by Prof. Joselito A. Baril Biology Division Institute of Biological Sciences College of Arts & Sciences- UP LOS BANOS Have you encountered a venomous (s)/bitten by a snake? Or a poisonous snake? What did you do? What will you do? n OUTLINE n I. Intro to Snakes & Pests n II.Poisonous Snakes n III.Evenomation n IV.What to do & What Not to Do n V.Bird Pests n VI.Control for The Philippines has about 224

73 –endemic snakes n HABITATS SPECIES n Singular or Plural should be n SPECIES do not say SPECIE Endemic ---species that can only be found in that specific province, or island or country eg. Taal Sea Snake

Cosmopolitan—distributed almost throughout the whole country or distributed worldwide

Diurnal --- active at daytime Nocturnal—active at night time

Arboreal—found clinging at branches/trunk Non-poisonous snakes

Oriental Whip Snake Reticulated Python Ahaetulla prasina Malayopython reticulatus Common House Snake Lycodon aulicus

Can be commonly found in the house Striped Brozeback or Bronze Tree snake Dendrelaphis caudolineatus

Common species of colubrid snake sold as pet; erroneously called as garter snake Commonly found in moist forest & common in Southeast Asia; mildly venomous & can constrict its prey (lizards & bats) GOLDEN TREE SNAKE RED-TAILED GREEN Chrysopelea ornata RAT SNAKE Can glide through the air & found in the forest , plantations, agricultural areas &rural gardens Red Tailed Philippine Rat Snake Coelognathus erythrurus

Can be found in savanna, plantations or cultivated areas Heights of 850masl Poisonous vs Non-Poisonous Snakes 1.Head Shape Triangular Tapered/Oval n2.LOCATION of the FANGS n A. Front-Fanged ==== PROTEROGLYPH n B. Long & Tubular===SOLENOGLYPH n C. Rear-Fanged======OPISTOGLYPH Proteroglyph Opisthoglyph Venom is injected via enlarge grooved teeth called fangs (associated with venomous snakes) which are known in 3 types:

1.Proteroglyphous- fangs situated in front and normal teeth at the back. ex. Cobras, sea snakes

2.Opisthoglyphous- the opposite of the later, and thus have a backfang. ex. Wart snakes FEATURES OF POISONOUS AND NON POISONOUS SNAKES

Non-poisonous Snake

Head – Oval/Rounded Fangs--Not present Pupils—rounded Anal Plate-Double row plates Bite Mark—row of small teeth

n NEUROTOXIN VS HEMOTOXIN Neurotoxin Neurotoxins prevent neuron control across the cell membrane or interrupt communication between neurons across a synapse.

In addition, neurotoxins can damage the central nervous system and peripheral nervous system.

A number of treatments aimed at diminishing neurotoxin-mediated cell injury comprise of antioxidant and antitoxin administration. Synapse—neurotoxins block the transmission

SNAKE STICK/HOOK n philippinensis – Northern Philippine n Naja samarensis -Southeastern Philippine Cobra n Naja sumatrana –Equatorial Spitting Cobra n Ophiophagus hannah – n Hemibungarus c. calligaster- Coral Snake n Parias sp./ Tropidaelimus sp. – Viper Snake n Hydrophis semperi –Taal Lake sea snake /duhol n Boiga species== Mangrove Snake, Leyte Cat Snake n Laticauda colubrina - Common Banded Sea snake (walo walo)

160 approximate number of species of snakes in the Philippines 89 endemic/threatened *Dark brown to black in color with light olive – yellow in distinct contrast color *Head has darker markings *Neck has lighter color with irregular series of small round longitudinal spots / side. *Dirty olive color of the belly below *Scales behind parietals are more enlarged *Proteroglyphous; neurotoxin Species is endemic in eastern Visayas islands (Samar / Leyte) & Mindanao

Skin between scales are yellowish, top of their head is olive-brown and sides of the head and neck is lighter Have nine ventrals, out of nine, seven are yellowish in color Dark coloring on their Young snakes, fifteen ventrals are covered by black color belly Proteroglyphous; neurotoxin

Ophiophagus hannah KING COBRA *King cobra is not only found in the Philippines but also in , China, Malaysia and Indonesia

*Round, scaled body that tapers to a pointed tail; Two frontal black eyes and its head is flat on top

