required. The tasks would be defined by the firm's partner and the resi- dent management consultant in agreement with the Director Gen- eral and IDA. The budget provides for 6 man-months of short-term consultants in these fields. 1.03 During the first six months, consultants should establish the fol- lowing: (a) Need, if any, for organizationalchanges; (b) Broad approach to changes in the systems, priority areas of action; (c) Establishment of a detailed action program for the remaining 18 months of the resident consultant's term, which should lead to the implementationof the changes agreed upon; - 190 - ANNEX 5 Page 3 (d) Recommendations for action in any areas not mentioned in para. 1.01. These programs would be reviewed and modified, as necessary, every six months and would serve as the mechanism by which both the consulting firm and the Office du Niger commit themselves to the defined objectives and to actions designed to meet them. Supervisionmissions of IDA should, to the extent possible, be scheduled in such a way as to coincide with these periodic re- views. II. Assistance to the Bureau of Technical Studies 1. Objectives 2.01 The rehabilitationof the Canal du Sahel irrigation system (about 40,000 ha) is expected to extend over two project periods. The first period, from 1981 to 1985, would comprise: - rehabilitationof the basic irrigation infrastructures (Canal du Sahel, Fala de Molodo, intake and regulation structures, main drainage canals, primary and secondary canals and drains as well as service roads); and - levelling and general improvement of 20,000 ha of rice fields including terminal canals (on-farm development). - preparation of plans for the second phase of the Rehabilitation Program (some 20,000 ha) and elaboration of a Master Plan for the long term expansion of the Office du Niger. 2.02 The purpose of the proposed assistance to the Bureau of Technical Studies (Bureau d'Etudes Generales) is to ensure that technical studies for the first RehabilitationProject are carried out according to the standards required for appraisal. The main tasks to be accomplished in these years would be: (a) During a first phase of 12-15 months, execution of surveys and elaboration of detailed designs required for the appraisal of a first RehabilitationProject in 1979/80; (b) Reconnaissancestudies and detailed studies for the execu- tion of a pilot program of land-levellingcovering some 15 00. ha in 4 typical areas (see also Section iii below); and control of execution; - 191 - ANNEX 5 Page 4 (c) Elaboration of plans for the urgent repair works to be carried out on the main irrigation structures (see sec- tion iii below), and control of execution; (d) In a second phase, preparation of tender documents for equipment to be purchased for the RehabilitationProject, and, if part of the civil works were to be contracted out to private firms, preparation of detailed designs and of tender documents for these civil works. 2.03 During the first phase, all the studies and plans that are essen- tial for appraising a rehabilitationproject would be,prepared, leaving for the remaining period the termination of detailed designs for works to be carried out in the initial years of the RehabilitationProject. A pre- liminary outline of studies and surveys that are required is given in Appen- dix I. This program will, of course, have to be reviewed and revised as preparation works proceed. 2. Assistance Requirements 2.04 The Bureau of Technical Studies would be assisted by 3 engineers with the following functions and qualifications: (a) Senior IrrigationEngineer (30 months): for assisting the Head of the Bureau in organizing and supervising the prepa- ration of project documents, technical designs and tender documents for engineeringworks, services and equipment. He should have at least 10 years experience in planning, surveying and implementationof irrigation and drainage works at the scale of those of the Office du Niger. Field experience in rehabilitationof irrigation projects would be desirable. He would take up permanent residence in Segou. (b) Hydraulic Engineer (18 months): for surveying the present irrigation supply and drainage conditions, establishing criteria for the recalibration and rehabilitationof the system and recommendingways and means to improve the opera- tion of the system. He would in particular be responsible for the review of design criteria and modules as well as for all hydraulic calculationsneeded in connection with the rehabilitationof the irrigation and drainage infrastruc- ture. He should have a professional experience of at least 10 years in project planning and design of irrigation systems and works of the kind and scale encountered in the Office du Niger. (c) Design Engineer (12 months): to