*Neck is exaggerated due to folds of loose skin on either side of it

They can grow up to 18 ½ feet! However, in most locations they are going to be about 13 feet in length. When they are fully grown they will weigh about 20 pounds. The males tend to be thicker around and to be longer. n This is one of the few species of snakes that has very good vision. n They are known to be able to identify prey that is up to 300 feet away from them. n They are highly aggressive and will give hissing sounds and hold the head up high when they are going to strike. n They often give off such sounds too in an effort to keep other snakes out of their territory. Ophiophagus hannah KING COBRA

Color depends on where they live. Brown, black, yellow or cross bands

Color of the belly varies uniform light cream-color interspersed with darker bars KING COBRA Found in dense or open forests, mangrove swamps, bamboo thickets & savannas

Hunt during day and during night time Sense of smell is the one used in hunting for food

Rears up to 1/3 of their body length and strikes when able to find a suitable predator.

Proteroglyphous; neurotoxin Hydrophis semperi Taal sea snakeor duhol Hemibungarus c. calligaster - Coral Snake n Coral snakes can be found in any environment n Usually found in the forest n Length 24 inches maximum 47 ½ inches n Color starting with the head is black n Proteroglyphous;neurotoxin Parias sp.Tropidaelimus sp .--Viper Snake

Common Banded Sea snake n Dwell in acquatic area;Moderately large 2 mm. n Small heads for their body size; Body is compressed n Clumsy or helpless when brought ashore n Broad ventral scales Common Banded Sea snake

Boiga sp.

n known as cat eyed snakes typically thin n Long bodied snakes with large heads and large eyes n Mildly venomous n OPISTOGLYPHOUS--Rear – fanged n Have bands some are spotted and some are solid color normally black, brown or green with white or yellow accents Boiga dendrophila Mangrove Snake Gold-ringed Cat Snake

Boiga angulata Leyte Cat Snake

This species is endemic to the Philippines where it has been recorded from the islands of Catanduanes, Inampulugan, Leyte, Samar , Luzon, Mindoro, Lubang, Mindanao, Negros, Cebu , the Polillo Islands, Bohol and Panay (Alcala 1986, Ferner et al. 2000).

They have been found between sea level and 2,500 m asl. Boiga angulata

Leyte Cat Snake Boiga cynodon Dog-toothed Cat Snake

*feeds mainly upon small birds and bird eggs, but may also take lizards and small mammals Portrait of Snake Venom Apparatus n Venomous snakes of medical importance have a pair of enlarged teeth,the fangs ,at the front of the upper jaw n Fangs contain a venom channel like (hypodermic needle) or groove, along which venom can be introduced deep into the tissues of their natural prey.

Libmanan,Camarines Sur Nonspecific signs of envenomation COBRA VIPER Vomiting + + Headache + + Diarrhea - + Abdominal pain +/- + Tender lymph node +/- - Loss of consciousness + - CV tenderness + + Renal failure - + Spitting/ Vomitting and cough - + blood Drowsiness +/- + n Viper Bites n Local swelling – invaluable early index of envenomation especialyy if the tourniquet has not been applied n Occur within 48-72 hrs n Resolves spontaneously in 2-3 weeks n Healing of the local necrotic lesion require at least a month n Cobra bite n Burning pan in the bitten are and local swelling n The pain commences in the bitten area and frequently radiates up the limb and may last for less than 1 to more than 10 days n A dusky discoloration around the bite marks extends and darkens 3-4 days , later greenish black area is seen demarcated by an erythemous margin n Serosanginous blisters may appear develop fluctuations and necrosis by the 5th day n Cobra Bite n The systemic effect of the cobra venom is predominantly neutoxic causing a neuromuscular block affecting muscles of the eyes (ophthalmoplegia;ptosis), tongue (glossopharyngeal palsy), throat (dyspnea) and chest (respiratory paralysis) leading to respiratory failure

n The muscles supplied by the cranial nerves are always affected first and usually the first sign of neurotoxicity is ptosis with or without ophthalmoplegia What To do & What Not To Do

1.Stay calm (don’t move) especially if the snake is just sitting/staying just beside you.

2.Do not disturb/stress the snake.

3.Do not touch the animal with a wooden stick or throw stone at the snake.

4.Do not agitate the snake. n What To Do When Bitten n 1. If you know how to make a torniquet--- n employ one to a victim. n 2.Do not allow the poison to n circulate/spread or to flow more to the arm/leg (bitten area).

n BIRD PESTS

Ricefield Areas----egrets & herons

Scarecrows in the ricefield areas Passer montanus Mountain sparrow

Cosmopolitan in distribution

n Very gregarious but can also be seen singly n High reproductive rate = prolific breeder; can nest almost anywhere (sometimes can hide in human habituations) n Granivorous, insectivorous (generalists) punctulata Scaly Breasted Munia Nutmeg Mannikin Spice finch

*feeds mainly on grass seeds, berries & small Insects

*forage in flocks and communicate by soft calls & whistles

The species is highly social and may sometimes roost with other species of munias.

This species is found in tropical plains and grasslandss.

Breeding pairs construct dome- shaped nests using grass or bamboo leaves. Tricoloured Munia The tricoloured munia is a Lonchurra malacca small gregarious bird which feeds mainly on grain and other seeds.

It inhabits wet grassland habitats. It may also be found in tropical lowland moist forest habitats. n The Java sparrow is about 15–17 cm in length from the beak to its tip of tail feathers.

n The adult is unmistakable, with its grey upperparts and breast, pink belly, white- cheeked black head, red eye- ring, pink feet and thick red bill.

The Java sparrow is a very gregarious bird which feeds mainly on grain and other seeds.

It frequents open grassland and cultivation, and was formerly a pest in ricefields, hence its scientific name.

The nest is constructed in a tree or building, and up to eight eggs are laid. Lonchura(Padda)) oryzivora JAVA SPARROW EGRETS & HERONS HERONS & BITTERNS

PEST CONTROL

1.CHEMICAL CONTROL a. organochlorine compounds methoxyflor (most likely banned) heptachlor dieldrin

b. organophosphate phosphamidon 1.Chemical Control c. Carbamates---Carbaryl d. Phenoxyacetic -2,4D-Isoctyl (herbicides) e. Triazine & Urea derivatives= Simazine & (herbicides) Monuron

f.dithiocarbamates (fungicides)-=Thiram

*Avicide (4-Aminopyridine) is not anymore subscribe today because of reproductive, teratogenic, mutagenic, and possibly carcinogenic effects. n 2.BIOLOGICAL CONTROL n Bird pests may be control by bigger avian species such as the raptors or birds of prey like eagles, hawks, brahminy kites or even falconets. n In the Philippines, this (biological control n using avian species is not) practiced as there should be a “demonstration plot” should be needed for a scientific study. n 3.Traditional/Cultural Control n -using scarecrows, tin cans, noisy items n and even humans known as bird boys are n being employed to drive away the bird pests n in the fields. This is manageable in small fields n but not in large hectares of ricefield areas.

n BEST CONTROL n Depends on the funding as long as the non-target n organisms are not harmed & the ecological n integrity of the farms remains natural

Philippine Bats

•73 species known •26 species endemic to the Philippines •Almost half are cave-dwellers •At least 10 species awaiting description Philippine Bats • Composed of two sub-orders and six families

Bats = Chiroptera

Megachiroptera Microchiroptera (Old-World Fruit bats) (Microbats) Pteropodidae Emballonuridae Megadermatidae Rhinolophidae Vespertilionidae Mollosidae Order Chiroptera Suborder Megachiroptera – Fruit bats

Family Pteropodidae – Fruit bats and Flying foxes 25 species, with 16 endemic to Philippines Common Rousette – Rousettus amplexicaudatus Cave Nectar Bat – Eonycteris spelaea Cynopterus brachyotis Lesser Short-Nosed Fruit Bat Cynopterus brachyotis Lesser Short-Nosed Fruit Bat

Philippine Pygmy Fruit Bat – Haplonycteris fischeri Luzon Pygmy Fruit Bat – Otopteropus cartilagonodus Mindanao Pygmy Fruit Bat - Alionycteris paucidentata

Order Chiroptera Microchiroptera – insect-eating bats

Family Megadermatidae - False Vampire Bat, 1 species Common Asian Ghost Bat – Megaderma spasma Family Emballonuridae – Sheath-tailed Bats, 3 species Black-bearded Tomb Bat – Taphozous melanopogon

Little Bent-winged Bat - Miniopterus australis Common Bent-winged Bat - Miniopterus schreibersi Greater Bent-winged Bat - Miniopterus tristis Molossidae - Free-tailed Bats and Mastiff Bats Four species in Philippines, all not endemic Wrinkle-lipped Bat – Chaerephon plicata Callao caves, Cagayan

Chaerophon plicata Bat Identification: Anatomy and Measurement

• Familiarity with basic terminology on the anatomy of a bat is necessary for a correct bat identification.