assist the Senior Irrigation Engineer in preparing detailed plans and specificationsfor the fet2sibilitystudy and the tender documents. He should have - 192 - ANNEX5 Page 5 at least 10 years experience in design of irrigation systems and hydraulic structures of the type encountered in the Office du Niger. (d) Short-term Consultancies (a total of 16 man-months) would be supplied in the field of: (i) topography, to check the network of benchmarks in the field with the Office du Niger's topographic documen- tation; (ii) pedology, to investigate in what manner soils and soil- fertility have been affected by irrigation; (iii) operation and maintenance of large-scale irrigation schemes, to examine possibilities of improving the efficiency of the system 1/ and to advise on equipment requirementsfor maintenance and on maintenance prac- tices; (iv) hydrology, to explore the water availability in the Mema (both surface and groundwater) and assess the possibility of operating a 20-50 ha experimentalcotton station in the area with the water resources identified (see also para. 4.06). A few man-months of consultancy services would be kept in reserve for un- specified purposes. 2.05 A total of 76 man-months has been budgeted for the above services. The engineers would be hired through a large firm of consulting engineers. This firm would supply the Office du Niger also with short-term specialists, as required. III. Acquisition of Equipment and Assistance to the Works Department 1. Objectives 3.01 The Office du Niger would, over the three years of the proposed Technical Assistance/EngineeringProject, execute the following urgent works: 1J An in-depth study of organizationalrequirements of the departments responsible for operating and maintaining the irrigation system (in- cluding the drafting of manuals for operation and maintenance) is planned for the subsequent first Rehabilitation Project. The short- term expert's task would be to propose interim rules in these fields. - 193 - ANNEX 5 Page 6 - repair and strengtheningof critical points of the basic infrastructures (main canals, drains, and some structures), and - an experimentalprogram of land levelling on 1,500 ha to be selected in representativeareas of the Canal du Sahel system; this will permit to determine the most cost-effectivemethods, the most suitable equipment, and the approximate cost of the overall rehabilitationprogram covering 40,000 ha (including the recuperationof abandoned land) 1/. 2. Purchase of Equipment 3.02 The Project would provide for the purchase of equipment required to carry out these two tasks. The Project would also contribute to operat- ing costs other than local staff. A preliminary estimate has been made of- these costs on the basis of a first assessment of the nature and extent of the most urgent repair works, hourly fuel consumption, and fuel costs. 3.03 To increase the efficiency of the existing equipment pool of the Office du Niger and to reactivate some incapacitatedequipment, the Project would also provide for the purchase of a stock of tools and spare parts. This stock would be defined and purchased on the basis of an examination of needs by a consultant. 3. Assistance Requirements 3.04 The Department of Works (Services des Travaux) would be assisted by an experienced ConstructionEngineer (18 months). The engineer should have at least 10 years practical experience in planning and implementing on-farm development works in irrigation schemes, with particular emphasis on rice, and be familiar with a wide range of land development and levelling techniques. He should be well versed in the characteristics,costs and performances of various types of equipment and should be able to monitor unit costs of work under different conditions. 3.05 The Department of Works would further be assisted by an engineer acting as Technical Inspector of mechanical equipment (18 months). He would: (i) ensure that the equipment to be procured under the proposed Credit (para. 3.02) is maintained properly; (ii) assist in inventorizingexisting equipment, assess the scope for rehabilitatingdisabled equipment, and determine spare part needs; 1/ - The necessity of such an experimentalprogram is also emphasized in the WARDAreport on the Office du Niger (June 1977), in particular para. 91-92. - 194 - ANNEX 5 Page 7 (iii) evaluate training needs of equipment operators and workshop personnel; and (iv) prepare the tender documents for the equipment to be purchased under the subsequent RehabilitationProject. This expert should have a very broad experience (15 years) in the use, main- tenance and repair of heavy civil works equipment and the management of mechanical workshops. 3.06 Both these experts would be hired through the same firm of con- sulting engineers that would supply the services defined in Section II. These two experts would not be resident but be seconded by the firm of con- sultant engineers for the duration of the works only, i.e. some six months annually. IV. Support for AgriculturalResearch and Pilot Programs 4.01 Agriculturalresearch is carried out, in the Office du Niger area, at the Kogoni research station (mainly rice and cotton) and the StatiQn du Sahel (for livestock). A research station for sylvicultureis in its initial stages. Research is coordinated by the Institut d'Economic Rurale and supported, under technical assistance agreements, by French research institu- tions (IRAT, IRCT) in Kogoni, and by ILCA in the Station du Sahel. 4.02 The mission proposes to limit work at the Kogoni station proper to rice and crops that are suitable to be grown in rotation with rice, for instance fodder crops, while field trials on cotton, and crops to be grown in rotation with that crop, should be transferred to a more suitable loca- tion. 1. Rice 4.03 Rice research at Kogoni is carried out competently, and local con- ditions are suitable. Research will have to concentrate on short-stem varieties in order to be prepared when the planned rehabilitationand levell- ing program has been completed. So far, the collection of short-stem varieties available at Kogoni is not yet fully satisfactory. 4.04 Rice research is in need of some supplementaryagricultural equip- ment, which would be purchased under the proposed Technical Assistance! Engineering Credit. 2. Cotton 4.05 The mission had proposed to transfer cotton research from the Kogoni station, where drainage is quite inadequate,to the Alatona subdivision on the - 195 - ANNEX 5 Page 8 right bank of the Fala de Molodo, while leaving all basic facilities (hous- ing, etc.) in Kogoni. In the mission's view, the Alatona area could be de- veloped at low cost with irrigationwater derived from Head No. 2 near Kourouma, and climatic conditions would also favor cotton cultivation. How- ever, the Office du Niger is of the opinion that settlers cannot be kept from growing rice as a side activity, and under these circumstances,the previous problems encounteredwith cotton (Annex 3, Section VI) would arise again. According to the Office du Niger, cotton can only be grown success- fully in areas where paddy does not thrive. 4.06 For this reason, management and the Office du Niger prefer to explore the cotton producing potential of the Mema, an area to the North- east of the Kouroumari, some 80 km from the end of the existing irrigation network. In agreement with Malian authorities,a hydrological exploration of the Mema has been included in the technical assistance component of the proposed Credit (see para. 2.04). Establishmentof a cotton reseach and trial station in the Mema area could be a component of a subsequent First RehabilitationProject if this is warranted by the results of the hydrologi- cal survey. 3. Irrigated Fodder Production at the Village Level 4.07 The mission proposes to carry out an experimentalproject of grow- ing fodder plants on irrigated plots in the neighbourhoodof several villages in order to test a method of intensive animal feeding by rotational grazing on this irrigated pasture. The method should be attractive to farmers be- cause of the anticipated increase in milk and meat production and the increase in strength of draught oxen. The method should be as simple as possible in order to facilitate its adoption by as many villages as possible. 4.08 Three villages known for their openness to new ideas will be selected by the Office du Niger in different areas. From the irrigable area allocated to the inhabitants,a plot of 20 ha, chosen from the high land close to the village, will be levelled in a summary fashion, enclosed, and sub- divided in 6 or 7 sections. Each of these will be grazed in turn for 5 days to make use of fodder grown over the last 30 days. The plants to be grown would be 16 ha of gramineas and 4 ha of leguminosa. This would be sufficient to feed 8 cattle units per hectare; however, initially only 100 heads would be grazed on the area (5 cattle units/ha); spare capacity could be filled with oxen kept for short-term fattening. Additional installations would comprise a shelter for cattle, a watering place, a storage shed, and a veterinary yard with dip and scale. 4.09 Main problems that need to be studied during this pilot project are: - how frequently will waste vegetable matter have to be removed by tractor-drawn rotorslasher. (Besides planting, this would probably be the only operation to be carried out by machine); 196 - ANNEX 5 Page 9 - how animals can be kept on the plots during the rainy season, taking into account the impact of insects; - what is the appropriate irrigation rythm, taking into account the need to have dry plots at the time of grazing; - the impact of the cold season on fodder plant growth; - the fertilizer dose required for a sustained production of fodder plants. 