- General structure - External ear - Cranial morphology - Tail membrane - Head - Body measurements - Noseleaf - Dentition - Muzzle - Wing attachment Bat Identification: General structure Bat Identification: External ear Bat Identification:Tail membrane Bat Identification: Body measurements ARTHROPODS ninsects---flies, bugs nspiders nmites & ticks nmillepedes & centipedes Housefly Musa domestica

Adult is 5–8mm in length. Grey thorax with 4 narrow stripes. Buff or yellow abdomen. Covered with small hairs that serve as taste organs. Complex compound eyes – with thousands of lenses allows them a wide field of vision. 4th wing vein bent and wing tips slightly pointed. Larva is white and tapers to a point at the head end. There are 2 spiracle “spots” at the hind end, is legless and 12 mm in length when mature.

Eggs are laid in batches of 120 to 150 and can hatch in 8 – 72 hours. The larvae of House Flies can take 3 – 60 days to mature. Pupae matures in 3 – 28 days. Can transmit 5-7diseases: 1.cholera 2.salmonella 3.typhoid fever 4.dysentery 5.anthrax 6.leprosy 7.tularemia 3mm in length. Yellow–brown or mottled in color. Bright red eyes. Abdomen hangs down in flight, which is slow. Tend to hover.

They can breed in rotten fruit, unclean drains and even cleaning utensils. Develops to adult in 7–30 days. Adult lives 2–9 weeks. In ideal temperature conditions, fruit flies can complete their development in as little as 1 week. Adult is 1/4" - 1/2" in length. Metallic blue color. Larva — Similar to the house fly larva in all respects except size. 3/4" when mature. They take 7 – 12 days to mature.

Eggs hatch 0 – 18 hrs (partial development may occur within the female). Breeds in mostly meat derived substances, sometimes cheese. Common pest of dead rodents/birds etc. Adult is 10 – 15 mm in length. Pronotum (head shield) has 2 dark longitude stripes. Male is light yellowish brown in color with longer tongue shaped body. Female is darker in color with plump abdomen. Female produces 4 – 9 oothecae (egg case), each oothecae contain 37 – 44 eggs. Nymphs take 30 – 60 days to mature into adults. Adult life cycle is more than 100 days. Habits Major pest in restaurants, hotels and apartments. Prefers dark and secluded areas to harborage such as under the cupboard and behind a refrigerator. Adult is 35 – 40 mm in length, one of the largest pest cockroaches. Shining red to chocolate brown in color.

Female produces 10 – 90 oothecae (egg case), each oothecae contain 14 – 28 eggs. Nymphs take 150 days to develop into adults. Adult life cycle is 100 days to 3 years. Habits Prefers warm and humid environment such as drains and sewers. The name bed bug derived from the preferred habitat of Cimex lectunalus warm houses especially inside the beds or sleeping areas.Bed bugs are active at nightbut not exclusively nocturnal. They usually feed on their host without being noticed. HEMATOPHAGOUS--blood-sucking insects

BED BUG BITES

Cinicosis bed bug infestation can cause skin lesions, blisters or skin rashes but will not transmit diseases. Exposure to heat temperature of 50 degrees Celsius for 2min.

SPIDERS

The fear of spiders is called ARACHNOPHOBIA. Common Grass Spider Grass Spider Hawaiian Grass Spider

Batik Golden Web Spider Gian Golden Orb Weaver Brown Sailor Spider

(Latrodectus hasselti=REDBACK, probably secondarily introduced from western countries (they are believed to be native to South Africa). ; originally from AUSTRALIA; males exhbit sexual cannibalism when mating

BROWN BACK is less dangerous yhan the above species (Latrodectus geometricus) *originally from Australia but introduced in the Phil. *can be found in greenhouses/gardens *The redback spider's affinity for human-modified habitat has enabled it to spread to several countries via international shipping and trade.