4.10 This pilot project would be prepared in close cooperation with the Station du Sahel, which also would monitor its progress. Preparation, in- cluding the selection of the villages, participatingvillagers, and of appro- priate plots, would not require more than two man-months. (These have been included under short-term consultancy services.) 4. Feedlots 4.11 In 1977, the Office du Niger closed down its two feedlots in Dougabougou and Molodo. According to the mission's findings, this was partly due to deficiencies in marketing. Since there are large quantitities of by-products of rice and sugar available and infrastructuresin good condition, cattle-fatteningshould be resumed as soon as pos.sible. To lay the base for a sound operation, a study should be undertaken, addressing itself to the following subjects; - the organizationalaspects, in particular the unification of all functions relating to feedlots in one Division; - the possibility of buying and selling cattle in small lots rather than in large batches, in order to reduce the pressure on the market; - the internal and external markets; the possibility of making' contracts which put both the purchase and the sale of cattle on a secure basis; the effect of SOMBEPEC's export monopoly for livestock, meat and hides; - the possibility of transportingfattened animals by truck; the economics of transportinganimals with Office du Niger vehicles against the hiring of trucks; - the cost of road improvementsrequired for year-round operation of the Molodo feedlot; and - the economic and financial returns from a correctly costed feedlot operation, taking into account the true economic costs of rice and sugar by-products. - 197 - ANNEX 5 Page 10 The study should be combined with one on the availability of agricultural by-products and their opportunity cost, taking into account the various domestic uses as well as export possibilities (for alcohol, for example). Finally, the study should address itself to the possibilities of expanding pork and, in particular, chicken production beyond the present very modest level. 4.12 A total of 6 man-months (livestock expert and economist) would be fully sufficient for the various tasks enumerated in this paragraph. This study would be financed under the proposed Technical Assistance/Engineering Credit. Terms of reference would be drafted by the Office du Niger and dis- cussed with IDA. V. Aerial Photographic Survey 5.01 Aerial photographic coverage of the entire Office du Niger scheme has been carried out by IGN in 1968 at scales of 1:50,000 and 1:20,000 (pan- chromatic and infra-red). A new serial photographic coverage should be run now. It would include black and white and infra-red coverage, and ground con- trol. The scale would be 1:20,000. The survey would, among other things, show the precise area under cultivation,the importance of clandestine fields ("hors casier"), abandoned fields, and in particular areas suffering from defi- cient drainage. The finance provided would cover the cost of the survey as well as interpretationby experts. VI. Socio-economicStudy of Settlers 6.01 The comprehensiverehabilitation of infrastructuresshould be used as an occasion to improve the farm structure and to increase settlers' motiva- tion and participation. As a first step, the considerablebody of statistical data on settler families collected annually by the Office du Niger should be supplemented by an attempt to gain more insight into the settlers as social beings, i.e. their links with society outside the Office du Niger, their pat- tern of income expenditure, their side-activities,their hierarchy of economic and social values, their perception of Office du Niger management, extension staff and many similar problems. There is no doubt that more knowledge of these aspects of settlers' life would help management to find the right approach to some of the decisions that will have to be made in the next few years. 6.02 A socio-economicstudy would be commissioned to the Institut d'Economie Rurale (IER), which would work in close cooperationwith the Office du Niger, in particular the Division du Paysannat et des Cooperatives and the Bureau des Affaires Economiques,but also with the elected representationof settlers. Terms of reference would be agreed upon between the Office du Niger, the IER and IDA. - 198 - ANNEX 5 Page 11 VII. Audit 7.01 It would be agreed at negotiations that the Office du Niger will appoint an independent auditor acceptable to IDA to inspect the accounts of the Office du Niger as soon as possible, with the following objectives: (a) to review the progress of preparing the final accounts 1972-1977; to assess the adequacy of the system of internal control; and to recommend, if necessary, technical assis- tance to complete the preparationof the accounts; assis- tance, if needed, would be provided by the auditing firm; (b) to audit the accounts and to point out departures from generally accepted accounting and auditing standards. 7.02 In auditing these accounts, the primary emphasis should be for- ward looking, i.e. ensuring that future accounts will be capable of receiv- ing an unqualified audit report. The past accounts are mainly of importance for gaining a historical perspective on the growth of the Office du Niger; the 1977 accounts would also establish a proper base for the future accounts. 7.03 The role of the auditing firm would be confined to matters concern- ing audit, internal control and legal accounting and would not overlap with the responsibilitiesof the management consultancy firm. 7.04 IDA's general terms of reference for borrowers' appointing and instructing auditors would apply, modified as necessary for the particular circumstances of this first audit after a long interruption. 7.05 The Technical Assistance/EngineeringCredit would provide finance not only for the audit proper but also for assistance in preparing accounts according to generally accepted standards. - 199 - ANNEX 5 Appendix 1 Page 1 MALI OFFICE DU NIGER - IDENTIFICATIONREPORT Studies and Surveys Required for the Preparation of a First RehabilitationProject (1981-85) I. General 1.01 During a first phase of 12-15 months, the Bureau d'Etudes Generales will carry out those studies and reconnaissancesurveys that are required for the appraisal of a first rehabilitationproject covering the period 1981-85. In order to enable the appraisal mission to estimate project costs with a reasonable degree of accuracy, it will be necessary to prepare preliminary designs for the works to be executed. 1.02 However, in view of the size of the project, which comprises the rehabilitationof the entire irrigation and drainage system of the Canal du Sahel complex as well as on-farm development of some 20,000 ha, it will not be feasible (nor necessary) to prepare preliminarydesigns for all the works to be executed. It is the purpose of this note to indicate the extent and the minimum precision required for these studies (Section II below). 1.03 During a second phase, of similar length, the detailed designs will be prepared as well as tender documents for civil works equipment to be pro- cured for the RehabilitationProject (and for certain civil works, if it is decided that not all works will be executed by force account). II. First Phase 1/ 2.01 Studies and Surveys Related to the Various Structures (a) Markala Dam and Feeder Canal: Although the rehabilitationof these structures is not part of the proposed RehabilitationProject, 2/ the tech- nical characteristicsof both need to be checked to ensure that they are in accordance with the parameters proposed for the Canal du Sahel. 1/ The program outlined below is not exclusive. 2/ Financing and technical assistance will be provided by the P.R. of China; work is scheduled to begin in autumn 1978. - 200 - ANNEX 5 Appendix I Page 2 (b) Canal du Sahel, Fala de Molodo (Head I and 2), Primary Distribution and Drainage Canals: It is indispensableto carry out the following studies and surveys: (i) topographicalsurveys of longitudinal sections along the canals' centre lines and dike crests; (ii) topographicalsurveys of canals' cross sections at reason- able intervals (to be determined as a function of important changes in canal profile); (iii) hydraulic grade lines, on the basis of canal flow computa- tions; (iv) dredging, earthmoving,and dike fill construction quantities as well as preliminary design and quantities of the main structures in need of modification or repair. (c) Secondary irrigation and drainage canals: The same studies as for the primary canals but only for a representativesample of 1 out of 4 or 5. (d) Tertiary irrigation and drainage canals and on-farm development: A pilot program of on-farm development on 1,500 ha is scheduled under the Technical Assistance/EngineeringCredit. The pilot program will be carried out in four representativezones (one in each of the divisions commanded by the Canal du Sahel) and will permit to estimate equipment requirementsand costs for the 20,000 ha of on-farm developmentplanned for the first RehabilitationProject. The following studies and surveys will be carried out during the 1st phase of the Technical Assistance/EngineeringCredit (on 1,500 ha). (i) Topographical surveys at scale 1:20,000, with 10 cm contour- interval, and measurements spaced with a 20 m grid; (ii) Detailed constructionplans and specs of the on-farm develop- ment, with layout and cross sections of irrigation ditches, contour bunds, layout of levelling requirements and cut and fill calculations; (iii) Detailed monitoring of construction: Output and unit cost per hour of the machinery used, analysis and comparison of the different methods applied and estimate of the equipment requirementsfor an on-farm development program covering about 20,000 ha. - 201 - ANNEX 5 Appendix 1 Page 3 2.02 Estimate of quantities and cost of civil works (a) For works which may be put on tender for outside contractors (f.i. large scale dredging, heavy earth-works on the Canal du Sahel, the Fala de Molodo and the primary canals and drains): (i) constructionquantitites, annual rate of implementationand constructionprogram; (ii) list of unit prices to be applied under international tendering; (iii) detailed cost estimates including their foreign exchange component. (b) For works which would in any case be executed by force account (in par- ticular spot repairs and improvementswhich are difficult to estimate, and all on-farm works): (i) constructionquantities, annual and monthly rate of imple- mentation and constructionprograms; (ii) listing of quantities and technical specificationsof equipment to be purchased including the output, purchase price and running costs per hour of the engines used. The same calculationsas those listed above will have to be carried out for works listed under (a) if it is decided that all civil works will be executed by force account. (c) Computation of operating and maintenance cost of the irrigation and drainage network (i) proposals for the organizationof operation and maintenance of the network: number, qualificationand cost of required staff; (ii) required equipment: characteristics,number, cost, operating expenditure. III. Second Phase 3.01 Preparation of Detailed Design and of Tender Documents. What has been said in para. 1.02 applies again to the second phase: It will not be possible, or even necessary, to prepare all detailed designs for the 5 year RehabilitationProject within 12-18 months. It will be sufficient to pro- vide the executing teams with a work program for the first year or two and to continue preparation after 1981, as work proceeds. A special effort will be made, however, to supply the appraisal mission with all the details it may require for the completion of its report. - 202 - ANNEX 6 6. Summary of the 1977178 Campaign I. General II. Rice Production and Marketing III. Sugar Production - 203 - ANNEX 6 Page 1 MALI OFFICE DU NIGER - IDENTIFICATIONREPORT Summary of the 1977/78 Campaign I. General 1.01 Rains were insufficientin the zones of marginal rainfall all through Mali, and in the West also in areas with adequate rainfall in nor- mal years. Rains were also insufficient in neighboring countries which traditionally turn to the cheap Malian supplies in years of shortage (Mauritania,Upper Volta). The Niger had the lowest flood volume since 1907, and the Bani had a sub-average flood level. 1.02 As a consequence of these developments, production of millet and sorghum suffered severely in the Sahelian zones and the West. No estimates are available for total production. Millet, sorghum and maize marketed by OPAM decreased from 33,000 tons in 1977 to 28,000 tons in 1978. OPAM has also depleted its reserve stock of grains accumulated in the preceding year. 1.03 The Malian Government has ordered 10,000 tons of rice to be im- ported. In addition, 42,000 tons of cereals have been pledged as grants from a variety of sources (Japan, China, USSR, USA, Canada, Germany, Belgium, France, World Food Program). A large part of these imports had arrived by mid-1978. 1.04 Producer prices of food crops were raised in late May 1978: - millet and sorghum from MF 36 to MF 40/kg, - paddy from MF 45 to MF 50/kg. It seems that private market prices were considerablyhigher during the last campaign (never less than 50% higher, and in the lean season more than twice the official producer price). The new official producer prices will be attractive to farmers only in case of an abundant harvest. II. Rice Production and Marketing 2.01 No figures are available for total rice production. Both Operation Riz Segou (ORS) and Operation Riz Mopti (ORM), based on controlled flooding, experienced severe losses because of the low and irregular flood levels in the Niger and Bani. ORM, in addition, registered heavy attacks from weaver- birds. The Office du Niger reports a total level of production at least as high as in 1976/77 (close to 90,000 tons), and possibly slightly higher. (The - 204 - ANNEX 6 Page 2 sample survey, which is conducted annually, suffered from some weaknesses in execution and in May 1978 it was not yet clear whether the results are statis- tically meaningful). 2.02 For paddy marketed through official channels, the following data are available: 1976/77 1977/78 Difference Office du Niger 65,438 58,240 -11.0% Op. Riz Segou (ORS) 15,243 4,282 -71.9% Op. Riz Mopti (ORM) 8,886 3,277 -63.1% Total 89,567 65,799 -26.5% 2.03 Management explains the decrease in marketed production at the Office du Niger by two factors: (1) in years of drought, a large floating population settles on the fringes of the Office du Niger, or within the area; in addition, the families of settlers are temporarily in- creased by numerous relatives from drought-strickenareas; the two inflows add up to an estimated total increase in population by some 20-25,000, or 40-50% of the normal settler population of 50,000; (2) as a consequence of the drought, producer prices on the parallel market increased steeply to levels from FM 75/kg to (reportedly)as high as FM 130/kg against an official producer price of FM 45/kg. 2.04 The first phenomenon throws light on a little appreciated service performed by the Office du Niger in times of drought. The value of its virtually drought-proofvolume of marketed rice production is well-known; this mainly benefits urban consumers and some populations in remote areas. In addition, however, the Office du Niger offers refuge to many people liv- ing in marginal areas, many of whom would never had access to OPAM-distributed cereals. Therefore, the decrease in the volume of marketed production, to the extent that it is due to this factor, should not be regarded as a negative development. 2.05 With regard to the second factor mentioned above, it may be said that in view of the powerful price-incentiveto circumvent official mar- keting channels, the marketing record of the Office du Niger is excellent. This is attributed mainly to an accelerationof threshing operations, and to intensive controls. Looking at the relation of official and private markets, it appears that since 1974/75 there has been a gradual increase - 205 - ANNEX6 Page 3 increase in the volume of clandestine paddy sales, and the last campaign underlines the importance of keeping official producer prices in touch with private market prices if a return to the situation of the 'sixties is to be avoided. 1/ III. Sugar Production 3.01 Results of the 1977/78 are summarized in the following table: Area Cane Sugar Sugar Harvested Harvested Yield Production Content Sugar/ha (ha) (t) (t/ha) (t) (%) (T) Dougabougou 1,089 52,615 48.3 3,765 7.3 3.5 Siribala 1,670 155,088 92.9 15,186 9.8 9.1- Total 2,759 107,703 75.3 18,951 9.1 6.9 With nearly 19,000 tons of sugar, the Office du Niger surpassed the previous campaign's result by 33% or 4,700 tons of sugar. Sugar production figures for 1976/77 and 1977/78 are compared below (tons): 1976/77 1977/78 Increase (x) Dougabougou 2,870 3,765 +31 Siribala 11,382 15,186 +33 Total 14,252 18,951 +33 The incremental (gross) revenue of FM 1.75 billion is at least three times the expected decrease in income from rice sales. 3.02 The Dougabougou plantation suffered from smut, as in previous years. The plantation is being converted to more resistant varieties at a rate of 100 ha/year. In Siribala, the varieties are still largely (90%) resistant to smut while bohrer attacks could be reduced from 12% in 1976/77 to 3-4% in 1977/78. Results in Siribala were influenced by the accidental burning of 95 ha of cane; a further 225 ha had been cut late in the previous cycle and registered lower yields (about 80 t/ha). 3.03 Due to the substantialinflow of population from drought-stricken areas (para. 2.03), the Office du Niger did not experience labor bottlenecks in sugar-cane harvesting this year. 1/ A modest increase in the producer price of paddy (from MF 45/kg to MF 50/kg) was decided in late May 1978. - 206 - ANNEX 7 7. Documents Used 1. Bank Documents II. Government and Office du Niger Documents III. Other Documents - 207 ANNEX 7 Page 1 Documents Used >I. Bank Documents 1. Back-to-OfficeReport of ReconnaissanceMission to the Office du Niger; June 9, 1977. 2. Report of the ReconnaissanceMission to the Office du Niger, July 11, 1977. 3. Background Papers of the IdentificationMission: a) H. Boumendil: Contribution au Rapport de la Mission, December 19, 1977 (Engineering) b) C. de Caso: La Production Cotonniere et Perspectivesde la Production Cotonniere, January 18, 1978 c) E. Sinodinos: Identificationdu Projet Office du Niger - Composante Elevage, January 26, 1978. d) M. Dubois de la Sabloniere: Office du Niger - Agriculture, January 10, 1978. 4. Mali - Memorandum Economique, Janvier 5, 1978 (ReportNo. 1134a-MLI) in particular Annex I (Agriculture) 5. Mali - Appraisal of the Mopti II Rice Project, November 2, 1977, (Report No. 1561c-MLI) 6. Mali Sud Project, Staff Project Report, November 16, 1976, (Report No. 1171-MLI). II. Government and Office du Niger Documents 1. Plan Quinquennal de DevelooppementEconomique et Social 1974-78, Bamako, August 1974. 2. Office du Niger: Projet "Office du Niger", Etude de Factibilite, no date. 3. Office du Niger: Investissementsde Maintenance ou d'Entretien sur les Gros Ouvrages de l'Office du Niger (ObjectifsPrioritaires), no date. 4. Office du Niger: Rapports Annuels 1975/76, 1975/74, and 1974/73; detailed reports of individual departments of the Office du Niger (summarized in these annual reports), technical plans and documents. For a summary of maps, see Annex 2, Appendix I. - 208 - ANNEX 7 Page 2 III. Other Documents 1. Mali: The Office du Niger - An Experience with Irrigated Agri- culture. Contained in J.C. de Wilde: Experiences with Agricultural Development in Tropical Africa, Vol. II, p. 245-300, Johns Hopkins Press, 1967 2. C. de Caso: Rapport de Mission a l'Office du Niger, June 1970. 3. Recherche et Developpement/UNDP:Effets Economiques du Barrage de Selingue dans le Domaine Agricole, 3 vol., October 1975. 4. CILSS: Office du Niger, Projet de Rehabilitation (court terme 1978-1982), Ouagadougou, Septembre, 1977. 5. WARDA: Office du Niger. Rapport d'Identification;Etude Prospective de l'Intensificationde la Riziculture a l'Office du Niger. Preliminary version: Monrovia, June, 1974 Final edition: Monrovia, June, 1977 6. WARDA: Prospects of InterregionalTrade of Rice in West Africa, Monrovia, November, 1977 7. WARDA: Quelques StatistiquesConcernant l'Economie du Riz dans les Pays Membres de la CEA, Monrovia, November, 1977. 8. WARDA: Report of a Mission to Appraise the AgriculturalData Collection System of the Office du Niger, Monrovia, January 1978. 12' 8\ 4° To Taodeni O ,- 4° - A L G E R I A M AAL I 00 40Tessalit t7 2@ O~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~1100 2?0° 300 400 t e$It~ % tl OFFICEDU NIGER KrLOMETERS Project Area Locotion I ) PtojectArea Ottuminous roadsover bm width Kidol lBitumninousroads of 5m and lesswidth | p h_ b Gravelroads Wld map taf elepor ntprovedearth tracks ceitnce Ofothethe readersof the, r Port to, Which It to attache,d Poor earth tracks b-he deom,-at,enscsed and the -l--- Raitways Bourem W_d on t fthe itny 9----. -- -. World hash a~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~,td,t,, affilae, an Navigablerivers TOMTOUCTOU hrous -. y tdent on y "tdhelegalstatoo Flood areas - L - - or acceptance-' of such boondarts ! International airport GUNGAO~ - _ If--- i Airfields M UR,;, NAFONE O 0AMenokJ /- InternationalBoundaries I_iANSONGO 1 j~ ~ ~~t wDt -,~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~J - -Ylmn 5 J~~~Kenteba KOULIKORO -' (~~~~~~~~~~~~~~Duetz >t~~~~~~N _ _ t \ Nb, La^baza < > '^v\ ' \ \0\} /i7 \ ~~~~~~~~~~_+SAN aio!Wt1oi~Ta /.To PortaNovo Pyto ova Ni.~~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ +~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~tt~MMALI MAC,0E To bHjz;Abijo5*ANDlAGARA* _, ' Ou ar To CrTruttkry > 1 ^ 9 X MOT G HDiem N;vr N I OG lENt R l(onkoh~~~~~~~~~~~s ( \IO~-Bnkss I Koloku i BVn Rmb DiorAo Arccc J6Kenieba C 0 a ToAbtdlots Ferkessedougou E R V 0 Llo T Ao M ~ ~ To ~ ~ ~fC ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ tOAtiOON~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~0\y Abidjots4 ______OUAGADOUGOU______ MALI OFFICE DU NIGER Irrigation Scheme 4' ,¢<6g t ,,wIrrigation du Delta Central Nigerien Sokoo(g' J. _,|4 - Main Canals/ CanauxAdducteurs / Distributeurs TURAB ___ Secondary Canals /Canaun Secandaires IE '-' J L = Main Drains/ Drains Principaux SecondaryDrains / DrainsSecondairs -int C . Dikes/ Digues . \<. gE"- Dikes with Roads/ Digues avec PFstes Roads / Routes -: = -r S " Tracks/ Pistes MOLODO Subdivisions/Secteurs YIELDS/ PRODUCTION: KAL _-~< og ,; n 1-1.5 Tons/ha. 1.5-20 Tans/hai Ll- 2.0-2.5Tons/ha. Abandoned Lands/ TermsAbondonnres 0 iI _Future O st Extensions / ExtensionsFutures O tg17 SUgar Estates/ Plantationsde Conneh Sucre ''~~~~~~~ ~~~~~Ai A ~~~~~~~~~~Rice Mills / Rizerins *~'} 4vo SUBDIl SION 0 m Sugar-A5i Mills / Sucreries uncT.uns u__',w nor IR EuperimenraiStations / Stations Eupermentals ,, o~~~~~-~~~luau nyu i- 0 ~~~~~~~~~~~Cattle Fattening Stations/Stat ass d'Embouche ° t+ '||' 'g9''' 0 i i. ebu9oo 0DH,u-749 in -. 'Monimnpehougou / X~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~P X40 E 0~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~" t Doumabuo / o.,, ,piv,_ .. oI ARIAI [; r bno Tnnn KIiLcOME'TERS Na~A .uI~ou ~ ~~ ~~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ K UP-N _ .nooonson)K 0000 no Av - noono duenor Conel . >' ...... _ Kt °1Dolra o'Lsaspnn.no,: wdon 0 I e t 1 XSh Dnghnon e Bafina /UNA1,CI~ 7SNN v(